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532:. The Potsdam Declaration (July 1945) had stated, "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners", though it did not specifically foreshadow trials. The terms of reference for the Tribunal were set out in the IMTFE Charter, issued on January 19, 1946. There was major disagreement, both among the Allies and within their administrations, about whom to try and how to try them. Despite the lack of consensus, General
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273:, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties." The former Kaiser had escaped to the Netherlands, however, and despite demands for his extradition having been made, the Dutch refused to surrender him, and he was not brought to trial. Germany, as a signatory to the treaty, thus was placed on notice as to what might occur in the event of a subsequent war.
731:. As with the Dostler case, it also rejected the contention of a number of the defendants that they were not legally responsible for their acts because they performed the acts under the orders of superior authority, stating that "the true test . . . is not the existence of the order but whether moral choice (in executing it) was in fact possible."
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The
Dostler case became precedent for the Nuremberg trials of German generals, officials, and Nazi leaders, beginning in November 1945, that the use of Superior orders as a defense did not relieve officers from responsibility of carrying out illegal orders or the liability of being punished in court.
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was prosecuted as a war crime. The ICTY was the first international war crimes tribunal since the
Nuremberg Trials. Ultimately, nearly 161 individuals were indicted in the ICTY: 68% of Serb ethnicity. Croatian-Serb, Bosnian-Serb, Serbian, and Bosnian-Croat officials were convicted of crimes against
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The judgment of the
International Military Tribunal was handed down on September 30 and October 1, 1946. Among notable features of the decision was the conclusion, in accordance with the London Agreement, that to plan or instigate an aggressive war is a crime under the principles of international
481:, whether in proper uniforms or not, without trial if apprehended by German forces. The tribunal rejected the defense of Superior Orders and found Dostler guilty of war crimes. He was sentenced to death and
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166:, found guilty, and beheaded. Since he was convicted for crimes, "he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent", although Hagenbach defended himself by arguing that he was
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The tribunals, while effective in prosecution of individuals, proved to be a costly venture, and exposed the need for a permanent tribunal, which was eventually known as the
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charging 24 individuals with a variety of crimes and atrocities, including the deliberate instigation of aggressive wars, extermination of racial and religious groups,
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544:'s war cabinet. Tojo tried to commit suicide, but was resuscitated with the help of U.S. doctors. He was later found guilty among others, and hanged.
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following the massive war crimes, and acts of "ethnic cleansing" in the former
Yugoslavia by Bosnian-Serb forces, the United Nations established the
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policy of the German government, at least 5 million persons had been forcibly deported from their homes to
Germany. Many of them died because of
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in Italy in March 1944. He admitted ordering the execution, but stated that he could not be held responsible, as he had just been
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that such acts had not previously been defined as crimes under international law and that therefore the condemnation of the
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treatment. The tribunal also found that atrocities had been committed on a large scale and as a matter of official policy.
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With respect to war crimes and crimes against humanity, the tribunal found overwhelming evidence of a systematic rule of
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879:(The Cambridge History of the Second World War, pp. 181-208). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Of the seven indicted organizations, the tribunal declared criminal the
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following the April–June genocide in that country of Hutu nationals.
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in 1474, was the first "international" war crimes trials and also of
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International Center for
Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
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By
Edoardo Greppi, Associate Professor of International Law at the
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and one alternate judge from each of the signatory nations, to try
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An
Introduction to the International Criminal Court, Third Edition
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on August 8, 1945; the other, Law No. 10, was promulgated by the
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926:"Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal"
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Turtola, Martti (2000). "Risto Ryti". In
Marjomaa, Ulpu (ed.).
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occupied by its forces. Millions of persons were murdered in
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International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
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The London Charter provided for the establishment of the
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of 1942 which required the immediate execution of all
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and similar principles were found in sections of the
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in Italy ordered by Dostler was an implementation of
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512:for the Japanese war criminals were established in
305:. Ryti was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
692:The trial began on November 20, 1945. Much of the
989:. WW1 World War One Ieper 1917. 23 January 2014.
712:law. The tribunal rejected the contention of the
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822:humanity, and Bosnian-Serb leaders of genocide.
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877:The Cambridge History of the Second World War
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462:from his superiors. The execution of 15 U.S.
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1008:. Finnish Literature Society. p. 403.
594:of hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of
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827:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
194:where many Union soldiers died during the
427:groups and other such atrocities against
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1737:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
912:International Committee of the Red Cross
785:, 'Security Service'), and the Gestapo.
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653:. These organizations included the SS (
225:and many civilian noncombatants in the
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1036:. National Diet Library. July 26, 1945
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914:No. 835, p. 531-553, October 30, 1999.
673:, 'Secret State Police'), and the SA (
538:Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
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817:; it was the first tribunal in which
503:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
442:to be tried for war crimes by a U.S.
336:was signed by representatives of the
122:is the trial of persons charged with
1164:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
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846:United Nations War Crimes Commission
598:occupied by Germany during the war.
299:President of the Republic of Finland
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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750:, many of which were equipped with
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1169:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
1034:Birth of the Constitution of Japan
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681:, 'Storm Troops'), as well as the
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379:. Under the London Charter, the
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856:Court martial of Breaker Morant
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924:Grant, Linda (Spring 2006).
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403:and generally recognized by
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242:Trials of World War I crimes
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1640:Russian invasion of Ukraine
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825:In 1994, the UN opened the
601:Among the accused were the
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1614:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
952:Cambridge University Press
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516:, Japan, to implement the
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393:waging a war of aggression
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297:(in the middle), the 5th
252:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
793:In May 1993, during the
748:Nazi concentration camps
661:, 'Defense Corps'), the
485:on December 1, 1945, in
271:Wilhelm von Hohenzollern
1761:Crimes against humanity
1605:Libyan civil war (2011)
1456:Wartime sexual violence
1404:Human trophy collecting
1389:Enforced disappearances
950:", William A. Schabas,
811:crimes against humanity
526:Instrument of Surrender
409:crimes against humanity
128:laws and customs of war
1409:Indiscriminate attacks
1394:Extrajudicial killings
1265:Command responsibility
1006:100 faces from Finland
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618:Joachim von Ribbentrop
364:on December 20, 1945.
358:Allied Control Council
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160:command responsibility
1732:List of global issues
1567:Gaza–Israel conflict
1384:Desecration of graves
1364:Collective punishment
1030:"Potsdam Declaration"
669:Geheime Staatspolizei
603:Nationalist Socialist
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168:only following orders
1787:‡ Does not apply to
1766:Crimes of aggression
1748:international crimes
1652:Sri Lankan Civil War
1451:Use of human shields
1349:humanitarian workers
930:HLS: Alumni Bulletin
499:Nuremberg Principles
434:On October 8, 1945,
389:crimes against peace
269:, "publicly arraign
259:Treaty of Versailles
192:Andersonville Prison
40:improve this article
1630:Russo-Ukrainian War
1258:Civilian casualties
904:University of Turin
522:Potsdam Declaration
257:Article 227 of the
148:Peter von Hagenbach
1727:War crime apologia
1647:Second Chechen War
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1301:Military necessity
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1179:Geneva Conventions
1130:List of war crimes
803:Geneva Conventions
456:Operation Ginny II
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196:American Civil War
124:criminal violation
55:"War crimes trial"
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696:submitted by the
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795:Yugoslav Wars
786:
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657:Schutzstaffel
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645:and civilian
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641:and 18 other
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377:war criminals
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146:The trial of
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1793:paratroopers
1721:
1677:World War II
1576:2023–present
1525:Soviet Union
1483:
1353:parachutists
1351: /
1328:Safe conduct
1320:
1278:
1267: /
1226:Rome Statute
1199:Third (1949)
1189:First (1949)
1062:. Retrieved
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1005:
999:
981:
968:
959:
942:
934:the original
929:
919:
895:
876:
867:Bibliography
831:
824:
792:
772:
752:gas chambers
733:
724:prohibiting
710:
691:
687:armed forces
639:Erich Raeder
600:
588:mistreatment
576:mistreatment
557:
507:
495:Principle IV
491:
433:
366:
350:Soviet Union
327:
311:World War II
308:
256:
245:
237:20th century
207:British Army
200:
185:
182:19th century
145:
119:
117:
102:
96:October 2013
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1672:World War I
1662:Tigray war‎
1347:Attacks on
1274:Distinction
1159:Lieber Code
764:slave labor
744:territories
729:punishments
698:prosecution
611:Rudolf Hess
592:deportation
560:prosecutors
542:Hideki Tojo
248:World War I
201:During the
1877:Categories
1704:Kosovo War
1623:Second war
1595:Korean War
1465:War crimes
1441:Starvation
1431:No quarter
1119:War crimes
887:References
807:war crimes
718:defendants
702:diplomatic
582:, and the
564:indictment
562:lodged an
528:, and the
397:war crimes
385:defendants
348:, and the
295:Risto Ryti
285:After the
188:Henry Wirz
66:newspapers
1855:Countries
1618:First war
1581:by Israel
1571:2008–2009
1508:Palestine
1485:Wehrmacht
1419:Massacres
1249:Civilians
740:terrorism
647:officials
596:countries
566:with the
479:commandos
429:civilians
425:religious
330:Nuremberg
325:nations.
186:In 1865,
170:from the
1804:Category
1771:Genocide
1590:Iraq War
991:Archived
973:Archived
840:See also
815:genocide
768:inhumane
736:violence
694:evidence
651:criminal
634:, Grand
615:diplomat
605:leaders
568:tribunal
405:military
319:Japanese
164:Breisach
1867:Society
1817:Portals
1479:Germany
1474:Croatia
1446:Torture
1436:Perfidy
1414:Looting
1151:Sources
1064:May 26,
1040:May 24,
760:Gypsies
722:justice
714:defense
663:Gestapo
636:Admiral
629:Marshal
497:of the
446:at the
291:Finland
263:Germany
142:History
126:of the
80:scholar
1791:(i.e.
1746:Other
1682:Allied
1537:Turkey
1532:Serbia
1520:Russia
1493:Israel
1286:Intent
1242:Topics
1012:
850:Harry
813:, and
620:, the
613:, the
590:, and
584:murder
572:murder
536:, the
524:, the
520:, the
510:trials
487:Aversa
476:Allied
468:Hitler
423:, and
421:ethnic
417:racial
381:crimes
362:Berlin
354:London
346:France
323:Allied
315:German
309:After
246:After
205:, the
152:ad hoc
150:by an
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1843:Crime
1513:Hamas
1503:Japan
1498:Italy
1059:(PDF)
908:Italy
514:Tokyo
373:judge
229:(see
87:JSTOR
73:books
1687:Axis
1251:and
1184:1864
1066:2018
1042:2018
1010:ISBN
854:and
756:Jews
609:and
574:and
508:The
452:Rome
317:and
223:POWs
59:news
1831:Law
578:of
470:'s
450:in
415:of
395:);
360:in
352:in
289:in
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42:by
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118:A
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1355:‡
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84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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