Peninsular War - Knowledge

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behalf, with his last precious half-dollar, to buy brandy for both, and had left his musket in pledge till his return. The French officer going his rounds on the other side of the brook then turned up, and explained that he had caught his sentry, without arms and carrying two bottles, a long way to the rear. If either of them reported what had happened to their colonels, both sentries would be court-martialled and shot. Wherefore both subalterns agreed to hush up the matter". The weather had become bad, and the Nive unfordable; but there were additional and serious causes of delay. The Portuguese and Spanish authorities were neglecting the payment and supply of their troops. Wellington had also difficulties of a similar kind with his own government, and also the Spanish soldiers, in revenge for many French outrages, had become guilty of grave excesses in France, so that Wellington took the extreme step of sending 25,000 of them back to Spain and resigning the command of their army (though his resignation was subsequently withdrawn). So great was the tension at this crisis that a rupture with Spain seemed possible, but this did not happen.

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the French rear. The French were forced back from their prepared positions, and despite attempts to regroup and hold were driven into a rout. This led to the abandonment of all of the French artillery as well as King Joseph's extensive baggage train and personal belongings. The latter led to many Anglo-Allied soldiers abandoning the pursuit of the fleeing troops, to instead loot the wagons. This delay, along with the French managing to hold the east road out of Vitoria towards Salvatierra, allowed the French to partially recover. The Allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July, and began operations against

6557:—recruited mainly from French deserters—lost 150 men in a single night. Wellington wrote, "The desertion is terrible, and is unaccountable among the British troops. I am not astonished that the foreigners should go ... but, unless they entice away the British soldiers, there is no accounting for their going away in such numbers as they do." Spain's "ragged and ill-fed soldiers" were also suffering with the onset of winter, the fear that they would likely "fall on the populace with the utmost savagery" in revenge attacks and looting was a growing concern to Wellington as the Allied forces pushed to the French border. 4063: 6192:

were killed and wounded at the Huebra where many stragglers died in woodland, and 3,520 allied prisoners were taken to Salamanca up to 20 November. Napier estimated that the double retreat cost the allies around 9,000, including the loss in the siege, and said French writers said 10,000 were taken between the Tormes and the Agueda. But Joseph's dispatches said the whole loss was 12,000, including the garrison of Chinchilla, whereas English authors mostly reduced the British loss to hundreds. As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign, the French were forced to evacuate the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias.

287: 3850: 7565: 4316: 6926:, where Soult barred his way across the road to Bayonne. The allied army was now divided into two portions by the Nive; and Soult from Bayonne at once took advantage of his central position to attack it with all his available force, first on the left bank and then on the right. Desperate fighting now ensued, but owing to the intersected ground, Soult was compelled to advance slowly, and Wellington coming up with Beresford from the right bank, the French retired baffled. Renewed French attacks on 13 December were also stopped. The losses in the four days' fighting in the battles before Bayonne (or 5945: 631: 90: 5398: 5030: 3945: 4262: 274: 7384: 1140: 921: 599: 587: 567: 555: 543: 524: 510: 496: 482: 931: 8684: 4031:, and went to northern Germany to perform garrison duty. Junot did his best to calm the situation by trying to keep his troops under control. While the Portuguese authorities were generally subservient toward their French occupiers, the ordinary Portuguese were angry, and the harsh taxes caused bitter resentment among the population. By January 1808, there were executions of persons who resisted the exactions of the French. The situation was dangerous, but it would need a trigger from outside to transform unrest into revolt. 4949: 304: 6499: 7577: 531: 396: 384: 372: 358: 218: 6695: 6136: 5431: 317: 6937: 7211: 5247: 3200: 7245: 5327:'s men fled eastwards and southwards, leaving town after town to fall into the hands of the enemy. The result was revolution. On 23 January the Junta Central at Seville decided to flee to the safety of Cádiz. It then dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening the Cortes. Soult cleared all of southern Spain except Cádiz, which he left Victor to blockade. The system of juntas was replaced by a regency and the 243: 7160: 7143: 6114:. The town was stormed on 6 April, after a constant artillery barrage had breached the curtain wall in three places. Tenaciously defended, the final assault and the earlier skirmishes left the allies with some 4,800 casualties. These losses appalled Wellington who said of his troops in a letter, "I greatly hope that I shall never again be the instrument of putting them to such a test as that to which they were put last night." The victorious troops massacred 200–300 Spanish civilians. 7177: 4617: 7228: 7131: 7194: 4794: 7114: 3966: 7076: 7083: 4093:. The Spanish government demanded explanations from their French allies, but these did not satisfy and in response Godoy pulled Spanish troops out of Portugal. Since Spanish fortress commanders had not received instructions from the central government, they were unsure how to treat the French troops, who marched openly as allies with flags flying and bands announcing their arrival. Some commanders opened their fortresses to them, while others resisted. General 7544: 5413: 4513: 6152: 11529: 5165: 5309: 7090: 3351: 5694: 3399: 5502: 3367: 5550: 5534: 5518: 3303: 3287: 3383: 11567: 5678: 5662: 5646: 5630: 5438: 4775:, in which Moore was killed. Some 26,000 troops reached Britain, with 7,000 men lost over the course of the expedition. The French occupied the most populated region in Spain, including the important towns of Lugo and La Corunna. The Spanish were shocked by the British retreat. Napoleon returned to France on 19 January 1809 to prepare for war with Austria, giving the Spanish command back to his marshals. 3431: 3415: 3335: 3207: 5614: 5582: 5566: 5598: 5729: 3482: 3464: 3319: 5486: 5470: 5741: 5717: 5454: 3494: 3488: 3476: 3452: 3239: 3271: 3255: 3223: 5735: 3470: 5723: 3458: 6479:

Europe could not be taken for granted. Napoleon might yet inflict defeats on Austria, Russia and Prussia, and with the divisions between the allies there was no guarantee that one power would not make a separate peace. It was a major victory and gave Britain more credibility on the continent, but the thought of Napoleon descending on the Pyrenees with the

5052:, the French advanced in three columns and were repulsed several times, but at a heavy cost to the Anglo-Allied force, which lost 7,500 men for French losses of 7,400. Wellesley withdrew from Talavera on 4 August to avoid being cut off by Soult's converging army, which defeated a Spanish blocking force in an assault crossing at the River Tagus near 6175:

unusable to the Spanish and British. Although the cannons were useless, the Allied forces captured 30 gunboats and a large quantity of stores. The French were forced to abandon Andalusia for fear of being cut off by the allied armies. Marshals Suchet and Soult joined Joseph and Jourdan at Valencia. Spanish armies defeated the French garrisons at

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over a wide area with a much lower expenditure of men, energy, and supplies and facilitated the conventional victories of Wellington and his Anglo-Portuguese army and the subsequent liberation of Portugal and Spain. Mass resistance by the people of Spain inspired the war efforts of Austria, Russia and Prussia against Napoleon.

6044:, which functioned as a port, a fortress, and a resource base that sustained the Spanish field forces in Catalonia. Suchet was given a third of the Army of Catalonia and the city fell to a surprise attack on 29 June. Suchet's troops massacred 2,000 civilians. Napoleon rewarded Suchet with a Marshal's baton. On 25 July, Suchet 6121:, during which Marmont was wounded. The battle established Wellington as an offensive general and it was said that he "defeated an army of 40,000 men in 40 minutes." The Battle of Salamanca was a damaging defeat for the French in Spain, and while they regrouped, Anglo-Portuguese forces moved on Madrid, which surrendered on 14 3816:. The southern portion, as the Principality of the Algarves, would fall to Godoy. The rump of the country, centered on Lisbon, was to be administered by the French. According to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Junot's invasion force was to be supported by 25,500 Spanish troops. On 12 October, Junot's corps began crossing the 3918:, Godoy quickly withdrew the proclamation. However, it was too late to avert Napoleon's suspicions. Napoleon planned from that moment to deal with his inconstant ally at some future time. In the meantime, the Emperor forced Godoy and Charles IV into providing a division of Spanish troops to serve in northern Europe. The 5926:(3–5 May). Both sides claimed victory but the British maintained the blockade and the French retired without being attacked. After this battle, the Almeida garrison escaped through the British lines in a night march. Masséna was forced to withdraw, having lost a total of 25,000 men in Portugal, and was replaced by 6466:

on 21 June, Joseph's 65,000-man army was defeated decisively by Wellington's army of 57,000 British, 16,000 Portuguese and 8,000 Spanish. Wellington split his army into four attacking "columns" and attacked the French defensive position from south, west and north while the last column cut down across

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In 1813, Wellington marched 121,000 troops (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish, and 27,569 Portuguese) from northern Portugal across the mountains of northern Spain and the Esla River, skirting Jourdan's army of 68,000 strung out between the Douro and the Tagus. Wellington shortened his communications by

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Joseph contented himself with working within the apparatus extant under the old regime, while placing responsibility for local government in many provinces in the hands of royal commissioners. After much preparation and debate, on 2 July 1809 Spain was divided into 38 new provinces, each headed by an

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The catastrophe was total. With the loss of 24,000 troops, Napoleon's military machine in Spain collapsed. Stunned by the defeat, on 1 August Joseph evacuated the capital for Old Castile, while ordering Verdier to abandon the siege of Zaragoza and Bessières to retire from Leon; the entire French army

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The Allies heard that Suchet was hemorrhaging men and mistakenly thought that his army was smaller than it was, so on 16 January they attacked. Suchet had not yet started the process of sending more men back to France and was able to stop the Sicilians (and a small contingent of British artillery in

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The war was not over. Although Bonapartist Spain had effectively collapsed, most of France's troops had retreated in order and fresh troops were soon gathering beyond the Pyrenees. By themselves, such forces were unlikely to score more than a few local victories, but French troop losses elsewhere in

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and retreat to Portugal in the autumn of 1812, pursued by the French and losing several thousand men. Napier wrote that about 1,000 allied troops were killed, wounded and missing in action, and that Hill lost 400 between the Tagus and the Tormes, and another 100 in the defence of Alba de Tormes. 300

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The Peninsular War is regarded as one of the first people's wars, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare. It is from this conflict that the English language borrowed the word. The guerrillas troubled the French troops, but they also frightened their own countrymen with forced

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on 14 July, Bessières defeated Cuesta and Old Castile returned to French control. Blake escaped, but the Spaniards lost 2,200 men and thirteen guns. French losses were minimal at 400 men. Bessières's victory salvaged the French army's strategic position in northern Spain. Joseph entered Madrid on 20

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The Prince Regent John escaped, loading his family, courtiers, state papers and treasure aboard the fleet, protected by the British, and fled to Brazil. He was joined in flight by many nobles, merchants and others. With 15 warships and more than 20 transports, the fleet of refugees weighed anchor on

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By 1800, Spain was in a state of social unrest. Townsfolk and peasants all over the country, who had been forced to bury family members in new municipal cemeteries rather than churches or other consecrated ground, took back their bodies at night and tried to restore them to their old resting-places.

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In the meantime, because the Allies underestimated the size of Suchet's force and believed that 3,000 more men had left for Lyon and that Suchet, with the remnant of his army, was crossing the Pyrenees to join Soult in the Atlantic theatre, the Allies began to redeploy their forces. The best of the

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to Valencia, they were still vulnerable to assault, and had abandoned hopes of victory. According to Esdaile, the best policy would have been to have fallen back to the Ebro, but the political situation in 1813 made this impossible; Napoleon wanted to avoid being seen as weak by the German princes,

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and the Kingdom of Prussia joining his opponents, Napoleon withdrew more troops from Spain, including some foreign units and three battalions of sailors sent to assist with the siege of Cádiz. In total, 20,000 men were withdrawn; the numbers were not overwhelming, but the occupying forces were left

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both in the conduct of the war and administration of the country. Napoleon removed all feudal and clerical privileges but most Spanish liberals soon came to oppose the occupation because of the violence and brutality it brought. Marxians wrote that there was a positive identification on the part of

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where Napoleon was greatly outnumbered. This reduced Suchet's French Catalonian army from 87,000 to 60,000 of whom 10,000 were on garrison duty. By the end of January through redeployment and wastage (through disease and desertion) the number had fallen to 52,000 of whom only 28,000 were available

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to the astonishment of the enemy, who in view of the width of the river and the shifting sands, had thought the crossing impossible at that point. The French right was then rolled back, and Soult was unable to reinforce his right in time to retrieve the day. His works fell in succession after hard

6572:(25 July). Pushing on into Spain, by 27 July the Roncesvalles wing of Soult's army was within ten miles of Pamplona but found its way blocked by a substantial allied force posted on a high ridge in between the villages of Sorauren and Zabaldica, lost momentum, and was repulsed by the Allies at the 6552:

wrote, "We paint the conduct of the French in this country in very ... harsh colours, but be assured we injure the people much more than they do ... Wherever we move devastation marks our steps". With the army poised on the borders of France, desertion had become a problem. The

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wrote, "I should think that much must depend upon proceedings in the north: I begin to apprehend ... that Boney may avail himself of the jealousy of the Allies to the material injury of the cause." But the defeat or defection of Austria, Russia and Prussia was not the only danger. It was

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The guerrilla style of fighting was the Spanish military's single most effective tactic. Most organized attempts by regular Spanish forces to take on the French ended in defeat. Once a battle was lost and the soldiers reverted to their guerrilla roles, they tied down large numbers of French troops

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on 29 March, the Portuguese defenders panicked and lost between 6,000 and 20,000 men dead, wounded or captured and immense quantities of supplies. Suffering fewer than 500 casualties, Soult had secured Portugal's second city with its valuable dockyards and arsenals intact. Soult halted at Porto to

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that had commenced on 20 December. Lannes and Moncey committed two army corps of 45,000 men and considerable artillery firepower. Palafox's second defence brought the city enduring national and international fame. The Spaniards fought with determination, endured disease and starvation, entrenching

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during this period of inaction, told in his biography of an "Irish sentry who was found with a French and an English musket on his two shoulders, guarding a bridge over a brook on behalf of both armies. For he explained to the officer going the rounds that his French neighbour had gone off on his

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In fact, Suchet remained in Figueras with his army until after the amnesty signed by Wellington and Soult. He spent his time arguing with Soult that he had only 4,000 troops available to march (although his army numbered around 14,000) and that they could not march with artillery, so he could not

6776:. On 14 January he received further orders that because the situation was so grave on the eastern front he was to immediately send further forces to the east, even though ratification of the Treaty of Valençay had not been received. This would reduce the size of Suchet's field army to 18,000 men. 6174:

retreated there. Soult, realising he would soon be cut off from his supplies, ordered a retreat from Cádiz set for 24 August; the French were forced to end the two-and-a-half-year-long siege. After a long artillery barrage, the French placed together the muzzles of over 600 cannons to render them

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would emerge. From 1 February 1810, the implementation of these decrees had been in the hands of the new regency council selected by the Junta Central. The viceroyalties and independent captaincies general of the overseas territories would each send one representative. This scheme was resented in

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The Junta took over direction of the Spanish war effort and established war taxes, organized an Army of La Mancha, signed a treaty of alliance with Britain on 14 January 1809 and issued a royal decree on 22 May to convene at Cortes. An attempt by the Spain's Army of the Centre to recapture Madrid

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policy: they were denuded of food, forage and shelter. 200,000 inhabitants of neighbouring districts were relocated inside the lines. Wellington exploited the facts that the French could conquer Portugal only by conquering Lisbon, and that they could in practice reach Lisbon only from the north.

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army and the Voluntarios Distinguidos had been reinforced by 3,000 soldiers who had fled Seville, and a strong Anglo-Portuguese brigade commanded by General William Stewart. Shaken by their experiences, the Spaniards had abandoned their earlier scruples about a British garrison. Victor's French

6682:, and Wellington was now anxious to drive Suchet from Catalonia before invading France. The British government, however, in the interests of the continental powers, urged an immediate advance over the northern Pyrenees into south-eastern France. Napoleon had just suffered a major defeat at the 6186:

As the French regrouped, the allies advanced towards Burgos. Wellington besieged Burgos between 19 September and 21 October, but failed to capture it. Together, Joseph and the three marshals planned to recapture Madrid and drive Wellington from central Spain. The French counteroffensive caused

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on 27 September. Suffering heavy casualties, the French failed to dislodge the Anglo-Portuguese army. Masséna outmaneuvered Wellington after the battle, who steadily fell back to the prepared positions in the Lines. Wellington manned the fortifications with "secondary troops"—25,000 Portuguese

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Wellington soon appeared before Ciudad Rodrigo. In September, Marmont repelled him and re-provisioned the fortress. Sorties continued to be made out of Cádiz from April to August 1811, and British naval gunboats destroyed French positions at St. Mary's. An attempt by Victor to crush the small

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in preparation to attack. After a fierce skirmish on 14 October in which the strength of the Lines became apparent, the French dug themselves in rather than launch a full-scale assault and Masséna's men began to suffer from the acute shortages in the region. In late October, after holding his

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Soult at Toulouse on 10 April. Spanish attacks on Soult's heavily fortified positions were repulsed but Beresford's assault compelled the French to fall back. On 12 April Wellington entered the city, Soult having retreated the previous day. The Allied loss was about 5,000, the French 3,000.

3778:. Meanwhile, the Portuguese government's resolve was stiffening, and shortly afterward Napoleon was once again told that Portugal would not go beyond its original agreements. Napoleon now had all the pretext that he needed, while his force, the First Corps of Observation of the Gironde with 4128:

were frequent. On 23 March, Murat entered Madrid with pomp. Ferdinand VII arrived on 27 March and asked Murat to get Napoleon's confirmation of his accession. Charles IV, however, was persuaded to protest his abdication to Napoleon, who summoned the royal family, both kings included, to

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fighting an intense guerrilla war of raids and ambushes. The Spanish armies were repeatedly beaten and driven to the peripheries, but they would regroup and relentlessly hound and demoralize the French troops. This drain on French resources led Napoleon, who had unwittingly provoked a

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On 10 January 1814 Suchet received orders from the French War Ministry that he withdraw his field force to the foothills of the Pyrenees and to make a phased withdraw from the outlying garrisons. On ratification of the Treaty of Valençay he was to move his force to the French city of

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was appointed lieutenant of the emperor and commander of all French troops in Spain, which now numbered 60,000–100,000. On 24 February, Napoleon declared that he no longer considered himself bound by the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In early March, Murat established his headquarters in

5864:. This brought the French numbers down to between 20,000 and 15,000 and encouraged the defenders of Cádiz to attempt a breakout, in conjunction with the arrival of an Anglo-Spanish relief army of around 12,000 infantry and 800 cavalry under the overall command of Spanish General 6814:, Suchet abandoned all the remaining fortresses in Catalonia that the French garrisoned (and that were not closely besieged by Allied forces), and in doing so was able to create a new field force of about 14,000 men, which were concentrated in front of Figueras in early April. 5357:

would open on 1 March 1810. Suffrage was to be extended to all male householders over 25. After public voting, representatives from district-level assemblies would choose deputies to send to the provincial meetings that would be the bodies from which the members of the

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were unable to pay their existing retainers and domestic servants, and could not take on new staff. Hunger and despair reigned on all sides. Because the military record was so dismal, many Spanish politicians and publicists exaggerated the activities of the guerrillas.

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in command of sufficient forces to prevent sorties from the city and any relief getting in); and from 22 to 31 August 1813. The British incurred heavy losses during assaults. The city in turn was sacked and burnt to the ground by the Anglo-Portuguese: see

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The deteriorating strategic situation led France to increase its military commitments. By 1 June, over 65,000 troops were rushing into the country to control the crisis. The main French army of 80,000 held a narrow strip of central Spain from

4494:. Europe welcomed this first check to the hitherto unbeatable Imperial armies—a Bonaparte had been chased from his throne; tales of Spanish heroism inspired Austria and showed the force of national resistance. Bailén set in motion the rise of the 5349:

grew and persuaded them that they were heroes. With food abundant and falling in price, the bombardment was hopeless despite both hurricane and epidemic—a storm destroyed many ships in the spring of 1810 and the city was ravaged by yellow fever.

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were not the only reason to join the Partisans. The French imposed restrictions on movement and on many traditional aspects of street life, so opportunities to find alternative sources of income were limited—industry was at a standstill and many

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on 23 February; the French sallied out of Barcelona to test the besiegers' lines, as they thought (wrongly) that the Anglo-Sicilian forces had departed. They failed to break through the lines, and forces under the command of the Spanish General

6073:. The redeployment of a substantial part of his troops for the invasion of Russia ground Suchet's operations to a halt. The victorious Marshal had established a secure base in Aragon and was ennobled by Napoleon as the Duke of Albufera, after a 6623:, which after a heavy bombardment their governor surrendered on 8 September, with the garrison marching out the next day with full military honours. Upon the day that San Sebastián fell Soult attempted to relieve it, but in the battles of 4523:

Britain's involvement in the Peninsular War was the start of a prolonged campaign in Europe to increase British military power on land and liberate the Iberian peninsula from the French. In August 1808, 15,000 British troops—including the

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Examen Histórico de la Reforma Constitucional que Hicieron las Cortes Generates y Extraordinarias Desde que se Instalaron en la Isla de León el Dia 24 de Septiembre de 1810 Hasta que Cerraron en Cadiz sus Sesiones en 14 del Propio Mes de

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Convinced by intelligence that a new French assault on Portugal was imminent, Wellington created a powerful defensive position near Lisbon, to which he could fall back if necessary. To protect the city, he ordered the construction of the

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Portugal's position was more favorable than Spain's. Revolt had not spread to Brazil, there was no colonial struggle and there had been no attempt at political revolution. The Portuguese Court's transfer to Rio de Janeiro initiated the

4215:, which cast out its French governor on 25 May and declared war on Napoleon. Within weeks, all the Spanish provinces followed suit. After hearing of the Spanish uprising, Portugal erupted in revolt in June. A French detachment under 6068:

Blake's entire army of 28,044 men in the city of Valencia on 26 December and forced it to surrender on 9 January 1812 after a brief siege. Blake lost 20,281 men dead or captured. Suchet advanced south, capturing the port town of

5774:, allowing immediate response to any threat. The work began in the autumn of 1809 and the main defences were finished just in time one year later. To further hamper the enemy, the areas in front of the lines were subjected to a 5322:

The French invaded Andalusia on 19 January 1810. 60,000 French troops—the corps of Victor, Mortier and Sebastiani together with other formations—advanced southwards to assault the Spanish positions. Overwhelmed at every point,

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shifting his base of operations to the northern Spanish coast, and the Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos, outflanking the French army and forcing Joseph Bonaparte into the Zadorra valley.

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By November 1808, the British army led by Moore was advancing into Spain with orders to assist the Spanish armies' fight against Napoleon's forces. Moore decided to attack Soult's scattered and isolated 16,000-man corps' at

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troops camped at the shoreline and tried to bombard the city into surrender. Thanks to British naval supremacy, a naval blockade of the city was impossible. The French bombardment was ineffectual and the confidence of the

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conscription and looting. Many of the partisans were either fleeing the law or trying to get rich. Later in the war the authorities tried to make the guerrillas reliable, and many of them formed regular army units such as

3666:. While the French enjoyed several victories in battle, they were eventually defeated, as their communications and supplies were severely tested and their units were frequently isolated, harassed or overwhelmed by Spanish 6036:

the city to starve the defenders into surrender. With the help of a relief operation on 3 May, the fortress held out until 17 August, when lack of food prompted a surrender after a last-ditch breakout attempt failed.

5209:). For many imperial officers, life could be comfortable. Among the liberal, republican and radical segments of the Spanish and Portuguese populations there was much support for a potential French invasion. The term 5140:

on 23 November. The next day, Del Parque received news of the Ocaña disaster and fled south, intending to shelter in the mountains of central Spain. On the afternoon of 28 November, Kellermann attacked Del Parque at

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on 19 November. The Spanish lost 19,000 men compared to French losses of 2,000. Albuquerque soon abandoned his efforts near Talavera. Del Parque moved on Salamanca again, hustling one of the VI Corps brigades out of

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was a wet one, with the army drenched by incessant rain, and the decision to strip the men of their greatcoats was looking unwise. Sickness was widespread—at one point a third of Wellington's British troops were

3774:, to order Portugal to declare war on Britain, close its ports to British ships, detain British subjects on a provisional basis and sequester their goods. After a few days, a large force started concentrating at 7592: 5944: 7564: 6752:(11 December 1813), during the last month of 1813 and the early months of 1814 Suchet was ordered by the French War office to relinquish command of many of his infantry and cavalry regiments for use in the 7044:, and the practical conclusion of peace; and on 18 April a convention, which included Suchet's force, was entered into between Wellington and Soult. After Toulouse had fallen, the Allies and French, in a 5270:

had made less progress in Spain and Portugal than elsewhere, and that resistance was the product of a century's worth of what the French perceived as backwardness in knowledge and social habits, Catholic

3830: 3914:, which pitted the Kingdom of Prussia against Napoleon, Godoy issued a proclamation that was obviously aimed at France, even though it did not specify an enemy. After Napoleon's decisive victory at the 6521:

In August 1813, British headquarters still had misgivings about the eastern powers moving into France. Austria had now joined the Allies, but the Allied armies had suffered a significant defeat at the

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The allied army subsequently took Salamanca on 17 June, just as Marshal Marmont approached. The two forces met on 22 July, after weeks of maneuver, when Wellington soundly defeated the French at the

4137:. Napoleon then had the Junta de Gobierno—the council of regency in Madrid—formally ask him to appoint his brother Joseph as King of Spain. The abdication of Ferdinand was only publicised on 20 May. 8689: 8687: 5963: 4336: 11781:

The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K. G. During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France: France and the Low Countries, 1814–1815

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The war now fell into a temporary lull, with the superior French unable to find an advantage and coming under increasing pressure from Spanish guerrillas. The French had over 350,000 soldiers in

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that recaptured Montserrat and took 1,000 prisoners from scattered French garrisons in the area. In September, Suchet launched an invasion of the province of Valencia. He besieged the castle of

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In March 1811, with supplies exhausted, Masséna retreated from Portugal to Salamanca. Wellington went over to the offensive later that month. An Anglo-Portuguese army led by the British general

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in the summer of 1809. The Junta came up with what it hoped would be a war-winning strategy, a two-pronged offensive to recapture Madrid, involving over 100,000 troops in three armies under the

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assist Soult in his battles with Wellington. The military historian Sir Charles Oman puts this refusal to help Soult down to Suchet's personal animosity rather than strong strategic reasons.

5888:, capturing 16,000 prisoners, before returning to Andalusia with most of his army. Soult was relieved at the operation's speedy conclusion, for intelligence received on 8 March told him that 5876:. However, the Allies failed to exploit their success and Victor soon renewed the blockade. From January through March 1811, Soult with 20,000 men besieged and captured the fortress towns of 4709: 388: 7845:, under which he would release and recognize Ferdinand in exchange for a complete cessation of hostilities. But the Spanish had no intention of trusting Napoleon and the fighting continued. 7802:

There were a further 13,000 French troops besieged in Barcelona, Tortosa, Saguntun and other fortresses, who were under siege and not able to extract themselves to join Suchet at Figueras (

6991:. An amphibious landing with 8,000 troops at the mouth of the Adour secured a crossing over the river as a preliminary to the siege of Bayonne. On 27 February, Wellington attacked Soult at 2750: 7793:

By 1813, Spanish guerrillas had tied down over 75% of the French occupying army, leaving only a small fraction free to concentrate and face the conventional allied forces under Wellington.

6548:—and fears about the army's discipline and general reliability grew. By 9 July, Wellington reported that 12,500 men were absent without leave, while plundering was rife. Major General Sir 6995:

and forced him to retreat towards Saint-Sever, which he reached on 28 February. The allied loss was about 2,000; the French 4,000 and 6 guns. Beresford, with 12,000 men, was now sent to

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by assault on 19 January and opening up the northern invasion corridor from Portugal into Spain. This also allowed Wellington to proceed to move to capture the southern fortress town of

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to the French garrison Soult had left behind. Soult regathered his army and marched to relieve the siege. Beresford lifted the siege and his army intercepted the marching French. At the

7862:—ordering them to surrender to the Allies. In addition, Soult and Suchet lost the rest of their German units—another 3,000 men—as it was felt that they became unreliable. This left the 3824:. Junot was selected because he had served as ambassador to Portugal in 1805. He was known as a good fighter and an active officer, although he had never exercised independent command. 6596: 12333:. Translated by Mallender, Janet S.; Clements, John R. based on the notes and documents of the late Commandant Henry Lachouque (1883–1971) (reprint ed.). Arms and Armour Press. 6635:. The Citadel surrendered on 9 September, the losses in the entire siege having been about—Allies 4,000, French 2,000. Wellington next determined to throw his left across the river 5383:). Throughout early 1809 the governments of the capitals of the viceroyalties and captaincies general elected representatives to the Junta, but none arrived in time to serve on it. 5892:' Spanish army was menacing Seville, that Victor had been defeated at Barrosa and that Masséna had retreated from Portugal. Soult redeployed his forces to deal with these threats. 6226: 7407:

were exiled to France. The whole country had been pillaged by Napoleon's troops. The Catholic Church had been ruined by its losses and society subjected to destabilizing change.

5145:

and routed him after inflicting losses of 3,000 men. Del Parque's army fled into the mountains, its strength greatly reduced through combat and non-combat causes by mid-January.

4751:

into the plains of Old Castile to encircle the British Army. Moore retreated for the safety of the British fleet at La Coruna and Soult failed to intercept him. The rearguard of

7251: 5056:. Lack of supplies and the threat of French reinforcement in the spring led Wellington to retreat into Portugal. A Spanish attempt to capture Madrid after Talavera failed at 6170:

After the allied victory at Salamanca on 22 July 1812, King Joseph Bonaparte abandoned Madrid on 11 August. Because Suchet had a secure base at Valencia, Joseph and Marshal

7011:

behind the Garonne. He endeavored also to rouse the French peasantry against the Allies, but in vain, for Wellington's justice and moderation afforded them no grievances.

2049: 1624: 6795: 2985: 1752: 1497: 6955: 2110: 1728: 11804:

The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington during his various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries and France from 1789 to 1815

4012:

valley to Portugal, a distance of only 120 miles (193 km). On 19 November 1807, the French troops under Junot set out for Lisbon and occupied it on 30 November.

1692: 5232:

the people with the Napoleonic revolution, but this is probably impossible to substantiate by the reasons for collaboration being practical rather than ideological.

4261: 3184: 2743: 2561: 2528: 5016:(12 May), and the other northern cities were recaptured by General Silveira. Soult escaped without his heavy equipment by marching through the mountains to Orense. 4559:

in August. In early October 1808, following the scandal in Britain over the Convention of Cintra and the recall of the generals Dalrymple, Burrard, and Wellesley,

7444:

on 4 May 1814. Military officers forced Ferdinand to accept the Cádiz Constitution again in 1820, and was in effect until April 1823, during what is known as the

6887:

was about 2,700; that of the French, 4,000, 51 guns, and all their magazines. The next day Wellington closed in upon Bayonne from the sea to the left bank of the

6610:

after two sieges that lasted from 7 to 25 July (While Wellington departed with sufficient forces to deal with Marshal Soult's counter-offensive, he left General

1468: 10267: 6971: 5339: 5093: 4177:, the French army shot hundreds of Madrid's citizens. Similar reprisals occurred in other cities and continued for days. Bloody, spontaneous fighting known as 1898: 5938:

over the winter of 1811–1812 was frustrated by torrential rains and an obstinate defence, marking an end to French operations against the city's outer works.

2276: 1779: 1653: 6791:

and evacuating some minor outposts. However his field army was now down to 15,000 cavalry and infantry (and excluding the garrisons in northern Catalonia).

4247:'s corps in Portugal was cut off by 300 miles (480 km) of hostile territory, but within days of the outbreak of revolt, French columns in Old Castile, 12767: 10289: 6219: 2955: 2898: 2736: 1852: 1205: 5116:'s force. Kellermann marched on Del Parque's position at Salamanca, who promptly abandoned it and retreated south. In the meantime, the guerrillas in the 6311: 6029: 5061: 4849: 3112: 2183: 2027: 875: 3690:. Though victorious in war, the burden of war destroyed the social and economic fabric of both Portugal and Spain; and the following civil wars between 10967: 10597: 6475:. On 11 July, Soult was given command of all French troops in Spain and in consequence Wellington decided to halt his army to regroup at the Pyrenees. 6318: 5904: 5077: 4483: 3119: 2190: 2115: 438: 6810:

On 1 March Suchet received orders to send 10,000 more men to Lyons. On 7 March Beurmann's division of 9,661 men left for Lyons. With the exception of

4853: 6592: 2120: 2088: 11541: 7576: 2849: 14324: 11398:

A British Rifle Man: The Journals and Correspondence of Major George Simmons, Rifle Brigade, During the Peninsular War and the Campaign of Waterloo

11173: 10466: 10443: 5980: 3654:, no longer getting sufficient support from a depleted France, led the exhausted and demoralized French forces in a fighting withdrawal across the 3174: 6599:(2 August) during its retreat into France. Total losses during this counter-offensive being about 7,000 for the Allies and 10,000 for the French. 4904:

on 9 June while being harassed by Spanish guerrillas. Ney's troops joined up with those of Soult and these forces withdrew for the last time from

474: 14648: 14621: 12087: 6212: 1446: 6447:

who were watching the advancing Russians and wondering whether they should change sides. French prestige suffered another blow when on 17 March

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After the surrender of a French army corps at Bailén and the loss of Portugal, Napoleon was convinced of the peril he faced in Spain. With his

3849: 3785:

in command, was prepared to march on Lisbon. After he received the Portuguese answer, he ordered Junot's corps to cross the frontier into the

6807:

tried another sortie on 16 April and the French were again stopped with about 300 of them killed. Habert eventually surrendered on 25 April.

2554: 6787:

After Suchet sent many men to Lyons, he left an isolated garrison in Barcelona and concentrated his forces on the town of Gerona calling in

3944: 14708: 14319: 11571: 5199:, who remained in Madrid throughout the French occupation, painted Joseph's picture and documented the war in a series of 82 prints called 4552: 4548: 93: 4988:'s 12,000 Portuguese troops unraveling amid riot and disorder, and within two days of crossing the border Soult had taken the fortress of 96: 94: 12636: 6979:

Operation resumed on French soil in February 1814 and Wellington went quickly over to the offensive. Hill on 14 and 15 February, after a

6135: 4831:. On 20 February 1809, the garrison capitulated, leaving behind burnt-out ruins filled with 64,000 corpses, of which 10,000 were French. 3523: 1139: 920: 598: 591: 586: 566: 554: 542: 523: 509: 495: 481: 248: 17: 11550: 5930:. Wellington joined Beresford and renewed the siege of Badajoz. Marmont joined Soult with strong reinforcements and Wellington retired. 4763:

the next day. Moore's retreat was marked by a breakdown of discipline in many regiments and punctuated by stubborn rearguard actions at

14758: 4315: 4044: 4017: 3998: 3906:

in October 1805, which had decimated Spain's navy, had removed the reason for alliance with France. Manuel Godoy, the favorite of King

2466: 2451: 12564: 4992:. Swinging west, 16,000 of Soult's professional troops attacked and killed 4,000 of 25,000 unprepared and undisciplined Portuguese at 4848:. The French lost 200 men while their Spanish opponents lost 6,887. King Joseph made a triumphant entry into Madrid after the battle. 12584: 12444: 6915: 5780: 5005: 3755:

used Lisbon's port in its operations against France, and he wanted to deny the British the use of the Portuguese fleet. Furthermore,

2269: 535: 11376: 6509: 4984:

muskets, which were used to re-equip the French infantry. In March 1809, Soult invaded Portugal through the northern corridor, with

4821:

themselves in convents and burning their own homes. The garrison of 44,000 was left with 8,000 survivors—1,500 of them ill— but the

3771: 14229: 6784:

because he still had a local preponderance of men. The allies suffered 68 casualties; the French, 30 killed and about 150 wounded.

6382: 6099: 4532: 3612: 2695: 2547: 1198: 515: 95: 4936:

on 15 June, crushing Blake's right wing and inflicting 5,000 casualties. Three days later, Blake lost 2,000 more men to Suchet at

4665:

from 16 December 1808 until 23 January 1810. Madrid surrendered on 1 December and Joseph Bonaparte was restored to his throne. In

3627:

tied down vast numbers of Napoleon's troops. In 1812, when Napoleon set out with a massive army on what proved to be a disastrous

14591: 14249: 12626: 6923: 5241: 5044:

retreated before them from Talavera. Cuesta's pursuing forces fell back after Victor's reinforced army, now commanded by Marshal

4507: 4097:, who occupied Barcelona with 12,000 troops, soon found himself besieged in the citadel; he was not relieved until January 1809. 3895:: shopkeepers, artisans, tavern keepers, and laborers who dressed in traditional style, and took pleasure in picking fights with 2461: 501: 7854:

On the evening of 10 December, some 1,400 troops from three German battalions deserted in response to a secret message from the

14698: 7421:

British troops were partly sent to England, and partly embarked at Bordeaux for America for service in the final months of the

6894:

After this there was a period of comparative inaction, though during it the French were driven from the bridges at Urdains and

6580: 3793: 3545:

in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally.

5831:—keeping his main field army of British and Portuguese regulars dispersed to meet a French assault on any point of the Lines. 14733: 14449: 14349: 14269: 12241: 12184: 11257: 10947: 10229: 6910:

Wellington occupied the right as well as the left bank of the Nive on 9 December 1813 with a portion of his force only under

4727: 4601: 3699: 1332: 791: 400: 339: 193: 11014: 7570:

Despite losing the war at a heavy price, French battle victories of the Peninsular War were inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe

14713: 14154: 6999:, which opened its gates as promised to the Allies. Driven by Hill from Aire-sur-l'Adour on 2 March 1814, Soult retired by 6841: 6835: 6753: 4752: 4593: 4589:, entered Corunna Harbour on 13 October. Logistical and administrative problems prevented any immediate British offensive. 3179: 2717: 2508: 2262: 5004:

Wellesley returned to Portugal in April 1809 to command the British army, reinforced with Portuguese regiments trained by

2799: 42: 14703: 14244: 12686: 6757:

for field operations; the others were either on garrison duties or guarding the lines of communication back into France.

6650:

in seven columns, attacked the entire French position, which stretched in two heavily entrenched lines from north of the

6180: 5798:

after a siege lasting from 26 April to 9 July 1810. The French re-invaded Portugal with an army of around 65,000, led by

5120:

increased their activity. Kellermann left the VI Corps holding Salamanca and returned to León to stamp out the uprising.

5109: 4592:

Meanwhile, the British had made a substantial contribution to the Spanish cause by helping to evacuate some 9,000 men of

4028: 2760: 2518: 2456: 1191: 222: 13882: 4645:

of the Spanish lines in November 1808. Napoleon struck with overwhelming strength and the Spanish defense evaporated at

14525: 13126: 12544: 12338: 12319: 12222: 12007: 11951: 11853: 11715: 11406: 11224: 11196: 11150: 10996: 10924: 10870: 10768: 10721: 10531: 10485: 10401: 10326: 9188: 6899: 3965: 2876: 2648: 2498: 1438: 1366: 7543: 6822:

in France. They left to do so on 31 March, leaving the Spanish to mop up the remaining French garrisons in Catalonia.

3572:. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the 14678: 14444: 14439: 14424: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14264: 14239: 13867: 12696: 6611: 5869: 5767: 5430: 4714: 4560: 2390: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2329: 2312: 2307: 571: 559: 14723: 4077:

Between 9 and 12 February, the French divisions of the eastern and western Pyrenees crossed the border and occupied

14748: 14454: 14309: 14289: 12798: 11865: 6587:

was ordered by Soult to attack and seize the Roncesvalles Pass with his corps and the corps of General of Division

6086:, but over 200,000 were deployed to protect the French lines of supply, rather than as substantial fighting units. 4968:

After Corunna, Soult turned his attention to the invasion of Portugal. Discounting garrisons and the sick, Soult's

4860:

on 27 March, inflicting 2,000 casualties and suffering negligible losses. Victor invaded southern Spain and routed

4163:

of Napoleon fought residents of Madrid, wearing turbans and using curved scimitars, thus provoking memories of the

3873: 2628: 2473: 2419: 2414: 1480: 234: 14314: 12569: 11699:. Vol. (3 vols) Vol 1. The Peninsular War 1808–1811, Vol. 2. The Peninsular War 1812–1814. The Folio Society. 5620: 4624: 2854: 1237: 14530: 14359: 14234: 13590: 12995: 11091: 6911: 6765: 6534: 6419: 5132:

and occupying Salamanca on 20 November. Hoping to get between Kellermann and Madrid, Del Parque advanced towards

4868:

near Badajoz on 28 March, where Cuesta lost 10,000 men in a staggering defeat, while the French lost only 1,000.

4470:

by the Spanish. Dupont was disturbed enough to curtail his march at Cordoba, and then on 16 June to fall back to

4160: 4004:

Napoleon instructed Junot, with the cooperation of Spanish military troops, to invade Portugal, moving west from

3199: 2083: 547: 10935: 6983:, drove the French posts beyond the Joyeuse; and Wellington then pressed these troops back over the Bidouze and 5860:

During 1811, Victor's force was diminished because of requests for reinforcement from Soult to aid his siege of

5085: 4861: 450: 14743: 14683: 14570: 14254: 14199: 14194: 13550: 13428: 13071: 12949: 12772: 12378: 12359: 12203: 11923: 11834: 11769: 11743: 11685: 11666: 11643: 11601: 11425: 11358: 10975: 10891: 10843: 10820: 10742: 10691: 10626: 10563: 10427: 10373: 7628: 7061: 6455:, a nickname many Spanish had for King Joseph) left Madrid in the company of another vast caravan of refugees. 6103: 5988: 5908: 5795: 4467: 4453:'s militia. Moncey's push to take Valencia ended in failure, with 1,000 French recruits dying in an attempt to 3357: 3027: 3007: 2828: 2821: 2503: 2060: 1972: 1802: 1286: 14636: 11313:

A Peninsular brigadier: letters of Major General Sir F. P. Robinson, K.C.B., dealing with the campaign of 1813

11242: 7048:

on 14 April, each lost about 1,000 men, so that some 10,000 men fell after peace had virtually been made. The

4920:

on 25 February. Reding was killed and his army lost 3,000 men for French losses of 1,000. Saint-Cyr began the

4381: 14753: 14626: 14596: 13257: 12549: 12437: 11188: 7677:. Those terms are usually rendered in English as "guerrilla warfare" and "guerrilla (fighter)", respectively. 6851:

On the night of 9 November 1813 Wellington brought up his right from the Pyrenean passes to the northward of

6768:

amounted to 70,000 men (in fact they only had about as many as he did), so Suchet remained on the defensive.

6569: 6301: 5877: 5861: 5709: 4023:

As one of Junot's first acts, the property of those who had fled to Brazil was sequestered and a 100-million-

3809: 3620: 3102: 2997: 2690: 2643: 2591: 2513: 2493: 2173: 1953: 719: 291: 286: 14204: 13937: 13836: 13504: 10601: 5923: 5700: 4430: 3702:

and the beginning of an era of social turbulence, increased political instability, and economic stagnation.

2980: 1878: 14616: 14354: 13529: 13277: 13192: 12904: 12616: 11969:

Morgan, John (2009). "War Feeding War? The Impact of Logistics on the Napoleonic Occupation of Catalonia".

7441: 7279: 7041: 6718: 5380: 5332: 5159: 4813: 4682: 4564: 4442: 4240: 3915: 3679: 3615:, the future Duke of Wellington, guarded Portugal and campaigned against the French alongside the reformed 3446: 3405: 3062: 3042: 3022: 2809: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2478: 2105: 1995: 1990: 1456: 803: 779: 743: 630: 279: 5371:, which saw themselves as the capitals of kingdoms and resented being subsumed in the larger "kingdom" of 5353:

Once Cádiz was secured, attention turned to the political situation. The Junta Central announced that the

4298: 1569: 14718: 13655: 13357: 13091: 13045: 13040: 12813: 12757: 12472: 11635: 11380: 7333: 7275: 7227: 6549: 6102:

renewed the allied advance into Spain in early 1812, besieging and capturing the border fortress town of

5444: 4743:

Abandoning plans to immediately conquer Seville and Portugal, Napoleon rapidly amassed 80,000 troops and

4458: 4434: 4397: 4110: 4094: 3988: 3911: 3728: 3577: 3542: 3213: 2842: 2606: 2323: 1314: 1232: 887: 376: 12969: 7082: 5996: 4674: 4555:. Dalrymple granted Junot an unmolested evacuation from Portugal by the Royal Navy in the controversial 4536: 4055: 3796:

had been signed between France and Spain. The document was drawn up by Napoleon's marshal of the palace

2066: 2039: 707: 14601: 14412: 14294: 14028: 13433: 13317: 13020: 12752: 12574: 12500: 12486: 12465: 7357: 7343: 7315: 7176: 7142: 7130: 7075: 6959: 6936: 5068:

inflicted 5,500 casualties on the Spanish, forcing them to retreat at the cost of 2,400 French losses.

4495: 4361: 3957: 3573: 2658: 2488: 2408: 2379: 2339: 2301: 1808: 1545: 296: 14334: 14159: 13726: 6151: 5324: 5101: 5089: 5065: 4969: 4637:

of 278,670 men drawn up on the Ebro, facing 80,000 raw, disorganized Spanish troops, Napoleon and his

4474:. Cowed by the mass hostility of the Andalusians, he broke off his offensive and was then defeated at 4450: 4389: 659: 413: 14495: 14164: 13957: 13736: 13680: 13630: 13509: 13262: 13242: 13086: 13035: 13010: 12939: 12919: 12838: 12739: 12493: 12409: 7841:

On 11 December, Napoleon, beleaguered and desperate, agreed to a separate peace with Spain under the

7815:

The Anglo-Italian battalions, the Calabrians and the Sicilian "Estero" regiment were sent to Sicily (

7329: 7159: 7028: 6726: 6365: 6260: 4937: 4817: 4670: 4454: 4276: 4155:

against the French occupation; the uprising was put down by Joachim Murat's elite Imperial Guard and

3813: 3748: 3628: 3437: 3245: 3156: 3067: 2764: 2401: 2242: 2132: 1774: 1763: 1717: 1642: 1308: 38: 13751: 13382: 13362: 13172: 12858: 12594: 11032:

History of the War in the Peninsula, and in the South of France: From the Year 1807 to the Year 1814

10863:

The Lines of Torres Vedras: The Cornerstone of Wellington's Strategy in the Peninsular War 1809–1812

10512: 7040:

On 13 April 1814 officers arrived with the announcement to both armies of the capture of Paris, the

6616: 6283: 5835: 5460: 5041: 4845: 4841: 4805: 4374: 4220: 3087: 2859: 2728: 2155: 1676: 1515: 1242: 14728: 14693: 14688: 14490: 14274: 14114: 13932: 13731: 13675: 13670: 13605: 13534: 13402: 13302: 13141: 13081: 12929: 12430: 7599: 7520: 6761: 6679: 6632: 6525:. They had recovered somewhat, but the situation was still precarious. Wellington's brother-in-law 6277: 6107: 6065: 6053: 6033: 5788: 5142: 4893: 4797: 4020:. The flight had been so chaotic that 14 carts loaded with treasure were left behind on the docks. 3082: 2814: 2149: 1746: 1733: 1710: 1670: 1592: 1502: 1391: 1297: 1281: 63: 14189: 13862: 13197: 6584: 6442:—the remaining presence was a few scattered garrisons. Trying to hold a front line in an arc from 5900: 5872:. Marching towards Cádiz on 28 February, this force defeated two French divisions under Victor at 5029: 4723: 4062: 1526: 14673: 14540: 14209: 14063: 13635: 13555: 13443: 13312: 13297: 13232: 13227: 13000: 12934: 12828: 12711: 11074: 10914: 7533: 6781: 6272: 6176: 6142: 5779:

Until these changes occurred the Portuguese administration was free to resist British influence,

5572: 4698: 4525: 4446: 4438: 3077: 3032: 2965: 2925: 2794: 2633: 2523: 2441: 2144: 2071: 2001: 1935: 1925: 1862: 1818: 1698: 1398: 1303: 14515: 13801: 13766: 12853: 10477:

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007

7512: 5184:

appointed by King Joseph, and on 17 April 1810 these provinces were converted into French-style

3616: 1276: 14575: 14535: 14520: 14500: 14475: 14329: 14073: 13988: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13922: 13912: 13816: 13771: 13756: 13287: 13005: 12909: 12884: 12843: 12793: 12777: 7466: 7361: 7290: 7210: 7049: 6672: 6561: 6554: 6514: 6502: 6377: 6335: 6290: 6011: 5935: 5751: 5636: 5556: 5524: 5392: 5267: 5263: 5034: 5013: 4993: 4885: 4491: 4322: 4239:

in the centre. The French in Madrid sheltered behind an additional 30,000 troops under Marshal

4134: 4121: 3658:

during the winter of 1813–1814. The years of fighting in Spain were a heavy burden on France's

3553: 3549: 3131: 3092: 2908: 2888: 2789: 2334: 2207: 2162: 1930: 1836: 1491: 1462: 1327: 182: 14480: 13167: 12252: 12055:

Neale, Adam; Hopetoun, John Hope (4th earl); Malcolm, John; Rocca, Albert Jean Michel (1828).

11941: 11396: 11030: 10521: 7829: 7436:("the Desired One"; later "the Traitor King") revoked all the changes made by the independent 5915:, Soult outmaneuvered Beresford but could not win the battle. He retired his army to Seville. 1419: 14279: 14179: 14043: 14038: 14033: 13983: 13872: 13796: 13786: 13620: 13560: 13489: 13322: 13272: 13207: 13202: 12879: 12706: 12589: 11658: 7604: 7525: 6730: 6628: 6410: 6330: 6171: 6126: 6049: 5889: 5405: 5250: 5097: 5045: 5040:

With Portugal secured, Wellesley advanced into Spain to unite with Cuesta's forces. Victor's

4997: 4985: 4957: 4921: 4857: 4678: 4597: 4343: 4173: 3952: 3919: 3720: 3052: 2893: 2804: 2202: 2022: 2007: 1966: 1908: 1618: 1532: 1474: 1354: 671: 462: 109: 13212: 12808: 11733: 7884:

Contemporary British military sources and some secondary sources call this river the "Ers" (

7842: 7608: 7529: 7398: 6749: 5840: 5363:

America for providing unequal representation to the overseas territories. Unrest erupted in

4865: 4662: 3017: 2054: 1539: 14560: 14510: 14124: 14013: 14003: 13978: 13877: 13811: 13625: 13615: 13595: 13575: 13484: 13464: 13342: 13136: 13061: 12863: 7550: 7482: 7428:

After the Peninsular War, the pro-independence traditionalists and liberals clashed in the

7422: 7265: 7244: 6804: 6686:

on 19 October and was in retreat, so Wellington left the clearance of Catalonia to others.

6583:

commanding one corps of 21,000 men to attack and secure the Maya Pass. General of Division

6045: 5957:(1824) captures the fight between British redcoats and the French troops for Barrosa Ridge. 5216: 5201: 5172: 4925: 4748: 4658: 4556: 4393: 4152: 4146: 3840: 3595:, considered the first open-field defeat of the Napoleonic army on a European battlefield. 3569: 3229: 2960: 2483: 2100: 2044: 1960: 1903: 1857: 1723: 1704: 1379: 1266: 863: 851: 124: 114: 14184: 13438: 13307: 13247: 13146: 13076: 10318:

In the legions of Napoleon: the memoirs of a Polish officer in Spain and Russia, 1808–1813

6405:, had ceased to exist. Unable to resist the oncoming Russians, the French had to evacuate 5803: 4929: 4737: 2920: 1813: 1629: 1404: 1291: 8: 14565: 14344: 14339: 14068: 14018: 13902: 13887: 13791: 13685: 13585: 13499: 13387: 13347: 13267: 13237: 13217: 13151: 13116: 13066: 13030: 13025: 12985: 12848: 12833: 12818: 12803: 12762: 12539: 11762:

A History of the Peninsular War: Modern Studies of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1808–14

7737: 7496:

was inaugurated in Paris with the French victories of the Peninsular War inscribed on it.

6927: 6577: 6158: 6118: 5919: 5372: 5338:

Cádiz was heavily fortified, while the harbour was full of British and Spanish warships.

5112:, who brought up reinforcements in the form of his own men as well as General of Brigade 5057: 5053: 5048:, drove upon them. Two British divisions advanced to help the Spanish. On 27 July at the 4768: 4764: 4248: 3907: 3903: 3760: 3756: 3740: 3687: 3667: 3632: 3604: 3557: 3527: 3515: 3373: 3047: 2975: 2782: 2700: 2680: 2077: 1872: 1757: 1687: 1682: 1648: 1563: 1557: 1424: 1409: 1349: 1162: 1103: 1088: 1073: 1058: 1043: 1028: 1013: 998: 930: 882: 870: 858: 846: 834: 822: 810: 798: 786: 774: 762: 750: 738: 726: 714: 702: 690: 678: 666: 654: 642: 616: 363: 265: 260: 188: 13806: 13101: 13096: 12944: 12037: 11337: 7639:

Some accounts mark the Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal as the beginning of the war (

6439: 5819: 5476: 5397: 5117: 4540: 4475: 4370: 4195:, the Spanish population rejected Napoleon's plans. The first wave of uprisings were in 3751:, Britain was finding new opportunities for trade with Portugal's colony in Brazil, the 3592: 3261: 2864: 1321: 1247: 14611: 14606: 14550: 14505: 14434: 14304: 14149: 14139: 14134: 14053: 13993: 13841: 13761: 13721: 13705: 13695: 13665: 13650: 13640: 13600: 13570: 13524: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13252: 13187: 12959: 12924: 12899: 12701: 12651: 12601: 12579: 12559: 12554: 12161: 12081: 12018: 11986: 11900: 11811: 11788: 11287: 11167: 10797: 10555: 10475: 10460: 10437: 10391: 10344: 7508: 7397:

remained King of Spain having been acknowledged on 11 December 1813 by Napoleon in the

7375: 6729:. The siege was abandoned after a time, but was later on renewed by Lieutenant General 6722: 6699: 6607: 6573: 6345: 6306: 6061: 6023: 6015: 5952: 5284: 5049: 4953: 4756: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4654: 4642: 4568: 4529: 4421: 4244: 4216: 4188: 4117: 3782: 3779: 3770:

Events moved rapidly. The Emperor sent orders on 19 July 1807 to his Foreign Minister,

3764: 3732: 3716: 3651: 3546: 3309: 3141: 3107: 2835: 2685: 2317: 2220: 2178: 2017: 1769: 1739: 1551: 1521: 1414: 1385: 1271: 839: 767: 755: 683: 335: 321: 13397: 13327: 13292: 13282: 11913: 6863:'s army (about 79,000), in three entrenched lines, stretched from the sea in front of 5328: 5124: 5081: 5009: 4933: 4306: 4282: 4267: 4183:(literally "little war") broke out in much of Spain against the French as well as the 4070: 3683: 3600: 2903: 1920: 1635: 1580: 1485: 13962: 13927: 13897: 13857: 13831: 13821: 13776: 13746: 13700: 13645: 13565: 13514: 13494: 13479: 13469: 13448: 13392: 13352: 13177: 13111: 13106: 12964: 12894: 12747: 12666: 12661: 12374: 12355: 12334: 12315: 12292: 12273: 12237: 12218: 12199: 12180: 12134: 12115: 12096: 12062: 12003: 11990: 11947: 11919: 11904: 11849: 11830: 11765: 11739: 11711: 11705: 11681: 11662: 11639: 11597: 11493: 11474: 11455: 11436: 11421: 11402: 11354: 11348: 11317: 11291: 11281: 11220: 11192: 11182: 11146: 11121: 11102: 11068: 11049: 10992: 10986: 10971: 10920: 10908: 10887: 10866: 10839: 10816: 10764: 10738: 10717: 10687: 10652: 10622: 10619:

Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15

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In Spanish, the form of asymmetric warfare waged by the Spanish partisans was termed

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and Cambo-les-Bains, his loss being slight, and thence pushed down the river towards

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consisting of 150 transports carrying between 12,000 and 13,000 men, convoyed by HMS

4544: 4517: 4463: 4408: 3923: 3695: 3644: 3581: 3511: 3421: 3341: 3293: 3161: 3136: 3072: 3037: 3002: 2970: 2950: 2930: 2869: 2670: 2436: 2385: 2231: 2213: 2138: 2012: 1979: 1947: 1914: 1867: 1847: 1824: 1574: 1430: 1344: 1253: 731: 158: 119: 13418: 10646: 5865: 5376: 5303: 4771:. The British troops escaped to the sea after fending off a strong French attack at 3596: 3325: 1892: 1599: 14485: 14369: 14169: 14008: 13907: 13892: 13741: 13690: 13610: 13519: 13474: 13423: 13337: 13222: 13131: 13121: 13015: 12954: 12716: 11978: 11892: 10832: 10681: 7751: 7703: 7472:

The war against Napoleon remains as the bloodiest event in Spain's modern history.

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2,800 feet (850 m) high. The decisive movement was a passage in strength near

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during the Peninsular War: The Campaign of Wellington's Portuguese Troops, 1809–11

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on 18 October 1809 and occupied Salamanca on 25 October. Marchand was replaced by

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Spain was an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire; however, defeat in the naval

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The bridge crosses the Urdains brook (a tributary of the Nive) just north of the

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starving army before Lisbon for a month, Masséna fell back to a position between

5828: 5807: 5784: 5508: 5113: 4973: 4917: 4905: 4106: 3531: 3389: 3057: 2935: 2883: 2768: 2653: 2638: 2286: 2094: 1830: 1784: 1612: 1451: 647: 603: 309: 163: 80: 14631: 10779: 6818:

British forces in Catalonia were ordered to join Wellington's army on the river

6694: 6400: 6064:

Blake's relief attempt. The Spanish defenders capitulated on 25 October. Suchet

5814:

after which Masséna moved to attack the held British position on the heights of

4159:

cavalry, which crashed into the city and trampled the rioters. In addition, the

3797: 3747:

was open to trade with Britain. Pretexts were plentiful; Portugal was Britain's

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Letters from Portugal and Spain: An Account of the Operations of the Armies ...

11896: 7855: 7555: 7000: 6624: 6565: 6544: 6431: 6394: 6296: 5984: 5811: 5775: 5771: 5189: 5129: 4940:. Saint-Cyr was relieved of his command in September for deserting his troops. 4348: 4327: 4168: 3975: 3859: 3786: 3736: 3097: 2431: 2168: 1664: 12691: 7500: 7383: 4760: 4661:. The Junta was forced to abandon Madrid in November 1808, and resided in the 4191:, had accepted Napoleon's decision to grant the Spanish crown to his brother, 14667: 14119: 12823: 12681: 12611: 12396: 11545: 11535: 11321: 10713: 10656: 7433: 7394: 6860: 6788: 5824: 5246: 4961: 4897: 4236: 4101: 815: 11655:

Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits & Adventurers in Spain, 1808–1814

11336:

Rocca, Albert Jean Michel; Rocca, M. de (1815). Callcott, Lady Maria (ed.).

10581: 7583: 5195:

The French obtained a measure of acquiescence among the propertied classes.

4616: 12671: 12507: 12400: 12349: 12066: 11554:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–98. 10881: 7453: 7403: 7371: 7113: 6852: 6745: 6721:, Commander of a British expedition from the Mediterranean islands at the 6663: 6640: 6530:

also uncertain that Wellington could continue to count on Spanish support.

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July; and on 25 July he was crowned King of Spain. On 10 June, five French

4366: 4164: 4050: 3801: 2710: 2581: 2425: 11295: 6204: 4005: 14459: 14429: 14417: 14374: 14129: 12253:"Buscando a mi general: el periplo asturiano de Andrew Leith Hay en 1808" 11214: 10247: 7429: 7415: 5885: 5401: 5211: 3927: 3885: 3565: 2395: 2356: 2344: 695: 316: 10217: 6760:

Suchet thought that the armies under the command of the Spanish General

5969:

Marshal Beresford disarming a Polish officer at La Albuera (16 May 1811)

4604:, except three regiments that failed to escape, back to Spain by way of 4441:

and was forced to return to Barcelona. Six thousand French troops under

3619:

and provided whatever supplies they could get to the Spanish, while the

14144: 12404: 11982: 11802:

Gurwood, J., ed. (1852b). "Wellington to Liverpool, 21 December 1810".

11240: 10673:

Napoleon's Cursed War: Popular Resistance in the Spanish Peninsular War

7536:, and lit the fuse, shredding a wave of attackers at point-blank range. 6872: 5755: 5220: 5185: 4981: 4972:

had 20,000 men for the operation. He stormed the Spanish naval base at

4889: 4881: 4605: 4563:

took command of the 30,000-man British force in Portugal. In addition,

4302: 3752: 3691: 3624: 2663: 827: 622: 11779:

Gurwood, J., ed. (1852). "Wellington to Liverpool, 14 November 1809".

7866:'s defenders much depleted and incapable of further offensive action. 6418:

in a difficult position. In much of the area under French control—the

4471: 2539: 7024: 6903: 6706: 6435: 6427: 6110:, which would prove to be one of the bloodiest siege assaults of the 6041: 5844: 5345: 5181: 4666: 4512: 4412: 4392:

moved into Aragon and Old Castile with 25,000 men, aiming to capture

4252: 4179: 4133:

in France. There on 5 May, under French pressure, the two kings both

4090: 4082: 3672: 3588: 2758: 14109: 12331:

Napoleon's War in Spain: The French Peninsular Campaigns, 1807–1814

11261: 11241:

Prados de la Escosura, Leandro; Santiago-Caballero, Carlos (2018).

7008: 6996: 6919: 6811: 6717:(11 April 1813), but was subsequently routed by Lieutenant General 6647: 6636: 6602:

With 18,000 men, Wellington captured the French-garrisoned city of

6472: 6019: 6000: 5164: 4457:. After defeating Spanish counterattacks, Moncey retreated. At the 4416: 4272: 4228: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4086: 3899:, the young who styled themselves with French fashion and manners. 3744: 3724: 3655: 12422: 11584:

Mémoires du General Bigarré, aide de camp du roi Joseph: 1775–1813

11534:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6879:. Wellington on 10 November 1813 attacked and drove the French to 6070: 5308: 4726:, opening his attack with a successful raid by Lieutenant-General 4437:'s Franco-Italian division of almost 6,000 troops failed to storm 4396:

and Zaragoza. Moncey marched toward Valencia with 29,350 men, and

3608: 3599:

by 70,000 French troops, a reconstituted national government, the

2254: 11678:

Peninsular War; Aspects of the Struggle for the Iberian Peninsula

11441:. Vol. III (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 7858:—one of the many German rulers who had surrendered following the 7652:

Denotes the date of the general armistice between France and the

7485:, visualize the efforts and horror of the reality of the Spanish 7020: 6880: 6819: 6714: 6668: 6655: 6620: 6538: 6423: 6057: 5992: 5815: 5794:

As a prelude to invasion, Ney took the Spanish fortified town of

5770:. The various parts of the lines communicated with each other by 5763: 5759: 4977: 4744: 4385: 4130: 4078: 3935: 3817: 3775: 3647:

paving the way for victory in the war in the Iberian Peninsula.

3639:. In the following year the Coalition scored a victory over King 1183: 12297:. Vol. II (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11614:

A History of the English-speaking Peoples: The age of revolution

11498:. Vol. VI (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11460:. Vol. IV (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 10907: 6689: 5783:'s position being rendered tolerable by the firm support of the 5412: 3804:. The treaty proposed to carve up Portugal into three entities. 12278:. Vol. I (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 11566: 11479:. Vol. V (New, in 6 volumes ed.). London: John Murray 7388:

Horace Vernet: Napoleon on the Island of Elba Awaiting the brig

7004: 6737:, evacuated Tarragona (17 August) but defeated Bentinck in the 6443: 6074: 5802:, and forced Wellington back through Almeida to Busaco. At the 4490:

sheltered behind the Ebro. By this time, Girona had resisted a

4401: 4208: 4156: 3880: 3636: 3576:

defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first

10936:"The Spanish Ulcer: Napoleon, Britain, and the Siege of Cádiz" 6975:

The sortie from the besieged city of Bayonne, on 14 April 1814

6591:

of 40,000 men. Reille's right wing suffered further losses at

5868:, with the British contingent being led by Lieutenant-General 4608:

in Sweden. The division arrived in Santander in October 1808.

4600:

from Denmark. In August 1808, the British Baltic fleet helped

3650:

Pursued by the armies of Britain, Spain and Portugal, Marshal

982:

121,000 (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish and 27,569 Portuguese)

11883:

Laqueur, Walter (1975). "The Origins of Guerrilla Doctrine".

11184:

A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco

11123:

A History of the Peninsular War: August 1813 – April 14, 1814

10169: 10072: 9982: 9452: 9133: 9131: 7863: 7673:("little war"), while the practitioner of such tactics was a 6868: 6773: 6748:

wrote that because of " absurdly optimistic reliance on" the

6710: 6659: 5995:

from the Spanish in Catalonia on 2 January 1811. MacDonald's

5368: 5364: 5215:("turned French") was used to denote those who supported the 4976:

on 26 January 1809, capturing eight ships of the line, three

4896:

in Pontevedra by Spanish forces under the command of Colonel

4840:

ended with the complete destruction of the Spanish forces at

4689:

near Barcelona on 16 December and routed the Spaniards under

4543:

on 17 August and smashed Junot's main force of 14,000 men at

4479: 4187:'s officials. Although the Spanish government, including the 4024: 4009: 3805: 3519: 11594:

Life in Napoleon's army: the memoirs of Captain Elzéar Blaze

11310:

Robinson, F. P. (1956). Atkinson, Christopher Thomas (ed.).

11139:

Pakenham, Edward Michael; Pakenham Longford, Thomas (2009).

10253:(in Spanish). London: En la imprenta de Carlos Wood e Hijos 9464: 8723: 8405: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 5766:

with fortified artillery positions—under the supervision of

4120:

and Charles IV was forced to abdicate in favour of his son,

3719:, negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors 3678:

War and revolution against Napoleon's occupation led to the

12351:

Rifles: Six years with Wellington's legendary sharpshooters

11377:"The Edinburgh Annual Register: Volume 1; Volume 2, Part 1" 9936: 9442: 9440: 8359: 8357: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7411: 6888: 6876: 6651: 4932:

by Blake on 23 May, losing 2,000 men. Suchet retaliated at

4901: 4877: 4828: 3821: 12136:

A History of the Peninsular War: Sep. 1 1812 – 5 Aug. 1813

10159: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10132: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9901: 9889: 9877: 9865: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9736: 9734: 9671: 9647: 9425: 9197: 9128: 8417: 8344: 8342: 8340: 7875:"Gave" in the Pyrenees means a mountain stream or torrent. 6631:

was repulsed by the Spanish Army of Galicia under General

6493: 5974: 5922:. Masséna advanced to its relief, attacking Wellington at 3580:. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale 12419:

Retrieval of fictional cannon during Peninsular Campaign.

12117:

A History of the Peninsular War: Oct. 1811 – Aug. 31 1812

12054: 11395:

Simmons, George; Verner, William Willoughby Cole (2012).

10504:

The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815

10096: 9946: 8600: 8034: 8010: 3910:, began to seek some form of escape. At the start of the 3507: 11592:

Blaze, Elzéar (1995). Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (ed.).

10813:

The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History

10228:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrados_de_la_Escosura2018 (

10084: 9782: 9758: 9695: 9623: 9596: 9524: 9512: 9500: 9488: 9437: 9377: 9329: 9281: 9221: 9017: 9005: 8981: 8518: 8516: 8465: 8354: 8318: 8100: 7981: 7960: 7915: 6671:. The losses were about—Allies, 800; French, 1,600. The 6393:

By the end of 1812, the large army that had invaded the

4400:

marshalled 12,710 troops in Catalonia and moved against

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because, with the French troops only a few yards away,

7507:, who became a guerrilla fighter, when she smashed her 6639:

to strengthen his own position, and secure the port of

5008:. These new forces turned Soult out of Portugal at the 4567:, in command of an expedition of reinforcements out of 4373:

was the French Empire's first land defeat. Painting by

12259:(in Spanish). Universidad de Oviedo. GGKEY:T6X2X3HZ2PQ 11735:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

11243:"The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?" 11104:

A History of the Peninsular War: Dec. 1810 – Dec. 1811

9958: 9707: 9683: 9635: 9584: 9401: 9155: 8909: 8885: 8798: 8786: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8636: 8078: 8076: 8074: 7936: 6846: 144:

2 May 1808 (sometimes 27 October 1807) – 17 April 1814

12023:. London: John Murray (Vol 1), and private (Vols 2–6) 11710:. Vol. I. Editorial Visión Libros. p. 292. 10223: 10060: 9548: 9536: 9476: 9209: 9116: 9082: 9080: 9041: 8837: 8588: 8564: 8552: 8528: 8513: 8489: 8381: 8369: 8308: 8306: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8202: 8059: 8022: 6646:

At daylight on 7 October 1813 Wellington crossed the

5331:, which established a permanent government under the 5136:. Kellermann counterattacked and was repulsed at the 4516:

Portuguese and British troops fighting the French at

11350:

Recollections of Marshal Macdonald, Duke of Tarentum

10420:

Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars : 1812–1815

10315:

Brandt, Heinrich von (1999). North, Jonathan (ed.).

10108: 10045: 10033: 10021: 10006: 9994: 9970: 9104: 9092: 9053: 9029: 8993: 8945: 8897: 8873: 8861: 8849: 8810: 8771: 8711: 8660: 8540: 8441: 8214: 8168: 8166: 8153: 8151: 8088: 7993: 7948: 6619:. Meanwhile, the French garrison retreated into the 5818:—a 10-mile (16 km)-long ridge—resulting in the 5266:'s "Cazadores de Navarra". The French believed that 972:

160,000 regulars (1/3 fighting alongside Wellington)

11846:

With Moore at Corunna: A Tale of the Peninsular War

9353: 8969: 8699: 8477: 8429: 8226: 8071: 6052:mountain range. In October, the Spanish launched a 4924:on 6 May and the city finally fell on 12 December. 4880:, recaptured most of the cities in the province of 4876:On 27 March, Spanish forces defeated the French at 3541:The war started when the French and Spanish armies 10831: 10761:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 10734:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 10710:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War 9077: 9065: 8612: 8303: 8286: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8190: 7905: 7903: 5754:—three strong lines of mutually supporting forts, 5078:Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom 4681:from an Anglo-Spanish garrison, destroyed part of 12328: 12098:A History of the Peninsular War: Jan. – Sep. 1809 11946:(reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 417–420. 11316:. London: Army Historical Research. p. 165. 10683:The Napoleonic Wars: The Peninsular War 1807–1814 9794: 8178: 8163: 8148: 7007:, where there was a severe action (20 March), to 6794:The last actions in this theatre happened at the 4916:In Catalonia, Saint-Cyr defeated Reding again at 4124:. In the aftermath of the abdication, attacks on 3534:. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the 3526:against the invading and occupying forces of the 14665: 12329:Tranié, Jean; Carmigniani, Juan Carlos (1994) . 10648:A History of The British Army. Vol. IV 1807–1809 10288:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9853: 9181:Spanish Guerrillas in the Peninsular War 1808–14 8825: 7451:The experience in self-government led the later 4223:on 29 July and massacred the town's population. 3631:, a combined allied army defeated the French at 239: 14622:England expects that every man will do his duty 11824: 11219:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 10300:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) 7900: 7511:in the heads of the French soldiers during the 6930:) were-Allies about 5,000, French about 7,000. 6705:In the northern Mediterranean region of Spain ( 6141:British infantry attempt to scale the walls of 6014:captured in a coup-de-main the key fortress of 5899:and a Spanish army led by the Spanish generals 5834:Masséna's Army of Portugal concentrated around 4783: 4611: 4116:On 19 March 1808, Godoy fell from power in the 92: 10679: 10270:. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 8729: 8411: 6165: 5123:Aréizaga's army was destroyed by Soult at the 5019: 4911: 4704: 1167:180,000–240,000 dead (91,000 killed in action) 12438: 12000:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 11394: 11216:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I 10964:Historia de España: La España de Fernando VII 10175: 7052:was formally signed at Paris on 30 May 1814. 6690:Campaign in the northern Mediterranean region 6560:Marshal Soult began a counter-offensive (the 6220: 5235: 5080:was forced by popular pressure to set up the 4943: 2744: 2555: 2270: 1199: 11891:(3). Society for Military History: 341–382. 11172:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10465:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10451:Chartrand, Rene; Younghusband, Bill (2000). 10442:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10418:Chartrand, Rene; Younghusband, Bill (1999). 7457:(Liberators) to promote the independence of 6667:fighting, and he withdrew towards the river 6480: 6398: 6081: 6040:On 5 May, Suchet besieged the vital city of 5386: 5313:The Proclamation of the Constitution of 1812 4822: 4632: 3891:(Francophiles) at court were opposed by the 3675:, to call the conflict the "Spanish Ulcer". 3659: 12086:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 11051:English Battles and Sieges in the Peninsula 10595: 9629: 7780:Levantamiento y revolución de los españoles 7680: 7003:, where there was a combat (19 March), and 6234: 6125:August; 20,000 muskets, 180 cannon and two 6094: 5823:militia, 8,000 Spaniards and 2,500 British 5001:refit his army before advancing on Lisbon. 4802:The assault on the Santa Engracia monastery 4109:and received 6,000 reinforcements from the 23: 12445: 12431: 12166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11816:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11335: 11279: 11070:A History of the Peninsular War: 1807–1809 10802:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10473: 10453:The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars 9203: 8606: 8053: 8016: 7975: 7930: 7782:("Rising and Revolution of the Spaniards") 6675:"was a general's not a soldier's battle". 6488: 6227: 6213: 6048:the Spanish out of their positions on the 5071: 4027:indemnity imposed. The army formed into a 2751: 2737: 2562: 2548: 2277: 2263: 1886:The siege of Cádiz and Andalusia 1810–1812 1206: 1192: 1131:215,000–375,000 military and civilian dead 24: 12250: 12174: 11939: 11610: 11339:Memoirs of the War of the French in Spain 11096:. Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10644: 10635: 10579: 10450: 10417: 10246:Argüelles, A. (1970). J. Longares (ed.). 10245: 9602: 9335: 9178: 9161: 7987: 7942: 7035: 6709:) Suchet had defeated Elio's Murcians at 5408:, 1910 – commemorating the Peninsular War 5297: 4834: 4528:—landed in Portugal under the command of 4255:were searching for the insurgent forces. 12290: 12271: 12193: 11801: 11759: 11694: 11675: 11539: 11491: 11472: 11453: 11434: 11309: 11138: 11126:. Vol. VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press 11048:Napier, William Francis Patrick (1879). 11029:Napier, William Francis Patrick (1867). 10961: 10879: 10616: 10501: 10389: 10361: 10163: 10138: 9940: 9907: 9847: 9788: 9764: 9701: 9665: 9530: 9518: 9506: 9494: 9470: 9458: 9446: 9383: 9287: 9227: 8963: 8939: 8927: 8765: 8693: 8678: 8630: 8582: 8507: 8459: 8399: 8348: 8280: 8142: 8130: 8118: 7885: 7382: 6970: 6693: 6508: 6497: 6383:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 6376: 6200: 5907:, attempted to retake Badajoz by laying 5855: 5411: 5396: 5307: 5245: 5227:. Napoleon relied on support from these 5163: 5028: 4980:, several thousand prisoners and 20,000 4947: 4888:. On 7 June, the French army of Marshal 4871: 4792: 4708: 4615: 4511: 4360: 4061: 4043: 3992: 3808:and the northern part was to become the 3792:While all this was going on, the secret 3710: 3607:—fortified itself in the secure port of 2197:Campaign in south-west France, 1813–1814 59:1808–1814 war against Napoleon in Iberia 32:This is an accepted version of this page 12312:Memoirs of the War in Spain (2 volumes) 12215:The Peninsular War. A Battlefield Guide 12152:Palafox, J. de (1994). H. Lafoz (ed.). 12151: 12139:. Vol. VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press 12133:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1922). 12114:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1914). 12101:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press 12095:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1903). 11882: 11778: 11703: 11652: 11629: 11580: 11346: 11120:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1930). 11107:. Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press 11101:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1911). 11089:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1908). 11067:Oman, Charles William Chadwick (1902). 10933: 10547: 10480:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 10211: 10199: 10187: 10126: 9824: 9812: 9776: 9752: 9740: 9725: 9578: 9566: 9395: 9371: 9347: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9149: 8915: 8891: 8804: 8792: 8753: 8741: 8642: 8594: 8570: 8558: 8534: 8522: 8495: 8423: 8387: 8375: 8363: 8331: 8208: 8082: 6494:Campaign in the eastern Atlantic region 6325:Campaign in south-west France 1813–1814 5975:French conquest of Aragon and Catalonia 5275:, superstition and counter-revolution. 5242:Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War 4508:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 4501: 4356: 3982: 2569: 1942:Extremadura and central Spain 1811-1812 146:(5 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) 14: 14666: 12768:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 12309: 12212: 12120:. Vol. V. Oxford: Clarendon Press 12016: 11968: 11915:Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain 11911: 11632:The Spanish Army in the Peninsular War 11617:. Vol. 3. Dodd, Mead. p. 257 11510: 11283:A dictionary of Napoleon and his times 11212: 11047: 11028: 10984: 10860: 10810: 10670: 10346:The Annual Register, for the year 1810 10314: 10296: 9964: 9895: 9883: 9871: 9713: 9689: 9677: 9653: 9641: 9590: 9431: 9407: 9359: 9215: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9137: 9122: 8843: 8819: 8666: 8546: 8065: 8028: 7954: 7657: 7640: 7410:With Napoleon exiled to the island of 5693: 4900:, and Ney and his forces retreated to 4759:on 30 December by Soult, who captured 4347:French soldiers execute civilians (by 3772:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 3350: 89: 14450:Spanish American wars of independence 12426: 12368: 12347: 12035: 11870:. Vol. V. Harding, Lepard and Co 11863: 11843: 11783:. Vol. III. London. p. 583. 11731: 11707:Memorias de D, Antonio Alcalá Galiano 11591: 11415: 11374: 11258:European Historical Economics Society 11180: 10948:National Endowment for the Humanities 10758: 10730: 10707: 10519: 10342: 10066: 9554: 9542: 9482: 9419: 9098: 9059: 9035: 9023: 9011: 8999: 8987: 8975: 8951: 8903: 8879: 8867: 8855: 8780: 8717: 8483: 8471: 8447: 8435: 8220: 8106: 8094: 8004: 7475: 7014: 6829: 6208: 5282:Hatred of the French and devotion to 4996:at the cost of 200 Frenchmen. At the 4547:. Wellesley was replaced at first by 3763:, had declined to join the emperor's 3743:, Napoleon expressed irritation that 2732: 2543: 2258: 1187: 1178:1,000,000+ military and civilian dead 12231: 12132: 12113: 12094: 11997: 11806:. Vol. VII. London. p. 54. 11353:. Vol. II. London: Nabu Press. 11119: 11100: 11088: 11066: 11012: 10829: 10815:. Penguin Classic Military History. 10265: 10114: 10102: 10090: 10078: 10054: 10039: 10027: 10015: 10000: 9988: 9976: 9952: 9800: 9110: 9086: 9071: 9047: 8831: 8705: 8654: 8312: 8297: 8268: 8256: 8244: 8232: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8157: 7909: 7816: 7803: 7720:("War in Spain and in Portugal") or 7611:, fires a gun on the French invaders 7586:, by sculptor Francisco Javier Galán 6842:Campaign in north-east France (1814) 6836:Campaign in south-west France (1814) 5629: 5153: 5024: 4884:and forced the French to retreat to 3800:and Eugenio Izquierdo, an agent for 2915:Third invasion of Portugal 1810–1811 2843:First invasion of Portugal 1807–1808 2034:Castile and northern Spain 1811–1813 1607:Aragón and northeast Spain 1809–1813 14435:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 12452: 10962:Martínez, Ángel de Velasco (1999). 10777: 10510: 9859: 9167: 8618: 7418:was restored to the French throne. 7019:On 8 April, Wellington crossed the 6847:Battles of the Nivelle and the Nive 6581:Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon 5979:After a two-week siege, the French 5375:. The revolts were suppressed (See 4788: 4755:'s retreating force was overrun at 4167:. The next day, as immortalized by 4140: 3837:Portrait of Prince John of Braganza 3398: 2284: 56: 12371:The Man who Broke Napoleon's Codes 11943:Reader's Guide to Military History 11867:The Naval History of Great Britain 11829:. Campaign 83. Osprey Publishing. 11559: 11540:Robinson, Charles Walker (1911). " 11250:Working Papers on Economic History 10946:(January/February 2010 Number 1). 10638:The Lines of Torres Vedras 1809–11 10349:(2nd ed.). London: Rivingtons 6902:, a junior British officer in the 6658:road, along mountain spurs to the 6485:was not regarded with equanimity. 4478:, where he surrendered his entire 4135:abdicated their claims to Napoleon 3867: 1791:3rd Invasion of Portugal 1810–1811 1227:1st invasion of Portugal 1807–1808 1213: 340:Evacuation of La Romana's division 88: 57: 14770: 14759:Wars involving the United Kingdom 14739:Portugal–United Kingdom relations 12251:Rodríguez, Alicia Lastra (1956). 12020:The War in the Peninsula (6 vols) 11940:Messenger, Charles, ed. (2013) . 11280:Richardson, Hubert N. B. (1921). 10865:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. 7264:Third Coalition: Germany 1803:... 6871:and thence, behind the river, to 6803:stopped them. The French General 6564:) and defeated the Allies at the 4816:'s bombardments that summer, was 4151:On 2 May, the citizens of Madrid 4018:set sail for the colony of Brazil 3922:spent the winter of 1807–1808 in 3611:in 1810. The British army, under 3366: 14310:Frederick William III of Prussia 14290:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 12310:Suchet, Duke D'Albufera (2007). 12036:Neale, Adam (1809). "Appendix". 11825:Haythornthwaite, Philip (2001). 11764:. Vol. 9. Greenhill Books. 11704:Galiano, Antonio Alcalá (2009). 11596:. Greenhill Books. p. 102. 11581:Bigarré, Auguste Julien (1893). 11565: 11527: 10680:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2002). 10598:"Military General Service Medal" 9608: 7878: 7869: 7848: 7835: 7822: 7809: 7796: 7732:Guerra da Independencia española 7591: 7575: 7563: 7542: 7289:Peninsular War: Portugal 1807... 7243: 7226: 7209: 7192: 7175: 7158: 7141: 7129: 7112: 7088: 7081: 7074: 6947: 6935: 6150: 6134: 5962: 5943: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5692: 5676: 5660: 5644: 5628: 5613: 5612: 5596: 5580: 5564: 5548: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5468: 5452: 5436: 5429: 4335: 4314: 4290: 4260: 3964: 3943: 3934:and Spanish troops marched into 3848: 3829: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3430: 3429: 3413: 3397: 3381: 3365: 3349: 3333: 3317: 3302: 3301: 3285: 3269: 3253: 3238: 3237: 3221: 3205: 3198: 2877:Second invasion of Portugal 1809 1161: 1138: 1125: 1102: 1087: 1072: 1057: 1042: 1027: 1012: 997: 966: 946: 929: 919: 909: 881: 869: 857: 845: 833: 821: 809: 797: 785: 773: 761: 749: 737: 725: 713: 701: 689: 677: 665: 653: 641: 629: 615: 597: 585: 565: 553: 541: 529: 522: 508: 494: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 420: 406: 394: 382: 370: 356: 328: 315: 302: 285: 272: 259: 241: 228: 216: 14709:France–United Kingdom relations 14430:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 14360:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 12373:. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. 11965:; evaluation of the major books 11885:Journal of Contemporary History 11092:A History of the Peninsular War 7787: 7734:("War of Spanish Independence") 7718:Guerre d'Espagne et du Portugal 7700:("Spanish War of Independence") 7698:Espainiako Independentzia Gerra 6576:(28 and 30 July) Soult ordered 5677: 5661: 5581: 5565: 5485: 4812:Zaragoza, already scarred from 4211:on 24 May; and the province of 4161:Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard 3759:, regent for his insane mother 3560:and then installed his brother 3414: 3334: 3286: 1509:Castile and Andalusia 1809–1810 14345:Prince Regent John of Portugal 14255:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 14200:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 14195:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 12389: 11520: 11401:. Cambridge University Press. 7696:("Iberian Peninsular War") or 7663: 7646: 7633: 7622: 7489:as part of the Peninsular War. 7481:The 82 prints of Goya, called 5918:In April, Wellington besieged 5645: 5597: 5501: 5469: 5437: 5110:François Étienne de Kellermann 4602:transport the Spanish division 4539:'s 4,000-strong detachment at 4039: 3382: 3270: 3254: 3222: 3206: 13: 1: 14370:Prince Charles John of Sweden 12354:. London: Faber & Faber. 12294:History of the Peninsular War 12275:History of the Peninsular War 11495:History of the Peninsular War 11476:History of the Peninsular War 11457:History of the Peninsular War 11438:History of the Peninsular War 11418:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 11189:University of Wisconsin Press 10239: 9183:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 7302:Peninsular War: Spain 1808... 6883:. The allied loss during the 6754:campaign in north-east France 6250:Vitoria and the Pyrenees 1813 5549: 5533: 5517: 5453: 4928:'s III Corps was defeated at 4625:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 3810:Kingdom of Northern Lusitania 3587:In 1808, the Spanish army in 3543:invaded and occupied Portugal 3318: 2783:War of the Pyrenees 1793-1795 2127:Vitoria and the Pyrenees 1813 1339:Napoleon's campaign 1808–1809 720:Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet 12217:. Pen & Sword Military. 11653:Esdaile, Charles J. (2004). 11630:Esdaile, Charles J. (1988). 10474:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). 7894: 7754:: Many names, including the 7499:A sculpture was erected for 7055: 5381:Bolivian War of Independence 5160:Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 4784:Spanish campaign, early 1809 4683:Juan Miguel de Vives y Feliu 4612:Napoleon's invasion of Spain 4443:Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes 4384:led 24,430 men south toward 4241:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 4085:, including the citadels of 3997:The Portuguese royal family 3874:History of Spain (1700–1810) 3680:Spanish Constitution of 1812 804:Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle 744:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 451:Gregorio García de la Cuesta 62:Not to be confused with the 7: 14714:19th-century guerrilla wars 11971:Journal of Military History 11912:Lovett, Gabriel H. (1965). 11848:. Independently Published. 11697:The Campaigns of Wellington 11695:Fletcher, Ian, ed. (2007). 11636:Manchester University Press 11611:Churchill, Winston (1958). 11572:Spanish War of Independence 11513:Wellington in the Peninsula 11142:Pakenham Letters: 1800–1815 10621:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 10390:Chandler, David G. (1974). 10362:Chandler, David G. (1995). 6867:along commanding ground to 6744:The military historian Sir 6166:French autumn counterattack 5020:Spanish campaign, late 1809 4912:French advance in Catalonia 4827:did not advance beyond the 4705:Corunna campaign, 1808–1809 4459:Battle of Medina de Rioseco 4435:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 4398:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 4235:in the north to Madrid and 4095:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 3989:Invasion of Portugal (1807) 3912:War of the Fourth Coalition 3729:War of the Fourth Coalition 3591:defeated the French at the 3578:wars of national liberation 3536:Spanish War of Independence 2822:Mediterranean Campaign 1798 377:Bernardim Freire de Andrade 18:War of Spanish Independence 10: 14775: 14205:Frederick I of Württemberg 12575:Confederation of the Rhine 12061:. Vol. I. Edinburgh. 11897:10.1177/002200947501000301 11213:Porter, Whitworth (1889). 11181:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 11145:. Ken Trotman Publishing. 10934:Hindley, Meredith (2010). 10886:. Hodder & Stoughton. 10880:Guedalla, Philip (2005) . 10393:The Art of Warfare on Land 10224:Prados de la Escosura 2018 7756:Guerra de la Independencia 7694:Iberiar Penintsulako Gerra 7062:History of Spain (1810–73) 7059: 6839: 6833: 6533:The summer of 1813 in the 5934:Anglo-Spanish garrison at 5390: 5301: 5239: 5236:Emergence of the guerrilla 5202:Los Desastres de la Guerra 5157: 5033:The Battle of Talavera by 4944:Second Portuguese campaign 4844:on 13 January by Victor's 4505: 4431:François Xavier de Schwarz 4380:To defeat the insurgency, 4299:the defenders of Monteleón 4144: 3986: 3871: 3564:on the Spanish throne and 297:Confederation of the Rhine 61: 14699:France–Portugal relations 14584: 14468: 14383: 14365:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 14355:William, Prince of Orange 14218: 14165:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 14098: 14091: 13971: 13850: 13714: 13543: 13457: 13411: 13160: 13054: 12978: 12872: 12786: 12738: 12729: 12625: 12526: 12517: 12494:French Invasion of Russia 12460: 12410:The Pride and the Passion 12291:Southey, Robert (1828b). 12272:Southey, Robert (1828a). 12194:Rathbone, Julian (1984). 12175:Parkinson, Roger (1973). 12058:Memorials of the Late War 12002:. Yale University Press. 11680:. Spellmount Publishers. 11492:Southey, Robert (1828f). 11473:Southey, Robert (1828e). 11454:Southey, Robert (1828d). 11435:Southey, Robert (1828c). 11347:Rousset, Camille (1892). 10911:; Mayne, William (2014). 10811:Glover, Michael (2001) . 10645:Fortescue, J. W. (1915). 10548:Esdaile, Charles (2003). 10365:The Campaigns of Napoleon 10176:Simmons & Verner 2012 7582:Statue of Juana Galán in 7330:French invasion of Russia 6246: 5713:Peninsular war: Portugal 5387:Third Portuguese campaign 4730:'s cavalry on the French 4671:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 4621:La bataille de Somosierra 3883:, the growing numbers of 3814:Charles II, Duke of Parma 3686:, later a cornerstone of 3629:French invasion of Russia 2778: 2577: 2402:French invasion of Russia 2296: 1223: 1177: 1115: 896: 439:Francisco Javier Castaños 346: 206: 136: 86: 78: 73: 14734:Portugal–Spain relations 14679:19th century in Portugal 14275:Archduke John of Austria 14270:Prince von Schwarzenberg 14115:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 12179:. Hart-Davis MacGibbon. 12017:Napier, William (1862). 11760:Griffith, Paddy (1999). 11260:: 18, 31. Archived from 11187:. Vol. 2. Madison: 10830:Goya, Francisco (1967). 10520:Ellis, Geoffrey (2014). 10368:. Simon & Schuster. 10081:, pp. 424–425, 431. 9991:, pp. 308–311, 402. 9615:"1812 Siege of Badajoz." 9179:Chartrand, Rene (2004). 7744:("French Invasions") or 7710:("War of the Frenchman") 7616: 7609:Agustina, maid of Aragón 7600:The Defence of Saragossa 7521:The Defence of Saragossa 6956:Battle of St Jean de Luz 6764:and the British General 6606:under Brigadier-General 6095:Allied campaign in Spain 6028:on 10 April. The French 5789:Miguel de Pereira Forjaz 5285:God, King and Fatherland 5257:, a key guerrilla leader 4537:Henri François Delaborde 4382:Pierre Dupont de l'Étang 4056:Francisco Bayeu y Subías 3972:King Charles IV of Spain 3916:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 3700:revolts in Latin America 1439:2nd invasion of Portugal 1134:25,000 guerrillas killed 708:François Joseph Lefebvre 104:Clockwise from top left: 64:French invasion of Spain 39:latest accepted revision 14749:Wars involving Portugal 14210:Frederick VI of Denmark 14160:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 12950:Greater Poland uprising 12773:Duc d'Enghien Execution 12213:Rawson, Andrew (2009). 12156:. Zaragoza. p. 54. 12042:London: Richard Philips 11864:James, William (1826). 11551:Encyclopædia Britannica 11094:: Sep. 1809 – Dec. 1810 11073:. Vol. I. Oxford: 10915:Loyal Lusitanian Legion 10671:Fraser, Ronald (2008). 10636:Fletcher, Ian (2003a). 10502:Connelly, Owen (2006). 10297:Bodart, Gaston (1908). 10266:Bell, David A. (2009). 9618:Encyclopædia Britannica 7776:Guerra de los Seis Años 7774:("War of the French"), 7534:first siege of Zaragoza 7532:loaded a cannon at the 7503:(1787–1812), nicknamed 6966: 6782:Battle of Molins de Rey 6673:passage of the Bidassoa 6489:End of the war in Spain 6426:, Aragon, Old Castile, 6195: 6187:Wellington to lift the 6089: 5850: 5148: 5090:Juan Carlos de Aréizaga 5072:Second Madrid offensive 4778: 4466:anchored at Cádiz were 4451:José de Palafox y Melci 4449:and were beaten off by 4390:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 4034: 3930:, and towns of the old 3794:Treaty of Fontainebleau 3767:against British trade. 3757:Prince John of Braganza 3705: 2836:War of the Oranges 1801 2800:Sant Llorenç de la Muga 2489:Lamellerie's expedition 2442:Minor campaigns of 1815 1441:and northern Spain 1809 660:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 414:Miguel Ricardo de Álava 14704:France–Spain relations 14330:Ferdinand VII of Spain 12778:Coronation of Napoleon 11738:. Dorling Kindersley. 11676:Fletcher, Ian (2003). 11375:Scott, Walter (1811). 10985:McLynn, Frank (1997). 10838:. Dover Publications. 10778:Gay, Susan E. (1903). 10759:Gates, David (2009) . 10731:Gates, David (2002) . 10617:Fletcher, Ian (1999). 10343:Burke, Edmund (1825). 10268:"Napoleon's Total War" 9204:Rocca & Rocca 1815 7758:("Independence War"), 7741: 7731: 7717: 7707: 7693: 7467:independence of Brazil 7391: 7042:abdication of Napoleon 7036:Abdication of Napoleon 6976: 6958:, 10 December 1813 by 6702: 6617:Siege of San Sebastián 6597:Echallar and Ivantelly 6570:Battle of Roncesvalles 6562:Battle of the Pyrenees 6555:Chasseurs Britanniques 6518: 6515:Battle of the Bidassoa 6506: 6503:Battle of the Pyrenees 6481: 6399: 6390: 6127:French Imperial Eagles 6082: 6010:The Spanish commander 5806:the French drove back 5752:Lines of Torres Vedras 5424: 5409: 5393:Lines of Torres Vedras 5319: 5298:Revolution under siege 5268:enlightened absolutism 5258: 5176: 5096:. Del Parque defeated 5037: 5014:Second Battle of Porto 4965: 4886:Santiago de Compostela 4835:First Madrid offensive 4823: 4809: 4806:Louis-François Lejeune 4718: 4677:besieged and captured 4641:carried out a massive 4633: 4628: 4520: 4407:At the two successive 4377: 4375:José Casado del Alisal 4323:The Second of May 1808 4219:crushed the rebels at 4074: 4059: 4001: 3660: 3550:forced the abdications 2479:L'Hermite's expedition 2467:Roquebert's expedition 2335:First Serbian Uprising 1147:24,053 died of disease 347:Commanders and leaders 100: 14744:Wars involving France 14684:19th century in Spain 14617:Conference of Dresden 14526:Paris (February 1812) 14455:Swedish–Norwegian War 14280:Alexander I of Russia 12236:. Faber & Faber. 11844:Henty, G. A. (1898). 11659:Yale University Press 11420:. London: Greenhill. 11416:Smith, Digby (1998). 10988:Napoleon: A Biography 10861:Grehan, John (2015). 10708:Gates, David (2001). 10422:. Osprey Publishing. 7386: 6974: 6942:The Battle of Nivelle 6731:Lord William Bentinck 6725:(13 April), who then 6697: 6512: 6501: 6411:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 6380: 6201:Defeat of King Joseph 6172:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 5983:under its commander, 5890:Francisco Ballesteros 5856:Stalemate in the west 5415: 5406:Manuel II of Portugal 5400: 5391:Further information: 5311: 5302:Further information: 5249: 5167: 5098:Jean Gabriel Marchand 5046:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 5032: 4998:First Battle of Porto 4986:Francisco da Silveira 4958:First Battle of Porto 4951: 4922:third siege of Girona 4872:Liberation of Galicia 4862:Gregorio de la Cuesta 4808:, oil on canvas, 1827 4796: 4712: 4627:(oil on canvas, 1810) 4619: 4598:Division of the North 4515: 4506:Further information: 4364: 4344:The Third of May 1808 4174:The Third of May 1808 4145:Further information: 4065: 4047: 3996: 3958:Vicente López Portaña 3953:Fernando VII of Spain 3920:Division of the North 3872:Further information: 3749:oldest ally in Europe 3721:Alexander I of Russia 3711:Extortion of Portugal 3682:, promulgated by the 3635:and took the capital 2494:Senyavin's expedition 2474:Allemand's expedition 2420:Swedish-Norwegian War 1261:Spanish uprising 1808 1116:Casualties and losses 672:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 401:Miguel Pereira Forjaz 389:Francisco da Silveira 110:The Third of May 1808 98: 14754:Wars involving Spain 14724:King's German Legion 14571:Fontainebleau (1814) 14125:Louis-Nicolas Davout 13046:Invasion of Portugal 12369:Urban, Mark (2001). 12348:Urban, Mark (2003). 12234:War in the Peninsula 11860:– historical fiction 11574:at Wikimedia Commons 11511:Weller, Jac (1962). 10834:The Disasters of War 10640:. Osprey Publishing. 10596:Fitzwilliam (2007). 10105:, pp. 432, 500. 9955:, pp. 535, 536. 9461:, pp. 165, 170. 7778:("Six Years' War"), 7766:("Peninsular War"), 7724:("Spanish campaign") 7551:The Disasters of War 7513:Battle of Valdepeñas 7492:On 29 July 1836 the 7483:the Disasters of War 7442:Constitution of 1812 7423:American War of 1812 6805:Pierre-Joseph Habert 6733:. Suchet, after the 6680:Pamplona surrendered 6595:(1 August); and the 6083:L'Armée de l'Espagne 5768:Sir Richard Fletcher 5710:class=notpageimage| 5333:Constitution of 1812 5207:The Disasters of War 5094:Duke of Alburquerque 5054:Puente del Arzobispo 5012:(10–11 May) and the 4926:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 4818:under a second siege 4749:Sierra de Guadarrama 4557:Convention of Cintra 4533:Sir Arthur Wellesley 4526:King's German Legion 4502:British intervention 4357:Conventional warfare 4297:Second of May 1808: 4147:Dos de Mayo Uprising 3983:Invasion of Portugal 3841:Jean-Baptiste Debret 3820:River into Spain at 3698:factions ushered in 3570:Bayonne Constitution 3506:(1807–1814) was the 3447:class=notpageimage| 1233:Invasion of Portugal 864:Claude Victor-Perrin 852:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 780:Bon-Adrien de Moncey 196:break out in America 115:Battle of Somosierra 14597:Bourbon Restoration 14340:Maria I of Portugal 14325:Prince of Hohenlohe 14315:Gebhard von Blücher 13258:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 12565:Swiss Confederation 11998:Muir, Rory (1996). 11732:Grant, Reg (2005). 11288:Funk & Wagnalls 11054:. London: J. Murray 11013:Muir, Rory (2021). 10991:. London: Pimlico. 10513:"Battle Name:Yanzi" 10321:. Greenhill Books. 10093:, pp. 431–432. 9898:, pp. 280–287. 9886:, pp. 334–343. 9874:, pp. 321–325. 9680:, pp. 210–212. 9656:, pp. 207–208. 9473:, pp. 172–180. 9434:, pp. 145–146. 9140:, pp. 396–406. 9026:, pp. 197–199. 9014:, pp. 333–334. 8990:, pp. 194–196. 8730:Fremont-Barnes 2002 8657:, pp. 367–375. 8474:, pp. 181–182. 8426:, pp. 302–303. 8412:Fremont-Barnes 2002 8109:, pp. 432–433. 7046:sortie from Bayonne 6928:battles of the Nive 6578:General of Division 6159:Battle of Salamanca 6119:Battle of Salamanca 6077:south of Valencia. 4685:'s Spanish army at 4388:and Cádiz; Marshal 3908:Charles IV of Spain 3904:Battle of Trafalgar 3741:First French Empire 3735:shattered, and the 3688:European liberalism 3605:government-in-exile 3528:First French Empire 2855:Padrões de Teixeira 2571:Franco-Spanish wars 2462:Troude's expedition 2452:Linois's expedition 1238:Padrões de Teixeira 962:Wellington: 172,000 189:First French Empire 29:Page version status 14719:Invasions of Spain 14612:Continental System 14607:Congress of Erfurt 14531:Paris (March 1812) 14305:Peter Wittgenstein 14230:Duke of Wellington 14185:Prince Poniatowski 14150:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 14135:Auguste de Marmont 13530:Arroyo dos Molinos 13378:Walcheren Campaign 13368:Armistice of Znaim 13263:Dalmatian Campaign 13188:Tyrolean Rebellion 12232:Read, Jan (1977). 12198:. Michael Joseph. 12177:The Peninsular War 11983:10.1353/jmh.0.0183 10909:Lillie, John Scott 10580:etymology (2021). 10556:Palgrave Macmillan 10551:The Peninsular War 10226:, pp. 18, 31. 7843:Treaty of Valençay 7772:Guerra del Francés 7770:("War of Spain"), 7748:("Peninsular War") 7742:Invasões Francesas 7722:Campagne d'Espagne 7708:Guerra del Francès 7530:Agustina de Aragón 7509:cast-iron stew pan 7476:In popular culture 7399:Treaty of Valençay 7392: 7390:Inconstant. (1863) 7346:: Germany 1813:... 7318:: Austria 1809:... 7278:: Prussia 1806:... 7015:Battle of Toulouse 6977: 6830:Invasion of France 6796:siege of Barcelona 6750:Treaty of Valençay 6727:besieged Tarragona 6723:battle of Castalla 6703: 6700:Battle of Castalla 6608:Louis Emmanuel Rey 6574:Battle of Sorauren 6550:Frederick Robinson 6519: 6507: 6391: 6016:Sant Ferran Castle 5999:was defeated in a 5953:Battle of Chiclana 5905:Francisco Castaños 5829:Royal Artillerymen 5425: 5410: 5320: 5259: 5177: 5050:Battle of Talavera 5038: 4966: 4954:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 4810: 4719: 4695:Theodor von Reding 4691:Conde de Caldagues 4663:Alcázar of Seville 4643:double envelopment 4629: 4530:Lieutenant-General 4521: 4409:Combats of El Bruc 4378: 4245:Jean-Andoche Junot 4217:Louis Henri Loison 4189:Council of Castile 4118:Mutiny of Aranjuez 4075: 4060: 4002: 3999:escaping to Brazil 3856:Napoleon Bonaparte 3783:Jean-Andoche Junot 3780:divisional general 3765:Continental System 3717:Treaties of Tilsit 3652:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 3547:Napoleon Bonaparte 3023:Arroyo dos Molinos 2519:Mauritius campaign 2457:Caribbean campaign 2318:Franco-Swedish War 2111:2nd Alba de Tormes 2061:2nd Ciudad Rodrigo 1996:Navas de Membrillo 1991:Arroyo dos Molinos 1803:1st Ciudad Rodrigo 1593:1st Alba de Tormes 1333:La Romana's Escape 840:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 756:Auguste de Marmont 684:Jean-Andoche Junot 322:Kingdom of Holland 178:Coalition victory 101: 35: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14649:Types of military 14445:Russo-Turkish War 14440:Russo-Persian War 14408:Anglo-Turkish War 14403:Anglo-Swedish War 14398:Anglo-Spanish War 14393:Anglo-Russian War 14320:Duke of Brunswick 14223:political leaders 14103:political leaders 14087: 14086: 13092:Medina de Rioseco 12814:Haslach-Jungingen 12748:French Revolution 12725: 12724: 12508:Seventh Coalition 12243:978-0-57110-645-5 12186:978-0-24664-096-3 11570:Media related to 10763:. Da Capo Press. 10141:, pp. 96–97. 9910:, pp. 95–96. 9422:, pp. 32–33. 9050:, pp. 97–98. 8366:, pp. 34–35. 8334:, pp. 30–31. 7860:Battle of Leipzig 7764:Guerra Peninsular 7746:Guerra Peninsular 7629:The Dutch Brigade 7360:: France 1814:... 6960:Thomas Sutherland 6885:Battle of Nivelle 6865:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 6735:Battle of Vitoria 6684:Battle of Leipzig 6523:Battle of Dresden 6464:Battle of Vitoria 6374: 6373: 6030:Army of Catalonia 5913:Battle of Albuera 5897:William Beresford 5870:Sir Thomas Graham 5804:Battle of the Côa 5317:Salvador Viniegra 5225:French Revolution 5197:Francisco de Goya 5169:Joseph I of Spain 5154:Joseph I's régime 5106:Battle of Tamames 5025:Talavera campaign 5006:General Beresford 4717:, 17 January 1809 4673:'s 17,000-strong 4553:Sir Hew Dalrymple 4549:Sir Harry Burrard 4535:, who drove back 4464:ships of the line 4433:'s 4,000 troops. 4067:Joseph I of Spain 4029:Portuguese Legion 3924:Swedish Pomerania 3645:Battle of Vitoria 3582:guerrilla warfare 3512:Iberian Peninsula 3508:military conflict 3193: 3192: 2726: 2725: 2537: 2536: 2499:Adriatic campaign 2437:Waterloo campaign 2426:Seventh Coalition 2391:Anglo-Swedish War 2386:Austro-Polish War 2374:Anglo-Russian War 2362:Anglo-Turkish War 2330:Russo-Turkish War 2313:Russo-Persian War 2308:Anglo-Spanish War 2252: 2251: 1729:Cerdagne (France) 1315:Medina de Rioseco 1182: 1181: 952:55,000 guerrillas 888:Guillaume Duhesme 876:Horace Sébastiani 732:Jacques MacDonald 560:Sir Thomas Graham 536:William Beresford 202: 201: 159:Iberian Peninsula 120:Battle of Bayonne 26: 16:(Redirected from 14766: 14425:Dano-Swedish War 14413:Anglo-Danish War 14265:Archduke Charles 14180:Jérôme Bonaparte 14096: 14095: 14029:Castel di Sangro 13938:Fère-Champenoise 13591:García Hernández 13505:Fuentes de Oñoro 13021:Guttstadt-Deppen 12758:Second Coalition 12736: 12735: 12717:French Royalists 12524: 12523: 12473:Fourth Coalition 12447: 12440: 12433: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12384: 12365: 12344: 12325: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12247: 12228: 12209: 12196:Wellington's War 12190: 12171: 12165: 12157: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12129: 12127: 12125: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12091: 12085: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12013: 11994: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11936: 11934: 11932: 11908: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11859: 11840: 11821: 11815: 11807: 11798: 11792: 11784: 11775: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11700: 11691: 11672: 11649: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11607: 11588: 11569: 11555: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11516: 11515:. Nicholas Vane. 11507: 11505: 11503: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11431: 11412: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11343: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11267:on 29 April 2018 11266: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11177: 11171: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11097: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11009: 11007: 11005: 10981: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10930: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10876: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10837: 10826: 10807: 10801: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10774: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10727: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10676: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10641: 10632: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10600:. Archived from 10592: 10590: 10588: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10470: 10464: 10456: 10447: 10441: 10433: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10293: 10287: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10234: 10233: 10221: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9798: 9792: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9630:Fitzwilliam 2007 9627: 9621: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9176: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8352: 8346: 8335: 8329: 8316: 8310: 8301: 8295: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8161: 8155: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7913: 7907: 7889: 7882: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7830:Château d'Urdain 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7785: 7768:Guerra de España 7684: 7678: 7667: 7661: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7631: 7626: 7595: 7579: 7567: 7546: 7438:Cortes Generales 7401:. The remaining 7369: 7355: 7341: 7327: 7313: 7300: 7287: 7276:Fourth Coalition 7273: 7262: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7078: 6981:battle of Garris 6951: 6939: 6855:and towards the 6780:support) at the 6741:(13 September). 6589:Bertrand Clausel 6484: 6413:. With both the 6404: 6241: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6205: 6154: 6138: 6124: 6085: 6032:under MacDonald 5966: 5955:, 5th March 1811 5947: 5924:Fuentes de Oñoro 5820:Battle of Buçaco 5743: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5696: 5695: 5680: 5679: 5664: 5663: 5648: 5647: 5632: 5631: 5616: 5615: 5600: 5599: 5584: 5583: 5568: 5567: 5552: 5551: 5536: 5535: 5520: 5519: 5504: 5503: 5488: 5487: 5472: 5471: 5456: 5455: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5421:Battle of Sobral 5417:Fort of Olheiros 5251:Juan Martín Díez 5138:Battle of Carpio 5134:Medina del Campo 5118:Province of León 4892:was defeated at 4826: 4789:Fall of Zaragoza 4740:on 21 December. 4636: 4339: 4318: 4294: 4264: 4193:Joseph Bonaparte 4171:in his painting 4141:Iberia in revolt 4100:On 20 February, 4016:29 November and 3968: 3947: 3932:Hanseatic League 3852: 3833: 3739:allied with the 3727:, concluded the 3665: 3641:Joseph Bonaparte 3613:Arthur Wellesley 3593:Battle of Bailén 3562:Joseph Bonaparte 3496: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3433: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3401: 3400: 3385: 3384: 3369: 3368: 3353: 3352: 3337: 3336: 3321: 3320: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3272: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3126:France 1813-1814 2981:Fuentes de Oñoro 2941:Battle of Sobral 2773: 2771: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2415:Dano-Swedish War 2350:Dano-Swedish War 2324:Fourth Coalition 2291: 2289: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2084:García Hernández 1879:Fuentes de Oñoro 1218: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1185: 1184: 1166: 1165: 1143: 1142: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1107: 1106: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1076: 1062: 1061: 1047: 1046: 1032: 1031: 1017: 1016: 1002: 1001: 971: 970: 969: 951: 950: 949: 934: 933: 924: 923: 914: 913: 912: 886: 885: 874: 873: 862: 861: 850: 849: 838: 837: 826: 825: 814: 813: 802: 801: 790: 789: 778: 777: 766: 765: 754: 753: 742: 741: 730: 729: 718: 717: 706: 705: 694: 693: 682: 681: 670: 669: 658: 657: 646: 645: 634: 633: 620: 619: 602: 601: 590: 589: 580: 570: 569: 558: 557: 546: 545: 534: 533: 532: 527: 526: 516:Arthur Wellesley 513: 512: 502:Robert Jenkinson 499: 498: 488:Spencer Perceval 485: 484: 473: 472: 471: 463:Juan Martín Díez 461: 460: 459: 449: 448: 447: 437: 436: 435: 425: 424: 423: 411: 410: 409: 399: 398: 397: 387: 386: 385: 375: 374: 373: 361: 360: 359: 334: 332: 331: 320: 319: 308: 306: 305: 292:Kingdom of Italy 290: 289: 280:Napoleonic Spain 278: 276: 275: 264: 263: 251: 247: 245: 244: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 187:Collapse of the 138: 137: 126:Disasters of War 91: 71: 70: 47:2 September 2024 21: 14774: 14773: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14729:Napoleonic Wars 14694:1810s conflicts 14689:1800s conflicts 14664: 14663: 14662: 14653: 14580: 14464: 14385: 14379: 14335:Miguel de Álava 14300:Pyotr Bagration 14295:Count Bennigsen 14285:Mikhail Kutuzov 14250:Thomas Cochrane 14222: 14220: 14214: 14175:Louis Bonaparte 14102: 14100: 14099:French and ally 14083: 13967: 13883:Château-Thierry 13846: 13710: 13681:Maloyaroslavets 13539: 13453: 13407: 13198:Yevenes/Yébenes 13156: 13072:Rosily Squadron 13050: 12974: 12940:Waren-Nossentin 12868: 12799:Cape Finisterre 12782: 12753:First Coalition 12731: 12721: 12628: 12621: 12532: 12528: 12519: 12513: 12501:Sixth Coalition 12487:Fifth Coalition 12466:Third Coalition 12456: 12454:Napoleonic Wars 12451: 12413:(film). Spain: 12395: 12392: 12387: 12381: 12362: 12341: 12322: 12300: 12298: 12281: 12279: 12262: 12260: 12244: 12225: 12206: 12187: 12159: 12158: 12142: 12140: 12123: 12121: 12104: 12102: 12079: 12078: 12071: 12069: 12045: 12043: 12026: 12024: 12010: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11918:. New York UP. 11873: 11871: 11856: 11837: 11809: 11808: 11786: 11785: 11772: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11688: 11669: 11646: 11620: 11618: 11604: 11562: 11560:Further reading 11528: 11526: 11523: 11501: 11499: 11482: 11480: 11463: 11461: 11444: 11442: 11428: 11409: 11385: 11383: 11381:John Ballantyne 11365: 11363: 11361: 11326: 11324: 11300: 11298: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11245: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11129: 11127: 11110: 11108: 11079: 11077: 11075:Clarendon Press 11057: 11055: 11038: 11036: 11019: 11017: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10978: 10952: 10950: 10927: 10919:. Leonaur Ltd. 10898: 10896: 10894: 10873: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10823: 10795: 10794: 10787: 10785: 10771: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10724: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10661: 10659: 10629: 10607: 10605: 10586: 10584: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10458: 10457: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10352: 10350: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10305: 10303: 10281: 10280: 10273: 10271: 10256: 10254: 10242: 10237: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10174: 10170: 10162: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10046: 10038: 10034: 10026: 10022: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9979:, pp. 310. 9975: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9846: 9831: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9807: 9799: 9795: 9787: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 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8649: 8641: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8607:Richardson 1921 8605: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8521: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8355: 8347: 8338: 8330: 8319: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223:, pp. 6–7. 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8054:Clodfelter 2008 8052: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8017:Clodfelter 2008 8015: 8011: 8003: 7994: 7990:, pp. 3–5. 7986: 7982: 7976:Clodfelter 2008 7974: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7931:Clodfelter 2008 7929: 7916: 7908: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7853: 7849: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7823: 7819:, p. 429). 7814: 7810: 7806:, p. 425). 7801: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7685: 7681: 7668: 7664: 7660:, p. 335). 7654:Sixth Coalition 7651: 7647: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7596: 7587: 7580: 7571: 7568: 7559: 7547: 7524:was created by 7494:Arc de Triomphe 7478: 7459:Spanish America 7446:Trienio Liberal 7381: 7380: 7379: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7358:Sixth Coalition 7356: 7353: 7351: 7344:Sixth Coalition 7342: 7339: 7337: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7316:Fifth Coalition 7314: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7069:Napoleonic Wars 7064: 7058: 7038: 7017: 6985:Gave de Mauleon 6969: 6962: 6952: 6943: 6940: 6896:Cambo-les-Bains 6873:Mont Mondarrain 6849: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6801:Pedro Sarsfield 6739:battle of Ordal 6719:Sir John Murray 6692: 6527:Edward Pakenham 6496: 6491: 6434:, and parts of 6415:Austrian Empire 6388:Thomas Lawrence 6375: 6370: 6242: 6240:1813–1814 6239: 6235: 6233: 6203: 6198: 6189:siege of Burgos 6168: 6161: 6155: 6146: 6139: 6129:were captured. 6122: 6112:Napoleonic Wars 6097: 6092: 6012:Francesc Rovira 5977: 5970: 5967: 5958: 5948: 5928:Auguste Marmont 5858: 5853: 5808:Robert Crauford 5800:Marshal Masséna 5785:Minister of War 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5395: 5389: 5329:Cortes of Cádiz 5306: 5300: 5244: 5238: 5190:sub-prefectures 5173:François Gérard 5162: 5156: 5151: 5125:Battle of Ocaña 5114:Nicolas Godinot 5086:Duke del Parque 5082:Cortes of Cádiz 5074: 5027: 5022: 5010:Battle of Grijó 4946: 4914: 4874: 4837: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4707: 4634:Armée d'Espagne 4614: 4565:Sir David Baird 4510: 4504: 4496:Fifth Coalition 4425:(also known as 4359: 4352: 4340: 4331: 4319: 4310: 4307:Joaquín Sorolla 4295: 4286: 4283:Joaquín Sorolla 4268:Joaquín Sorolla 4265: 4149: 4143: 4071:François Kinson 4042: 4037: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3948: 3938:in early 1808. 3876: 3870: 3868:Spanish dilemma 3863: 3853: 3844: 3834: 3713: 3708: 3684:Cortes of Cádiz 3643:'s army at the 3617:Portuguese Army 3574:Sixth Coalition 3556:and his father 3532:Napoleonic Wars 3500: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3210: 3194: 3189: 3166: 3043:Salamanca Forts 2992:Spain 1811-1813 2986:Aldeia da Ponte 2774: 2770:Napoleonic Wars 2769: 2759: 2757: 2727: 2722: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2538: 2533: 2448: 2409:Sixth Coalition 2380:Fifth Coalition 2302:Third Coalition 2292: 2288:Napoleonic Wars 2287: 2285: 2283: 2253: 2248: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1173: 1170:237,000 wounded 1160: 1154: 1153: 1137: 1126: 1124: 1111: 1101: 1086: 1071: 1056: 1041: 1026: 1011: 996: 985: 977:Coalition 1813: 967: 965: 947: 945: 928: 918: 910: 908: 892: 880: 868: 856: 844: 832: 820: 808: 796: 792:Édouard Mortier 784: 772: 760: 748: 736: 724: 712: 700: 688: 676: 664: 652: 648:Pierre Augereau 640: 628: 614: 608: 604:Edward Pakenham 596: 584: 576: 564: 552: 540: 530: 528: 521: 507: 493: 479: 475:José de Palafox 469: 467: 457: 455: 445: 443: 433: 431: 421: 419: 407: 405: 395: 393: 383: 381: 371: 369: 357: 355: 329: 327: 326: 314: 310:Duchy of Warsaw 303: 301: 284: 273: 271: 268: 258: 254: 242: 240: 229: 227: 217: 215: 183:Treaty of Paris 169: 168: 164:Southern France 145: 132: 105: 103: 102: 97: 81:Napoleonic Wars 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14772: 14762: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14674:Peninsular War 14659: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14644:Longwood House 14641: 14640: 14639: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14389: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14350:Count of Feira 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14245:Horatio Nelson 14242: 14237: 14232: 14226: 14224: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14155:Marshal Victor 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13933:Arcis-sur-Aube 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13854: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13676:Venta del Pozo 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13551:Ciudad Rodrigo 13547: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13461: 13459: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13429:Ciudad Rodrigo 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13403:Alba de Tormes 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13303:Aspern-Essling 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13164: 13162: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13058: 13056: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12905:Jena–Auerstedt 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12744: 12742: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12677:Ottoman Empire 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12637:United Kingdom 12633: 12631: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12607:Ottoman Empire 12604: 12602:Denmark–Norway 12599: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12545:Polish Legions 12542: 12536: 12534: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12504: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12480:Peninsular War 12476: 12469: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12450: 12449: 12442: 12435: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12415:United Artists 12391: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12366: 12360: 12345: 12340:978-1854092199 12339: 12326: 12321:978-1858184777 12320: 12314:. Pete Kautz. 12307: 12288: 12269: 12248: 12242: 12229: 12224:978-1844159215 12223: 12210: 12204: 12191: 12185: 12172: 12149: 12130: 12111: 12092: 12052: 12033: 12014: 12009:978-0300064438 12008: 11995: 11966: 11953:978-1135959708 11952: 11937: 11924: 11909: 11880: 11861: 11855:979-8574537800 11854: 11841: 11835: 11822: 11799: 11776: 11770: 11757: 11744: 11729: 11717:978-8499835037 11716: 11701: 11692: 11686: 11673: 11667: 11650: 11644: 11627: 11608: 11602: 11589: 11587:. p. 277. 11577: 11576: 11575: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11546:Chisholm, Hugh 11542:Peninsular War 11522: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11508: 11489: 11470: 11451: 11432: 11426: 11413: 11408:978-1108054096 11407: 11392: 11372: 11359: 11344: 11333: 11307: 11277: 11238: 11226:978-0665550966 11225: 11210: 11198:978-0299062705 11197: 11178: 11152:978-1905074969 11151: 11136: 11117: 11098: 11086: 11064: 11045: 11026: 11010: 10998:978-1559706315 10997: 10982: 10976: 10959: 10931: 10926:978-1782823674 10925: 10905: 10892: 10877: 10872:978-1473852747 10871: 10858: 10844: 10827: 10821: 10808: 10775: 10770:978-0786747320 10769: 10756: 10743: 10728: 10723:978-0786747320 10722: 10705: 10692: 10677: 10668: 10642: 10633: 10627: 10614: 10604:on 7 June 2008 10593: 10577: 10564: 10545: 10533:978-1317874706 10532: 10517: 10508: 10499: 10487:978-0786433193 10486: 10471: 10448: 10428: 10415: 10403:978-0600301370 10402: 10387: 10374: 10359: 10340: 10328:978-1853673801 10327: 10312: 10294: 10263: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10216: 10214:, p. 507. 10204: 10202:, p. 508. 10192: 10190:, p. 505. 10180: 10178:, p. 340. 10168: 10143: 10131: 10129:, p. 481. 10119: 10117:, p. 295. 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10069:, p. 459. 10059: 10057:, p. 431. 10044: 10042:, p. 415. 10032: 10030:, p. 412. 10020: 10018:, p. 411. 10005: 10003:, p. 406. 9993: 9981: 9969: 9967:, p. 367. 9957: 9945: 9912: 9900: 9888: 9876: 9864: 9852: 9829: 9827:, p. 462. 9817: 9815:, p. 457. 9805: 9793: 9791:, p. 165. 9781: 9779:, p. 455. 9769: 9767:, p. 221. 9757: 9755:, p. 454. 9745: 9743:, p. 429. 9730: 9728:, p. 428. 9718: 9716:, p. 155. 9706: 9704:, p. 122. 9694: 9692:, p. 441. 9682: 9670: 9658: 9646: 9644:, p. 318. 9634: 9622: 9607: 9603:Fletcher 2003a 9595: 9593:, p. 204. 9583: 9581:, p. 360. 9571: 9569:, p. 211. 9559: 9557:, p. 174. 9547: 9545:, p. 172. 9535: 9533:, p. 327. 9523: 9521:, p. 252. 9511: 9509:, p. 160. 9499: 9497:, p. 241. 9487: 9485:, p. 248. 9475: 9463: 9451: 9449:, p. 165. 9436: 9424: 9412: 9410:, p. 144. 9400: 9398:, p. 327. 9388: 9386:, p. 440. 9376: 9374:, p. 313. 9364: 9352: 9350:, p. 217. 9340: 9336:Argüelles 1970 9328: 9326:, p. 284. 9316: 9314:, p. 283. 9304: 9302:, p. 282. 9292: 9290:, p. 396. 9280: 9278:, p. 220. 9268: 9266:, p. 280. 9256: 9254:, p. 271. 9244: 9242:, p. 270. 9232: 9230:, p. 746. 9220: 9208: 9206:, p. 126. 9196: 9190:978-1841766294 9189: 9166: 9162:etymology 2021 9154: 9152:, p. 239. 9142: 9127: 9115: 9113:, p. 101. 9103: 9101:, p. 204. 9091: 9076: 9064: 9062:, p. 336. 9052: 9040: 9038:, p. 199. 9028: 9016: 9004: 9002:, p. 494. 8992: 8980: 8968: 8966:, p. 186. 8956: 8954:, p. 177. 8944: 8942:, p. 418. 8932: 8930:, p. 250. 8920: 8918:, p. 179. 8908: 8906:, p. 142. 8896: 8894:, p. 178. 8884: 8882:, p. 138. 8872: 8870:, p. 768. 8860: 8858:, p. 123. 8848: 8846:, p. 395. 8836: 8824: 8809: 8807:, p. 156. 8797: 8795:, p. 155. 8785: 8783:, p. 114. 8770: 8758: 8756:, p. 150. 8746: 8744:, p. 146. 8734: 8722: 8720:, p. 108. 8710: 8708:, p. 492. 8698: 8683: 8681:, p. 631. 8671: 8659: 8647: 8645:, p. 106. 8635: 8633:, p. 628. 8623: 8621:, p. 231. 8611: 8609:, p. 343. 8599: 8587: 8585:, p. 617. 8575: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8512: 8510:, p. 614. 8500: 8488: 8476: 8464: 8462:, p. 611. 8452: 8450:, p. 162. 8440: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8402:, p. 610. 8392: 8380: 8368: 8353: 8351:, p. 145. 8336: 8317: 8302: 8285: 8283:, p. 599. 8273: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8235:, p. 367. 8225: 8213: 8201: 8189: 8177: 8162: 8147: 8145:, p. 597. 8135: 8133:, p. 596. 8123: 8121:, p. 588. 8111: 8099: 8097:, p. 100. 8087: 8070: 8068:, p. 365. 8058: 8056:, p. 167. 8033: 8031:, p. 476. 8021: 8019:, p. 165. 8009: 8007:, p. 521. 7992: 7988:Chartrand 1999 7980: 7978:, p. 166. 7959: 7957:, p. 394. 7947: 7943:Chartrand 2000 7935: 7933:, p. 164. 7914: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7888:, p. 97). 7877: 7868: 7856:Duke of Nassau 7847: 7834: 7821: 7808: 7795: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7749: 7735: 7725: 7711: 7701: 7679: 7662: 7645: 7643:, p. 45). 7632: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7597: 7590: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7556:Francisco Goya 7548: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7516: 7497: 7490: 7477: 7474: 7440:in Cádiz, the 7366: 7352: 7338: 7324: 7310: 7297: 7284: 7270: 7259: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7054: 7050:Peace of Paris 7037: 7034: 7016: 7013: 7001:Vic-en-Bigorre 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6934: 6848: 6845: 6834:Main article: 6831: 6828: 6789:flying columns 6691: 6688: 6678:On 31 October 6566:Battle of Maya 6545:hors de combat 6537:provinces and 6505:, 25 July 1813 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6449:el rey intruso 6395:Russian Empire 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6237:Peninsular War 6232: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6104:Ciudad Rodrigo 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 5985:General Suchet 5981:Army of Aragon 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5942: 5866:Manuel La Peña 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5812:Light Division 5796:Ciudad Rodrigo 5776:scorched earth 5708: 5707: 5701:FuentesDeOñoro 5699: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5419:, site of the 5388: 5385: 5377:Luz de América 5340:Alburquerque's 5304:Siege of Cádiz 5299: 5296: 5240:Main article: 5237: 5234: 5221:secular ideals 5158:Main article: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143:Alba de Tormes 5130:Alba de Tormes 5073: 5070: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 4964:(1840 or 1843) 4945: 4942: 4913: 4910: 4908:in July 1809. 4894:Puente Sanpayo 4873: 4870: 4836: 4833: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4715:Sir John Moore 4706: 4703: 4613: 4610: 4561:Sir John Moore 4503: 4500: 4455:storm the city 4369:'s triumph at 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4341: 4334: 4332: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4266: 4259: 4169:Francisco Goya 4142: 4139: 4111:Imperial Guard 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 3987:Main article: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976:Francisco Goya 3970: 3963: 3961: 3949: 3942: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3860:Andrea Appiani 3854: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3828: 3787:Spanish Empire 3737:Russian Empire 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3621:Spanish armies 3524:United Kingdom 3510:fought in the 3504:Peninsular War 3445: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3358:Ciudad Rodrigo 3356: 3355: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3185:Banda Oriental 3182: 3177: 3175:Guerra de 1801 3171: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3028:Ciudad Rodrigo 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2696:Coalition Wars 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2529:Banda Oriental 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2432:Neapolitan War 2422: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2368:Peninsular War 2364: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216:Peninsular War 1211: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150:32,429 wounded 1148: 1145: 1135: 1132: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1034: 1024: 1022:February 1809: 1019: 1009: 1007:November 1808: 1004: 994: 988: 986: 984: 983: 974: 973: 963: 954: 953: 937: 936: 926: 916: 904:November 1808: 902: 899: 898: 894: 893: 891: 890: 878: 866: 854: 842: 830: 818: 806: 794: 782: 770: 758: 746: 734: 722: 710: 698: 686: 674: 662: 650: 638: 626: 611: 609: 607: 606: 594: 582: 562: 550: 538: 519: 505: 491: 477: 465: 453: 441: 429: 417: 403: 391: 379: 367: 352: 349: 348: 344: 343: 336:Denmark-Norway 325: 324: 312: 299: 294: 282: 257: 255: 253: 252: 249:United Kingdom 237: 225: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 191: 185: 175: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 155: 154: 152: 148: 147: 142: 134: 133: 131: 130: 128:prints by Goya 122: 117: 112: 106: 99:Peninsular war 87: 84: 83: 76: 75: 74:Peninsular War 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14771: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14585:Miscellaneous 14583: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14260:Manuel Lapeña 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14217: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14190:Prince Eugène 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14140:André Masséna 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14120:Joachim Murat 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14064:Rocheserviere 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13752:San Sebastián 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13313:Sankt Michael 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13228:Teugen-Hausen 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12728: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12624: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12531: 12530:client states 12525: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12448: 12443: 12441: 12436: 12434: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12416: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12397:Frank Sinatra 12394: 12393: 12382: 12376: 12372: 12367: 12363: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12332: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12308: 12296: 12295: 12289: 12277: 12276: 12270: 12258: 12254: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12216: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12169: 12163: 12155: 12150: 12138: 12137: 12131: 12119: 12118: 12112: 12100: 12099: 12093: 12089: 12083: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12053: 12041: 12040: 12034: 12022: 12021: 12015: 12011: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11977:(1): 83–116. 11976: 11972: 11967: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11938: 11927: 11921: 11917: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11881: 11869: 11868: 11862: 11857: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11823: 11819: 11813: 11805: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11782: 11777: 11773: 11767: 11763: 11758: 11747: 11741: 11737: 11736: 11730: 11719: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11628: 11616: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11564: 11563: 11553: 11552: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11536:public domain 11525: 11524: 11514: 11509: 11497: 11496: 11490: 11478: 11477: 11471: 11459: 11458: 11452: 11440: 11439: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11393: 11382: 11378: 11373: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11334: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11308: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11278: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11244: 11239: 11228: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11211: 11200: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11169: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11137: 11125: 11124: 11118: 11106: 11105: 11099: 11095: 11093: 11087: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11065: 11053: 11052: 11046: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11016: 11011: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10989: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10966:. Barcelona: 10965: 10960: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10918: 10916: 10910: 10906: 10895: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10847: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10783: 10782: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10757: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10715: 10714:Da Capo Press 10711: 10706: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10658: 10654: 10651:. MacMillan. 10650: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10583: 10578: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10552: 10546: 10535: 10529: 10526:. Routledge. 10525: 10524: 10518: 10514: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10454: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10388: 10377: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10360: 10348: 10347: 10341: 10330: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10313: 10302: 10301: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10269: 10264: 10252: 10251: 10244: 10243: 10231: 10225: 10220: 10213: 10208: 10201: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10177: 10172: 10166:, p. 97. 10165: 10164:Robinson 1911 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10139:Robinson 1911 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10092: 10087: 10080: 10075: 10068: 10063: 10056: 10051: 10049: 10041: 10036: 10029: 10024: 10017: 10012: 10010: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9985: 9978: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9954: 9949: 9943:, p. 96. 9942: 9941:Robinson 1911 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9909: 9908:Robinson 1911 9904: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9850:, p. 95. 9849: 9848:Robinson 1911 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9826: 9821: 9814: 9809: 9802: 9797: 9790: 9789:Robinson 1956 9785: 9778: 9773: 9766: 9765:Pakenham 2009 9761: 9754: 9749: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9727: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9703: 9702:Southey 1828f 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9668:, p. 68. 9667: 9666:Southey 1828f 9662: 9655: 9650: 9643: 9638: 9631: 9626: 9619: 9616: 9611: 9605:, p. 81. 9604: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9580: 9575: 9568: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9539: 9532: 9531:Southey 1828e 9527: 9520: 9519:Southey 1828e 9515: 9508: 9507:Southey 1828e 9503: 9496: 9495:Southey 1828e 9491: 9484: 9479: 9472: 9471:Southey 1828e 9467: 9460: 9459:Southey 1828e 9455: 9448: 9447:Southey 1828e 9443: 9441: 9433: 9428: 9421: 9416: 9409: 9404: 9397: 9392: 9385: 9384:Southey 1828d 9380: 9373: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9338:, p. 90. 9337: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9289: 9288:Southey 1828d 9284: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9228:Chandler 1995 9224: 9218:, p. 10. 9217: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9163: 9158: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9125:, p. 87. 9124: 9119: 9112: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9089:, p. 99. 9088: 9083: 9081: 9074:, p. 98. 9073: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8978:, p. 94. 8977: 8972: 8965: 8964:Guedalla 2005 8960: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8940:Southey 1828c 8936: 8929: 8928:Southey 1828c 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8828: 8822:, p. 89. 8821: 8816: 8814: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8775: 8768:, p. 97. 8767: 8766:Fletcher 1999 8762: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8732:, p. 35. 8731: 8726: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8702: 8695: 8694:Martínez 1999 8690: 8688: 8680: 8679:Chandler 1995 8675: 8669:, p. 55. 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8644: 8639: 8632: 8631:Chandler 1995 8627: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8597:, p. 87. 8596: 8591: 8584: 8583:Chandler 1995 8579: 8573:, p. 84. 8572: 8567: 8561:, p. 77. 8560: 8555: 8549:, p. 53. 8548: 8543: 8537:, p. 74. 8536: 8531: 8525:, p. 73. 8524: 8519: 8517: 8509: 8508:Chandler 1995 8504: 8498:, p. 67. 8497: 8492: 8486:, p. 61. 8485: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8461: 8460:Chandler 1995 8456: 8449: 8444: 8438:, p. 12. 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8414:, p. 71. 8413: 8408: 8401: 8400:Chandler 1995 8396: 8390:, p. 49. 8389: 8384: 8378:, p. 37. 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8349:Connelly 2006 8345: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8315:, p. 32. 8314: 8309: 8307: 8300:, p. 31. 8299: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8282: 8281:Chandler 1995 8277: 8271:, p. 30. 8270: 8265: 8259:, p. 28. 8258: 8253: 8247:, p. 27. 8246: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8222: 8217: 8211:, p. 22. 8210: 8205: 8199:, p. 26. 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8167: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8144: 8143:Chandler 1995 8139: 8132: 8131:Chandler 1995 8127: 8120: 8119:Chandler 1995 8115: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7945:, p. 16. 7944: 7939: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7887: 7886:Robinson 1911 7881: 7872: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7799: 7790: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7760:la Francesada 7757: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686:Other names: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7518:The painting 7517: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7434:Ferdinand VII 7431: 7426: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7395:Ferdinand VII 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7293: 7292:Torres Vedras 7281: 7277: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7229: 7212: 7195: 7178: 7161: 7144: 7132: 7115: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6989:Gave d'Oloron 6986: 6982: 6973: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861:Marshal Soult 6858: 6854: 6843: 6837: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6633:Manuel Freire 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6604:San Sebastián 6600: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6585:Honoré Reille 6582: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6486: 6483: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6469:San Sebastian 6465: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6453:Intruder King 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284:San Sebastián 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6193: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6120: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6054:counterattack 6051: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5901:Joaquín Blake 5898: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825:Royal Marines 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5711: 5702: 5686: 5670: 5654: 5638: 5622: 5606: 5590: 5574: 5558: 5542: 5526: 5510: 5494: 5478: 5462: 5446: 5432: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5256: 5255:El Empecinado 5252: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5217:Enlightenment 5214: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5035:William Heath 5031: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4962:Joseph Beaume 4959: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898:Pablo Morillo 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4699:Molins de Rei 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4419:militia, the 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4251:, Aragon and 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233:San Sebastián 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185:Ancien Régime 4182: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4122:Ferdinand VII 4119: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4102:Joachim Murat 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761:Queen Maria I 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603:—in effect a 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554:Ferdinand VII 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3448: 3439: 3423: 3407: 3391: 3375: 3359: 3343: 3327: 3311: 3295: 3279: 3263: 3247: 3231: 3215: 3201: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3088:San Sebastián 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966:Foz de Arouce 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2765:Revolutionary 2762: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2514:Spice Islands 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2156:San Sebastián 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1863:Foz de Arouce 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1837:Torres Vedras 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775:2nd Tarragona 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1718:1st Tarragona 1715: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1399:Molins de Rey 1396: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287:Cádiz harbour 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1082:October 1812: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1037:January 1810: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1000: 995: 993: 990: 989: 987: 981: 980: 979: 978: 964: 961: 960: 959: 958: 944: 943: 942: 941: 932: 927: 922: 917: 907: 906: 905: 901: 900: 895: 889: 884: 879: 877: 872: 867: 865: 860: 855: 853: 848: 843: 841: 836: 831: 829: 824: 819: 817: 816:Joachim Murat 812: 807: 805: 800: 795: 793: 788: 783: 781: 776: 771: 769: 768:André Masséna 764: 759: 757: 752: 747: 745: 740: 735: 733: 728: 723: 721: 716: 711: 709: 704: 699: 697: 692: 687: 685: 680: 675: 673: 668: 663: 661: 656: 651: 649: 644: 639: 637: 632: 627: 625: 624: 618: 613: 612: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593: 588: 583: 581: 579: 573: 568: 563: 561: 556: 551: 549: 544: 539: 537: 525: 520: 518: 517: 511: 506: 504: 503: 497: 492: 490: 489: 483: 478: 476: 466: 464: 454: 452: 442: 440: 430: 428: 427:Joaquín Blake 418: 416: 415: 404: 402: 392: 390: 380: 378: 368: 366: 365: 354: 353: 351: 350: 345: 341: 337: 323: 318: 313: 311: 300: 298: 295: 293: 288: 283: 281: 270: 269: 267: 262: 256: 250: 238: 236: 226: 224: 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 195: 192: 190: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 173: 172: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 143: 140: 139: 135: 129: 127: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 85: 82: 77: 72: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 14632:Grande Armée 14592:Bibliography 14576:Paris (1815) 14536:Paris (1814) 14521:Paris (1810) 14501:Finckenstein 14476:Campo Formio 14235:Rowland Hill 14221:military and 14101:military and 14074:Rocquencourt 13943:Saint-Dizier 13913:Bar-sur-Aube 13868:Mincio River 13363:Schöngrabern 13142:2nd Zaragoza 13082:1st Zaragoza 13036:Stralsund II 12885:Campo Tenese 12859:Schöngrabern 12844:Cape Ortegal 12794:Diamond Rock 12672:Papal States 12506: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12408: 12401:Sophia Loren 12370: 12350: 12330: 12311: 12299:. 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Retrieved 10248: 10219: 10212:Esdaile 2003 10207: 10200:Esdaile 2003 10195: 10188:Esdaile 2003 10183: 10171: 10134: 10127:Esdaile 2003 10122: 10110: 10098: 10086: 10074: 10062: 10035: 10023: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9960: 9948: 9903: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9855: 9825:Esdaile 2003 9820: 9813:Esdaile 2003 9808: 9796: 9784: 9777:Esdaile 2003 9772: 9760: 9753:Esdaile 2003 9748: 9741:Esdaile 2003 9726:Esdaile 2003 9721: 9709: 9697: 9685: 9673: 9661: 9649: 9637: 9625: 9617: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9579:Esdaile 2003 9574: 9567:Rousset 1892 9562: 9550: 9538: 9526: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9454: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9396:Esdaile 2003 9391: 9379: 9372:Esdaile 2003 9367: 9355: 9348:Esdaile 2003 9343: 9331: 9324:Esdaile 2003 9319: 9312:Esdaile 2003 9307: 9300:Esdaile 2003 9295: 9283: 9276:Esdaile 2003 9271: 9264:Esdaile 2003 9259: 9252:Esdaile 2003 9247: 9240:Esdaile 2003 9235: 9223: 9211: 9199: 9180: 9157: 9150:Esdaile 2003 9145: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8916:Esdaile 2003 8911: 8899: 8892:Esdaile 2003 8887: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8805:Esdaile 2003 8800: 8793:Esdaile 2003 8788: 8761: 8754:Esdaile 2003 8749: 8742:Esdaile 2003 8737: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8643:Esdaile 2003 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8595:Esdaile 2003 8590: 8578: 8571:Esdaile 2003 8566: 8559:Esdaile 2003 8554: 8542: 8535:Esdaile 2003 8530: 8523:Esdaile 2003 8503: 8496:Esdaile 2003 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8424:Esdaile 2003 8419: 8407: 8395: 8388:Esdaile 2003 8383: 8376:Esdaile 2003 8371: 8364:Esdaile 2003 8332:Esdaile 2003 8276: 8264: 8252: 8240: 8228: 8216: 8209:Esdaile 2003 8204: 8192: 8187:, p. 9. 8180: 8175:, p. 8. 8160:, p. 7. 8138: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8090: 8083:Hindley 2010 8061: 8024: 8012: 7983: 7950: 7938: 7880: 7871: 7850: 7837: 7824: 7811: 7798: 7789: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7721: 7697: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7648: 7635: 7624: 7605:David Wilkie 7598: 7549: 7526:David Wilkie 7519: 7504: 7487:people's war 7471: 7463: 7454:Libertadores 7452: 7450: 7430:Carlist Wars 7427: 7420: 7409: 7404:afrancesados 7402: 7393: 7387: 7372:Hundred Days 7304: 7291: 7039: 7018: 6978: 6924:Villefranque 6912:Rowland Hill 6909: 6893: 6850: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6759: 6746:Charles Oman 6743: 6704: 6677: 6664:Fuenterrabia 6645: 6641:Fuenterrabia 6601: 6559: 6543: 6532: 6520: 6482:Grande Armée 6477: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6407:East Prussia 6401:Grande Armée 6392: 6381: 6302:Roncesvalles 6289: 6282: 6265: 6236: 6185: 6169: 6116: 6098: 6079: 6039: 6024: 6009: 6003:skirmish at 5991:the town of 5978: 5951: 5932: 5917: 5894: 5859: 5833: 5793: 5748: 5637:TorresVedras 5540: 5404:: 1000 reis 5359: 5354: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5312: 5290: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273:obscurantism 5264:Espoz y Mina 5260: 5254: 5229:afrancesados 5228: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5122: 5076:The Spanish 5075: 5039: 5003: 4967: 4915: 4875: 4838: 4824:Grande Armée 4811: 4801: 4742: 4732: 4720: 4630: 4620: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4522: 4492:Second Siege 4488: 4429:), defeated 4426: 4420: 4406: 4379: 4367:Spanish Army 4342: 4321: 4279:the invaders 4271: 4225: 4178: 4172: 4165:Muslim Spain 4150: 4125: 4115: 4099: 4076: 4051:Manuel Godoy 4049:Portrait of 4048: 4022: 4014: 4003: 3971: 3950: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887:afrancesados 3886: 3884: 3877: 3855: 3836: 3802:Manuel Godoy 3798:Géraud Duroc 3791: 3769: 3714: 3677: 3662:Grande Armée 3649: 3586: 3540: 3535: 3503: 3501: 3103:Roncesvalles 2936:Trant's raid 2705: 2582:Italian Wars 2424: 2407: 2400: 2378: 2367: 2366: 2340:English Wars 2322: 2300: 2241: 2219: 2212: 2174:Roncesvalles 2161: 2154: 2137: 2093: 2076: 2059: 2050:Órbigo River 2000: 1978: 1971: 1959: 1952: 1913: 1891: 1877: 1835: 1831:Trant's raid 1823: 1801: 1780:3rd Zaragoza 1770:2nd Castalla 1764:1st Castalla 1762: 1745: 1738: 1716: 1709: 1697: 1675: 1663: 1641: 1634: 1617: 1598: 1591: 1579: 1562: 1550: 1538: 1531: 1514: 1490: 1473: 1461: 1429: 1397: 1392:2nd Zaragoza 1390: 1378: 1371: 1359: 1320: 1313: 1298:1st Zaragoza 1296: 1252: 1215: 1096: 1081: 1066: 1051: 1036: 1021: 1006: 991: 976: 975: 956: 955: 939: 938: 903: 621: 577: 548:Rowland Hill 514: 500: 486: 412: 362: 207:Belligerents 177: 125: 79:Part of the 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 14460:War of 1812 14418:Gunboat War 14375:Louis XVIII 14130:Jean Lannes 14044:Quatre Bras 14034:San Germano 13984:Occhiobello 13873:Champaubert 13863:La Rothière 13787:San Marcial 13671:2nd Polotsk 13636:1st Polotsk 13621:Majadahonda 13561:Villagarcia 13490:Campo Maior 13278:Piave River 13203:Ciudad Real 13193:Villafranca 13062:Dos de Mayo 13011:Stralsund I 12763:18 Brumaire 12697:Netherlands 12595:Württemberg 12390:Other media 11521:Attribution 10737:. Pimlico. 10582:"guerrilla" 9965:Napier 1879 9896:Glover 2001 9884:Napier 1879 9872:Napier 1879 9714:Napier 1867 9690:Bodart 1908 9678:Glover 2001 9654:Glover 2001 9642:Porter 1889 9591:Weller 1962 9432:Weller 1962 9408:Weller 1962 9360:Grehan 2015 9216:Glover 2001 9138:McLynn 1997 9123:Brandt 1999 8844:Bodart 1908 8820:Glover 2001 8696:, p. . 8667:Glover 2001 8547:Glover 2001 8066:Fraser 2008 8029:Fraser 2008 7955:Fraser 2008 7675:guerrillero 7658:Glover 2001 7641:Glover 2001 7558:, 1810–1820 7501:Juana Galán 7416:Louis XVIII 6900:George Bell 6660:Great Rhune 6629:San Marcial 6422:provinces, 6331:San Marcial 6181:Guadalajara 6022:with 2,000 5886:Extremadura 5756:blockhouses 5402:Silver coin 5212:afrancesado 5186:prefectures 4864:'s army at 4858:Ciudad Real 4856:'s army at 4301:make their 4275:prepare to 4249:New Castile 4203:on 23 May; 4040:Coup d'état 3928:Mecklenburg 3566:promulgated 3530:during the 3406:Tordesillas 3063:Tordesillas 3053:Majadahonda 3033:3rd Badajoz 3008:2nd Badajoz 2998:1st Badajoz 2976:2nd Almeida 2926:1st Almeida 2805:Villelongue 2509:River Plate 2396:War of 1812 2357:Finnish War 2345:Gunboat War 2203:San Marcial 2106:Tordesillas 2072:2nd Astorga 2067:2nd Arlabán 2040:1st Arlabán 2023:Majadahonda 2008:Villagarcia 2002:3rd Badajoz 1973:2nd Badajoz 1967:Campo Maior 1954:1st Badajoz 1873:2nd Almeida 1819:1st Almeida 1797:1st Astorga 1693:San Quintín 1533:Ciudad Real 1527:Los Yébenes 1457:Villafranca 1144:35,630 dead 1097:April 1813: 957:April 1813: 696:Jean Lannes 364:Prince John 14668:Categories 14602:Casualties 14516:Schönbrunn 14491:Artlenburg 14240:John Moore 14145:Michel Ney 14014:Scapezzano 14004:Cesenatico 13948:Montmartre 13878:Montmirail 13812:Wartenburg 13767:Großbeeren 13626:Gorodechno 13616:Klyastitsy 13596:Saltanovka 13485:Casal Novo 13358:Hollabrunn 13343:Korneuburg 13137:Somosierra 13041:Copenhagen 12864:Austerlitz 12854:Dürenstein 12590:Westphalia 12533:and allies 12405:Cary Grant 12380:0571205135 12361:0571216811 12205:0718123964 11925:0814702678 11836:1855329689 11771:185367348X 11745:0756613604 11687:1873376820 11668:0300101120 11645:0719025389 11603:1853671967 11427:1853672769 11360:1277402965 10977:8423997235 10940:Humanities 10893:0340178175 10845:0486218724 10822:0141390417 10744:0712697306 10693:1841763705 10686:. Osprey. 10628:1862270163 10565:1403962316 10429:1855327635 10396:. Hamlyn. 10375:0025236601 10240:References 10067:Gates 2002 9555:Burke 1825 9543:Burke 1825 9483:Gates 2001 9420:Gates 2001 9099:Gates 2002 9060:Smith 1998 9036:Gates 2002 9024:Gates 2002 9012:Smith 1998 9000:Gates 2002 8988:Gates 2002 8976:Gates 2002 8952:Gates 2002 8904:Gates 2001 8880:Gates 2001 8868:Scott 1811 8856:Gates 2009 8781:Gates 2002 8718:Gates 2002 8484:Gates 2002 8472:Gates 2002 8448:Gates 2002 8436:Gates 2009 8221:Gates 2002 8107:Payne 1973 8095:Ellis 2014 8005:Gates 2002 7738:Portuguese 7584:Valdepeñas 7432:, as King 7266:Austerlitz 7060:See also: 6840:See also: 6261:San Millan 6100:Wellington 6050:Montserrat 5223:, and the 5062:Sébastiani 4982:Brown Bess 4890:Michel Ney 4882:Pontevedra 4850:Sébastiani 4659:Somosierra 4606:Gothenburg 4480:Army Corps 4303:last stand 4273:Valencians 4126:godoyistas 4008:along the 3897:petimetres 3753:Royal Navy 3696:absolutist 3625:guerrillas 3558:Charles IV 3068:San Millan 2961:Casal Novo 2795:2nd Boulou 2133:San Millan 2101:Villodrigo 2045:Cogorderos 2028:2nd Madrid 1936:2nd Bornos 1926:1st Bornos 1904:Fuengirola 1899:Montellano 1858:Casal Novo 1724:Montserrat 1683:Mequinenza 1619:3rd Gerona 1380:Somosierra 1328:2nd Gerona 1304:1st Gerona 1277:Valdepeñas 1267:1st Madrid 1067:June 1812: 1052:July 1811: 828:Michel Ney 623:Napoleon I 572:John Moore 14566:Casalanza 14541:Tauroggen 14496:Pressburg 14481:Lunéville 14386:conflicts 14219:Coalition 14069:La Suffel 14019:Tolentino 13903:Montereau 13888:Vauchamps 13837:Bornhöved 13792:Dennewitz 13737:Tarragona 13686:Chashniki 13586:Salamanca 13510:Tarragona 13434:Barquilla 13388:Almonacid 13348:Stockerau 13318:Stralsund 13288:2nd Porto 13268:Ebelsberg 13238:Abensberg 13208:1st Porto 13168:Castellón 13152:Benavente 13117:Valmaseda 13031:Friedland 13026:Heilsberg 12996:Ostrołęka 12986:Mohrungen 12920:Magdeburg 12849:Amstetten 12834:Trafalgar 12819:Elchingen 12804:Wertingen 12702:Brunswick 12627:Coalition 12162:cite book 12082:cite book 11991:159770864 11905:153541441 11812:cite book 11789:cite book 11322:725885384 11168:cite book 10857:82 prints 10798:cite book 10657:312880647 10461:cite book 10438:cite book 10115:Oman 1930 10103:Oman 1930 10091:Oman 1930 10079:Oman 1930 10055:Oman 1930 10040:Oman 1930 10028:Oman 1930 10016:Oman 1930 10001:Oman 1930 9989:Oman 1930 9977:Oman 1930 9953:Oman 1930 9801:Muir 2021 9111:Oman 1908 9087:Oman 1908 9072:Oman 1908 9048:Oman 1908 8832:Bell 2009 8706:Oman 1902 8655:Oman 1902 8313:Oman 1902 8298:Oman 1902 8269:Oman 1902 8257:Oman 1902 8245:Oman 1902 8233:Oman 1902 8197:Oman 1902 8185:Oman 1902 8173:Oman 1902 8158:Oman 1902 7910:Goya 1967 7895:Citations 7817:Oman 1930 7804:Oman 1930 7671:guerrilla 7505:La Galana 7469:in 1822. 7056:Aftermath 7025:Hers-Mort 6916:Beresford 6904:34th Foot 6875:near the 6707:Catalonia 6436:Catalonia 6428:La Mancha 6042:Tarragona 6034:blockaded 6025:miquelets 5997:VII Corps 5845:Rio Maior 5781:Beresford 5772:semaphore 5346:gaditanos 5182:Intendant 5058:Almonacid 4854:Cartaojal 4852:defeated 4798:Saragossa 4769:Cacabelos 4765:Benavente 4753:La Romana 4747:from the 4745:debouched 4713:Death of 4675:VII Corps 4667:Catalonia 4594:La Romana 4551:and then 4445:attacked 4427:sometents 4422:Miquelets 4413:Barcelona 4394:Santander 4253:Catalonia 4197:Cartagena 4180:guerrilla 4091:Barcelona 4083:Catalonia 4006:Alcántara 3673:total war 3668:partisans 3633:Salamanca 3589:Andalusia 3374:Salamanca 3048:Salamanca 2921:River Côa 2909:2nd Porto 2894:1st Porto 2706:1808–1814 2701:1793–1795 2691:1718–1720 2686:1688–1697 2681:1683–1684 2676:1673–1678 2671:1667–1668 2664:1648–1653 2659:1641–1659 2654:1640–1659 2649:1635–1659 2644:1628–1631 2634:1595–1598 2629:1580–1583 2622:1551–1559 2617:1542–1544 2612:1536–1538 2607:1526–1529 2602:1521–1526 2597:1512–1516 2592:1502–1504 2587:1495–1498 2484:Cape Town 2116:San Muñoz 2078:Salamanca 1814:River Côa 1809:Barquilla 1758:Altafulla 1688:La Bisbal 1654:Hostalric 1649:Maguelone 1564:Almonacid 1558:Arzobispo 1546:Alcantara 1492:2nd Porto 1475:1st Porto 1425:Cacabelos 1420:Castellón 1410:Benavente 1350:Valmaseda 992:May 1808: 592:John Hope 14637:Uniforms 14551:Chaumont 14469:Treaties 14170:Joseph I 14110:Napoleon 14054:Waterloo 13994:Casaglia 13958:Toulouse 13842:Sehested 13817:Bidassoa 13797:2nd Kulm 13782:1st Kulm 13772:Katzbach 13762:Sorauren 13757:Pyrenees 13722:Castalla 13706:Berezina 13696:Smoliani 13666:Tarutino 13651:Borodino 13641:Valutino 13631:Smolensk 13601:Ostrovno 13571:Maguilla 13535:Valencia 13525:Saguntum 13373:Talavera 13253:Ratisbon 13243:Landshut 13218:Bergisel 13213:Medellín 13127:Espinosa 13087:Valencia 12960:Czarnowo 12930:Pasewalk 12925:Prenzlau 12900:Saalfeld 12839:Caldiero 12809:Günzburg 12687:Sardinia 12662:Portugal 12407:(1957). 12257:Archivum 12154:Memorias 11035:. Boone 10883:The Duke 10784:. London 10750:30 April 10675:. Verso. 10523:Napoleon 10493:30 April 10306:10 April 10284:cite web 9860:COS 2014 8619:Gay 1903 7728:Galician 7607:, 1828. 7376:Waterloo 7374:1815:... 7332:1812:... 7200:Portugal 7103:Waterloo 7098:620miles 7029:attacked 7023:and the 7009:Toulouse 6997:Bordeaux 6920:Ustaritz 6812:Figueras 6648:Bidassoa 6637:Bidassoa 6568:and the 6473:Pamplona 6409:and the 6366:Toulouse 6336:Bidassoa 6307:Sorauren 6291:Pyrenees 6278:Pamplona 6062:defeated 6020:Figueres 6001:vanguard 5989:captured 5882:Olivenza 5841:Santarém 5764:ravelins 5760:redoubts 5621:Teixeira 5325:Aréizaga 5102:VI Corps 5092:and the 5066:IV Corps 5060:, where 4978:frigates 4970:II Corps 4952:Marshal 4938:Belchite 4866:Medellín 4814:Lefebvre 4757:Mansilla 4733:picquets 4687:Cardedeu 4655:Espinosa 4639:marshals 4586:Champion 4569:Falmouth 4484:Castaños 4447:Zaragoza 4415:, local 4411:outside 4229:Pamplona 4213:Asturias 4205:Zaragoza 4201:Valencia 4153:rebelled 4087:Pamplona 3812:, under 3745:Portugal 3725:Napoleon 3656:Pyrenees 3597:Besieged 3522:and the 3516:Portugal 3438:Toulouse 3310:Talavera 3246:Valencia 3169:Overseas 3157:Toulouse 3132:Bidassoa 3108:Sorauren 3093:Pyrenees 3083:Pamplona 3018:El Bodón 2956:Condeixa 2899:Amarante 2761:Portugal 2524:2nd Java 2504:1st Java 2243:Toulouse 2208:Bidassoa 2179:Sorauren 2163:Pyrenees 2150:Pamplona 2055:El Bodón 2018:Maguilla 1948:Olivenza 1853:Condeixa 1753:Alicante 1747:Valencia 1740:Saguntum 1711:Figueras 1643:Belchite 1552:Talavera 1540:Medellín 1522:Miajadas 1498:Santiago 1481:Amarante 1415:Mansilla 1386:Cardadeu 1367:Espinosa 1309:Valencia 897:Strength 636:Joseph I 223:Portugal 151:Location 66:in 1823. 43:reviewed 14384:Related 13963:Bayonne 13928:Craonne 13898:Mormant 13858:Brienne 13832:Nivelle 13822:Leipzig 13777:Dresden 13747:Vitoria 13732:Bautzen 13701:Krasnoi 13646:Mesoten 13606:Vitebsk 13566:Almaraz 13556:Badajoz 13515:Albuera 13500:Almeida 13495:Sabugal 13480:Redinha 13470:Barrosa 13449:Bussaco 13444:Almeida 13424:Astorga 13393:Tamames 13353:Gefrees 13308:Alcañiz 13248:Eckmühl 13178:Corunna 13147:Sahagún 13112:Zornoza 13107:Vimeiro 13077:Cabezón 13001:Kolberg 12970:Pułtusk 12965:Golymin 12955:Hamelin 12935:Stettin 12895:Schleiz 12740:Prelude 12732:battles 12707:Hanover 12652:Prussia 12642:Austria 12580:Bavaria 12560:Etruria 12555:Holland 12527:France, 12520:gerents 12067:9981233 11548:(ed.). 11538:: 7752:Spanish 7704:Catalan 7348:Leipzig 7305:Vitoria 7234:Germany 7217:Prussia 7166:Austria 7021:Garonne 6987:to the 6881:Bayonne 6857:Nivelle 6820:Garonne 6766:Clinton 6715:Villena 6669:Nivelle 6656:Bayonne 6621:Citadel 6539:Navarre 6462:At the 6432:Levante 6424:Navarre 6356:Bayonne 6341:Nivelle 6312:Lizasso 6267:Vitoria 6256:Morales 6177:Astorga 6143:Badajoz 6108:Badajoz 6066:trapped 6058:Sagunto 5993:Tortosa 5920:Almeida 5878:Badajoz 5874:Barrosa 5862:Badajoz 5816:Bussaco 5720:1807 5685:Sabugal 5669:Redinha 5589:Bussaco 5573:Almeida 5493:Vimeiro 5369:Charcas 5291:señores 5175:, 1810) 5104:at the 5042:I Corps 4956:at the 4930:Alcañiz 4906:Galicia 4846:I Corps 4773:Corunna 4738:Sahagún 4724:Carrión 4545:Vimeiro 4518:Vimeiro 4472:Andújar 4417:Catalan 4386:Seville 4351:, 1814) 4330:, 1814) 4309:, 1884) 4285:, 1884) 4131:Bayonne 4107:Vitoria 4079:Navarre 3951:Prince 3936:Denmark 3862:(1805). 3843:(1817). 3818:Bidasoa 3776:Bayonne 3733:Prussia 3731:. With 3692:liberal 3422:Vitoria 3342:Albuera 3294:Corunna 3162:Bayonne 3137:Nivelle 3113:Lizasso 3073:Vitoria 3038:Almaraz 3003:Barrosa 2971:Sabugal 2951:Redinha 2931:Bussaco 2870:Vimeiro 2815:Bascara 2810:Capmany 2763:in the 2232:Bayonne 2214:Nivelle 2184:Lizasso 2139:Vitoria 2013:Almarez 1980:Albuera 1915:Barrosa 1868:Sabugal 1848:Redinha 1825:Bussaco 1734:Cervera 1699:Tortosa 1671:Manresa 1630:Alcañiz 1575:Tamamés 1503:Sanpayo 1431:Corunna 1405:Sahagún 1345:Zornoza 1292:Cabezón 1282:Alcolea 1254:Vimeiro 1108:200,000 1093:261,933 1078:230,000 1063:291,414 1048:324,996 1033:288,551 1018:244,125 1003:165,103 915:205,000 578:† 194:Revolts 14561:Mantua 14511:Cintra 14506:Tilsit 14486:Amiens 14024:Ancona 14009:Pesaro 13979:Panaro 13908:Orthez 13893:Garris 13807:Roßlau 13802:Göhrde 13742:Luckau 13727:Lützen 13691:Vyazma 13661:Burgos 13656:Moscow 13611:Kobryn 13520:Usagre 13475:Pombal 13465:Gebora 13338:Wagram 13298:Tarvis 13273:Girona 13233:Raszyn 13223:Sacile 13132:Tudela 13122:Burgos 13102:Roliça 13097:Bailén 13016:Mileto 13006:Danzig 12945:Lübeck 12910:Erfurt 12829:Verona 12712:Nassau 12692:Sweden 12682:Persia 12667:Sicily 12647:Russia 12629:forces 12612:Persia 12585:Saxony 12570:Naples 12540:France 12518:Belli- 12377: 12358: 12337: 12318: 12240: 12221: 12202: 12183: 12065: 12006: 11989: 11950: 11922: 11903: 11852: 11833: 11768: 11742: 11714: 11684: 11665: 11642: 11600: 11544:". 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