124:
390:
25:
1975:
241:
In the 1950s and 1960s, suburbanization caused many young ethnics, many of whom were veterans, to leave the city and settle in the nation's burgeoning suburbs with the hope of rising into a higher economic class. In the 1960s and 1970s, several ethnic organizations became vocal in promoting white
221:
lamented that, in
American cities, "a crowd of illiterate peasants, freshly raked from Irish bogs, or Bohemian mines, or Italian robber nests, may exercise virtual control." Religion was another big factor in this alienation from broader American society. In contrast to the mostly Protestant and
204:
Separated from the ruling class by blood, religion and economic circumstances, white ethnics retained a strong and distinct sense of identity from the majority culture. During the early 20th century, many white ethnics were relegated to menial or unskilled labor. They were often subject to
377:
With increased suburbanization and the continued assimilation of white ethnics and their subsequent replacement by newer immigrant groups, many of the remaining white ethnics have lost much of their political power in urban politics in the early 21st century.
569:"Religion is the most critical factor in separating white ethnics in American society. As Catholics and secondarily Jews ... they were immediately set apart from the Protestant majority at the time of their entrance and given a strongly negative reception."
242:
ethnic culture and interests. At the same time, white ethnics became more involved in
American political life at a national level and began to challenge the majority Protestant ruling class for greater political power.
193:, and multitudes of immigrants from non British or non-Germanic Protestant backgrounds settled in the nation's growing cities. This immigration wave continued until 1924 when Congress enacted the
185:
In the 19th century, American industrial development caused millions of immigrants to emigrate from Europe to the United States. Many came to provide labor for the industrial growth of the
982:
1041:
1077:
1009:
928:
717:
304:(2016); only Biden was elected, becoming the first Roman Catholic and non-Protestant vice president. Biden would later be elected president in 2020. In 1964,
2071:
1231:
2156:
957:"Where Have all the Polish Pols Gone; They were once a vital cog in the Chicago Machine. Now, the last of them is being run out of the Democratic Party"
771:
2036:
2031:
666:
2101:
1189:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white
European descent.
2041:
1853:
1979:
1070:"An Irish lament: the fading of Hibernian political power; 2018 swept away the last bastions of Irish-American influence in NYC politics"
197:, which restricted immigration as a whole and from southern and eastern European countries in particular. Additionally, the onset of the
234:. These ethnic, cultural and religious differences helped them retain a strong and separate identity from the rest of America until the
858:
2016:
272:
Since
Kennedy, white ethnics have become more common on major party tickets. Eight Catholics have been vice presidential candidates:
1069:
1449:
1423:
1166:
1341:
592:
562:
2116:
2106:
2011:
880:
805:
89:
2141:
2076:
1930:
1651:
1208:
266:
61:
956:
2121:
2056:
2046:
2021:
2006:
2001:
1399:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2086:
2081:
830:
813:
108:
1394:
68:
2111:
2051:
1925:
359:
was the dominant political machine that controlled political patronage positions and nominations, and figures like
329:
2146:
2096:
2091:
2066:
2061:
2026:
1539:
1369:
1772:
1741:
1489:
1470:
1418:
254:
46:
75:
1915:
1522:
1412:
227:
42:
1379:
1013:
694:
1701:
1436:
744:
146:
1095:
123:
1963:
1443:
1123:
57:
1506:
1364:
1354:
1159:
186:
158:
363:
were powerful kingmakers on a national level. However, many left the
Democratic Party as it has moved
1746:
1695:
1667:
335:
of
America's major cities throughout the first half of the 20th century. The ward heelers were often
308:
became the first major party presidential candidate of Jewish heritage. Had he been elected in 1988,
261:, also Irish Catholic, was the first to be nominated for president on a major party ticket, in 1928.
2151:
1226:
190:
1968:
1777:
1575:
316:
was the first Jewish person to be nominated for vice-president on a major party ticket, in 2000.
194:
35:
1661:
1569:
1430:
1330:
1271:
748:
153:
population in the United States. The term usually refers to the descendants of immigrants from
1885:
1480:
1236:
1152:
902:
206:
608:
1736:
1558:
1549:
1533:
1261:
504:
494:
395:
257:. However, it was not the first time that a white ethnic was nominated for the presidency:
218:
201:
in the 1930s acted as a deterrent to further immigration to the United States from Europe.
82:
8:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1731:
1656:
1463:
1292:
1197:
933:
722:
529:
474:
439:
408:
368:
312:
would have been the first Greek-American and first
Eastern Orthodox Christian president.
142:
1875:
1870:
1646:
1324:
1266:
1246:
987:
835:
671:
509:
444:
434:
429:
424:
413:
364:
1940:
1880:
1845:
1726:
1636:
1517:
1457:
1276:
1018:
809:
588:
558:
524:
519:
514:
484:
469:
344:
332:
289:
273:
149:. They consist of a number of distinct groups and make up approximately 69.4% of the
798:
1819:
1527:
1512:
1500:
1359:
1335:
1318:
1313:
1100:
584:
554:
499:
489:
459:
454:
371:
348:
198:
174:
637:
1950:
1756:
1721:
1641:
1495:
1405:
1384:
1251:
1241:
479:
464:
449:
360:
336:
309:
305:
285:
281:
246:
154:
138:
127:
1935:
1787:
1751:
1706:
1628:
1607:
1389:
1374:
1308:
1221:
250:
150:
1995:
1858:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1091:
983:"Carmine DeSapio, Political Kingmaker and Last Tammany Hall Boss, dies at 95"
403:
340:
313:
16:
White
Americans approximately 69.4 percent of the white population in the US
1834:
1711:
1691:
1621:
1175:
356:
235:
1042:"De Blasio woos outer borough ethnics, but they're just not that into him"
130:, 35th President of the United States and the first white ethnic President
1945:
1807:
1716:
1216:
662:
418:
325:
262:
223:
214:
1348:
1908:
1792:
1673:
1601:
210:
667:"White Ethnic Politics: Irish and Italian Catholics and Jews, Oh, My!"
1865:
1782:
1596:
1256:
301:
297:
293:
277:
24:
1564:
1046:
258:
166:
1802:
352:
231:
162:
929:"When party machines turned immigrants into citizens and voters"
718:"When party machines turned immigrants into citizens and voters"
1797:
1144:
695:"Roman Catholics and Immigration in Nineteenth-Century America"
170:
1614:
367:
since the late 1960s, and they became a key component of the
1014:"Chicago's white ethnics view Clinton, and primary, warily"
581:
Race and Ethnic
Relations: American and Global Perspectives
551:
Race and Ethnic
Relations: American and Global Perspectives
339:
in close alliance with those of other ethnicities, such as
772:"Why Can't They Be Like Us: America's White Ethnic Groups"
609:"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 Census Briefs"
265:, a Greek-American, was the first white ethnic elected
222:
Anglo-Saxon majority, white ethnics tended to practice
385:
249:, in 1960, was the first time that a white ethnic (
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
797:
542:
421:, a census designation used in the United Kingdom
1993:
1160:
572:
2072:History of immigration to the United States
2157:Working-class culture in the United States
1167:
1153:
1124:"Biden done? Who killed the White Ethnics"
1039:
954:
745:"AN ANTI-CATHOLIC LAW'S TROUBLING LEGACY"
629:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1090:
828:
638:"Catholics, Race, and the American City"
122:
1121:
980:
769:
2037:Eastern Orthodoxy in the United States
2032:European diaspora in the United States
1994:
926:
856:
715:
635:
578:
548:
2102:Jews and Judaism in the United States
1148:
1096:"How'd Obama do among White Ethnics?"
1067:
955:McClelland, Edward (6 January 2020).
850:
831:"A Newark Campus for 'White Ethnics'"
795:
2042:Catholic Church in the United States
1974:
1040:Rubinstein, Dana (2 November 2017).
1008:
881:"The First Catholic Vice President?"
859:"The End of WASP-Dominated Politics"
661:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1652:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
686:
13:
1080:from the original on 2 March 2021.
981:Kandell, Jonathan (28 July 2004).
800:The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics
14:
2168:
1122:Deignan, Tom (28 February 2020).
927:Masket, Seth (16 December 2014).
829:Waggoner, Walter (27 July 1975).
716:Masket, Seth (16 December 2014).
692:
319:
2017:Catholicism in the United States
1973:
1926:White genocide conspiracy theory
1232:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1174:
388:
23:
1115:
1084:
1061:
1033:
1002:
974:
948:
920:
895:
873:
822:
789:
770:Greeley, Andrew (1 July 1971).
636:Pacyga, Dominic A. (May 1997).
351:and other Eastern Europeans in
34:needs additional citations for
1766:Negative stereotypes of Whites
1068:Short, Aaron (14 March 2019).
763:
737:
709:
655:
601:
255:President of the United States
1:
1916:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
535:
228:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1702:Missing white woman syndrome
697:. National Humanities Center
147:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
7:
2117:Portuguese-American culture
2107:Lithuanian-American culture
2012:Belarusian-American culture
1854:US definitions of whiteness
381:
137:is a term used to refer to
10:
2173:
2142:Ukrainian-American culture
2077:Hungarian-American culture
1969:European native population
903:"Joe Biden: The President"
579:Marger, Martin N. (2008).
549:Marger, Martin N. (2008).
180:
159:Central and Eastern Europe
2122:Romanian-American culture
2057:Georgian-American culture
2047:European-American history
2022:Croatian-American culture
2007:Armenian-American culture
2002:Albanian-American culture
1959:
1843:
1765:
1747:White demographic decline
1682:
1589:
1548:
1479:
1301:
1285:
1207:
1196:
1182:
1074:City & State New York
217:. Historian and reformer
2137:Spanish-American culture
2132:Serbian-American culture
2127:Russian-American culture
2087:Italian-American history
2082:Italian-American culture
213:and were lampooned with
2112:Polish-American culture
2052:French-American culture
1778:Appalachian stereotypes
796:Novak, Michael (1972).
2147:White American culture
2097:Irish-American history
2092:Irish-American culture
2067:Greek-American history
2062:Greek-American culture
2027:Czech-American culture
1685:phenomena and theories
1668:The White Man's Burden
1662:White Australia policy
1458:Southern United States
131:
1886:Identitarian movement
1471:Saint Kitts and Nevis
369:socially conservative
347:in New York City and
207:ethnic discrimination
126:
1773:In the United States
1737:Whitewashing in film
505:Portuguese Americans
495:Lithuanian Americans
396:United States portal
355:. In New York City,
219:Andrew Dickson White
43:improve this article
1891:Non-Hispanic whites
1732:Whitewashing in art
1657:Settler colonialism
1590:Historical concepts
1400:Trinidad and Tobago
1198:European emigration
1094:(8 February 2008).
934:The Washington Post
723:The Washington Post
665:(25 October 2007).
530:Ukrainian Americans
475:Hungarian Americans
440:Bulgarian Americans
409:Hyphenated American
1876:European New Right
1871:Christian Identity
1647:Play the white man
1360:Dominican Republic
988:The New York Times
857:Greenblatt, Alan.
836:The New York Times
751:. 29 November 2007
672:The New York Times
510:Romanian Americans
445:Croatian Americans
435:Armenian Americans
430:Albanian Americans
425:Mediterranean race
414:Symbolic ethnicity
374:during the 1980s.
333:political machines
175:Francophone Canada
132:
1989:
1988:
1941:White nationalism
1881:Great Replacement
1846:identity politics
1727:Whiteness studies
1637:First white child
1585:
1584:
1019:The Baltimore Sun
594:978-0-495-50436-8
564:978-0-495-50436-8
525:Spanish Americans
520:Serbian Americans
515:Russian Americans
485:Italian Americans
470:Turkish Americans
290:Geraldine Ferraro
284:(1972, briefly),
119:
118:
111:
93:
2164:
1977:
1976:
1820:Angry white male
1696:Passing as white
1205:
1204:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1101:The New Republic
1088:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
826:
820:
819:
803:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
767:
761:
760:
758:
756:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
659:
653:
652:
650:
648:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
613:
605:
599:
598:
585:Cengage Learning
576:
570:
568:
555:Cengage Learning
546:
500:Polish Americans
490:Jewish Americans
460:German Americans
455:French Americans
398:
393:
392:
391:
372:Reagan Democrats
349:Polish-Americans
296:(2008 and 2012)
245:The election of
199:Great Depression
195:Johnson–Reed Act
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2152:White Americans
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1955:
1951:White supremacy
1839:
1788:Mountain whites
1761:
1757:White supremacy
1722:White privilege
1684:
1678:
1642:Honorary whites
1581:
1544:
1475:
1297:
1281:
1200:
1192:
1178:
1173:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1012:(15 May 1992).
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
979:
975:
965:
963:
953:
949:
939:
937:
925:
921:
911:
909:
907:The White House
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
855:
851:
841:
839:
827:
823:
816:
794:
790:
780:
778:
768:
764:
754:
752:
749:Catholic League
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
714:
710:
700:
698:
691:
687:
677:
675:
660:
656:
646:
644:
634:
630:
620:
618:
611:
607:
606:
602:
595:
587:. p. 281.
577:
573:
565:
557:. p. 282.
547:
543:
538:
480:Irish Americans
465:Greek Americans
450:Czech Americans
394:
389:
387:
384:
361:Carmine DeSapio
337:Irish Catholics
322:
310:Michael Dukakis
306:Barry Goldwater
286:Sargent Shriver
282:Thomas Eagleton
247:John F. Kennedy
183:
139:white Americans
128:John F. Kennedy
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:White identity
1933:
1931:White Hispanic
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1752:Reverse racism
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:Skin whitening
1704:
1699:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1608:Blanqueamiento
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
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1537:
1530:
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1515:
1510:
1503:
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1483:
1477:
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1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1336:Cayman Islands
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1287:
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1279:
1274:
1269:
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1254:
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1244:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1114:
1092:Scheiber, Noam
1083:
1060:
1032:
1001:
973:
947:
919:
894:
872:
849:
821:
814:
788:
762:
736:
708:
693:Byrne, Julie.
685:
654:
628:
600:
593:
583:(8 ed.).
571:
563:
553:(8 ed.).
540:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
411:
406:
400:
399:
383:
380:
341:Ashkenazi Jews
328:dominated the
321:
320:Urban politics
318:
274:William Miller
267:vice president
253:) was elected
251:Irish Catholic
182:
179:
117:
116:
58:"White ethnic"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:One-drop rule
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
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48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1978:
1921:White ethnic
1920:
1835:White monkey
1742:White savior
1712:White flight
1692:Acting white
1683:Sociological
1666:
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1622:Peninsulares
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1262:South Africa
1186:
1176:White people
1131:. Retrieved
1128:IrishCentral
1127:
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799:
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663:Chan, Sewell
657:
645:. Retrieved
641:
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615:
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376:
357:Tammany Hall
326:ward heelers
323:
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184:
141:who are not
135:White ethnic
134:
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120:
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96:
86:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1946:White pride
1808:White trash
1793:Poor Whites
1717:White guilt
1576:New Zealand
1464:Puerto Rico
1419:Los Angeles
1365:El Salvador
1201:by location
912:12 February
647:16 December
419:Other White
300:(2012) and
269:, in 1968.
263:Spiro Agnew
224:Catholicism
215:stereotypes
1996:Categories
1909:Quebeckers
1895:Old Stock
1674:White gods
1413:California
1342:Costa Rica
1010:West, Paul
887:15 January
776:Commentary
616:Census.gov
536:References
330:Democratic
211:xenophobia
69:newspapers
1904:Canadians
1899:Americans
1866:Alt-right
1783:Hillbilly
1597:Apartheid
1559:Australia
1540:Venezuela
1490:Argentina
1450:Baltimore
1437:Louisiana
1370:Guatemala
1331:Caribbean
806:Macmillan
621:19 August
302:Tim Kaine
298:Paul Ryan
294:Joe Biden
278:Ed Muskie
187:Northeast
143:Old Stock
99:June 2011
1803:Rednecks
1629:Criollos
1528:Suriname
1518:Paraguay
1513:Colombia
1444:Maryland
1380:Honduras
1355:Dominica
1314:Barbados
1293:Pakistan
1277:Zimbabwe
1227:Botswana
1078:Archived
1047:Politico
382:See also
365:leftward
345:Italians
292:(1984),
288:(1972),
280:(1968),
276:(1964),
259:Al Smith
236:post war
167:Caucasus
155:Southern
1980:Commons
1798:Redlegs
1550:Oceania
1534:Uruguay
1496:Bolivia
1385:Jamaica
1319:Bermuda
1309:Bahamas
1267:Tunisia
1257:Reunion
1252:Namibia
1247:Morocco
1217:Algeria
961:Chicago
865:14 July
781:1 March
755:13 July
701:13 July
353:Chicago
232:Judaism
191:Midwest
181:History
163:Ireland
83:scholar
1844:White
1615:Castas
1570:Hawaii
1501:Brazil
1431:Hawaii
1395:Panama
1390:Mexico
1325:Canada
1272:Zambia
1242:Malawi
1222:Angola
1209:Africa
1133:17 May
1107:17 May
1053:17 May
1025:17 May
994:17 May
966:18 May
940:17 May
842:17 May
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729:17 May
678:8 June
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171:France
165:, the
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1830:Basic
1825:Becky
1815:Karen
1602:Aryan
1507:Chile
1375:Haiti
1237:Kenya
883:. NPR
861:. NPR
612:(PDF)
238:era.
230:, or
151:white
90:JSTOR
76:books
1964:Race
1523:Peru
1349:Cuba
1286:Asia
1187:Bold
1135:2020
1109:2020
1055:2020
1027:2020
996:2020
968:2020
942:2020
914:2024
889:2020
867:2016
844:2020
810:ISBN
783:2017
757:2016
731:2020
703:2016
680:2016
649:2009
623:2017
589:ISBN
559:ISBN
343:and
209:and
189:and
169:and
62:news
145:or
45:by
1998::
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39:.
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