Exercise - Knowledge

377: 1546:. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout and overstress in athletes. It is suggested that there are different variations of overtraining, firstly monotonous program over training suggest that repetition of the same movement such as certain weight lifting and baseball batting can cause performance plateau due to an adaption of the central nervous system which results from a lack of stimulation. A second example of overtraining is described as chronic overwork type training where the subject may be training with too high intensity or high volume and not allowing sufficient recovery time for the body. Up to 10% of elite endurance athletes and 10% of American college swimmers are affected by overtraining syndrome (unexplained underperformance for approximately 2 weeks even after having adequate resting time). 1389: 1377: 292: 447:(URTI), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of infection occurrence. However, another study did not find the effect. Immune cell functions are impaired following acute sessions of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at a higher risk for infections. Studies have shown that strenuous stress for long durations, such as training for a marathon, can suppress the immune system by decreasing the concentration of lymphocytes. The immune systems of athletes and nonathletes are generally similar. Athletes may have a slightly elevated 1610: 1346: 481:

cancer–specific mortality. There is currently insufficient evidence regarding the association between physical activity and mortality for survivors of other cancers." Evidence suggests that exercise may positively affect the quality of life in cancer survivors, including factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and emotional well-being. For people with cancer undergoing active treatment, exercise may also have positive effects on health-related quality of life, such as fatigue and physical functioning. This is likely to be more pronounced with higher intensity exercise.

1408: 974: 44: 1362: 472:, which are associated with chronic diseases, are reduced in active individuals relative to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In individuals with heart disease, exercise interventions lower blood levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, an important cardiovascular risk marker. The depression in the immune system following acute bouts of exercise may be one of the mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory effect. 521: 9805: 9202: 1784: 9815: 304:

exercise may increase life expectancy and the overall quality of life. People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who by comparison are not physically active. Moderate levels of exercise have been correlated with preventing aging by reducing inflammatory potential. The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500

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programmes for older adults, such as those involving gait, balance, co-ordination and functional tasks, can improve balance. Following progressive resistance training, older adults also respond with improved physical function. Brief interventions promoting physical activity may be cost-effective, however this evidence is weak and there are variations between studies.

1670:. Morris noted that men of similar social class and occupation (bus conductors versus bus drivers) had markedly different rates of heart attacks, depending on the level of exercise they got: bus drivers had a sedentary occupation and a higher incidence of heart disease, while bus conductors were forced to move continually and had a lower incidence of heart disease. 52: 1144: 749:(i.e., treatments that are used together) with antidepressant medication; the other two indicated that physical exercise has marked antidepressant effects and recommended the inclusion of physical activity as an adjunct treatment for mild–moderate depression and mental illness in general. One systematic review noted that 3194:

Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, et al. (August 1996). "Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the

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accelerated their growth rates and altered muscle morphology favorable for sustained swimming. Crocodiles, alligators, and ducks showed elevated aerobic capacity following exercise training. No effect of endurance training was found in most studies of lizards, although one study did report a training

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review on physical exercise for depression noted that, based upon limited evidence, it is more effective than a control intervention and comparable to psychological or antidepressant drug therapies. Three subsequent 2014 systematic reviews that included the Cochrane review in their analysis concluded

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Early motor skills and development is also related to physical activity and performance later in life. Children who are more proficient with motor skills early on are more inclined to be physically active, and thus tend to perform well in sports and have better fitness levels. Early motor proficiency

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A systematic review evaluated 45 studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and cancer survival rates. According to the review, " was consistent evidence from 27 observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced all-cause, breast cancer–specific, and colon

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In Colombia, for example, citizens value and celebrate the outdoor environments of their country. In many instances, they use outdoor activities as social gatherings to enjoy nature and their communities. In Bogotá, Colombia, a 70-mile stretch of road known as the Ciclovía is shut down each Sunday

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program, as research showed that too many Europeans are not physically active enough. Financing is available for increased collaboration between players active in this field across the EU and around the world, the promotion of HEPA in the EU and its partner countries, and the European Sports Week.

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In terms of health benefits, usually, 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. Only doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise could

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from the blood more quickly than inactive recovery. Removing lactate from circulation allows for an easy decline in body temperature, which can also benefit the immune system, as an individual may be vulnerable to minor illnesses if the body temperature drops too abruptly after physical exercise.

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The most beneficial effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease mortality can be attained through moderate-intensity activity (40–60% of maximal oxygen uptake, depending on age). After a myocardial infarction, survivors who changed their lifestyle to include regular exercise had higher

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Children who participate in physical exercise experience greater loss of body fat and increased cardiovascular fitness. Studies have shown that academic stress in youth increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in later years; however, these risks can be greatly decreased with regular physical

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occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous exercise. Overtraining can be described as a point where a person may have a decrease in performance and plateauing as a result of failure to consistently perform at a certain level or training load; a load which exceeds

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These sociocultural variations in physical exercise show how people in different geographic locations and social climates have varying motivations and methods of exercising. Physical exercise can improve health and well-being, as well as enhance community ties and appreciation of natural beauty.

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Community-wide and school campaigns are often used in an attempt to increase a population's level of physical activity. Studies to determine the effectiveness of these types of programs need to be interpreted cautiously as the results vary. There is some evidence that certain types of exercise

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and can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating the digestive system, building and maintaining healthy bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system. Some studies indicate that

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Resistance training stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) for a period of up to 48 hours following exercise (shown by dotted line). Ingestion of a protein-rich meal at any point during this period will augment the exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis (shown by solid

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levels. Increases in muscle size from resistance training are primarily determined by diet and testosterone. This genetic variation in improvement from training is one of the key physiological differences between elite athletes and the larger population. There is evidence that exercising in

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Parents can promote physical activity by modelling healthy levels of physical activity or by encouraging physical activity. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, children and adolescents should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day.

1453:. These gyms are free to the public and are often placed in beautiful, picturesque environments. People will swim in rivers, use boats, and run through forests to stay healthy and enjoy the natural world around them. This works particularly well in Sweden due to its geographical location. 605:

In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after a single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following consistent exercise over the course of several months. People who regularly perform an aerobic exercise (e.g., running,

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Gallaugher PE, Thorarensen H, Kiessling A, Farrell AP (August 2001). "Effects of high intensity exercise training on cardiovascular function, oxygen uptake, internal oxygen transport and osmotic balance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during critical speed swimming".

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max), but it is unknown whether this has any effects on overall morbidity and/or mortality. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise work to increase the mechanical efficiency of the heart by increasing cardiac volume (aerobic exercise), or myocardial thickness (strength training).

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are held in public parks; these gatherings may include Latin dancing, ballroom dancing, tango, or even the jitterbug. Dancing in public allows people to interact with those with whom they would not normally interact, allowing for both health and social benefits.

308:(MET) minutes per week, with diminishing returns at higher levels of activity. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for transportation 25 minutes on a daily basis would 1658:

in 1860 and made sport an important part of military life. Several mass exercise movements were started in the early twentieth century as well. The first and most significant of these in the UK was the Women's League of Health and Beauty, founded in 1930 by

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tend to exercise socially outside. In this country, public gyms have become quite popular. People will congregate at these outdoor gyms not only to use the public facilities, but also to organize aerobics and dance sessions, which are open to the public.

1434:. People may exercise for personal enjoyment, health and well-being, social interactions, competition or training, etc. These differences could potentially be attributed to a variety of reasons including geographic location and social tendencies. 384:

The beneficial effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system is well documented. There is a direct correlation between physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for the development of

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Rhodes JS, van Praag H, Jeffrey S, Girard I, Mitchell GS, Garland T, Gage FH (October 2003). "Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running".

836:, but there is insufficient evidence to draw detailed conclusions about the relationship between exercise and sleep. A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that exercise can improve sleep quality in people with insomnia. 404:

of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged and elderly men. The greatest potential for reduced mortality is seen in sedentary individuals who become moderately active.

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Magnoni LJ, Crespo D, Ibarz A, Blasco J, Fernández-Borràs J, Planas JV (November 2013). "Effects of sustained swimming on the red and white muscle transcriptome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a carbohydrate-rich diet".

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causes approximately 6% of the burden of disease from coronary heart disease, 7% of type 2 diabetes, 10% of breast cancer, and 10% of colon cancer worldwide. Overall, physical inactivity causes 9% of premature mortality worldwide.

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Worldwide there has been a large shift toward less physically demanding work. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home, and fewer active

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Cox EP, O'Dwyer N, Cook R, Vetter M, Cheng HL, Rooney K, O'Connor H (August 2016). "Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review".

2570:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 503:. Aerobic physical exercise may result in little to no difference in the mortality, quality of life, or physical functioning. These exercises may result in a slight reduction in depression and reduction in fatigue. 1183:

Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as

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Preliminary evidence from a 2012 review indicated that physical training for up to four months may increase sleep quality in adults over 40 years of age. A 2010 review suggested that exercise generally improved

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Crewther BT, Heke TL, Keogh JW (February 2013). "The effects of a resistance-training program on strength, body composition and baseline hormones in male athletes training concurrently for rugby union 7's".

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Laeremans M, Dons E, Avila-Palencia I, Carrasco-Turigas G, Orjuela-Mendoza JP, Anaya-Boig E, et al. (September 2018). "Black Carbon Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function".

3096: 926:. Similarly, increased muscle protein synthesis (via activation of mTORC1) and suppressed muscle protein breakdown (via insulin-independent mechanisms) has also been shown to occur following ingestion of 657:. Aerobic exercise may affect both self-esteem and overall well-being (including sleep patterns) with consistent, long term participation. Regular aerobic exercise may improve symptoms associated with 1694:, which are closely related to humans, without ill effect engage in considerably less physical activity than is required for human health, raising the question of how this is biochemically possible. 1188:

which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. Exercise reduces levels of

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Some have suggested that increases in physical exercise might decrease healthcare costs, increase the rate of job attendance, as well as increase the amount of effort women put into their jobs.

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Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P (1989). "Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps".

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Garland T, Morgan MT, Swallow JG, Rhodes JS, Girard I, Belter JG, Carter PA (June 2002). "Evolution of a small-muscle polymorphism in lines of house mice selected for high activity levels".

4650:"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment – Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 3390:

Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Cornish S, Mazereeuw G, Marzolini S, Sham L, Lanctôt KL (April 2012). "Exercise intervention and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis".

1627:, Roman politician and lawyer, who stated: "It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor." Exercise was also seen to be valued later in history during the 945:

of skeletal muscle, which is one mechanism by which aerobic exercise enhances submaximal endurance performance. These effects occur via an exercise-induced increase in the intracellular

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Dalgas U, Stenager E, Lund C, Rasmussen C, Petersen T, Sørensen H, et al. (July 2013). "Neural drive increases following resistance training in patients with multiple sclerosis".

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Exercise has an effect on appetite, but whether it increases or decreases appetite varies from individual to individual, and is affected by the intensity and duration of the exercise.

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Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, et al. (May 2002). "The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review".

5230:"Comparative effectiveness of three exercise types to treat clinical depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 2899:"Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials" 8380:

Swallow JG, Garland T, Carter PA, Zhan WZ, Sieck GC (January 1998). "Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on aerobic capacity in house mice (Mus domesticus)".

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Proper nutrition is as important to health as exercise. When exercising, it becomes even more important to have a good diet to ensure that the body has the correct ratio of

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Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Curtis J, Ward PB (2014). "Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Summary of long-term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations, including an increase in

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wrote: "If someone invented a pill that could do for us all that a moderate amount of exercise achieves, it would instantly become the most successful drug in history."

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People who participate in physical exercise experience increased cardiovascular fitness. There is some level of concern about additional exposure to air pollution when

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Implementing physical exercise in the school system and ensuring an environment in which children can reduce barriers to maintain a healthy lifestyle is essential.

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Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, Szidon JP, Fogg L, Tincknell T (January 1995). "Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients".

2187:"Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose–response meta-analysis of large prospective studies" 4648:

Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, Getchius T, Ganguli M, Gloss D, Gronseth GS, Marson D, Pringsheim T, Day GS, Sager M, Stevens J, Rae-Grant A (January 2018).

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Studies have shown that since heart disease is the leading cause of death in women, regular exercise in aging women leads to healthier cardiovascular profiles.

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Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, et al. (March 1994). "Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women".

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Exercising looks different in every country, as do the motivations behind exercising. In some countries, people exercise primarily indoors (such as at home or

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Getting long and high-quality sleep after exercise, additionally improved by consuming casein proteins, antioxidant-rich fruits, and high-glycemic-index meals

3240:"Workplace physical activity interventions and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels among working-age women: a systematic review protocol" 3007: 1336:

into physical exercise interventions increases exercise adherence and self-efficacy, and also has positive effects both psychologically and physiologically.

1293:'s Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) has dedicated programs and funds for Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) projects within its 1266:

Environmental approaches appear promising: signs that encourage the use of stairs, as well as community campaigns, may increase exercise levels. The city of

4205:"Exercise improves physical and psychological quality of life in people with depression: A meta-analysis including the evaluation of control group response" 887:

muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and inhibiting muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by resistance training occurs via

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are encouraged to engage in physical exercise. Due to various factors, some individuals with cancer cachexia have a limited capacity for physical exercise.

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has a positive correlation to childhood physical activity and fitness levels, while less proficiency in motor skills results in a more sedentary lifestyle.

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Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Dorn JM, Jones KE, Kondilis VA (December 2006). "The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children".

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Hubal MJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, et al. (June 2005). "Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training".

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Herman Pontzer (1 January 2019). "Humans Evolved to Exercise: Unlike our ape cousins, humans require high levels of physical activity to be healthy".

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Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N (January 2014). "The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review".

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Mura G, Moro MF, Patten SB, Carta MG (2014). "Exercise as an add-on strategy for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review".

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Folland JP, Williams AG (2007). "The adaptations to strength training : morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength".

8137: 8168: 7490: 1274:, for example, blocks off 113 kilometers (70 mi) of roads on Sundays and holidays to make it easier for its citizens to get exercise. Such 496:

with prescribed exercise is low in individuals with cachexia and clinical trials of exercise in this population often have high drop-out rates.

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Owerkowicz T, Baudinette RV (June 2008). "Exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in juvenile estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)".

6513:"Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design" 3725: 3678:

Sadeghi M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Baracos V, Arends J, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N (July 2018). "Cancer cachexia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment".

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supports the efficacy of physical exercise as a treatment for depression over a 2–4 month period. These benefits have also been noted in

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indicates that clinicians should recommend regular exercise (two times per week) to individuals who have been diagnosed with this condition.

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Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. 'Dynamic' exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the

9152: 4601:"Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review" 1873: 531: 513: 3786:

Knips L, Bergenthal N, Streckmann F, Monsef I, Elter T, Skoetz N, et al. (Cochrane Hematological Malignancies Group) (January 2019).

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had no effect on maximal exercise capacity, and muscular damage from over-training occurred following weeks of forced treadmill exercise.

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Chaturvedi SK, Chandra PS, Issac MK, Sudarshan CY (September 1993). "Somatization misattributed to non-pathological vaginal discharge".

4352: 4350: 4348: 1345: 765:, with a review conducted in 2019 finding that exercise is an effective treatment for clinically diagnosed depression in older adults. 354:

The type and intensity of physical activity performed may have an effect on a person's fitness level. There is some weak evidence that

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Garland T, Else PL, Hulbert AJ, Tap P (March 1987). "Effects of endurance training and captivity on activity metabolism of lizards".

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from July 2016 concluded that physical exercise improves overall quality of life in individuals with depression relative to controls.

7712:"The 4R's framework of nutritional strategies for post-exercise Recovery: A review with emphasis on new generation of carbohydrates" 4345: 2840: 1666:

The link between physical health and exercise (or lack of it) was further established in 1949 and reported in 1953 by a team led by

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blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the

4641: 2622:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 5502:

Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".

4989:"Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies" 4938:

Tomlinson CL, Patel S, Meek C, Herd CP, Clarke CE, Stowe R, Shah L, Sackley CM, Deane KH, Wheatley K, Ives N (September 2013).

3726:"Cancer cachexia: rationale for the MENAC (Multimodal-Exercise, Nutrition and Anti-inflammatory medication for Cachexia) trial" 1361: 692:

evidence and emerging clinical evidence supports the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for the treatment and prevention of

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There is low-quality evidence for an effect of aerobic physical exercises on anxiety and serious adverse events in adults with

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Morris JN, Heady JA, Raffle PA, Roberts CG, Parks JW (November 1953). "Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work".

7566: 4470: 2708:"School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18" 8121: 8094: 8067: 7976: 6780: 2508: 1923: 1878: 3866: 3577:"Effects of supervised exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1741:

The effects of exercise training appear to be heterogeneous across non-mammalian species. As examples, exercise training of

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slightly more than lower intensity endurance training. However, unscientific fitness methods could lead to sports injuries.

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Exercise in some areas of China, particularly among those who are retired, seems to be socially grounded. In the mornings,

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survival rates. Sedentary people are most at risk for mortality from cardiovascular and all other causes. According to the

9617: 8716:"Effect of training on maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic capacity of locomotory muscles in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula" 7086:

Howe TE, Rochester L, Neil F, Skelton DA, Ballinger C (November 2011). "Exercise for improving balance in older people".

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signaling in the brain. Several systematic reviews have analyzed the potential for physical exercise in the treatment of

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Swallow JG, Carter PA, Garland T (May 1998). "Artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior in house mice".

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Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:

8532:"Forced sustained swimming exercise at optimal speed enhances growth of juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)" 2687: 1953: 1655: 1251: 1168: 7287:"Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review" 4124: 1969: 8889:– guidance on the promotion and creation of physical environments that support increased levels of physical activity. 5229: 4454: 4408: 4046: 1438:

for bicyclists, runners, rollerbladers, skateboarders and other exercisers to work out and enjoy their surroundings.

1407: 1243: 1217:, the thickening of the ventricular walls, is generally beneficial and healthy if it occurs in response to exercise. 563: 455: 444: 8257:"Developmental programming of energy balance regulation: is physical activity more 'programmable' than food intake?" 6689:

Moritani T, deVries HA (June 1979). "Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain".

2413:"Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise" 9132: 9004: 5547:"Exercise training improves sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults with sleep problems: a systematic review" 1647: 658: 355: 221: 2782:

Brutsaert TD, Parra EJ (April 2006). "What makes a champion? Explaining variation in human athletic performance".

9715: 9236: 8912: 6290:"Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity" 2674: 2000: 1697:

Studies of animals indicate that physical activity may be more adaptable than changes in food intake to regulate

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Chen CY, Dicarlo SE (January 1998). "Endurance exercise training-induced resting Bradycardia: A brief review".

1089: 5948:"Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism" 5036: 5034: 3971:

Denham J, Marques FZ, O'Brien BJ, Charchar FJ (February 2014). "Exercise: putting action into our epigenome".

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in survivors of breast cancer. Although there is only limited scientific evidence on the subject, people with

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Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP (2003). "Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate".

4931: 4488: 674: 567: 7620:"Skeletal muscle fat and carbohydrate metabolism during recovery from glycogen-depleting exercise in humans" 6939:"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review" 5894: 5074: 5072: 4303:"Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits" 4198: 4196: 4194: 3875:"Protective Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review" 919:). The suppression of muscle protein breakdown following food consumption occurs primarily via increases in 8860: 8667:"Exhaustive exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)" 5375:

Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD (June 2011). "Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression".

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O'Connor DM, Crowe MJ, Spinks WL (March 2006). "Effects of static stretching on leg power during cycling".

1848: 1247: 1059: 954: 7383: 7358: 6098:"Adaptation of mitochondrial ATP production in human skeletal muscle to endurance training and detraining" 4980: 4073: 180:

and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and increase muscle mass, as well as improve bone density,

5069: 4359:"The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review" 4191: 3833: 3831: 3628:"Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults: Executive summary of a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review" 3528:"Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment" 1823: 1163:(RHR). Long-term adaptations to resistance training, the most common form of anaerobic exercise, include 678: 8298:"Effects of early-onset voluntary exercise on adult physical activity and associated phenotypes in mice" 6000:"Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism" 4790: 4542: 2256: 9839: 9322: 9205: 8905: 8177: 4592: 4301:

Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, Sorrentino G (27 April 2018).

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Bonilla, Diego A.; Pérez-Idárraga, Alexandra; Odriozola-Martínez, Adrián; Kreider, Richard B. (2021).

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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ (January 2016).

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Lumeng JC (March 2006). "Small-group physical education classes result in important health benefits".

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Gremeaux V, Gayda M, Lepers R, Sosner P, Juneau M, Nigam A (December 2012). "Exercise and longevity".

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their recovery capacity. People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose

1192:, which causes many health problems, both physical and mental. Endurance exercise before meals lowers 7336: 7037:"Cerebral hemodynamics of the aging brain: risk of Alzheimer disease and benefit of aerobic exercise" 2126: 1474: 938: 844:

One 2013 study found that exercising improved sexual arousal problems related to antidepressant use.

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Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".

5170: 4750:"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis" 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 9639: 9566: 9289: 5121: 988: 934: 37: 6273: 6133: 6131: 5792:"Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise" 4690: 4173: 710:. Regular exercise may be associated with a lower risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders. 396:

There is a dose-response relationship between the amount of exercise performed from approximately

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Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O (July 2016).

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Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O, Gotay CC, Snyder C (August 2012).

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Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012).

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Wibom R, Hultman E, Johansson M, Matherei K, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Schantz PG (November 1992).

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Reviews of clinical evidence also support the use of exercise as an adjunct therapy for certain

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Consuming high-quality protein sources with additional supplementation of creatine monohydrate

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associated with cognitive control and memory. The effects of exercise on cognition may affect

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more than the same exercise after meals. There is evidence that vigorous exercise (90–95% of

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pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise.

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Active recovery is recommended after participating in physical exercise because it removes

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Central (cardiovascular) and peripheral (skeletal muscle) adaptations to exercise training

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More recently, exercise was regarded as a beneficial force in the 19th century. In 1858,

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and 12 non-commissioned officers. This regimen was assimilated into the training of the

1623:

The benefits of exercise have been known since antiquity. Dating back to 65 BCE, it was

1574:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology

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A number of medical reviews have indicated that exercise has a marked and persistent

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count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant.

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engaged in voluntary exercise and increased their propensity to run as adults.

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Resistance training and subsequent consumption of a protein-rich meal promotes

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with similar findings: one indicated that physical exercise is effective as an

729: 693: 665:

for these disorders. There is some evidence of exercise treatment efficacy for

635: 627: 579: 575: 144: 8682: 8350: 8273: 8256: 7709: 7680: 6954: 6817: 6573: 6469: 6305: 5913: 5861: 5689: 5420:"Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?" 5388: 5335: 5245: 5195: 4908: 4616: 4569: 3984: 3939: 3890: 3593: 3403: 2917: 2336: 2319: 2185:

Garcia, Leandro; Pearce, Matthew; Abbas, Ali; et al. (28 February 2023).

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involve possible interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and

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evidence suggests that moderate exercise has a beneficial effect on the human

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skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many individuals choose to

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are part of an effort to combat chronic diseases and to maintain a healthy

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memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and

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Although there have been hundreds of studies on physical exercise and the

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showed minor improvements of endurance, and a forced swimming regimen of

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than it would while resting. The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase

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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Major depressive disorder

454:

Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with a lower incidence of

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in children and college students, improve adult productivity, preserve

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effect in humans, an effect believed to be mediated through enhanced

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flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the

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peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α

896: 610:, brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on 231: 140: 117: 113: 81: 73: 4647: 4300: 3473: 2495:

United States Department Of Health And Human Services (1996).

1502:

Consuming carbohydrates to replenish muscle and liver glycogen

139:

that uses large muscle groups and causes the body to use more

9245: 8863:(MET) values for a number of physical activities, based upon 7028: 6095: 5317: 4598: 4249: 4080:

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Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association".

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eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1

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Continuous aerobic exercise can induce a transient state of

250:

Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on

96:

where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve

80:

or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop

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about times and places when exercise was viewed negatively.

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Swimming as an exercise tones muscles and builds strength.

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Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P (July 2015).

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Exercise physiologists recommend the "4-Rs framework":

1332:

Research published in 2015 suggests that incorporating

907:

via phosphorylation of mTORC1's immediate targets (the

787:, through the increased biosynthesis of at least three 51: 8761: 8759: 7510:"Car-Free Streets, a Colombian Export, Inspire Debate" 6504: 5892: 5374: 4937: 3723: 1449:

Sweden has also begun developing outdoor gyms, called

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Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

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Brioche T, Pagano AF, Py G, Chopard A (August 2016).

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Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C (February 2015).

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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

347:may lead to better physical ability later in life. 8882:MedLinePlus Topic on Exercise and Physical Fitness 8176: 6985: 6596: 6287: 5417: 4023:"The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities" 2841:"Being active combats risk of functional problems" 2027:"Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move" 653:, and decreasing the biological response to acute 614:that measure certain cognitive functions, such as 6482: 4894: 3626:Grande AJ, Silva V, Maddocks M (September 2015). 1719:in voluntary exercise levels, with "high-runner" 612:neuropsychological function and performance tests 312:achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week. A lack of 76:. It is performed for various reasons, including 9831: 8811: 8620: 7960: 7832: 5495: 5311: 4696: 3340: 3042:Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (March 2006). 2897:Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M (October 2015). 2259:"Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart" 1421: 6986:Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW (January 2015). 6803: 6688: 6645: 6283: 6281: 5544: 5466: 3719: 3717: 3673: 3671: 2392:. The CrossFit Journal. October 2002. p. 4 2264:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 338:Most people can increase fitness by increasing 299:Physical exercise is important for maintaining 8893:Science Daily's reference on physical exercise 8237: 8198: 8196: 8130: 7465:"5 Reasons Why Skateboarding Is Good Exercise" 7404: 6449: 6406: 6365: 3383: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3153:Ahaneku JE, Nwosu CM, Ahaneku GI (June 2000). 3099:. American Heart Association. 14 December 2017 2781: 1916:Diversity Of Sport: non-destructive evaluation 991:in response to physical exercise and specific 524:A woman engaging in aerobic exercise (jogging) 32:"Workout" redirects here. For other uses, see 9230: 8913: 7850:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 7703: 7660: 6888:Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø, Kemi OJ (July 2009). 6517:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 5418:Szabo A, Billett E, Turner J (October 2001). 2818: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 1913: 779:, colloquially known as a "runner's high" in 757:. Another review asserted that evidence from 566:signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced 8812:Husak JF, Keith AR, Wittry BN (March 2015). 8713: 7666: 7593:"Beijing's Other Games: Dancing In The Park" 7090:(11). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD004963. 6458:Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation 6278: 5671: 5176: 3714: 3668: 3619: 2947:Sun M, Wang L (21 June 2022). Chen H (ed.). 2101:"How much physical activity do adults need?" 1874:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise 1646:and instituted a training regimen for Major 1496:Replacing any fluid and electrolyte deficits 1204:) induces a greater degree of physiological 953:ratio, thereby triggering the activation of 753:may be effective in alleviating symptoms of 532:neurobiological effects of physical exercise 514:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise 8193: 7370: 7368: 7284: 7131:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7088:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7034: 6845:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 6455: 6378:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 6231: 5724:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 5460: 4845: 4471:"10 great reasons to love aerobic exercise" 4415:. Department of Health & Human Services 4356: 4021:Gomez-Pinilla F, Hillman C (January 2013). 3792:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3532:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3480:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3282: 3155:"Academic stress and cardiovascular health" 2757:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2712:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1240:hormones released into the blood by muscles 1080:eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E 594:in old age, preventing or treating certain 9237: 9223: 8920: 8906: 8109: 8055: 7341:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6510: 5545:Yang PY, Ho KH, Chen HC, Chien MY (2012). 4697:Carroll ME, Smethells JR (February 2016). 4500:Josefsson T, Lindwall M, Archer T (2014). 4178:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3632:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 3091: 3089: 3027:|...|intentional=yes}} 2563: 2561: 2235: 2105:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1138: 1116: • Τ represents inhibition 484:Exercise may contribute to a reduction of 224:which increase short-term muscle strength. 8829: 8739: 8690: 8603: 8557: 8547: 8313: 8272: 7935: 7894: 7861: 7739: 7729: 7643: 7507: 7422: 7312: 7302: 7199: 7150: 7124: 7062: 7052: 7011: 6962: 6905: 6856: 6528: 6389: 6313: 6257: 6208: 6155: 6072: 6023: 5971: 5869: 5815: 5743: 5697: 5648: 5638: 5585: 5562: 5443: 5368: 5343: 5204: 5194: 5153: 5130:"Running is rewarding and antidepressive" 5104: 5014: 5004: 4963: 4871: 4822: 4773: 4724: 4714: 4673: 4624: 4517: 4384: 4374: 4328: 4318: 4277: 4267: 4107: 4097: 4056: 3947: 3898: 3811: 3749: 3651: 3602: 3592: 3551: 3499: 3450: 3358: 3265: 3255: 3170: 3069: 3059: 2974: 2964: 2784:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2731: 2645: 2593: 2541: 2436: 2335: 2218: 2042: 1468: 1257: 1220: 1114: • ↑ represents activation 957:(AMPK) which subsequently phosphorylates 558:, increased neurological activity (e.g., 8261:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 8082: 7971:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 46–49. 7398: 7365: 7285:Xu H, Wen LM, Rissel C (19 March 2015). 6758: 6046: 5843: 4256:International Scholarly Research Notices 3431:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2379: 1938: 1608: 1605:History of physical training and fitness 1231:The effects of physical exercise on the 1171:(PCSA) of muscle(s), and an increase in 1142: 671:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 519: 375: 365: 290: 50: 42: 8857:Adult Compendium of Physical Activities 8807: 8805: 7447:"Running and jogging - health benefits" 7225:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3680:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 3297: 3086: 2946: 2825:Geddes L (28 July 2007). "Superhuman". 2558: 2274: 1208:than moderate exercise (40 to 70% of VO 859: 14: 9832: 7920:"Overtraining Syndrome in the Athlete" 7812: 7411:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6186: 5588:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 3840:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3117: 2824: 2668: 1970:"7 great reasons why exercise matters" 246:which can reduce the chance of injury. 47:Cycling is a popular form of exercise. 27:Physical activity that improves health 9218: 8901: 8887:Physical activity and the environment 8166: 7843: 6691:American Journal of Physical Medicine 5501: 4796: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3521: 3519: 3341:Brolinson PG, Elliott D (July 2007). 2701: 2699: 2615: 2613: 1879:Non-exercise associated thermogenesis 1613:Roper's gymnasium, Philadelphia, US, 1521: 1430:), while in others, people primarily 847: 188:. Examples of strength exercises are 8802: 7590: 7538: 7337:"Youth Physical Activity Guidelines" 6274:Figure 2: The mTOR Signaling Pathway 5324:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 3730:BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 1663:, that had 166,000 members in 1937. 1554: 1235:may be mediated in part by specific 895:(mTOR) and subsequent activation of 8818:The Journal of Experimental Biology 8497:The Journal of Experimental Biology 7993:"Quotes About Exercise Top 10 List" 7969:ABC of sports and exercise medicine 7407:"Mindfulness and Physical Activity" 7405:Kennedy AB, Resnick PB (May 2015). 6894:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 6232:Lipton JO, Sahin M (October 2014). 6144:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 4171: 1441:Similarly to Colombia, citizens of 1151:(SV) and maximal aerobic capacity ( 832:for most people, and may help with 162:, hiking, dancing, playing tennis, 24: 8768:The American Journal of Physiology 8714:Butler PJ, Turner DL (July 1988). 7564: 7520:from the original on 27 April 2021 7180:British Journal of Sports Medicine 7035:Tarumi T, Zhang R (January 2014). 5672:Lorenz TA, Meston CM (June 2012). 5469:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 5424:British Journal of Sports Medicine 4357:Basso JC, Suzuki WA (March 2017). 3774: 3516: 2696: 2610: 2526:"Exercise, inflammation and aging" 2501:United States Department of Health 2191:British Journal of Sports Medicine 1370:is good for cardiovascular health. 1309: 1175:, both of which lead to increased 1169:physiological cross-sectional area 864: 506: 456:upper respiratory tract infections 445:upper respiratory tract infections 439:; an effect which is modeled in a 25: 9851: 8850: 7257: 5504:Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials 5285:Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1302:The DG EAC regularly publishes a 1030:Abbreviations and representations 280: 123: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9791: 9201: 9200: 9005:High-intensity interval training 8859:– a website containing lists of 8707: 8658: 8574: 8523: 8487: 8444: 8408: 8373: 8330: 8289: 8248: 8231: 8160: 8103: 8076: 8049: 8024: 7999: 7985: 7918:Carfagno D.; Hendrix J. (2014). 7911: 7870: 7863:10.1519/00124278-199102000-00006 7806: 7756: 7611: 7584: 7558: 7532: 7501: 7483: 7457: 7439: 7347: 7329: 7278: 7264:Pan American Health Organization 7251: 7216: 7167: 7118: 7079: 7004:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003 6881: 6832: 6797: 6752: 6660:10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004 6427:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003 6391:10.1097/00005768-199607000-00009 6201:10.2174/138161282035140911142118 5377:Irish Journal of Medical Science 4815:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 3692:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006 3360:10.1097/01893697-200220010-00013 3343:"Exercise and the immune system" 3172:10.1097/00001888-200006000-00002 2953:Emergency Medicine International 2277:The Physician and Sportsmedicine 1796: 1782: 1768: 1673: 1559: 1527:This section is an excerpt from 1406: 1387: 1375: 1360: 1344: 1340:Sports activities for exercising 1306:on sport and physical activity. 1123: 995:or their derivatives (primarily 972: 659:central nervous system disorders 512:This section is an excerpt from 422: 356:high-intensity interval training 222:high-intensity interval training 108:reduce the risk of early death, 9814: 8780:10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.R450 8169:"The man who invented exercise" 7924:Current Sports Medicine Reports 7896:10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012 7497:. State of Victoria, Australia. 7453:. State of Victoria, Australia. 7125:Liu CJ, Latham NK (July 2009). 6992:Journal of Psychiatric Research 6089: 5665: 5614: 5579: 5538: 5276: 4766:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 4463: 4427: 4401: 4294: 4174:"Benefits of Physical Activity" 4165: 3568: 3467: 3418: 3334: 3312:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007 3231: 3187: 3146: 3111: 3035: 2940: 2890: 2847: 2833: 2775: 2748: 2675:The Body: A Guide for Occupants 2662: 2517: 2488: 2474:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.012 2453: 2429:10.1590/S1807-59322010000300006 2404: 2352: 2311: 2268: 2178: 1597:Aerobic exercise § History 1045:mechanistic target of rapamycin 893:mechanistic target of rapamycin 230:exercises stretch and lengthen 8732:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017166 8116:. Cambridge University Press. 7877:Peluso M., Andrade L. (2005). 7813:Walker, Brad (17 March 2002). 7143:10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2 7096:10.1002/14651858.cd004963.pub3 5097:10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6 4956:10.1002/14651858.CD002817.pub4 4447:10.5040/9781492595502.part-002 4221:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.054 3804:10.1002/14651858.CD009075.pub3 3544:10.1002/14651858.cd008465.pub2 3492:10.1002/14651858.cd007566.pub2 2724:10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3 2497:"Physical Activity and Health" 2144: 2119: 2093: 2067: 2018: 1962: 1932: 1907: 1715:of mice exhibited significant 1631:as a means of survival by the 1111:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid 1090:eukaryotic elongation factor 2 937:and an increased capacity for 928:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid 13: 1: 8382:Journal of Applied Physiology 8315:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.020 8217:10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90665-5 8167:Kuper S (11 September 2009). 7376:"WHO: Obesity and overweight" 7237:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00434-8 6943:Journal of Clinical Neurology 6605:Journal of Applied Physiology 6189:Current Pharmaceutical Design 6102:Journal of Applied Physiology 5902:Molecular Aspects of Medicine 5678:Annals of Behavioral Medicine 5564:10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70106-6 5146:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.015 3924:"The neuropathology of sport" 3742:10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001440 3300:Journal of Applied Physiology 2638:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 1900: 1614: 1422:Social and cultural variation 987:muscle protein synthesis and 965:of mitochondrial biogenesis. 714: 675:American Academy of Neurology 568:cognitive control of behavior 8927: 8861:Metabolic Equivalent of Task 8430:10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1006 8138:"The Fitness League History" 7937:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000027 7636:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.031179 7508:Hernández J (24 June 2008). 7491:"Swimming - health benefits" 7192:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094655 6907:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc 6858:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819dfe14 6617:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247 6530:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddd53 6250:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.034 6157:10.1249/JES.0000000000000025 6114:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.2004 5964:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203 5736:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632 5297:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90051-G 4864:10.3109/00952990.2014.976708 4666:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826 4435:"Exercise and Mental Health" 4409:"Exercise and mental health" 3852:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.005 2203:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669 1914:Kylasov A, Gavrov S (2011). 1849:Exercise-induced anaphylaxis 1159:), as well as a decrease in 1060:AMP-activated protein kinase 955:AMP-activated protein kinase 640:information processing speed 320:The American-British writer 295:Exercise affects many organs 7: 6511:Schoenfeld BJ (June 2013). 5085:Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 4846:Linke SE, Ussher M (2015). 4151:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003 3132:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.025 1824:Behavioural change theories 1761: 1351:Running helps in achieving 856:, especially near traffic. 700:neurodegenerative disorders 679:clinical practice guideline 68:that enhances or maintains 10: 9856: 8644:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.594 8596:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.005 8394:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.69 7669:Journal of Sports Sciences 7355:"Health and Participation" 6016:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.024 5516:10.2174/157488707779318107 5481:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007 4944:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4797:Olsen CM (December 2011). 4605:J. Neural Transm. (Vienna) 3347:Clinics in Sports Medicine 2796:10.1016/j.resp.2005.12.013 2164:10.3310/nihrevidence_59256 1809: 1642:opened a gymnasium at the 1594: 1550: 1526: 1327:Personal lifestyle changes 1313: 1224: 1063: • PGC-1α: 868: 719: 511: 501:hematological malignancies 414:American Heart Association 369: 331: 327: 284: 31: 9785: 9739: 9706: 9663: 9575: 9530: 9482: 9429: 9303: 9252: 9244: 9198: 9120: 9050: 8995: 8942: 8935: 8720:The Journal of Physiology 8683:10.1007/s00360-009-0374-0 8302:Physiology & Behavior 8274:10.1017/s0029665115004127 8110:Mason T, Riedi E (2010). 7681:10.1080/02640410400021302 7624:The Journal of Physiology 7571:Stockholm on a Shoestring 7380:World Health Organization 6955:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212 6818:10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5 6574:10.1007/s00415-013-6884-4 6470:10.1080/15438629709512518 6306:10.1007/s11357-013-9596-x 6047:Phillips SM (July 2015). 5952:The Journal of Physiology 5914:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006 5862:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3 5690:10.1007/s12160-011-9338-1 5389:10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9 5336:10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6 5246:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100999 5196:10.1186/s12888-015-0393-1 5081:"Exercise for depression" 4909:10.1017/S1041610213001385 4617:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7 4570:10.1017/S1092852913000953 3985:10.1007/s40279-013-0114-1 3940:10.1007/s00401-013-1230-6 3891:10.3988/jcn.2015.11.3.212 3594:10.1186/s12885-015-1069-4 3404:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.017 3120:The Journal of Pediatrics 2918:10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0 1078: • eIF4E: 1073: • 4EBP1: 979:Diagram of the molecular 939:oxidative phosphorylation 933:Aerobic exercise induces 839: 683:mild cognitive impairment 667:major depressive disorder 475: 34:Exercise (disambiguation) 9387:Bodybuilding supplements 8549:10.3389/fphys.2014.00506 7424:10.1177/1559827614564546 7054:10.3389/fphys.2014.00006 6761:Comprehensive Physiology 5844:Phillips SM (May 2014). 5600:10.1177/1559827610375532 5551:Journal of Physiotherapy 5006:10.1186/1471-2458-14-510 4716:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175 4320:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509 4099:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 4027:Comprehensive Physiology 2001:"Fitness for Foreigners" 1088: • eEF2: 1083: • RPS6: 1068: • S6K1: 1058: • AMPK: 1043: • mTOR: 989:mitochondrial biogenesis 935:mitochondrial biogenesis 822: 720:This is an excerpt from 598:, and improving overall 38:Workout (disambiguation) 9153:Neurobiological effects 8536:Frontiers in Physiology 8509:10.1242/jeb.204.16.2861 8418:Behavioral Neuroscience 8351:10.1023/A:1021479331779 8036:Encyclopedia Britannica 7041:Frontiers in Physiology 6351:10.1161/01.str.26.1.101 6234:"The neurology of mTOR" 5234:Ageing Research Reviews 4852:Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 4413:betterhealth.vic.gov.au 4307:Frontiers in Psychology 3257:10.1186/2046-4053-3-147 3209:10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857 2337:10.1093/gerona/60.5.638 2289:10.3810/psm.2003.05.367 1859:Exercise-induced nausea 1854:Exercise-induced asthma 1401:) as a form of exercise 1215:Ventricular hypertrophy 1139:Other peripheral organs 1109: • HMB: 1095: • Myo: 1053: • ATP: 1050:adenosine monophosphate 1048: • AMP: 1033: • PLD: 783:or a "rower's high" in 630:updating and capacity, 387:coronary artery disease 358:may improve a person's 7731:10.3390/ijerph18010103 6806:Psychological Bulletin 4506:Scand J Med Sci Sports 3392:American Heart Journal 2868:10.1542/peds.2006-0742 1734:, and skeletal muscle 1620: 1570:is missing information 1477:while providing ample 1469:Nutrition and recovery 1258:Public health measures 1233:central nervous system 1221:Central nervous system 1180: 1104: • AA: 1055:adenosine triphosphate 1038: • PA: 773: 742:Cochrane Collaboration 596:neurological disorders 525: 486:cancer-related fatigue 381: 372:Cardiovascular fitness 296: 110:cardiovascular disease 58: 48: 8774:(3 Pt 2): R450–R456. 8056:Bogdanovic N (2017). 6065:10.3945/an.115.008367 6053:Advances in Nutrition 6010:(6 Pt A): 2068–2075. 5436:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342 4754:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4172:CDC (1 August 2023). 3019:|...}} 2990:(Retracted, see 1834:Exercise hypertension 1612: 1323:recreational pursuits 1225:Further information: 1167:, an increase in the 1146: 983:that are involved in 718: 624:cognitive flexibility 552:behavioral plasticity 523: 458:in marathon runners. 379: 366:Cardiovascular system 294: 234:. Activities such as 86:cardiovascular system 54: 46: 8503:(Pt 16): 2861–2872. 8083:Campbell JD (2016). 8007:"History of Fitness" 6773:10.1002/cphy.c120033 6562:Journal of Neurology 5856:(Suppl 1): S71–S77. 5055:10.4088/JCP.13r08765 4039:10.1002/cphy.c110063 2996:10.1155/2023/9821382 2966:10.1155/2022/3891109 1869:Metabolic equivalent 1844:Exercise intolerance 1754:effect. In lizards, 1747:yellowtail amberjack 1713:Artificial selection 1656:Army Gymnastic Staff 1648:Frederick Hammersley 1644:University of Oxford 1635:of Northern Europe. 1165:muscular hypertrophy 1085:ribosomal protein S6 901:protein biosynthesis 860:Mechanism of effects 738:depressive disorders 655:psychological stress 588:academic performance 306:metabolic equivalent 9180:Outline of exercise 9148:Exercise physiology 9035:Suspension training 9025:Bodyweight exercise 8241:Scientific American 8211:(6795): 1053–1057. 8181:on 10 December 2022 7469:Longboarding Nation 7386:on 18 December 2008 7304:10.1155/2015/546925 7231:(4 Suppl): 73–107. 4656:. Special article. 4439:Exercise Psychology 4269:10.1155/2014/257248 3443:10.1093/jnci/djs207 3061:10.1503/cmaj.051351 2127:"Physical activity" 1889:Unilateral training 1812:Outline of exercise 1654:, which formed the 1291:European Commission 1237:neurotrophic factor 1206:cardiac hypertrophy 854:exercising outdoors 755:prenatal depression 708:Parkinson's disease 704:Alzheimer's disease 661:and may be used as 616:attentional control 544:cognitive functions 449:natural killer cell 287:Exercise physiology 206:functional training 164:continuous training 9404:Physical education 9143:Exercise equipment 9138:Exercise and music 9088:Muscle hypertrophy 8997:Anaerobic exercise 8967:Endurance training 8831:10.1242/jeb.114975 8142:The Fitness League 8032:"Physical culture" 7778:(Suppl 1): 67–76. 7514:The New York Times 7343:. 23 January 2019. 7291:Journal of Obesity 6730:10.1007/bf02388334 6004:Clinical Nutrition 5808:10.1111/apha.12532 5640:10.7717/peerj.5172 4376:10.3233/BPL-160040 4139:J. Sci. Med. Sport 4086:Front Hum Neurosci 3644:10.1002/jcsm.12055 3244:Systematic Reviews 2862:(6): e1758–e1765. 2387:"What Is Fitness?" 2031:Neuropsychobiology 1839:Exercise intensity 1640:Archibald MacLaren 1621: 1522:Excessive exercise 1181: 1161:resting heart rate 981:signaling cascades 915:repressor protein 877:muscle hypertrophy 848:Respiratory system 632:declarative memory 620:inhibitory control 592:cognitive function 526: 470:C-reactive protein 382: 297: 210:Eccentric Training 174:Anaerobic exercise 59: 49: 9840:Physical exercise 9827: 9826: 9798:Sports portal 9409:Physical activity 9355:Athletic training 9338:Strength training 9290:Semi-professional 9212: 9211: 9116: 9115: 9083:Interval training 9058:Athletic training 9030:Flywheel training 9015:Strength training 8824:(Pt 6): 899–906. 8339:Behavior Genetics 8123:978-1-139-78897-7 8096:978-1-317-04453-6 8069:978-1-4728-2421-9 7978:978-0-7279-1813-0 7844:Stone, M (1991). 7784:10.1111/obr.12257 7630:(Pt 3): 919–927. 7471:. 25 January 2019 6782:978-0-470-65071-4 6195:(35): 5507–5509. 5958:(11): 2911–2923. 5796:Acta Physiologica 5330:(14): 2681–2698. 5043:J Clin Psychiatry 4993:BMC Public Health 4897:Int Psychogeriatr 4803:Neuropharmacology 4703:Front. Psychiatry 4611:(Suppl 1): 3–26. 4519:10.1111/sms.12050 3159:Academic Medicine 2912:(10): 1469–1481. 2829:. pp. 35–41. 2632:(9838): 219–229. 2586:10.1136/bmj.i3857 2530:Aging and Disease 2510:978-1-4289-2794-0 2081:. 25 January 2022 2044:10.1159/000223730 1948:. Vintage Books. 1925:978-5-89317-227-0 1884:Supercompensation 1707:having access to 1629:Early Middle Ages 1593: 1592: 1432:exercise outdoors 1177:muscular strength 1040:phosphatidic acid 1016:protein synthesis 899:, which leads to 805:endogenous opioid 747:adjunct treatment 340:physical activity 314:physical activity 214:interval training 176:, which includes 137:physical activity 94:exercise outdoors 66:physical activity 16:(Redirected from 9847: 9817: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9540:General managers 9442:Governing bodies 9239: 9232: 9225: 9216: 9215: 9204: 9203: 9190:Physical fitness 9185:Physical culture 9160:Exercise mimetic 9098:Physical therapy 9068:Circuit training 8962:Distance running 8944:Aerobic exercise 8940: 8939: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8844: 8843: 8833: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8743: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8627: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8561: 8551: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8459:(6): 1267–1275. 8448: 8442: 8441: 8424:(5): 1006–1016. 8412: 8406: 8405: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8317: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8200: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8175:. Archived from 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144:. Archived from 8134: 8128: 8127: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7939: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7898: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7841: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7819:stretchcoach.com 7810: 7804: 7803: 7769: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7743: 7733: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7647: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7426: 7417:(3): 3221–3323. 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7382:. Archived from 7372: 7363: 7362: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7316: 7306: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7056: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7015: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6966: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6909: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6860: 6851:(8): 1606–1614. 6836: 6830: 6829: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6767:(3): 1337–1362. 6756: 6750: 6749: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6611:(3): 1247–1255. 6600: 6594: 6593: 6568:(7): 1822–1832. 6557: 6551: 6550: 6532: 6523:(6): 1720–1730. 6508: 6502: 6501: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6285: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6159: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6108:(5): 2004–2010. 6093: 6087: 6086: 6076: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6027: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5899: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5841: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5787: 5766: 5765: 5747: 5730:(9): 1875–1881. 5718: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5642: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5347: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5198: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5140:(1–2): 136–140. 5125: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5018: 5008: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4809:(7): 1109–1122. 4794: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4760:(8): 1622–1644. 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4521: 4497: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4388: 4378: 4363:Brain Plasticity 4354: 4343: 4342: 4332: 4322: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4271: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4200: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4133: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4101: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4018: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3928:Acta Neuropathol 3919: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3783: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3454: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3362: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3009:Retraction Watch 2988: 2978: 2968: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2790:(2–3): 109–123. 2779: 2773: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2735: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2649: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2597: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2339: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2046: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1940:Liberman, Daniel 1936: 1930: 1929: 1911: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1725:aerobic capacity 1723:having enhanced 1661:Mary Bagot Stack 1633:Germanic peoples 1619: 1616: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1563: 1555: 1410: 1391: 1379: 1364: 1353:physical fitness 1348: 1276:pedestrian zones 1127: 1004: 1002: 1001: 976: 963:master regulator 791:neurochemicals: 781:distance running 735: 540:aerobic exercise 399: 334:Physical fitness 301:physical fitness 238:help to improve 133:Aerobic exercise 21: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9792: 9790: 9781: 9740:Sport by region 9735: 9702: 9673:Artificial turf 9659: 9630:Olympic culture 9571: 9526: 9478: 9425: 9299: 9270:Military sports 9248: 9243: 9213: 9208: 9194: 9175:Fitness culture 9165:Exercise trends 9112: 9093:Outdoor fitness 9046: 9040:Weight training 8991: 8931: 8926: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8810: 8803: 8764: 8757: 8712: 8708: 8663: 8659: 8628: 8621: 8579: 8575: 8528: 8524: 8492: 8488: 8449: 8445: 8413: 8409: 8378: 8374: 8335: 8331: 8294: 8290: 8253: 8249: 8236: 8232: 8201: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8173:Financial Times 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8148:on 29 July 2009 8136: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7965: 7961: 7916: 7912: 7875: 7871: 7842: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7811: 7807: 7772:Obesity Reviews 7767: 7761: 7757: 7708: 7704: 7665: 7661: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7506: 7502: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7374: 7373: 7366: 7361:on 5 July 2019. 7353: 7352: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7256: 7252: 7221: 7217: 7172: 7168: 7137:(3): CD002759. 7123: 7119: 7084: 7080: 7033: 7029: 6984: 6980: 6935: 6931: 6886: 6882: 6837: 6833: 6802: 6798: 6783: 6757: 6753: 6714: 6710: 6687: 6683: 6648:Sports Medicine 6644: 6640: 6601: 6597: 6558: 6554: 6509: 6505: 6481: 6477: 6454: 6450: 6415:Sports Medicine 6411: 6407: 6370: 6366: 6335: 6331: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6230: 6226: 6185: 6181: 6136: 6129: 6094: 6090: 6045: 6041: 5996: 5989: 5944: 5937: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5850:Sports Medicine 5842: 5833: 5788: 5769: 5719: 5715: 5670: 5666: 5619: 5615: 5584: 5580: 5543: 5539: 5500: 5496: 5465: 5461: 5416: 5412: 5373: 5369: 5316: 5312: 5281: 5277: 5226: 5222: 5175: 5171: 5126: 5122: 5091:(9): CD004366. 5077: 5070: 5039: 5032: 4985: 4981: 4950:(9): CD002817. 4936: 4932: 4893: 4889: 4844: 4840: 4795: 4791: 4746: 4742: 4695: 4691: 4646: 4642: 4597: 4593: 4554: 4543: 4498: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4441:: 93–94. 2013. 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4355: 4346: 4299: 4295: 4248: 4244: 4201: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4166: 4134: 4125: 4078: 4074: 4049: 4019: 4008: 3969: 3965: 3920: 3916: 3871: 3867: 3836: 3829: 3798:(1): CD009075. 3784: 3775: 3722: 3715: 3676: 3669: 3624: 3620: 3573: 3569: 3538:(8): CD008465. 3524: 3517: 3486:(8): CD007566. 3472: 3468: 3437:(11): 815–840. 3423: 3419: 3388: 3384: 3339: 3335: 3296: 3283: 3236: 3232: 3192: 3188: 3151: 3147: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3040: 3036: 3022: 3014: 3012: 2989: 2945: 2941: 2906:Sports Medicine 2901: 2895: 2891: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2780: 2776: 2753: 2749: 2718:(9): CD007651. 2704: 2697: 2690: 2667: 2663: 2618: 2611: 2566: 2559: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2493: 2489: 2458: 2454: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2357: 2353: 2316: 2312: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2236: 2197:(15): 979–989. 2183: 2179: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1814: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1776:Medicine portal 1774: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1756:sprint training 1709:activity wheels 1676: 1617: 1607: 1601:Fitness culture 1589: 1583: 1580: 1573: 1564: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1532: 1524: 1471: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1402: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1371: 1365: 1356: 1349: 1318: 1316:Exercise trends 1312: 1310:Exercise trends 1260: 1229: 1223: 1211: 1201: 1156: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035:phospholipase D 1031: 1027: 999: 998: 997: 977: 889:phosphorylation 883:by stimulating 881:muscle strength 873: 871:Skeletal muscle 867: 865:Skeletal muscle 862: 850: 842: 825: 797:endocannabinoid 772: 759:clinical trials 725: 717: 712: 711: 702:, particularly 694:drug addictions 663:adjunct therapy 651:negative affect 647:positive affect 600:quality of life 548:neuroplasticity 517: 509: 507:Neurobiological 490:cancer cachexia 478: 433:Epidemiological 425: 397: 374: 368: 336: 330: 289: 283: 244:range of motion 202:weight training 126: 56:Weight training 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9853: 9843: 9842: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9726:National sport 9723: 9718: 9712: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9645:Sports mascots 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9309: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9242: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9078:Cross-training 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8879: 8852: 8851:External links 8849: 8846: 8845: 8801: 8755: 8706: 8677:(8): 921–931. 8657: 8638:(2): 211–216. 8619: 8590:(3): 510–521. 8573: 8522: 8486: 8443: 8407: 8372: 8345:(3): 227–237. 8329: 8288: 8247: 8230: 8192: 8159: 8129: 8122: 8102: 8095: 8075: 8068: 8062:. Bloomsbury. 8048: 8023: 7998: 7984: 7977: 7959: 7910: 7869: 7831: 7805: 7755: 7702: 7675:(6): 619–627. 7659: 7610: 7583: 7557: 7531: 7500: 7482: 7456: 7438: 7397: 7364: 7346: 7328: 7277: 7250: 7215: 7186:(7): 408–417. 7166: 7117: 7078: 7027: 6978: 6949:(3): 212–219. 6929: 6900:(3): 139–146. 6880: 6831: 6796: 6781: 6751: 6724:(4): 310–319. 6708: 6697:(3): 115–130. 6681: 6654:(2): 145–168. 6638: 6595: 6552: 6503: 6475: 6448: 6405: 6384:(7): 829–835. 6364: 6345:(1): 101–105. 6329: 6300:(2): 665–676. 6277: 6244:(2): 275–291. 6224: 6179: 6150:(4): 169–174. 6127: 6088: 6059:(4): 452–460. 6039: 5987: 5935: 5885: 5831: 5767: 5713: 5684:(3): 352–361. 5664: 5613: 5578: 5557:(3): 157–163. 5537: 5494: 5475:(5): 274–281. 5459: 5430:(5): 342–343. 5410: 5383:(2): 319–325. 5367: 5310: 5291:(6): 575–579. 5275: 5254:1959.17/172086 5220: 5183:BMC Psychiatry 5169: 5134:Physiol. Behav 5120: 5068: 5049:(9): 964–974. 5030: 4979: 4930: 4887: 4838: 4789: 4740: 4689: 4660:(3): 126–135. 4640: 4591: 4564:(6): 496–508. 4541: 4512:(2): 259–272. 4487: 4462: 4455: 4426: 4400: 4369:(2): 127–152. 4344: 4293: 4242: 4209:Psychiatry Res 4190: 4164: 4145:(8): 616–628. 4123: 4072: 4047: 4033:(1): 403–428. 4006: 3979:(2): 189–209. 3963: 3914: 3885:(3): 212–219. 3865: 3827: 3773: 3736:(3): 258–265. 3713: 3667: 3638:(3): 208–211. 3618: 3567: 3515: 3466: 3417: 3398:(4): 666–676. 3382: 3353:(3): 311–319. 3333: 3306:(2): 693–699. 3281: 3230: 3203:(4): 857–862. 3186: 3165:(6): 567–568. 3145: 3126:(3): 418–419. 3110: 3085: 3054:(6): 801–809. 3034: 2939: 2889: 2846: 2832: 2817: 2774: 2763:(6): 964–972. 2747: 2695: 2689:978-0857522405 2688: 2661: 2609: 2557: 2536:(1): 130–140. 2516: 2509: 2487: 2468:(4): 312–317. 2452: 2423:(3): 271–277. 2403: 2378: 2351: 2330:(5): 638–647. 2310: 2267: 2234: 2177: 2143: 2118: 2107:. 22 June 2023 2092: 2066: 2037:(4): 191–198. 2017: 1986: 1961: 1955:978-0593295397 1954: 1931: 1924: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1810:Main article: 1808: 1807: 1793: 1790:Society portal 1779: 1763: 1760: 1699:energy balance 1675: 1672: 1591: 1590: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1479:micronutrients 1475:macronutrients 1470: 1467: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1416:as an exercise 1412: 1405: 1403: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1259: 1256: 1222: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1154: 1140: 1137: 1129: 1122: 1121: 1032: 1029: 1028: 978: 971: 970: 969: 968: 967: 961:(PGC-1α), the 869:Main article: 866: 863: 861: 858: 849: 846: 841: 838: 824: 821: 809:phenethylamine 730:antidepressant 726: 716: 713: 636:spatial memory 628:working memory 518: 510: 508: 505: 477: 474: 424: 421: 370:Main article: 367: 364: 332:Main article: 329: 326: 285:Main article: 282: 281:Health effects 279: 248: 247: 225: 171: 145:cardiovascular 125: 124:Classification 122: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9852: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9820: 9812: 9810: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9778: 9777:South America 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9767:North America 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9650:Sportsmanship 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:Entertainment 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9532:Communication 9529: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9474:International 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430:Organizations 9428: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9416:Rating system 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9328:Periodization 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9228: 9226: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9207: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8918: 8916: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8760: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8624: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8197: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8092: 8089:. Routledge. 8088: 8087: 8079: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8052: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7994: 7988: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7496: 7495:Better Health 7492: 7486: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7451:Better Health 7448: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 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6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6132: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5940: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5745:10044/1/63478 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 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4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4456:9781492595502 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4048:9780470650714 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879:J Clin Neurol 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2827:New Scientist 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:NIHR Evidence 2153: 2147: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819:Active living 1817: 1816: 1813: 1805: 1804:Sports portal 1794: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1751:rainbow trout 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678:Animals like 1674:Other animals 1671: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Marcus Cicero 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1587: 1577: 1571: 1568:This article 1566: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1458:square dances 1454: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1368:Skateboarding 1363: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1304:Eurobarometer 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1194:blood glucose 1191: 1187: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1149:stroke volume 1145: 1126: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1101:mitochondrial 1098: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014:and increase 1013: 1009: 1005: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 879:and gains in 878: 872: 857: 855: 845: 837: 835: 831: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 769:meta-analysis 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 739: 731: 723: 709: 705: 701: 697: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649:, inhibiting 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:neuron growth 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 522: 515: 504: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 482: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:immune system 434: 430: 429:immune system 423:Immune system 420: 417: 415: 409: 406: 403: 394: 390: 388: 378: 373: 363: 361: 357: 352: 348: 346: 341: 335: 325: 323: 318: 315: 311: 307: 302: 293: 288: 278: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 169: 168:long distance 165: 161: 157: 156:skipping rope 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 130: 129: 121: 119: 115: 111: 105: 103: 102:mental health 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 57: 53: 45: 39: 35: 30: 19: 9789: 9588:Cheerleaders 9497:Broadcasting 9392:Sports drink 9360:Chriopractic 9318:Biomechanics 9312: 9285:Professional 9063:Calisthenics 9020:Bodybuilding 8928: 8821: 8817: 8771: 8767: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8635: 8631: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8388:(1): 69–76. 8385: 8381: 8375: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8267:(1): 73–77. 8264: 8260: 8250: 8239: 8233: 8208: 8204: 8185:12 September 8183:. 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