1058:(who was cited by Yongzheng as one of the witnesses in his later version of the events; this prince did not participate in the fight for the throne but later became Yongzheng's ally during the latter's reign) was not present – when he was rushing to Kangxi's resident after being informed of his father's death, the prince met Longkodo who told him about Yongzheng's ascension and became so horrified that he returned to his house immediately, looking like a mad man. Dai Yi, Meng Shen, Wang Zhonghan and Yang Zhen are the notable historians who maintain that the fourteenth prince Yinzheng (later renamed Yunti) was Kangxi's intended heir. They point out that the conflict against the Zhungar was of such an existential importance to the Qing dynasty (which threatened to rip half of their territories apart together with the Mongol-Manchu alliance) that it is hard to imagine Kangxi would have sent anyone but his most trusted son to deal with the crisis. Due to this, the "Fuyuan General-in-chief" position (which was already bestowed on Kangxi on his trusted generals several times before and carried with it exceptional powers) was raised to an unprecedented level of power and prestige unseen since the beginning of the dynasty. The deposed crown prince, Yinreng, and Yinzhen fought for the position too, but failed to get it. Kangxi even made the apparently longterm investment by sending several young members of the imperial family (some already carried the "prince of the first rank" title) to the fourteenth prince so he could raise them as his apprentices. Yang Zhen opines that when Kangxi encouraged his son to engage with the local chiefs, the emperor did not think about their usefulness in the current campaign alone, as he told the prince that their dedication to the person of the prince "will be of use later", and that their service would be more valuable to that of the Han.
1774:
They ordered gZims-dpon C'os-ac'ad (Hsi-mu-pen ch'ui-cha-t'e), son of Lum-pa-nas and rNog Tarqan bsKal-bzajn-c'os-adar and dKon-mc'og-lha-sgrub (Kun-ch'u-k'o-la-ku-pu) and dGa'-ldan-p'un-ts'ogs (K'a-erh-tan-p'en-ch'u-k'o), sons of Na-p'od-pa to be beheaded. Byams-pa (Cha-mu-pa) and his brother Lhag-gsan (La-k'o-sang) and their brothers, younger and older, daughters, wives and mother were exiled after their father sByar-ra-nas was beheaded. The
Manchus wrote that they "set an example" by forcing the Tibetans to publicly watch the executions of Tibetan rebels of slicing like Na-p'od-pa since they said it was the Tibetan's nature to be cruel. The exiled Tibetans were given as slaves to soldiers in Ching-chou (Jingzhou), K'ang-zhou (Kangzhou) and Chiang-ning (Jiangning) in the marshall-residences there. The Tibetan rNam-rgyal-grva-ts'an college administrator (gner-adsin) and sKyor'lun Lama were tied together with Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa on 4 scaffolds (k'rims-sin) to be sliced. The Manchus used musket matchlocks to fire 3 salvoes and then the Manchus strangled the 2 Lamas while slacing (Lingchi) Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to death while they beheaded the 13 other rebels leaders. The Tibetan population was depressed by the scene and the writer of MBTJ continued to feel sad as he described it 5 years later. All relatives of the Tibetan rebels including little children were executed by the Qing Manchus except the exiled and deported family of sByar-ra-ba which was condemned to be slaves and most exiles sentenced to deportation died in the process of deportation. The public executions spectacle worked on the Tibetans since they were "cowed into submission" by the Qing. Even the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing,
1623:, which also suited his own tastes of having personal connection separately with each subordinate. The emperor recruited secret informants from the trusted subordinates who had the privilege to privately report to the Emperor whatever they felt suspicious. The components of secret informants was quite varied, including even some low-ranked officers, and was widely distributed all over the empire. To encourage the sincerity and eagerness of informants, their identity and reports' content was kept strictly confidential; even informants did not know each other, and the procedures and writing style requirements were greatly simplified. Such "secret reporters" enabled the emperor to maintain an extensive information network without a specialized internal espionage bureau. The secret informants also had no privileges beside the secret reports and the reports had no legal authority, which prevented authority abuse from informants like the Ming internal espionage agents. Also, to avoid false accusation and incorrect reports from informants, Yongzheng collected information from various sources, and the accused person also had a chance to defend their actions and prove their innocence. Under a capable ruler, secret reports actually protected innocent magistrates from wrong accusations, as the reports provided alternative information sources beside the official charges.
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and constantly behave contrary to the laws, so that severe measures should be taken for their repression. But I desire that they shall be looked upon as my ordinary subjects, as “babes of the dynasty" (國家之赤子); for although they have their own mosques, and a peculiar language and religion handed down to them by their forefathers, they have the same manners and customs as the rest of the people; for their religion alone it would not do to prosecute them. There are, moreover, several state-servants among them, who are not without their good qualities. They muster strongest in Shensi, and there they are persecuted more than anywhere else, on account of their clubbing together to gamble, their secreting weapons, and for various other illegal acts. There they also unreservedly give expression to their wrath about the
Imperial decrees forbidding the slaughter of horned cattle which are so indispensable to agriculture. They should therefore constantly be reminded to be kind and tolerant, not wantonly to oppress the weaker, nor by their greater intelligence to take in the ignorant, nor on the plea of their special religion to further their own interests, etc. Our will in this matter shall be proclaimed by the Viceroys and Governors throughout all the provinces."
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were classified into two groups according to governance difficulties. More specifically, to prioritize local jurisdictions and allocate appointment power accordingly, the governability of each jurisdiction was decomposed into four elements, or four "characters": Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan. "Chong" (thoroughfare) referred to places at busy highways and was designed to capture the characteristics of commercial potential or military significance. “Fan” (troublesome) stood for places with a great deal of onerous official business. “Pi” (wearisome) indicated areas having difficulty collecting taxes. “Nan” (difficult) referred to the places with crime-prone subjects and recurring violent engagement. Moreover, posts of jurisdictions containing all four elements would be ranked as very important positions and posts of places with three elements would be rated as important posts, whereas posts of places having less than two elements would be tagged as middle-level positions (two elements) or easy posts (one-zero element) respectively.
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1915:. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us." Evidently, the Qing state practiced various religions, which was similar to the previous dynasty, the Ming. During the Ming, in the mid-1580s an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci not only studied the Chinese language to understand the people and the Chinese culture, he also delved into the Confucian classics and adopted the scholar's official-literati robe during his stay near the Canton trading province. Introducing China to his religious faith was in Matteo Ricci's mission, and he successfully built a church in 1601 at Beijing, called
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corresponding member amongst the inspector group who had no connection of interest with the local clique and therefore would naturally do his best to continue the purge. Furthermore, local people were forbidden to lend money to their magistrates, preventing them from temporarily transferring the borrowed money to the local treasure to mask the deficits. Yongzheng also created an independent
Inquisition Association to examine all the spending and revenue documents to prevent local officers from bribing the Ministry of Revenue to fabricate financial reports. To prevent the magistrates from fabricating the corruption cases as merely "deificit spending", Yongzheng demanded that the case of deficit spending must be investigated first, and punishment, sanction and compensation should be performed first in the case of deficit spending. Equivocation between deficit spending and corruption was strictly prohibited.
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post and removed from administrative work. However, the most critical criterion for the government magistrate was "sincerity" towards the emperor. The magistrate's works, reports, criticisms, suggestion, even flattery and blandishment, should be performed with sincere devotion to and sympathy with the emperor's interests and stance. Suggestion and criticism with adequate "sincerity", even if they were flawed and incorrect, was usually praised by
Yongzheng. On the other hand, suggestions which were considered to only serve the magistrate's selfish interests and fame, or to only curry favour from the emperor, even if the suggestions were accurate and reasonable, would be heavily criticized by Yongzheng and the magistrate could be punished severely. That was the reason behind Yongzheng's apparently "erratic" and "unpredictable" behaviors in punishing and rewarding his subordinates.
1923:, who was a German Jesuit, went to China in 1619, learned the Chinese language in 1623 in Macau, and was later appointed into the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 1630 by the Ming, even after the fall of Ming to the rise of Qing, Schall's presence was welcomed by the Manchu of Qing and he was appointed as the head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. The accounts of Matteo establishing the institution of his Church during the Ming dynasty and Jesuits such as Schall who was able to acquire a bureaucratic position in the Qing's court make evident that China at one point did welcome things beyond its borders, such as religious faith that was brought by the missionaries. Even though the Catholic church condemned the practice of the Chinese rites in 1645 throughout China, Catholic missionaries continued their practice until the Rites Controversy was concluded in 1742 CE.
1008:, Yinzhen's close aide, controlled the food supply and the return route of Yinti's troops. Promoting Yinti was also a way for Kangxi to control Yinzhen: if Kangxi's "investment" to Yinzhen turned out to be a failure, he still had Yinti as alternative choice. With Yinti as a potential competitor, Yinzhen would not fall into self-complacency and turn against Kangxi. Yinsi's clique, clinging to the hope of Yinti's future prospect, would also not do anything reckless. As a result, Yinti's "General-in-chief Prince" title appeared grandiose, but was actually hollow and dubious; it was neither "general" nor "prince" and could be interpreted in various ways, which could be used in favour of either Yinti or Yinzhen should the situation arise. Such dubious words with multiple interpretations was a traditional trick in Chinese politics.
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Yinti, Yinreng), Yinzhen had no clear advantage. Unlike Yinsi, Yinzhen had neither a close association nor a good relationship with the majority of court officers and magistrates, he was also shunned due to his cold appearance and the legalist-style harsh treatment for any kinds of moral sin and legal violation of the magistrates. Acknowledging that fact, Yinzhen intentionally showed no ambition to be the heir in order to not attract any unnecessary attention and animosity; he watched as other contenders fought each other to the death, a policy more beneficial for him. Yinzhen even pleaded many times for Kangxi's mercy and pardon for other princes, including the deposed
Yinreng, which gained him the praise and favour from Kangxi.
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purchasers, and officials waiting for promotion, based on their sources of candidature. These candidates or so-called offices-in-waiting were then assigned to different posts by drawing lots on a monthly basis, known as month selection. This random appointment procedure stemmed from the late Ming dynasty. Sun Piyang, a minister of the Board of
Personnel during the Wanli emperor's reign of Ming, was said to have invented the method of drawing lots with the intention of introducing fairness into personnel selection when the Ming court was mired in faction politics. It was apparent that this rule-based appointment procedure was conducive to curtailing patronage-network building and rent-seeking, although at the cost of flexibility.
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During famines, he provided relief to the affected regions by distributing resources. In reparation to the people, who were the backbone of the country, he issued an imperial decree to emancipate slaves under his reign. One of the several tax reform policies
Yongzheng introduced was to shift the head taxation to the property taxation on landowners, which greatly reduced the tax burden on civilians. Additionally, Yongzheng was indeed in full support with the construction of orphanages to shelter orphans, in building elementary schools to educate children, and poorhouses to house paupers. Perhaps the Yongzheng era (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) may have been overshadowed by his predecessor's accomplishments, the
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1476:), to rebel against the Qing government. Yue Zhongqi promptly turned him in, and in 1730 news of the case reached the Yongzheng Emperor. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, the emperor had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial. The emperor's verdict seemed to demonstrate a Confucian sovereign's benevolence: He ascribed Zeng's actions to the gullibility and naïveté of a youth taken in by Lü Liuliang's abusive and overdrawn rhetoric. In addition, the emperor suggested that Lü Liuliang's original attack on the Manchus was misplaced, since they had been transformed by their long-term exposure to the civilising force of Confucianism.
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state magistrate, enabling their daily expenses to be covered without accepting bribes. Magistrates not eligible for the Fund's money also received other kinds of allowances, and officers on business trips were also provide an allowance to cover their essential expenses, which had to be reported to the government. The "transparency nurturing" allowances beside removing the corruption incentive, also helped to publicized the magistrate's incomes, enabled the state to monitor, evaluate and detect any potential signs of corruption. Furthermore, all kinds of gifts and "ritual fees" was now strictly prohibited.
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acculturate and sinicize. Manchus of Qing acknowledged that each region had the prerogative to preserve their identity, heritage, and cultural tradition and their religious faith. Hence, each region was allowed to keep their beliefs and way of worshipping the heavens. On the other hand, since the commoners preserved their ways, Qing, Yongzheng in particular, highly encouraged that Manchu elites should also preserve their ethnic identity and their distinctive ways of worshipping the heaven as well. The
Yongzheng Emperor stated: "The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself.... In the empire we have
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compensate. As the punished magistrate might use other connections as an alternative for their lost authority, paying compensation on behalf of them was also strictly prohibited. The properties of their families and relatives were also confisticated for the compensation payment if necessary. In the cases of magistrates committing suicide to avoid punishment, Yongzheng demanded that their family and descendants should shoulder the punishment and compensation for the deceased magistrate. The emperor himself admitted that he wanted to see the guilty magistrate's descendants "
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820:, was the candidate preferred by the majority of the court as well as many of the Kangxi Emperor's other sons. The Kangxi Emperor, however, opted not to appoint Yinsi as his heir apparent largely due to apprehension that Yinsi's political clout at court was beginning to overshadow that of himself. Thereafter, Yinzhen sensed that his father was in favour of re-instating Yinreng as heir apparent, thus he supported Yinreng and earned the trust of his father.
1446:, the Yongzheng Emperor appointed Nian as the commander of the Qing army in Xinjiang. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was volatile, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian's stature and power grew. Some said he began seeing himself as equal to the emperor. Seeing Nian as no longer within his control, the Yongzheng Emperor issued an imperial edict demoting Nian to the position of a general of the
985:, but not from his father. Yinzhen had supported Yinreng as heir, and did not build a large political base for himself until the final years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Unlike Yinsi's high-profile cultivation of a partisan base of support, Yinzhen did so largely away from the limelight. When the Kangxi Emperor died in December 1722, the field of contenders shrank to three princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince, Yinti.
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covered by the payer. This extra charge on the lost silver became known as a meltage fee. These meltage fees were a very important source of income for local governments. It became a practice to bribe appraisers to avoid meltage fees. Yongzheng attempted to ban all bribing to avoid these fees and also officially mandated meltage fees as a source of local income. These mandates helped silver become a major part of the Qing economy.
1084:, and there was no decisive evidence proved that the testament was not fabricated. For the contemporary public, there was also no evidence to directly infer, or to explain why, Kangxi thought of Yinzhen as his choice. As a result, Yinzhen's succession faced fierce opposition from former contenders such as Yinti and Yinsi. Purging the dissidents and solidifying his own position occupied much of Yinzhen's initial reign as emperor.
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his offspring openly trampled on family relationships, Yinzhen's "false" filial piety and kindness was already a haven for Kangxi. Kangxi also hoped that
Yinzhen, despite being pretentious, might not actually mistreat his deceased father and the deposed Yinreng in the future, which was proven to be relatively correct. As a result, Kangxi not only didn't expose Yinzhen, but also became the accomplice with Yinzhen's act.
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money. Therefore, immediately after his enthronement, Yongzheng began a crackdown against corruption and financial issues. Utilizing his experience during the time as a prince, the emperor used an unconventional approach: first he anticipated the counter-measures that corrupt magistrates might employ to evade state punishment, and then devised the emperor's own counter-measures against the magistrates.
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holidays in which they were free from paying taxes. This campaign led to more than one million new acres of farmable land. While these campaigns led to more food and land for the population to use for farming, it also led to officials lying about the amount of farmable land they were contributing in order to win the tax holidays. These tax holidays also pushed the burden of paying taxes elsewhere.
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for Yinsi's party to maintain the same set of partisan interests. The
Yongzheng Emperor publicly reprimanded Yinsi in 1724 for mishandling an assignment, eventually removing him from office and then sending him into house arrest. Yinsi was forced to rename himself "Acina", a derogatory slur in the Manchu language. The emperor also confiscated the assets of Yintang and Yin'e.
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in the household but also for extended family members. The Yongzheng emperor removed these privileged tax brackets as he saw the local gentry as competition to the throne. Just like the legal privileges that passing the Civil Service Examination offered, soon after the end of the Yongzheng emperor's reign, the Qianlong Emperor quickly reinstated the privileged tax brackets.
1360:, and their associates, as his greatest political challenge in the early years of his reign. To diffuse their political clout, the Yongzheng Emperor undertook a 'divide and conquer' strategy. Immediately after ascending the throne, the emperor bestowed on Yinsi the title "Prince Lian", nominally of the highest noble rank. Yinsi was also then appointed as the Minister of the
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1000:. He was also awarded an apparently grandiose title of "Fuyuan General-in-chief Prince" (撫遠大将軍王) and his departure ceremony was solemnly held. Some other princes, such as Yinsi and his clique, interpreted that Yinti might be chosen as heir and, therefore, pledged their support to Yinti and encouraged him to make military achievements to prove his "worthiness".
1042:, to his bedside. Longkodo read the will and declared that Yinzhen would be the Kangxi Emperor's successor. Some evidence has suggested that Yinzhen contacted Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for his succession through military means, although in their official capacities frequent encounters were expected.
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changed his story several times. When he punished Longkodo (who was supposed to be the only person who was informed of Kangxi's succession plan and informed Yongzheng and others about it after Kangxi's death), Yongzheng himself said that Longkodo was not present by the emperor's side on that day. According to historian
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be shocked), he was neither the eldest eliglible (Yinzhi) nor the most talented (Yinsi) according to the traditional criteria for the heir apparent. Kangxi also did not make any mention about his choice for the crown prince position, his will was only known via the deceased emperor's testament provided by
1944:
Ancestral worship was understood as the Chinese customary tradition rather than as a religious ritual. However, since the Catholic Church condemned the Chinese rites and the decision by the "Church to ban the acceptance of the Chinese rites by the Jesuits" in Qing China, because the Church deemed the
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The Yongzheng Emperor spoke out against the claim by anti-Qing rebels that the Qing were only rulers of Manchus and not China, saying "The seditious rebels claim that we are the rulers of Manchus and only later penetrated central China to become its rulers. Their prejudices concerning the division of
1703:
Growing distrust of Jesuit missionaries by the Kangxi emperor and later by Yongzheng in the early 1720s led to prohibition and action against the Christian presence in China. The Kangxi emperor had banned foreign missions (outside of Beijing and Guangzhou), and Yongzheng took this one step further by
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In the mid-1720s Qing empire, complex levels of tax hierarchies put in place by the Kangxi emperor existed to separate the population into different tax brackets. Households with government officials were in privileged tax brackets that brought with it tax exemptions for not only the immediate family
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mandated that scholars that had passed the Civil Service Examination at any level were able to bypass punishments from the legal system depending on which level of the exams they had passed. Instead of legal repercussions for crimes, criminal officials were instead recommended to the county education
1635:
and increasing demand from peasant and military populations for grain, the Yongzheng emperor launched a grain campaign in which he incentivized officials in local and provincial governments to compete in buying land meant specifically for farming. The Yongzheng emperor offered officials 5-10 year tax
1594:
Emperor Kangxi's long reign left lasting achievements, but also many flaws and maladies, including budget deficit, inadequate tax revenues, and huge debts. Corruption was widespread, and magistrates and aristocrats frequently borrowed money from the national treasure without any sign of returning the
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Considering the limitation of monthly selection, the Yongzheng Emperor, inspired by a memorial of Jin Hong, the provincial administrative commissioner of Guangxi province, decided to launch a structural reform to the appointment system in 1731. In the new appointment system, local jurisdictions first
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lit. "just, correct, upright"). It has been suggested that the second character of his era name was an attempt to cover up his illegal claim to the throne by calling himself "justified". Immediately after succeeding to the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor chose his new governing council. It consisted of
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The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. ...In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honour Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese,
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Jan Jakob Maria wrote "Nor did the Islamitic heretics escape the notice of this potentate. It has frequently been reported to me, he writes in a decree of the 7th of the fourth month (May 4) 1729 (Sh. h. 7), that these Mohammedans all follow one doctrine, that they use a peculiar language and dress,
1728:
As silver became more widely used as a currency in Qing China, the validity and purity of the currency being exchanged had to be verified. Silver taels were sent to official appraisers to do the job of verification. During the appraisal some silver was lost in the process, this lost silver had to be
1610:
Beside harsh punishment, Yongzheng also improved the state officer's income to remove their incentive for corruption. He created a "Fund for transparency nurturing" from government additional revenues, which was now regulated and controlled by the central government, to provide copious allowance for
1386:
The 14th prince, Yinti, born to the same mother as the Yongzheng Emperor, was recalled to Beijing from his military post. The emperor selected Nian Gengyao to replace Yinti as the commander of the northwestern expeditionary force. Yinti, who expected to be placed on the throne himself, was reluctant
1079:
Although Kangxi's meticulous plan enabled Yinzhen later to be crowned as emperor, it also created many disputes about Yinzhen's succession as there was no direct, intuitive way to prove Yinzhen's legitimacy. Kangxi's choice as Yinzhen was a shock to many other princes (even Yinzhen also pretended to
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he was consuming in the belief that it would prolong his life. According to Zhang Tingyu, Yongzheng on his deathbed exhibited symptoms of poisoning, and in the wake of his death, his successor the Qianlong Emperor evicted all Taoist priests from the palace, possibly as punishment for this incident.
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To prevent the guilty magistrates from further exploiting the people to compensate for their deficit spending, Yongzheng immediately dismissed the magistrate before compensation began. Dismissed magistrates no longer had authority over the people and had no choice but to use their own properties to
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By forcibly dispatching Yinsi's party to separate locations geographically, the Yongzheng Emperor made it extremely inconvenient for his rivals to link up and conspire against him. While some of Yinsi's subordinates were appointed to high office, others were demoted or banished, making it difficult
1340:
The nature of his succession remained a subject of controversy and overshadowed the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. As many of his surviving brothers did not see his succession as legitimate, the Yongzheng Emperor became increasingly paranoid that they would plot to overthrow him. The earlier players in
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As an experienced player in politics, Kangxi himself knew that Yinzhen's humbleness and filial piety was not really sincere and more of a cover to protect himself, nonetheless Kangxi still made lavish praise to Yinzhen and enjoyed the apparently good relationship with his son. In the situation when
903:
If it is a trivial matter, do not just simply neglect the issue because it seems insignificant. If it is a complex matter, do not just simply conceal away the issue because it could become a challenge. To have good governance and dissuade seditionists, is all in the ruler's wish. If civilians see a
1773:
in Tibet, several Tibetan rebels were sliced to death by Qing Manchu officers and officials. The Qing Manchu President of the Board of Civil Office, Jalangga, Mongol sub-chancellor Sen-ge and brigadier-general Manchu Mala ordered the Tibetan rebels Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to be sliced to death.
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A growing number of orphaned children or poor families came with the massive Qing population growth. The Yongzheng emperor sought to remedy this by mandating that orphanages (also called poor houses) be built in every county. These were funded not by local, provincial or high level government but
1585:
had many personality defects and was heavily criticized by contemporaries, but was favoured by Yongzheng due to his hard-work, devotion and loyalty. Chang Sanle, Wuqiao district chief, had upright and transparent moral conduct, but lacked fervor in work, hence he was re-assigned to an educational
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Yinzhen's tactics during the struggle for crown prince's position were to do practically nothing and to stay out of the limelight. Instead, he focused on filial piety towards Kangxi and dutifully performed the given tasks as a subordinate of the Emperor. Compared to other siblings (Yinzhi, Yinsi,
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However, Yi Zhongtian argued that such a "promotion" was Kangxi's way of protecting Yinzhen, Kangxi's secret chosen heir, by distracting the public's attention away from Yinzhen. The court officials, who believed that Yinti would be chosen as the heir, would also no longer pester Kangxi about the
908:
In short, after several years of political chaos, Yongzheng earnestly strived to restore a functional court with "good government", immediately after he ascended the throne in 1723 CE, to stabilize Qing into a unified and harmonious empire. In 1733 CE, Yongzheng successfully institutionalized the
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A popular legend tells of the Yongzheng Emperor's death at the hands of a female assassin, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), a fictitious granddaughter (or daughter, in some accounts) of Lü Liuliang. She committed the murder to avenge her grandfather (or father), who was wrongly put to death by the emperor. The
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area and the defence of border areas were heavy burdens on the treasury. Safeguarding the country's borders cost 100,000 taels per year. The total military budget came up to about 10 million taels a year. By the end of 1735, military spending had depleted half the treasury, leaving 33.95 million
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or Prime Minister". By ostensibly elevating Yinsi to a more prominent political role, the Yongzheng Emperor held Yinsi under close watch and kept him busy with affairs of state, reducing the chance of him conducting behind-the-scenes political maneuvers. Yinsi's allies received notably different
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1200:), as well as Kangxi Emperor's high regards for Yinzhen, and his belief that Yinzhen can succeed on the throne. In this case, changing the will becomes impossible without leaving obvious signs of alteration, since Yinti, if referenced in the will, would be shown as the Emperor's fourteenth son (
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writes that it is largely recognized that Yongzheng forged the succession edicts together with Nian Gengyao. Qin Hui criticizes Feng Erkang, who also recognizes the forgery, for failing to explain why Yongzheng would have needed a forged edict if he had truly been the legal heir. Yongzheng also
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With the establishment of his Grand Council, Yongzheng was not only able to discourage corruption, but he was in a position to launch several domestic reforms beneficial to the empire and its people. Canals and irrigation systems were reconstructed to support agriculture and maintain farmlands.
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In this way, the post designation (Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan) was linked to the importance rating system hand in hand. The appointment power then was allocated based on the importance rating system; posts marked as very important and important were subject to the discretionary appointment by the
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of his position as crown prince. Yinreng had been the crown prince for his whole life; his removal left the position of heir open to competition among the Emperor's remaining sons (the Kangxi Emperor had 24 sons who reached adulthood). In the same year, the Kangxi Emperor promoted Yinzhen from
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In the early Qing period, the majority of middle-to-low government posts were subject to a mechanical appointment procedure managed by the Board of Personnel, which was a lottery rule. More specifically, candidates would first be classified into three categories, namely degree holders, office
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The problem with the will, or at least the Chinese version, as currently preserved, is that it was not Kangxi's creation. It was drafted three days after Kangxi's death by Longkodo under Yongzheng's instruction. Yongzheng's order is still preserved by Museum of the Institute of History &
1910:
Commoners throughout Qing China were extremely diverse and multi-ethnic because not every region underwent sinification under the Manchu's suzerain. In accordance to the Book of Rites, Manchus of Qing chose to respect the local's cultural heritage and decided not to force their subjects to
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To counter the local magistrated well-built networks, Yongzheng organized a group of inspectors consisted of independent Imperial Commissioners and "clean" local chiefs, assisted with a group of regional officer-to-be. When a regional magistrate was found guilty, he would be replaced by a
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838:, which illustrated that Yinzhen was well acquainted with the Confucianism traditions and customs. In the imperial court, Yinzhen was also deeply immersed in the state's affairs and heavily engaged in the political debates where he acquired diplomatic skills. As the Yongzheng Emperor (
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crown prince issue. Sending Yinti away to the northwestern border was also meant to separate him from Yinsi, his newly formed ally, and potential flatterers who wanted to curry favour with Yinti. Yinti would also be unable to use his commanded troops to make a coup d'état, since
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judicious court that is loyal and wholeheartedly for the country, and see that the court embraces its people; and civilians feel the virtue in their court marshalls, then the people would not perceive the court as a threat. Thus, there would be no reason to have seditionaries.
1467:
After taking the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor suppressed writings he deemed unfavorable to his court, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias. Foremost among these were those of Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful degree candidate heavily influenced by the 17th-century scholar
678:, Yongzheng ascended the throne following prolonged disputes over succession. A hard-working ruler, he aimed to create a more effective government, cracked down on corruption and reformed the personnel and financial administration. His reign also saw the formation of the
5484:
In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng Emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this
1191:
have disproved the theory, as official Qing documents, when mentioning sons of the Emperor, always list the son's title, as well as the son's rank amongst the emperor's sons and the son's name. In this case, the will mentions "Prince Yong, Emperor's Fourth Son, Yinzhen"
1087:
There is a widely circulated legend, persisting even to the present day, that Yinzhen was crowned emperor after he modified Kangxi Emperor's final will that detailed who will succeed him. There are two versions of the legend, both of which involves the Chinese character
1395:, favoured Yinti partly because she raised him herself, while she did not raise the Yongzheng Emperor. Nonetheless, the increasingly sharp conflict between her two surviving sons caused their mother great sorrow. She died less than six months after the Kangxi Emperor.
737:
or "Virtuous Consort". The Kangxi Emperor did not raise his children only inside the palace. He also exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yinzhen accompanied his father on several inspection trips around the
1797:
and their army of 80,000. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they engaged the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver
1870:. Compared to the reigns of previous Qing emperors such as the Yongzheng and Kangxi emperors, the use of China to refer to the Qing Empire appears most during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, according to scholars who examined documents on Sino-Russian relations.
1682:
commissioner for counseling. This led to corruption among officials who were no longer bound by law. In an attempt to stop this the Yongzheng emperor made it illegal to offer privileges to officials going through the legal system. This did not last long as the
1572:" The emperor, therefore, did not use dogmatic and abstract criteria of "talents" and "morality", instead he acknowledged that every person has both strengths and defects and the tasks given to him should be tailored to suit his specific traits. For example,
725:, the daughter of Tong Guowei, the Kangxi Emperor's maternal uncle and an eminent official in the early part of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. She died when Yinzhen was just 9 years old. After she gave birth to more children, Yinzhen's mother was promoted to a
1256:
Philology, Academia Sinica There are debates about the authenticity of extant copies of the Manchu version, but not only the part that mentions the heir's name is destroyed, the important sentence that praises Yinzhen's virtues also does not appear at all.
1656:
based on ethnicity and locality. The Yongzheng emperor, in an attempt to allow as many people to take the Civil Service Examination as possible, set up special exams for people in rural China. These special exams were called Miao exams and were located in
1479:
The Yongzheng Emperor is also known for establishing a strict autocratic-style rule during his reign. He detested corruption, and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of an offense. In 1729, he issued an edict prohibiting the smoking of
1576:
had a very rude personality, but he was brave and clever, Yongzheng assigned him tasks related to law enforcement, criminal punishment and rebel liquidation. Zhu Shih, a scholar with upright and good personality, was appointed as teacher for the future
1861:
ethnic groups and their territories. China and Qing were noticeably and increasingly equated with each other during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, with the Qianlong Emperor and the Qing government writing poems and documents using both the Chinese name
1379:. Yin'e, the tenth prince, was told to leave the capital to send off a departing Mongol prince, but since he refused to complete this trip as the emperor commanded, the Yongzheng Emperor stripped him of all his titles in May 1724 and sent him north to
2008:(an ally of Yinsi) to commit suicide. He also devised a system for his successors to choose their heirs in secret. He wrote his chosen successor's name on two scrolls, placed one scroll in a sealed box and had the box stored behind the stele in the
1852:
in Manchu) was used as the name of the Qing Empire in official Manchu language documents, identifying the Qing Empire and China as the same entity, with "Dulimbai Gurun" appearing in 160 official diplomatic papers between the Qing Empire and the
816:). Yinzhen maintained a low profile during the initial stages of the succession struggle. To appoint a new heir, the Kangxi Emperor decreed that officials in his imperial court would nominate a new crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor's eighth son,
2012:. He kept the other copy with him or hid it. After his death, the officials would compare the scroll in the box with the copy he had kept. If they were deemed identical, the person whose name was on the paper would be the new emperor.
1516:
1825:
Since our dynasty began to rule China, the Mongols and other tribes living in extremely remote regions have been integrated into our territory. This is the expansion of China's territory (Zhongguo zhi jiangtu kaituo guangyuan).
1484:, a blend of tobacco and opium. The Yongzheng Emperor's reign saw the Qing dynasty further establish itself as a powerful empire in Asia. He was instrumental in extending what became known as a "Kangqian Period of Harmony" (
1558:
emperor or provincial leaders, whereas other less important posts still were assigned by drawing lots. As a result, the high-quality officials were matched to the important positions and in turn promoted local governance.
1387:
to recognise the Yongzheng Emperor's succession as legitimate. Yinti was accused of violating imperial decorum at the funeral proceedings of the late emperor, and placed under house arrest by the Yongzheng Emperor at the
5346:
Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.
1848:'s time, the Qing emperors had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China". During the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors' reigns, "China" (
1809:
Following the reforms of 1729, the treasury's income increased from 32,622,421 taels in 1721 to about 60 million taels in 1730, surpassing the record set during the Kangxi Emperor's reign; but the pacification of the
1498:). In response to the tragedy of the succession struggle during his father's reign, the Yongzheng Emperor created a sophisticated procedure for choosing a successor. He was known for his trust in Mandarin officials.
2031:. The Qianlong Emperor rehabilitated many figures who had been purged during his father's reign, including restoring honours to many of his uncles who were formerly his father's rivals in the succession struggle.
1802:. Later in the Yongzheng Emperor's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated and the Qing Empire faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A
1252:. The alteration theory is noted to be based solely on altering the will's Chinese version, as the will, as written in Manchu and Mongolian, is impossible to alter due to different language characteristics.
1874:
their and our country have caused many vitriolic falsehoods. What these rebels have not understood is the fact that it is for the Manchus the same as the birthplace is for the people of the central plain.
848:
China, Yinzhen was indubitably a very diplomatically inclined ruler who created an institution of a "moral government" based on the Confucian principles. Yinzhen sought four distinctive qualities: loyalty—
968:
again, and chose not to designate an heir apparent for the remaining years of his reign. This resulted in competition among his sons for the position of crown prince. Those considered 'frontrunners' were
1778:(P'o-lha-nas) felt sad at his fellow Tibetans being executed in this manner and he prayed for them. All of this was included in a report sent to the Qing emperor at the time, the Yongzheng Emperor. Qing
5104:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 268, 269.
5077:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 133–134.
1669:
privately funded and maintained. These orphanages existed less to help the local population out of poverty and more to model how wealthy officials should act towards the impoverished populations.
5131:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 249.
5050:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 269.
5023:. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 250.
1523:
1015:
to Kangxi. Second, at Kangxi's 60th regnal year (1721) memorial event, Yinzhen was given the task of holding the ritual ceremonies for the royal family's ancestors in Three Great Mausoleums in
1977:
The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for 13 years before dying suddenly in 1735 at the age of 56. Legend holds that he was assassinated by Lü Siniang, a daughter or granddaughter of
5797:
1366:(Feudatory Affairs Office) and the top-ranking member of the imperial council assisting the Yongzheng Emperor; some historians believe his position at the time was essentially that of a "
1407:
In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed a hereditary marquis title on Zhu Ming in line with his father Kang Xi emperor wish of a Manchu—Han population integration, a descendant of the
925:; however, the Yongzheng era did serve as a remediation to the people, and resentments began to gradually decrease. Hence the Yongzheng era was a peaceful and prosperous reign of
6148:
3854:
721:
clan. Around the time when Yinzhen was born, his mother was of low status and did not have the right to raise her own children. For most of his childhood, Yinzhen was raised by
5524:
Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724
1456:
was the commander of the militias stationed at the capital at the time of the Yongzheng Emperor's succession. He fell into disgrace in 1728 and died while under house arrest.
1945:
practice to be incompatible with the Catholic faith, led to the banishing of missionaries by the Qianlong Emperor in 1742 CE as a response to the Catholic Church's decision.
2943:. Shortly after he was born, Hongli switched places with one of the Yongzheng Emperor's daughters, was raised as the emperor's son, and eventually inherited the throne. The
1011:
There were signs showed that Yinzhen was actually Kangxi's secret choice. First, Kangxi occasionally mentioned that how Yinzhen was raised by Kangxi and how he expressed
3768:
3494:
1665:
were still not allowed to take the exams, Yongzheng made it legal for these people to take the exams in an attempt to dispel anger at being excluded from the exams.
1472:. Zeng had been so affected by what he read that he attempted to incite the governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of anti-Jurchen General
1442:
was a supporter of the Yongzheng Emperor long before the latter ascended the throne. In 1722, when he was recalling his brother Yinti from the northwest border in
913:, which allows Qing to relay communication effectively and efficiently from region to region, thereby enabling the implementation of his domestic reform policy.
5199:
5187:
5175:
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5151:
682:, an institution that had a major impact on the future of the dynasty. Militarily, Yongzheng continued his father's efforts to consolidate Qing's position in
1345:, the eldest, and Yinreng, the former crown prince, continued to live under house arrest. Yinreng died two years after the Yongzheng Emperor's reign began.
1019:. Shortly after that, Yinzhen was also tasked to organize the Sacrifice to the Heaven (南郊禮), the most sacred ceremony in Confucian tradition, on the day of
4647:
2957:. The second legend about the Qianlong Emperor's origins, more popular in northern China, stated that during a trip to the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場) in
4578:
882: : February 2, 1687 – December 3, 1738) was a recruit among the Qing officials to possess the desired virtues, and was regarded highly by Yongzheng.
5685:
Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century".
1176:), which means "sequence number" (四 = four, 第四 = the fourth / number four), thus changing the phrase to "transfer the throne to the Fourth Prince" (
5605:
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Part 3
4956:
4539:
1034:
Official court records state that on 20 December 1722 the ailing Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons and the general commandant of the Beijing
6191:
1926:
The Yongzheng Emperor was firmly against Christian converts among the Manchus. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of
784:
765:
759:
6179:
6112:
3923:
1916:
1450:
Command. As Nian continued to remain unrepentant, he was eventually given an ultimatum and forced to commit suicide by consuming poison in 1726.
4679:
2974:
and he had a romantic relationship with the protagonist, Ma'ertai Ruoxi. He is referred to as the "Fourth Prince" in the novel. Taiwanese actor
1309:. Yinsi was given the title "Prince Lian" while Yinxiang was given the title "Prince Yi", and these two held the highest positions in the land.
713:
Yinzhen was the eleventh recorded son of the Kangxi Emperor, and the fourth prince to survive into adulthood. His mother, historically known as
5441:
5391:
5003:
5667:
1743:
6144:
1790:(P'o-lha-nas) concerning his involvement in crushing the Tibetan rebels and sent a report to the Qing Yongzheng emperor on 17 August 1728.
1937:. This was followed by the persecution of Chinese Christians that steadily increased during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's son, the
1570:
Amongst affairs, there are both essential and trivial, easy and challenging. Amongst people, there are both soft and hard, long and short.
5472:
5538:
5333:
1686:
reinstated legal privileges for officials that had passed the Civil Service Examination shortly after becoming emperor after Yongzheng.
1431:". The marquis title was passed on to Zhu's descendants for 12 generations until the end of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century.
697:. Although his reign was much shorter than that of both his father and his son, the Yongzheng era was a period of peace and prosperity.
6481:
5761:
5099:
5045:
834:: 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735) had the highest honor to orchestrate the imperial ceremonies and rituals during the reign of the
6471:
2935:). The first, more widely circulated in southern China, says that Hongli is actually the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), an official from
6527:
4754:
1899:
6476:
5924:
5756:
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3108:
1459:
2961:, the Yongzheng Emperor had an illegitimate affair with a palace maid and they conceived a son, who became the Qianlong Emperor.
1619:
To effectively grasp the situation of his subordinates, Yongzheng utilized the "secret report" system which originated from the
6512:
4794:
Pierre-Étienne, Will (2002). "Creation, Conflict, and Routinization: The Appointment of Officials by Drawing Lots, 1594–1700".
1747:
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4401:
1985:
against the Qing government. Another theory was that Lü Siniang was the Yongzheng Emperor's lover, and the real mother of the
6517:
6128:
5532:
4897:
Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013.
4876:
Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013.
4864:
Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013.
4712:
4516:
Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013.
4469:
4400:
Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013.
6100:
6096:
5933:
5880:
660:
71:
1712:
Chinese merchant houses belonging to Canton station were grouped together under a larger organization by Yongzheng called
885:
A notable quote from Yinzhen captured during his reign as the Yongzheng Emperor in the 1720s expresses his imperial will:
6172:
6088:
4605:[Kangxi's Final Will revealed! Does it solve the mysteries surrounding the Fourth Lord's changing of the will?].
4021:
1993:
632:
891:小事小料理,不可因小而忽之·,大事大振作,不可因難處而隱諱。朕意若果能如此實心奉行,以忠正一一字感化,不數年,賊亦人也。見文武大臣實心忠勇為國,屬員清正愛民,營伍整齊,士卒曉勇,而百姓不懷如是德,不畏如是威,仍去成群為匪者,朕想必無此理也。
3871:
3820:
3414:
1992:
It is generally accepted that he died while reading court documents, and it is likely that his death was the result of
1704:
removing all foreign priests from China. All Christian churches were shut down and repurposed as local public offices.
693:
The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the
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988:
At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death, Yinti, who held the appointment of Border-Pacification General-in-Chief (
6092:
6084:
1375:
under the pretext of military service, but in reality was watched over by the Yongzheng Emperor's trusted protégé,
6239:
1762:. When Tibet was torn by civil war in 1727–1728, he intervened. After withdrawing, he left a Qing Resident (the
6165:
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5136:
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2004:
To prevent a succession crisis like he had faced, the Yongzheng Emperor was said to have ordered his third son
1815:
taels. It was because of the cost of war that the Yongzheng Emperor considered making peace with the Dzungars.
1564:
commented that Yongzheng had a very flexible and pragmatic tastes of talent enrollment, based on the advice of
1241:
1237:
951:
513:
1758:
Like his father, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force in order to preserve the Qing Empire's position in
6124:
4569:[Kangxi's final will revealed, casting a light on the truth behind passing the throne to Yongzheng].
1225:
527:
628:
5128:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
5101:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
5074:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
5047:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
5020:
China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet
4607:
4440:
3842:, a television series about Emperor Yongzheng. However, this one is about his successor, Emperor Qianlong.
2113:
1835:(A Record of Rightness to Dispel Confusion) (Yongzheng emperor, 1983: 5), as translated by Mark Elliott in
910:
679:
4773:
1787:
1775:
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1920:
4529:
1793:
For the Tibetan campaign, the Yongzheng Emperor sent an army of 230,000 led by Nian Gengyao against the
6532:
2531:
1738:
981:(the third, eighth and 14th princes, respectively). Of these, Yinsi received the most support from the
38:
2027:). His fourth son Hongli, then still known as "Prince Bao (of the First Rank)", succeeded him as the
1857:. The term "China" was redefined by the Qing emperors to be a multi-ethnic entity which included non-
1428:
1249:
1208:), which contains four Chinese characters instead of three for Yinzhen, as the Emperor's fourth son (
4669:
6076:
5805:
5801:
5785:
938:
57:
31:
5750:
4254:] (in Traditional Chinese) (Chu ban ed.). Taipei: 广 大文事業有限公司. pp. 190–196, Preface.
2931:
There are two legends about the origins of the Yongzheng Emperor's son and successor, Hongli (the
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63:
17:
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of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a
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Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Volume 2
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1997:
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1499:
1027:) and that might also contribute to Kangxi's support for Yinzhen as his heir, similar to how
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873:
231:
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4330:
Chronicle of the Chinese emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial China
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The Yongzheng Emperor continued to perceive Yinsi and his party, consisting of the princes
997:
755:
437:
372:
Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozhen Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng
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8:
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1652:. This ethnic separation along with the booming population led to reduced access to the
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2016:
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1367:
1342:
1240:, which was exclusively used back in the Qing era. In addition, the will is written in
970:
747:
347:
188:
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4850:
Zhang, Zhengguo (2011). "Qingdai Dao, Fu, Ting, Zhou, Xian Dengji Zhidu De Queding.".
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1357:
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978:
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273:
255:
172:
1607:" Yongzheng's drastic punishment earned him the nickname "Emperor of confiscation".
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5974:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
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Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions
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1889:在逆賊等之意,徒謂本朝以滿洲之君入為中國之主,妄生此疆彼界之私,遂故為訕謗詆譏之說耳,不知本朝之為滿洲,猶中國之有籍貫,舜為東夷之人,文王為西夷之人,曾何損於聖德乎。
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The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China
2916:(兒女英雄傳) by Wenkang (文康). It was adapted into the 1983 Hong Kong television series
1903:
The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the God of Agriculture,
6221:
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6019:
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2009:
1845:
1803:
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872:, from his subjects in order to run an effective court and to achieve stability.
809:
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362:
338:
313:
5242:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
4294:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
4206:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
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Ding Qiao already played the Yongzheng Emperor's grandson, prince Yonghuang, in
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89:
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4810:
2195:
of the Second Rank (和碩懷恪公主; 15 August 1695 – April/May 1717), second daughter
2057:
1978:
1469:
1463:
Portraits of the Yongzheng Emperor Enjoying Himself during the 8th lunar month
6496:
6273:
5698:
5427:
5377:
5261:
4989:
4942:
4414:
4313:
4269:
4225:
3947:
3721:
3623:
3505:
3316:
3242:
2980:
2958:
2896:
2279:
1717:
1420:
1045:
Other scholars continue to believe that Yinzhen seized the throne illegally.
743:
5458:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
5319:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
5302:
4352:
2155:(純愨皇貴妃) of the Geng clan (耿氏; December 1689/January 1690 – 27 January 1785)
1837:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
1423:. Later in 1750, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's successor, the
6314:
6263:
6188:
5985:
5981:
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5749:
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3831:
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2242:
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1645:
1632:
1582:
1561:
1503:
1439:
1412:
1408:
1376:
1302:
1012:
1005:
926:
921:, and his achievements may not have been as glorious as his successor, the
845:
668:
664:
557:
449:
6395:
4784:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers p.34
3979:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6380:
6298:
5844:
4572:
4534:
4172:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1. The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
3555:
1966:
1858:
1783:
1779:
1527:
1148:), which changed the phrase to "pass the throne on to the Fourth Prince"
1035:
742:
area, as well as one further south. He became the honorary leader of the
649:
401:
5731:
Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820
5706:
1962:
6440:
6400:
5994:
5971:
5958:
4927:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
4640:[The mystery surrounding Yongzhen's succession of the throne].
3884:
3188:
2473:
2259:
2139:
of the First Rank (懷親王; 27 November 1721 – 11 October 1728), eighth son
1494:
1416:
1362:
283:
5500:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 43ff, 14ff, 150ff,
4811:"Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government"
1716:
in 1725. This group was responsible for policing all trade within the
1231:
1219:
1165:
1133:
1091:
6410:
6355:
6350:
6268:
3781:
3687:
3676:
3609:
3397:
2199:
2164:
1415:. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the
1023:. Moreover, Kangxi also highly favoured Yinzhen's son Hongli (future
943:
277:
5215:[Record of how great righteousness awakens the misguided].
4377:) China Publishing Group, People's Publishing House, Beijing: 2004.
1402:
5804:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
5498:
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire
4071:
Noble Consort Tong was the Kangxi Emperor's cousin. She was made a
3752:
3727:
3634:
3425:
3143:
3064:
2975:
2948:
2940:
2246:(謙妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 1714 – 17 June 1767), personal name
1904:
1794:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1353:
1306:
1081:
1039:
1016:
4092:
The ranks of consorts in the palace were, Empress, Noble Consort (
4083:, became the highest-ranked consort in the Kangxi Emperor's harem.
2987:
The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the romance fantasy novel series
1544:
1276:
lit. "Harmonious Justice") in 1723 from his peerage title "yong" (
705:
5953:
3942:
2220:
2085:
2020:
2005:
1811:
1751:
1531:
1473:
1372:
1349:
1326:
1264:
After ascending the throne in December 1722, Yinzhen adopted the
965:
775:
739:
444:
432:
263:
176:
148:
1766:) and a military garrison to safeguard the dynasty's interests.
1122:" in the phrase "transfer the throne to the Fourteenth Prince" (
2964:
The Yongzheng Emperor is featured as an important character in
2234:(寧妃) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 25 June 1734), personal name
2074:
of the First Rank (端親王; 17 April 1697 – 7 July 1704), first son
1879:
1713:
1658:
1139:
1097:
1054:, a report by Longkodo to Yongzheng also shows that the prince
1051:
6187:
2889:
The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the flying guillotine-themed
2216:(弘昀; 19 September 1700 – 10 December 1710), third (second) son
2100:(乾隆帝; 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), fifth (fourth) son
6390:
2891:
1958:
1770:
1763:
1649:
1565:
1507:
1481:
1294:
1055:
974:
817:
687:
2171:(和恭親王; 5 January 1712 – 2 September 1770), sixth (fifth) son
1886:
to the Western Yi. Does this fact diminish their virtues?" (
1589:
1031:
chose his heir due to his favour to the crown prince's son.
955:
Prince Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) Reading a Book
6044:
2224:(弘時; 18 March 1704 – 20 September 1727), fourth (third) son
2023:, in the Tai (泰) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the
1933:
In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor issued a decree proscribing
1799:
1648:
could vary depending on where one was from even locally in
932:
5223:]. Vol. 36. Taipei: 文海出版社 . 1966. pp. 351–2.
2984:, a 2011 Chinese television series adapted from the novel.
1952:
5582:(reprint ed.). Irish University Press. p. 269.
5579:
Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, Volume 2
2928:
legend was adapted into many films and television series.
2283:(懋嬪) of the Song clan (宋氏; 1677 – October/November 1730)
2117:(敦肅皇貴妃) of the Nian clan (年氏; ? – 23 December 1725)
1806:
ally of the Qing Empire would later defeat the Dzungars.
1336:
18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costume
718:
5283:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp.
4203:
China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia
959:
30:"Yinzhen" redirects here. For others named Yinzhen, see
5948:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
5520:
2060:(烏拉那拉氏; 28 June 1681 – 29 October 1731), personal name
1969:
across southwest China in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi.
1930:
since different peoples worshipped Heaven differently.
1614:
1506:
governed China's southern areas with the assistance of
648:(13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his
1216:). It has also been noted that the Chinese character "
4852:
A Collection of Essays on the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4577:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 August 2013.
1963:
violently abolished hereditary ethnic minority states
1539:
590:
576:
562:
37:"Yongzheng" redirects here. For places in China, see
4112:
is therefore the third highest rank of the consorts.
3961:
2266:(果恭郡王; 9 May 1733 – 27 April 1765), 10th (sixth) son
1957:
The Yongzheng Emperor appointed the Manchu official
1913:
a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him
1818:
1786:
interviewed the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing,
1661:. In the 1730s, landholding shed people such as the
774:
In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor stripped his second son
764:
in 1689 along with several brothers and promoted to
1419:and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the
1312:
717:, was originally a court attendant from the Manchu
5562:The Catholic Encyclopedia: Brow[ns]-Clancy
5221:Collectanea of materials on modern Chinese history
4062:) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.
5788:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4149:. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education.
2883:
2198:Married Xingde (星德; ? – 1739) of the Manchu
2129:(福宜; 30 June 1720 – 9 February 1721), seventh son
1769:On 1 November 1728, after the Qing reconquest of
1526:"The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the
1403:Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family
709:The young Yongzheng Emperor, as Grand Prince Yong
6494:
5932:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4144:
4075:("Noble Consort") in 1677 and later promoted to
1989:, but he refused to let her become the empress.
5454:
5315:
4771:Dikötter, F., Laaman, L. & Xun, Z. (2004).
1545:Rationalization of personnel appointment system
4793:
4701:张, 星海 (2007). "皇室后裔确认雍正系篡夺皇位". In 文, 欢 (ed.).
4252:A different Yongzheng from the work of fiction
2210:(弘昐; 19 July 1697 – 30 March 1699), second son
6173:
5918:
5514:
4882:
4774:Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China
4559:
4557:
4530:"The best-known inheritance dispute in china"
4510:
4387:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4051:
2996:The Yongzheng Emperor in film and television
2188:(齊妃) of the Li clan (李氏; 1676 – 31 May 1739)
1887:
1732:
1229:
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1163:
1157:
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409:
377:
331:
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165:
136:
5733:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4611:(in Traditional Chinese). 4 September 2013.
4145:Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006).
3376:31 episodes; alternative Chinese title 大清帝国
1631:During the massive population growth in the
1434:
3904:played the Yongzheng Emperor's father, the
1965:such as those belonging to ethnic minority
1107:
1074:
6180:
6166:
5925:
5911:
5461:. Stanford University Press. p. 240.
5440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5322:. Stanford University Press. p. 241.
5002:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4554:
4131:
2906:The Yongzheng Emperor is mentioned in the
2015:The Yongzheng Emperor was interred in the
1723:
667:, and the third Qing emperor to rule over
5824:Learn how and when to remove this message
5238:China's last empire : the great Qing
4925:China's last empire : the great Qing
4826:
2019:120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of
1590:Corruption crackdown and financial reform
1427:, Zhu Ming was posthumously honoured as "
1156:). Another version states the character "
998:a military campaign in northwestern China
939:Kangxi Emperor § Succession disputes
5762:United States Government Printing Office
5608:. Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 680.
5403:
5401:
4969:
4627:
4457:
4169:
3941:played Yongzheng's half-brother, prince
2295:(8 January 1707 – January/February 1707)
1898:
1742:
1458:
1391:. Historians believe that their mother,
1331:
1316:
950:
942:
933:Struggle for the crown prince's position
704:
5274:
4593:
4333:. New York: Thames and Hudson. p.
4326:
4147:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization
2897:Qing gong qi shi lu (The Lady Assassin)
2088:(鈕祜祿氏; 12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777)
1972:
1953:Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy
1626:
750:between the Qing Empire and the Mongol
700:
633:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
221: 1691; died 1731)
14:
6495:
6249:Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang
5744:
5407:
5357:
5124:
5097:
5070:
5043:
5016:
4808:
4199:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2574:
2464:
2460:
2145:(福沛; 12 June 1723 – ?), ninth son
592:
6161:
5906:
5634:
5575:
5398:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4849:
4492:杨, 珍 (1990). "满文档案中所见允禵皇位继承人地位的新证据".
2840:
2837:
2827:
2815:
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2801:
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2757:
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2530:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2488:
2472:
2468:
1839:(2001), p. 347, modified by Gang Zhao
1116:. One version involves changing the "
960:Kangxi's choices of the crown princes
336:): 5 February 1723 – 11 February 1736
6308:Demoted but non-downgrading peerages
5768:
5757:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
5684:
5233:
4707:(in Chinese). 河南文艺出版社. p. 117.
4359:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4195:
4193:
4191:
1672:
1061:
964:In 1712, the Kangxi Emperor deposed
823:
4729:"皇室后裔揭秘:雍正伪造遗诏篡夺皇位真相(图)_cctv.com提供"
4290:China's last empire: the great Qing
4245:
4022:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1698:
24:
5723:
4922:
4903:
3415:The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow
3269:alternative Chinese title 才子佳人乾隆皇
2951:adapted this legend for his novel
1917:Cathedral of Immaculate Conception
1540:Cultural and economic achievements
1112:'ten'), and by extension,
288:Princess Huaike of the Second Rank
27:Emperor of China from 1722 to 1735
25:
6544:
4879:Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 23-24.
4700:
4581:from the original on 23 June 2020
4491:
4412:
4276:
4232:
4188:
4052:
3388:Palace Painter Master Castiglione
3082:The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty
2041:Consorts of the Yongzheng Emperor
1819:Identification of Qing with China
1689:
1389:imperial tombs in western Beijing
284:Prince Guogong of the Second Rank
81:27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735
6053:
5773:
5541:from the original on 4 July 2014
5521:Jocelyn M. N. Marinescu (2008).
4682:from the original on 18 May 2021
4650:from the original on 23 May 2021
4615:from the original on 23 May 2021
4542:from the original on 25 May 2018
4461:Rereading Modern Chinese History
4006:
3992:
3978:
3964:
3442:36th Chamber of Southern Shaolin
2920:(十三妹) and the 1986 Chinese film
2289:(10 April 1694 – April/May 1694)
2123:(15 April 1715 – June/July 1717)
1981:, whose family was executed for
1639:
1515:
1313:Continued battle against princes
1284:lit. "harmonious") and "zheng" (
613:
491:
56:
6528:Chinese critics of Christianity
5661:
5657:. J. Miller. 1904. p. 269.
5645:
5635:Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1904).
5628:
5621:Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 3
5612:
5596:
5569:
5553:
5490:
5475:from the original on 2017-02-15
5448:
5351:
5336:from the original on 2013-12-31
5309:
5268:
5227:
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5118:
5091:
5064:
5037:
5010:
4963:
4870:
4858:
4843:
4802:
4787:
4765:
4746:
4721:
4694:
4662:
4633:
4522:
4485:
4458:Weizheng, Zhu (21 April 2015).
4451:
4432:
4406:
3872:Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace
3821:Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace
2978:portrayed the Fourth Prince in
1754:" from the Yongzheng era (1734)
1371:treatment. Yintang was sent to
278:Prince Hegong of the First Rank
243:
218:
6274:Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)
5729:Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991).
5693:(1). Sage Publications: 3–30.
5624:. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.
5565:. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.
4900:Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 26.
4867:Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 25.
4519:Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 22.
4403:Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 21.
4320:
4174:. Cambridge University Press.
4163:
4086:
4065:
4041:
2884:In fiction and popular culture
2152:Imperial Noble Consort Chunque
1888:
1172:
1144:
1102:
890:
878:
862:
804:
799:
795:
591:
577:
563:
533:
519:
378:
307:
13:
1:
6513:18th-century Chinese monarchs
6113:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4752:
4670:"Kangxi Emperor's final will"
4438:
4246:Qin, Han Tang (秦漢唐) (2012).
4170:Peterson, Willard J. (2002).
4119:
3855:Dreaming back to Qing Dynasty
3546:The Juvenile Qianlong Emperor
2671:Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735)
792:Prince Yong of the First Rank
106:Prince Yong of the First Rank
6518:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
5576:Groot, Jan J. M. de (1973).
4755:"《康熙遗言与康熙遗诏的关系——雍正帝继位合法性质疑》"
4124:
3134:Secret Battle of the Majesty
2114:Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu
7:
5881:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
4571:Liaoshen Evening News (via
3957:
3321:30 episodes; also known as
2450:
2381:First Class Attendant Chang
1921:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1894:
1605:live in poverty and misery.
1341:the battle for succession,
72:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
6549:
6264:Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)
5677:
5408:Porter, Johnathan (2016).
5358:Porter, Johnathan (2016).
4923:T., Rowe, William (2009).
4079:, and, after the death of
3323:Li Wei Becomes an Official
2918:The Legend of the Unknowns
2685:
2568:
2462:
2406:Second Class Attendant Yun
2369:First Class Attendant Chun
2038:
1739:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1736:
1733:Expansion in the northwest
1654:Civil Service Examinations
1615:The "secret report" system
936:
814:hošoi hūwaliyasun cin wang
342:
39:Yongzheng (disambiguation)
36:
29:
6459:
6323:
6307:
6235:
6201:
6062:
6051:
5944:
5891:
5878:
5870:
5865:
5838:
5641:. J. Müller. p. 269.
5511:, accessed 18 April 2015.
5496:Thomas H. Reilly (2004),
5410:Imperial China, 1350-1900
5360:Imperial China, 1350–1900
5275:Elliott, Mark T. (2001).
4972:Imperial China, 1350-1900
4970:Jonathan, Porter (2016).
4828:10.1017/S0021911816001200
4374:
4286:Rowe, William T. (2009).
4200:Perdue, Peter C. (2005).
3846:
3790:
3590:
2821:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2763:
2745:
2737:
2712:
2693:
2689:
2654:
2635:
2627:
2599:
2580:
2576:
2540:
2518:
2510:
2482:
2466:
2400:Second Class Attendant Su
2375:First Class Attendant Gao
2202:in September/October 1712
2034:
1707:
1489:
1435:Nian Gengyao and Longkodo
1429:Marquis of Extended Grace
1383:to languish in solitude.
1289:
1281:
1273:
1230:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1181:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1132:
1127:
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993:
868:
856:
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584:
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549:
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526:
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508:
503:
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455:
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332:
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166:
154:
137:
122:
118:
110:
105:
95:
85:
77:
70:
55:
46:
6236:Non-downgrading peerages
5699:10.1177/0097700405282349
5455:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
5316:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
5216:
5212:
5125:Petech, Luciano (1972).
5098:Petech, Luciano (1972).
5071:Petech, Luciano (1972).
5044:Petech, Luciano (1972).
5017:Petech, Luciano (1972).
4815:Journal of Asian Studies
4636:
4601:
4565:
4367:A Biography of Yongzheng
4247:
4034:
3726:Produced and written by
3495:Li Wei the Magistrate II
2387:First Class Attendant Gu
2363:First Class Attendant Ma
2357:First Class Attendant Li
2351:First Class Attendant Na
1996:from an overdose of the
1259:
1075:Disputes over succession
514:Traditional Chinese
390:: Temgetulehe hūwangdi (
32:Yinzhen (disambiguation)
6269:Prince Su (Prince Xian)
3839:Empresses in the Palace
3649:Empresses in the Palace
3013:Yongzheng Emperor actor
1724:Meltage fees and silver
1534:, Qing dynasty painting
1393:Empress Dowager Renshou
653:Emperor Shizong of Qing
528:Simplified Chinese
64:Hong Kong Palace Museum
6195:s (first-rank princes)
5412:. Lanham. p. 91.
5362:. Lanham. p. 90.
5234:Rowe, William (2009).
4646:(in Chinese). Taiwan.
4441:"清史研究泰斗戴逸:雍正继位为何怕康熙亡灵"
3573:The Book and the Sword
3109:The Book and the Sword
2954:The Book and the Sword
2419:Lady of Qixiang Palace
2394:Second Class Attendant
2107:Imperial Noble Consort
1907:
1828:
1755:
1750:of "China and Chinese
1464:
1337:
1329:
956:
948:
906:
900:
897:— page 190, lines 7–10
844:: r. 1723–1735 CE) of
733:, and became known as
710:
674:The fourth son of the
621:This article contains
379:敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠
6523:Kangxi Emperor's sons
5966:Enthroned in 1626 as
5746:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4809:Daniel, Koss (2017).
4464:. BRILL. p. 66.
4327:Paludan, Ann (1998).
3799:Story of Yanxi Palace
3306:Li Wei the Magistrate
3205:The Hitman Chronicles
3028:The Flying Guillotine
2991:(梦回大清) by Yaoye (妖叶).
2617:Empress Xiaokangzhang
2532:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
2345:First Class Attendant
2081:Empress Xiaoshengxian
1998:elixir of immortality
1902:
1823:
1746:
1462:
1335:
1320:
1238:traditional character
954:
946:
937:Further information:
901:
887:
758:. Yinzhen was made a
708:
305:Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen (
232:Empress Xiaoshengxian
6324:Downgrading peerages
5845:House of Aisin-Gioro
5794:improve this article
4602:「康熙遺詔」現身!破解四爺篡改遺詔之謎?
3786:Realized by Song Di
3042:Shaw Brothers Studio
2913:Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan
2901:Shaw Brothers Studio
2053:Empress Xiaojingxian
1973:Death and succession
1866:and the Manchu name
1788:Polhané Sönam Topgyé
1776:Polhané Sönam Topgyé
1627:Farming and land tax
1228:that is written as "
1226:simplified character
769:(second-rank prince)
701:Birth and early life
207:Empress Xiaojingxian
5980:began to rule over
5806:footnote references
4415:"秦晖:从戏说乾隆到胡说雍正_爱思想"
4081:Empress Xiaozhaoren
4028:Treason by the Book
3179:Legend of YungChing
2997:
2781:Empress Xiaogongren
1242:Traditional Chinese
805:Héshuò Yōng Qīnwáng
788:(first-rank prince)
715:Empress Xiaogongren
470:Empress Xiaogongren
341:: Hūwaliyasun tob (
6240:"iron-cap" princes
5840:Yongzheng Emperor
5670:, chinaculture.org
4779:2017-02-15 at the
4498:. pp. 158–160
3932:Television series
3893:Television series
3863:Television series
3828:Television series
3806:Television series
3363:Jiangshan Weizhong
3337:Doomed to Oblivion
3281:Emperor Yong Zheng
2995:
2895:films and also in
2264:of the Second Rank
2017:Western Qing tombs
1928:worshipping Heaven
1908:
1756:
1465:
1338:
1330:
1293:the eighth prince
1162:" was changed to "
957:
949:
947:Armoured Yongzheng
748:Battle of Jao Modo
723:Noble Consort Tong
711:
189:Western Qing tombs
6533:Chinese reformers
6490:
6489:
6460:Posthumous titles
6155:
6154:
5901:
5900:
5892:Succeeded by
5834:
5833:
5826:
5534:978-0-549-59712-4
4714:978-7-80623-792-2
4471:978-90-04-29331-1
4419:www.aisixiang.com
3955:
3954:
3749:Television series
3742:Gilded Chopsticks
3684:Television series
3656:Television series
3631:Television series
3606:Television series
3580:Television series
3552:Television series
3528:Television series
3502:Television series
3476:Television series
3469:Huang Taizi Mishi
3448:Television series
3422:Television series
3394:Television series
3370:Television series
3344:Television series
3313:Television series
3287:Television series
3261:Television series
3239:Television series
3232:Yongzheng Dynasty
3211:Television series
3193:58 / 59 episodes
3185:Television series
3162:Television series
3140:Television series
3116:Television series
3090:Television series
3061:Television series
2880:
2879:
2593:Tulai (1606–1658)
2169:of the First Rank
1673:Gentry privileges
1114:Yunti, Prince Xun
1110:
1062:Yinzhen's tactics
1047:Historian Qin Hui
866:, and capability—
824:Yongzheng's quote
790:under the title "
646:Yongzheng Emperor
629:rendering support
609:
608:
601:
600:
551:Standard Mandarin
504:Yongzheng Emperor
499:
498:
427:
426:
47:Yongzheng Emperor
16:(Redirected from
6540:
6346:Prince Duanzhong
6279:Prince Shuncheng
6182:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6158:
6057:
5990:
5984:, replacing the
5950:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5895:Qianlong Emperor
5885:Emperor of China
5871:Preceded by
5861:
5854:
5853:13 December 1678
5836:
5835:
5829:
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5818:
5815:
5809:
5777:
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5751:"Yin-chên"
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4796:Ming Qing Yanjiu
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4090:
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4016:
4014:Biography portal
4011:
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4009:
4002:
3997:
3996:
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3988:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3040:Produced by the
2998:
2994:
2989:Meng Hui Da Qing
2933:Qianlong Emperor
2899:produced by the
2456:
2455:
2332:Noble Lady Zhang
2097:Qianlong Emperor
2029:Qianlong Emperor
1994:elixir poisoning
1987:Qianlong Emperor
1939:Qianlong Emperor
1891:
1890:
1878:belonged to the
1840:
1699:Religious policy
1684:Qianlong Emperor
1579:Qianlong Emperor
1519:
1491:
1425:Qianlong Emperor
1323:Chinese painting
1291:
1283:
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1234:
1223:
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1025:Qianlong Emperor
995:
923:Qianlong Emperor
893:
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871:
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864:
859:
858:
853:
852:
843:
842:
833:
832:
806:
801:
797:
744:Plain Red Banner
695:Qianlong Emperor
659:, was the fifth
655:, personal name
635: instead of
617:
616:
597:
596:
595:
580:
579:
566:
565:
542:
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521:
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480:Tibetan Buddhism
422:
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344:
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269:Qianlong Emperor
247:
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222:
220:
173:Imperial Gardens
169:
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140:
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133:13 December 1678
132:
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100:Qianlong Emperor
62:Portrait in the
60:
51:
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21:
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6455:
6386:Prince Chun (淳)
6371:Prince Chun (純)
6341:Prince Ying (英)
6336:Prince Ying (穎)
6319:
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5978:Shunzhi Emperor
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5791:
5782:This article's
5778:
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5726:
5724:Further reading
5721:
5680:
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5527:. p. 240.
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4792:
4788:
4781:Wayback Machine
4770:
4766:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
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4722:
4715:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4675:Academia Sinica
4668:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4643:Academia Sinica
4638:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4603:
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4584:
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4567:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4538:. 9 July 2017.
4528:
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3993:
3991:
3986:Monarchy portal
3984:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3919:Mainland China
3880:Mainland China
3850:Mainland China
3824:
3816:Mainland China
3802:
3794:Mainland China
3765:Mainland China
3745:
3705:Mainland China
3680:
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3309:
3283:
3235:
3207:
3181:
3136:
3112:
3086:
3057:
3030:
2886:
2881:
2500:Shunzhi Emperor
2453:
2121:Fourth daughter
2084:(孝聖憲皇后) of the
2056:(孝敬憲皇后) of the
2043:
2037:
2010:Qianqing Palace
1983:literary crimes
1975:
1955:
1897:
1846:Shunzhi Emperor
1842:
1830:
1821:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1710:
1701:
1692:
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1629:
1617:
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1520:
1437:
1409:imperial family
1405:
1315:
1262:
1189:Academia Sinica
1187:Researchers at
1077:
1064:
1021:winter solstice
996:), was leading
962:
941:
935:
826:
752:Dzungar Khanate
703:
690:through force.
642:
641:
640:
637:Manchu alphabet
627:Without proper
618:
614:
420:
415:
393:
391:
386:
363:Posthumous name
353:
346:
343:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠣᠪ
337:
317:
312:
291:
250:
249:
246: 1705)
241:
237:
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212:
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187:Tai Mausoleum,
171:
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143:Yonghe Palace,
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66:
49:
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35:
28:
23:
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15:
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6331:Prince Jingjin
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6202:Absorbed into
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5907:
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5898:
5893:
5890:
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5874:Kangxi Emperor
5872:
5868:
5867:
5866:Regnal titles
5863:
5862:
5860:8 October 1735
5842:
5839:
5832:
5831:
5786:external links
5781:
5779:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5748:, ed. (1943).
5742:
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4678:(in Chinese).
4661:
4626:
4592:
4566:康熙遺詔曝光 揭傳位雍正真相
4553:
4521:
4509:
4495:中国史研究, No. 1-4
4484:
4470:
4450:
4445:news.ifeng.com
4431:
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4365:Feng, Erkang.
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4000:History portal
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3836:The sequel of
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3692:The sequel of
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3672:Mainland China
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3301:Mainland China
3299:
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3277:Mainland China
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3227:Mainland China
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3138:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3105:
3104:Mainland China
3102:
3098:
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2971:Bu Bu Jing Xin
2962:
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2570:
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2558:Kangxi Emperor
2555:
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2529:
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2438:Mistress Zhang
2435:
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2403:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
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2342:
2341:
2338:Noble Lady Lao
2335:
2329:
2326:Noble Lady Hai
2323:
2317:
2311:
2308:Noble Lady Guo
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:Third daughter
2290:
2287:First daughter
2270:
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2239:
2227:
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2148:
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2140:
2130:
2124:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2036:
2033:
1974:
1971:
1954:
1951:
1896:
1893:
1868:Dulimbai Gurun
1855:Russian Empire
1850:Dulimbai Gurun
1822:
1820:
1817:
1760:Outer Mongolia
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:Tax privileges
1688:
1679:Kangxi Emperor
1674:
1671:
1641:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1591:
1588:
1546:
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1528:Xiannong Altar
1522:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1436:
1433:
1404:
1401:
1314:
1311:
1297:, 13th prince
1261:
1258:
1076:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1029:Yongle Emperor
961:
958:
934:
931:
919:Kangxi Emperor
899:
898:
836:Kangxi emperor
825:
822:
729:and then to a
702:
699:
684:Outer Mongolia
676:Kangxi Emperor
631:, you may see
619:
612:
611:
610:
607:
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603:
602:
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582:
581:
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545:Transcriptions
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460:Kangxi Emperor
457:
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405:
404:
398:
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366:
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179:
162:(aged 56)
158:8 October 1735
156:
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145:Forbidden City
124:
120:
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90:Kangxi Emperor
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26:
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5979:
5976:In 1644, the
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5802:inappropriate
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5499:
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5470:
5468:0-8047-4684-2
5464:
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5437:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5419:9781442222922
5415:
5411:
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5387:
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5375:
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5369:9781442222922
5365:
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5329:0-8047-4684-2
5325:
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4981:9781442222922
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4733:news.cctv.com
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4416:
4413:秦, 晖 (2018).
4409:
4402:
4397:
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4393:
4391:
4384:
4383:7-01-004192-X
4380:
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4344:9780500050903
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4261:9789577135032
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4217:9780674016842
4213:
4209:
4208:239, 473, 475
4205:
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4181:9780521243346
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4156:0-534-64305-1
4152:
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4108:, and so on;
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3948:Scarlet Heart
3944:
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3926:
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3924:Tian Si Chuan
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3506:Tang Guoqiang
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3243:Tang Guoqiang
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3165:Tou Chung-hua
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2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:Noble Lady An
2318:
2315:
2314:Noble Lady Li
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:Concubine Mao
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2240:
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2222:
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2206:
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2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:(福惠), Prince
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:(弘暉), Prince
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:Ula-Nara clan
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1869:
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1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
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1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1718:Canton system
1715:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:Ethnicity in
1640:Local charity
1637:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1533:
1529:
1524:
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1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1455:
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1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Eight Banners
1418:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1321:18th-century
1319:
1310:
1308:
1305:, Ma Qi, and
1304:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1268:"Yongzheng" (
1267:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1195:
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1068:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
953:
945:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
914:
912:
911:Grand Council
905:
896:
895:
894:
886:
883:
875:
847:
837:
821:
819:
815:
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807:
793:
789:
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782:
777:
772:
770:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
707:
698:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:Grand Council
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
604:
594:
589:
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583:
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569:
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552:
548:
543:
539:
531:
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515:
511:
507:
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488:
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478:
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458:
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442:
439:
436:
434:
430:
418:
406:
403:
399:
389:
382:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
354:ᠨᠢᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ
352:Найралт Төв (
349:
340:
328:
323:
315:
303:
298:
294:
287:
285:
281:
279:
275:
272:
270:
267:
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259:
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253:
233:
226:
225:
208:
201:
200:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
178:
174:
167:雍正十三年 八月 二十三日
157:
153:
150:
146:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6436:Prince Cheng
6356:Prince Xiang
6315:Prince Cheng
6211:
6192:
6189:Qing dynasty
6101:N. Dynasties
6097:S. Dynasties
6009:
5986:Ming dynasty
5982:China proper
5965:
5963:
5947:
5938:Qing dynasty
5879:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5820:
5811:
5796:by removing
5783:
5755:
5730:
5690:
5687:Modern China
5686:
5663:
5653:
5647:
5637:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5604:
5598:
5578:
5571:
5561:
5555:
5543:. Retrieved
5523:
5516:
5497:
5492:
5483:
5477:. Retrieved
5457:
5450:
5409:
5359:
5353:
5344:
5338:. Retrieved
5318:
5311:
5278:
5270:
5237:
5229:
5220:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5159:
5147:
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5100:
5093:
5073:
5066:
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5039:
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5012:
4971:
4965:
4924:
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4860:
4851:
4845:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4795:
4789:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4703:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4673:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4641:
4634:Lan, Wenli.
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4606:
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4570:
4544:. Retrieved
4533:
4524:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4494:
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4460:
4453:
4444:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:
4408:
4366:
4361:
4329:
4322:
4289:
4251:
4202:
4171:
4165:
4146:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4096:), Consort (
4093:
4088:
4077:huang guifei
4076:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4047:
4043:
4026:
3972:China portal
3946:
3927:
3922:
3910:
3902:Winston Chao
3897:Winston Chao
3888:
3883:
3870:
3858:
3853:
3837:
3832:Zhang Fengyi
3819:
3797:
3773:
3770:Time to Love
3769:
3757:25 episodes
3740:
3713:
3709:
3694:
3675:
3664:76 episodes
3660:Chen Jianbin
3647:
3639:35 episodes
3622:
3614:35 episodes
3597:
3586:40 episodes
3583:Shen Baoping
3571:
3560:40 episodes
3545:
3534:52 episodes
3521:
3510:32 episodes
3493:
3482:32 episodes
3479:Zhao Hongfei
3467:
3456:32 episodes
3452:Zhang Tielin
3441:
3430:20 episodes
3413:
3402:24 episodes
3387:
3361:
3350:30 episodes
3335:
3322:
3304:
3293:31 episodes
3280:
3247:44 episodes
3230:
3219:35 episodes
3215:Eddie Cheung
3204:
3148:40 episodes
3133:
3122:32 episodes
3107:
3096:50 episodes
3080:
3069:57 episodes
3054:
3027:
2988:
2979:
2969:
2952:
2944:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2890:
2838:Lady Saiheli
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:Consort Qian
2241:
2235:
2231:Consort Ning
2229:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2091:
2086:Niohuru clan
2079:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2025:Elhe Munggan
2024:
2014:
2003:
1991:
1976:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1833:Dayi juemilu
1832:
1831:Yongzheng's
1829:
1824:
1808:
1792:
1768:
1757:
1727:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1676:
1667:
1643:
1633:Qing dynasty
1630:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1583:Tian Wenjing
1569:
1562:Yi Zhongtian
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1504:Tian Wenjing
1493:
1478:
1466:
1452:
1440:Nian Gengyao
1438:
1413:Ming dynasty
1406:
1397:
1385:
1377:Nian Gengyao
1361:
1347:
1339:
1303:Zhang Tingyu
1263:
1254:
1186:
1171:
1143:
1101:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1044:
1033:
1013:filial piety
1010:
1006:Nian Gengyao
1002:
987:
963:
915:
907:
902:
888:
884:
860:, sincerity—
827:
813:
803:
791:
785:
780:
773:
766:
760:
734:
730:
726:
712:
692:
673:
669:China proper
665:Qing dynasty
656:
652:
645:
643:
620:
578:Yungchêng Ti
564:Yōngzhèng Dì
558:Hanyu Pinyin
392:ᡨᡝᠮᡤᡝᡨᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ
380:
373:
369:
160:(1735-10-08)
138:康熙十七年 十月 三十日
6508:1735 deaths
6503:1678 births
6477:Prince Huai
6472:Prince Duan
6467:Prince Rong
6421:Prince Rong
6416:Prince Ding
6406:Prince Xian
6391:Prince Lian
6381:Prince Heng
6366:Prince Gong
6299:Prince Qing
6294:Prince Chun
6289:Prince Gong
6212:Prince Yong
6093:16 Kingdoms
4821:: 159–184.
4738:24 February
4573:Apple Daily
4535:China Daily
4502:24 February
4477:24 February
4424:24 February
4248:不同於戲裡說的雍正皇帝
3556:Zhang Guoli
3531:Kou Zhenhai
3347:Savio Tsang
3037:Chiang Yang
2783:(1660–1723)
2619:(1638–1663)
2560:(1654–1722)
2534:(1613–1688)
2502:(1638–1661)
2476:(1592–1643)
2444:Mistress Su
2432:Mistress Yi
1979:Lü Liuliang
1967:Miao people
1935:Catholicism
1859:Han Chinese
1784:Yue Zhongqi
1780:Han Chinese
1621:Shunzhi Era
1470:Lü Liuliang
1036:gendarmerie
854:, fairness—
756:Galdan Khan
746:during the
650:temple name
438:Aisin-Gioro
419:: Šidzung (
402:Temple name
330:Yongzheng (
86:Predecessor
6497:Categories
6482:Prince Zhe
6451:Prince Hui
6446:Prince Rui
6441:Prince Dun
6426:Prince Zhi
6401:Prince Guo
6254:Prince Rui
6227:Prince Zhi
6222:Prince Jia
6217:Prince Bao
6085:3 Kingdoms
5972:Hong Taiji
5889:1722–1735
5739:0520065913
5589:0716520346
5506:0295984309
5479:2016-10-29
5340:2016-10-29
5294:0804746842
5178:, pp. 8-9.
5138:9004034420
5111:9004034420
5084:9004034420
5057:9004034420
5030:9004034420
4974:. Lanham.
4120:References
3911:The Palace
3885:The Beauty
3866:Ding Qiao
3710:The Palace
3189:Adam Cheng
3119:Liu Dagang
2648:Lady Gioro
2474:Hong Taiji
2302:Noble Lady
2185:Consort Qi
2094:(弘曆), the
2039:See also:
1880:Eastern Yi
1844:Since the
1748:French map
1737:See also:
1646:Qing China
1495:Pax Romana
1417:Ming tombs
1368:Chancellor
1363:Lifan Yuan
572:Wade–Giles
316:: In jen (
129:1678-12-13
6431:Prince Yi
6411:Prince He
6396:Prince Lü
6376:Prince Li
6361:Prince Yu
6351:Prince An
6284:Prince Yi
6259:Prince Yu
6204:the Crown
6010:Yongzheng
5814:June 2021
5798:excessive
5715:144587815
5668:Yongzheng
5436:cite book
5428:920818520
5386:cite book
5378:920818520
5262:316327256
5200:Zhao 2006
5188:Zhao 2006
5176:Zhao 2006
5164:Zhao 2006
5152:Zhao 2006
4998:cite book
4990:920818520
4951:cite book
4943:316327256
4837:164507400
4798:: 73–121.
4314:316327256
4298:, 40–41.
4270:819654973
4226:432663642
4125:Citations
3935:Han Dong
3782:Tony Yang
3737:Hong Kong
3688:Mickey He
3677:Palace II
3610:Mickey He
3410:Hong Kong
3398:Kenny Bee
3332:Hong Kong
3290:Liu Xinyi
3201:Hong Kong
3130:Hong Kong
3077:Hong Kong
3051:Hong Kong
3024:Hong Kong
2968:'s novel
2949:Louis Cha
2273:Concubine
2200:Nara clan
2191:Princess
2062:Duoqimuli
1250:Mongolian
983:Mandarins
828:Yinzhen (
771:in 1698.
408:Shizong (
348:Mongolian
325:Era dates
282:Hongyan,
114:1709–1722
96:Successor
6045:Xuantong
6030:Xianfeng
6025:Daoguang
6015:Qianlong
5934:Emperors
5707:20062627
5539:Archived
5473:Archived
5334:Archived
5303:44818294
5217:近代中國史料叢刊
5190:, p. 12.
5154:, p. 11.
4777:Archived
4686:22 March
4680:Archived
4654:22 March
4648:Archived
4619:22 March
4613:Archived
4585:22 March
4579:Archived
4546:22 March
4540:Archived
4353:40407732
3958:See also
3939:Han Dong
3753:Ben Wong
3728:Yu Zheng
3635:Nicky Wu
3426:Kwong Wa
3265:Chin Han
3144:Kwong Wa
3084:Season 2
3065:Alex Man
2976:Nicky Wu
2966:Tong Hua
2941:Zhejiang
2924:(侠女十三妹).
2922:Lucky 13
2451:Ancestry
2426:Mistress
2236:Lingyuan
2160:Hongzhou
1905:Shennong
1895:Religion
1884:King Wen
1864:Zhongguo
1795:Dzungars
1782:general
1454:Longkodo
1448:Hangzhou
1444:Xinjiang
1307:Longkodo
1299:Yinxiang
1266:era name
1198:雍親王皇四子胤禛
1082:Longkodo
1040:Longkodo
1017:Shenyang
476:Religion
274:Hongzhou
6193:qinwang
6040:Guangxu
6035:Tongzhi
6020:Jiaqing
6000:Shunzhi
5995:Taizong
5959:Taizong
5936:of the
5792:Please
5784:use of
5678:Sources
5545:4 March
5202:, p. 9.
5166:, p. 7.
4753:金, 恒源.
4608:ETToday
4371:Chinese
4060:Chénhàn
4048:Chenhan
3943:Yuntang
3445:南少林三十六房
3391:宫廷画师郎世宁
3093:Wai Lit
3087:滿清十三皇朝2
3055:Dynasty
2947:writer
2937:Haining
2421:(啟祥宮姑娘)
2262:Guogong
2260:Prince
2255:Hongyan
2248:Xiangyu
2221:Hongshi
2214:Hongyun
2208:Hongfen
2178:Consort
2165:Prince
2068:Honghui
2064:(多棋木理)
2046:Empress
2021:Beijing
2006:Hongshi
1812:Qinghai
1804:Khalkha
1752:Tartary
1532:Beijing
1486:Chinese
1474:Yue Fei
1411:of the
1373:Qinghai
1350:Yintang
1327:trident
1286:Chinese
1278:Chinese
1270:Chinese
1224:" is a
1210:Chinese
1202:Chinese
1194:Chinese
1178:Chinese
1150:Chinese
1124:Chinese
990:Chinese
966:Yinreng
929:China.
786:qinwang
781:junwang
776:Yinreng
767:junwang
754:led by
740:Beijing
663:of the
661:emperor
657:Yinzhen
445:Dynasty
421:ᡧᡳᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ
394:ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
370:Emperor
308:愛新覺羅·胤禛
264:Hongshi
248:
240:
236:
223:
215:
211:
196:Spouses
177:Beijing
149:Beijing
18:Yinzhen
6125:W. Xia
6005:Kangxi
5856:
5737:
5713:
5705:
5586:
5531:
5508:, see
5504:
5485:regard
5465:
5426:
5416:
5376:
5366:
5326:
5301:
5291:
5260:
5250:
5135:
5108:
5081:
5054:
5027:
4988:
4978:
4941:
4931:
4835:
4711:
4704:历史不忍细看
4637:雍正繼統之謎
4468:
4439:戴, 逸.
4381:
4373::
4351:
4341:
4312:
4302:
4268:
4258:
4224:
4214:
4178:
4153:
4106:guiren
4094:guifei
4073:guifei
3774:新步步驚心
3695:Palace
3599:Palace
3255:Taiwan
3175:Taiwan
3156:Taiwan
3016:Notes
3004:Region
2910:novel
2258:(弘曕),
2193:Huaike
2167:Hegong
2163:(弘晝),
2092:Hongli
2035:Family
1882:, and
1714:Cohong
1708:Cohong
1659:Yunnan
1574:Li Wei
1500:Li Wei
1492:; cf.
1488::
1381:Shunyi
1343:Yinzhi
1288::
1280::
1272::
1248:, and
1246:Manchu
1212::
1204::
1196::
1182:傳位第四皇子
1180::
1154:傳位于四皇子
1152::
1142::
1140:pinyin
1130:) to "
1128:傳位十四皇子
1126::
1100::
1098:pinyin
1052:Dai Yi
992::
977:, and
971:Yinzhi
874:Li Wei
810:Manchu
623:Manchu
466:Mother
456:Father
417:Manchu
388:Manchu
339:Manchu
318:ᡳᠨ ᠵᡝᠨ
314:Manchu
183:Burial
111:Tenure
6069:Shang
5954:Taizu
5858:Died:
5851:Born:
5711:S2CID
5703:JSTOR
5219:[
5213:大義覺迷錄
4833:S2CID
4759:故宫博物院
4250:[
4035:Notes
3945:, in
3908:, in
3859:梦回大清
3803:延禧攻略
3791:2018
3778:Film
3762:2015
3722:Lu Yi
3718:Film
3714:宮鎖沉香
3702:2013
3653:后宫甄嬛传
3577:书剑恩仇录
3549:少年宝亲王
3499:李卫当官2
3473:皇太子秘史
3182:江湖奇俠傳
3113:书剑恩仇录
3007:Title
2945:wuxia
2908:wuxia
2892:wuxia
2729:Weiwu
2446:(蘇格格)
2440:(張格格)
2434:(伊格格)
2408:(雲答應)
2402:(蘇答應)
2389:(顧常在)
2383:(常常在)
2377:(高常在)
2371:(春常在)
2365:(馬常在)
2359:(李常在)
2353:(那常在)
2340:(老貴人)
2334:(张贵人)
2328:(海贵人)
2322:(安贵人)
2316:(李贵人)
2310:(郭貴人)
2250:(香玉)
2143:Fupei
2133:Fuhui
1959:Ortai
1800:taels
1771:Lhasa
1764:amban
1663:Hakka
1650:China
1566:Ortai
1530:" in
1508:Ortai
1482:madak
1358:Yinti
1354:Yin'e
1295:Yinsi
1260:Reign
1236:" in
1056:Yunli
994:撫遠大將軍
979:Yinti
975:Yinsi
818:Yinsi
800:和碩雍親王
796:和硕雍亲王
761:beile
735:defei
688:Tibet
625:text.
433:House
300:Names
256:Issue
242:(
238:
217:(
213:
78:Reign
6141:Qing
6137:Ming
6133:Yuan
6121:Song
6117:Liao
6109:Tang
6073:Zhou
5968:Khan
5735:ISBN
5584:ISBN
5547:2013
5529:ISBN
5502:ISBN
5463:ISBN
5442:link
5424:OCLC
5414:ISBN
5392:link
5374:OCLC
5364:ISBN
5324:ISBN
5299:OCLC
5289:ISBN
5258:OCLC
5248:ISBN
5133:ISBN
5106:ISBN
5079:ISBN
5052:ISBN
5025:ISBN
5004:link
4986:OCLC
4976:ISBN
4957:link
4939:OCLC
4929:ISBN
4740:2024
4709:ISBN
4688:2018
4656:2018
4621:2018
4587:2018
4548:2018
4504:2024
4479:2024
4466:ISBN
4426:2024
4379:ISBN
4349:OCLC
4339:ISBN
4310:OCLC
4300:ISBN
4266:OCLC
4256:ISBN
4222:OCLC
4212:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4151:ISBN
3928:填四川
3889:美人香
3847:TBA
3825:如懿传
3734:2014
3681:宫锁珠帘
3669:2012
3628:步步惊心
3603:宫锁心玉
3591:2011
3565:2008
3539:2005
3515:2005
3487:2004
3461:2004
3435:2004
3419:九五至尊
3407:2003
3381:2003
3367:江山为重
3355:2002
3329:2002
3310:李卫当官
3298:2002
3284:雍正皇帝
3274:2001
3252:2001
3236:雍正王朝
3224:1999
3198:1997
3172:1997
3159:雍正大帝
3153:1996
3137:九王奪位
3127:1995
3101:1994
3074:1988
3058:大內群英
3048:1980
3034:Film
3021:1975
3010:Type
3001:Year
2706:Esen
2413:Lady
2238:(令媛)
2137:Huai
2127:Fuyi
2072:Duan
1961:who
1876:Shun
1677:The
1502:and
1490:康乾盛世
1206:皇十四子
1109:lit.
927:Qing
846:Qing
686:and
644:The
487:Seal
450:Qing
374:Xian
155:Died
123:Born
6149:PRC
6145:ROC
6129:Jīn
6105:Sui
6089:Jìn
6081:Han
6077:Qin
6065:Xia
5800:or
5695:doi
5285:240
4823:doi
4375:雍正传
4335:195
4110:fei
4102:pin
4100:),
4098:fei
3746:食為奴
3525:上书房
3341:郑板桥
3258:玉指環
3208:大刺客
3031:血滴子
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783:to
731:fei
727:pin
719:Uya
586:IPA
534:雍正帝
520:雍正帝
381:憲皇帝
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6499::
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