981:
1264:
673:
763:. They sought support for "a member of the House of the Prophet who shall be pleasing to everyone", without making explicit mention of the Abbasids. These missions met with success both among Arabs and non-Arabs, although the latter may have played a particularly important role in the growth of the movement. A number of Shi'ite rebellions â by Kaysanites, Hashimiyya and mainstream Shi'ites â took place in the final years of Umayyad rule, just around the same time that tempers were flaring among the Syrian contingents of the Umayyad army regarding alliances and wrongdoings during the
1327:
when the
Abbasids actually held de facto power over the Muslim world coincided with the first composition of Muslim history. Another point of note is that while the Abbasid revolution carried religious undertones against the irreligious and almost secular Umayyads, a separation of mosque and state occurred under the Abbasids as well. Historiographical surveys often focus on the solidifying of Muslim thought and rites under the Abbasids, with the conflicts between separated classes of rulers and clerics giving rise to the empire's eventual separation of religion and politics.
1127:, who was the primary Abbasid military commander, was especially mysterious; even his name, which literally means "father of a Muslim from the large, flat area of the eastern Muslim empire" gave no meaningful information about him personally. Even today, although scholars are sure he was one real, consistent individual, there is broad agreement that all concrete suggestions of his actual identity are doubtful. Abu Muslim himself discouraged inquiries about his origins, emphasizing that his religion and place of residence were all that mattered.
1302:, with most achievements taking place under the Abbasids. What was later known as Islamic civilization and culture was defined by the Abbasids, rather than the earlier Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates. New ideas in all areas of society were accepted regardless of their geographic origin, and the emergence of societal institutions that were Islamic rather than Arab began. Though a class of Muslim clergy was absent for the first century of Islam, it was with the Abbasid revolution and after that the
640:
nobility. Socially, this posed a problem as the
Umayyads viewed Islam as the property of the aristocratic Arab families. There was a rather large financial problem posed to the Umayyad system as well. If the new converts to Islam from non-Arab peoples stopped paying the jizya tax stipulated by the Qur'an for non-Muslims, the empire would go bankrupt. This lack of civil and political rights eventually led the non-Arab Muslims to support the Abbasids, despite the latter also being Arab.
175:
153:
31:
1108:, followed by promises of retribution. Focus was carefully placed on the legacy of Muhammad's family while details of how the Abbasids actually intended to rule were not mentioned. While the Umayyads had primarily spent their energy on wiping out the Alid line of the prophetic family, the Abbasids carefully revised Muslim chronicles to put a heavier emphasis on the relationship between Muhammad and his uncle.
3920:
529:
972:(Parts of today's Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan), while the rebels who had signed a peace accord with Nasr ibn Sayyar were also offered a peace deal by Abu Muslim only to be double crossed and wiped out. With the pacification of any rebel elements in the east and the surrender of Nahavand in the west, the Abbasids were the undisputed rulers of Khorasan.
1152:
894:, which was accepted by the remaining rebels. The rebel leader was assassinated by a son of Ibn Surayj in a revenge attack while at the same time, another Shi'ite revolt had begun in the villages. The son of the remaining rebels signed the peace accord and Ibn Sayyar returned to his post in Merv in August of 747 â just after Abu Muslim initiated a revolt of his own.
1073:(the brother of Abdallah ibn Ali) and killed in Egypt. Al-Fazari, the Umayyad commander at Wasit, held out even after the defeat of Marwan II in January. The Abbasids promised him amnesty in July, but immediately after he exited the fortress they executed him instead. After almost exactly three years of rebellion, the Umayyad state came to an end.
1179:. Abu Muslim was executed at the palace in 755 despite his reminding al-Mansur that it was he (Abu Muslim) who got the Abbasids into power, and his travel companions were bribed into silence. Displeasure over the caliph's brutality as well as admiration for Abu Muslim led to rebellions against the Abbasid Dynasty itself throughout Khorasan and
1260:, points out that while the revolution has often been characterized as a Persian victory and Arab defeat, the caliph was still Arab, the language of administration was still Arabic and Arab nobility was not forced to give up its land holdings; rather, the Arabs were merely forced to share the fruits of the empire equally with other races.
608:, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. By the time the revolution was in full swing, most Kaysanite Shia had either transferred their allegiance to the Abbasid dynasty (in the case of the Hashimiyya), or had converted to other branches of Shi'ism and the Kaysanites ceased to exist.
1121:
demands, the
Abbasids hid not only their identities but also their preparation and mere existence. As-Saffah would go on to become the first Abbasid caliph, but he did not come forward to receive the pledge of allegiance from the people until after the Umayyad caliph and a large number of his princes were already killed.
1059:, and nine days later Marwan II was defeated and his army was completely destroyed. The battle is regarded as what finally sealed the fate of the Umayyads. All Marwan II could do was flee through Syria and into Egypt, with each Umayyad town surrendering to the Abbasids as they swept through in pursuit.
572:
even established temporary rule over Persia. Their murder not only increased anti-Umayyad sentiment among the Shia, but also gave both Shias and Sunnis in Iraq and Persia a common rallying cry. At the same time, the capture and murder of the primary Shi'ite opposition figures rendered the
Abbasids as
494:
Khorasan's expansive size and low population density meant that the Arab denizens â both military and civilian â lived largely outside of the garrisons built during the spread of Islam into Persia. This was in contrast to the rest of the
Umayyad provinces, where Arabs tended to seclude themselves in
1326:
The historiography of the revolution is especially significant due to
Abbasid dominance of most early Muslim historical narratives; it was during their rule that history was established in the Muslim world as an independent field separate from writing in general. The initial two-hundred year period
1293:
to Islam. These "clients," as the Arabs referred to them, were often better educated and more civilised than their Arab masters. The new converts, on the basis of equality of all
Muslims, transformed the political landscape. Previté-Orton also argues that the feud between the Arabs in Syria and the
960:
south western Persia, the
Umayyads attempted to make their last stand in Persia. Umayyad forces fleeing Hamedan and the remainder of Ibn Sayyar's men joined with those already garrisoned. Qahtaba defeated an Umayyad relief contingent from Syria while his son al-Hasan laid siege to Nahavand for more
1095:
The
Abbasid revolution provides an early medieval example of the effectiveness of propaganda. The Black Standard unfurled at the start of the revolution's open phase carried messianic overtones due to past failed rebellions by members of Muhammad's family, with marked eschatological and millennial
643:
Even as the Arab governors adopted the more sophisticated
Iranian methods of governmental administration, non-Arabs were still prevented from holding such positions. Non-Arabs were not even allowed to wear Arabian style clothing, so strong were the feelings of Arab racial superiority cultivated by
511:
Support for the Abbasid revolution came from people of diverse backgrounds, with almost all levels of society supporting armed opposition to Umayyad rule. This was especially pronounced among Muslims of non-Arab descent, though even Arab Muslims resented Umayyad rule and centralized authority over
728:
Support for the Abbasid revolution was an early example of people of different faiths aligning with a common cause. This was due in large part to policies of the Umayyads which were regarded as particularly oppressive to anyone following a faith other than Islam. In 741, the Umayyads decreed that
576:
The Abbasids kept quiet about their identity, simply stating that they wanted a ruler from the descendant of Muhammad upon whose choice as caliph the Muslim community would agree. Many Shi'ites naturally assumed that this meant an Alid ruler, a belief which the Abbasids tacitly encouraged to gain
1086:
Militarily, the unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited mixed Arab and Turks and Iranian officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno-national affiliations but on
631:
Conversion to Islam occurred gradually. If a non-Arab wished to convert to Islam, they not only had to give up their own names but also had to remain a second-class citizen. The non-Arab would be "adopted" by an Arab tribe, though they would not actually adopt the tribe's name as that would risk
436:
in 750 CE saw the Abbasid army triumph over the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II. This victory led to the fall of the Umayyad dynasty and the establishment of Abbasid rule, marking a significant shift in the caliphate's power base from Syria to Iraq and ushering in a new era of Islamic governance.
1120:
The Abbasid revolution was distinguished by a number of tactics which were absent in the other, unsuccessful anti-Umayyad rebellions at the time. Chief among them was secrecy. While the Shi'ite and other rebellions at the time were all led by publicly known leaders making clear and well-defined
639:
Although converts to Islam made up roughly 10% of the native population â most of the people living under Umayyad rule were not Muslim â this percent was significant due to the very small number of Arabs. Gradually, the non-Arab Muslims outnumbered the Arab Muslims, causing alarm among the Arab
1322:
An accurate and comprehensive history of the revolution has proven difficult to compile for a number of reasons. There are no contemporary accounts known to have survived, and most sources were written more than a century after the revolution. Because most historical sources were written under
1297:
The revolution led to the enfranchisement of non-Arab people who had converted to Islam, granting them social and spiritual equality with Arabs. With social restrictions removed, Islam changed from an Arab ethnic empire to a universal world religion. This led to a great cultural and scientific
794:
assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. Unlike the Alid revolts which were open and straightforward about their demands, the Abbasids along with the Hashimite allies slowly built up an underground resistance movement to Umayyad rule. Secret networks were used to build a power base of
627:
tax for non-Muslims. Non-Muslims under Umayyad rule were subject to these same injunctions. Racial intermarriage between Arabs and non Arabs was rare. When it did occur, it was only allowed between an Arab man and a non-Arab woman while non-Arab men were generally not free to marry Arab women.
616:
The Umayyad state is remembered as an Arab-centric state, being run by and for the benefit of those who were ethnically Arab though Muslim in creed. The non-Arab Muslims resented their marginal social position and were easily drawn into Abbasid opposition to Umayyad rule. Arabs dominated the
1134:
garrison cities. Through this networking, Abu Muslim ensured armed support for the Abbasids from a multi-ethnic force years before the revolution even came out in the open. These networks proved essential, as the officers garrisoned along the Silk Road had spent years fighting the ferocious
961:
than two months. The Umayyad military units from Syria within the garrison cut a deal with the Abbasids, saving their own lives by selling out the Umayyad units from Khorasan who were all put to death. After almost ninety years, Umayyad rule in Khorasan had finally come to an end.
1186:
Although Shi'ites were key to the revolution's success, Abbasid attempts to claim orthodoxy in light of Umayyad material excess led to continued persecution of Shi'ites. On the other hand, non-Muslims regained the government posts they had lost under the Umayyads. Jews,
1024:â a disgraced Umayyad official who had been tortured to death a few years prior â began a pro-Abbasid riot starting at the city's citadel. On 2 September 749, al-Hasan bin Qahtaba essentially just walked right in to the city and set up shop. Some confusion followed when
1012:
took place from that August until July 750. Although a respected military commander had been lost, a large portion of the Umayyad forces were essentially trapped inside Wasit and could be left in their virtual prison while more offensive military actions were made.
1248:, analytical interpretations of the revolution are rare, with most discussions simply lining up behind either the Iranic or Arabic interpretation of events. Frequently, early European historians viewed the conflict solely as a non-Arab uprising against Arabs.
1004:. Not to be outdone, the Abbasids launched a nighttime raid on al-Fazari's forces before they had a chance to prepare. During the raid, al-Ta'i himself was finally killed in battle. Despite the loss, al-Fazari was routed and fled with his forces to
1309:
With the eastward movement of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, the Abbasid Empire eventually took on a distinctly Persian character, as opposed to the Arab character of the Umayyads. Rulers became increasingly autocratic, at times claiming
552:, and his kin and companions by the Umayyad army in 680 CE, the Shias used this event as a rallying cry of opposition against the Umayyads. The Abbasids also used the memory of Karbala extensively to gain popular support against the Umayyads.
563:
ruling family. To an extent, rebellion against the Umayyads bore an early association with Shi'ite ideas. A number of Shi'ite revolts against Umayyad rule had already taken place, though they were open about their desire for an Alid ruler.
1174:
In the immediate aftermath, the Abbasids moved to consolidate their power against former allies now seen as rivals. Five years after the revolution succeeded, Abu Muslim was accused of heresy and treason by the second Abbasid caliph
604:, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. Although the anecdote is considered a fabrication, at the time it allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of
1028:, an Abbasid officer, pushed for an Alid leader. Abu Muslim's confidante Abu Jahm reported what was happening, and the Abbasids acted preemptively. On Friday, 28 November 749, before the siege of Wasit had even finished,
419:
in the mid-8th century, fueled by widespread discontent with Umayyad rule. The Abbasids, claiming descent from Muhammad's uncle Abbas, capitalized on various grievances, including discrimination against non-Arab Muslims
1111:
The Abbasids spent more than a year preparing their propaganda drive against the Umayyads. There were a total of seventy propagandists throughout the province of Khorasan, operating under twelve central officials.
729:
non-Muslims could not serve in government posts. The Abbasids were aware of this discontent, and made efforts to balance both its Muslim character as well as its partially non-Muslim constituency.
1323:
Abbasid rule, the description of the Umayyads must be taken with a grain of salt; such sources describe the Umayyads, at best, as merely placeholders between the Rashidun and Abbasid caliphates.
204:
843:
occurring concurrently with the revolution itself. The Abbasids spent their preparation time watching as the Umayyad Empire was besieged from within itself in all four cardinal directions, and
623:
could not live in these garrison cities. The non-Arabs were not allowed to work for the government nor could they hold officer positions in the Umayyad military and they still had to pay the
1036:, was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa. Abu Salama, who witnessed twelve military commanders from the revolution pledging allegiance, was embarrassed into following suit.
964:
At the same time that al-Ta'i took Nishapur Located in North Eastern Khorasan, Abu Muslim was strengthening the Abbasid grip on the Muslim North East. Abbasid governors were appointed over
432:
supporters, under the banner of restoring rule to the Prophet's family. The revolutionaries adopted black as their color and advanced westward, defeating Umayyad forces. The decisive
3552:
1202:(the seat of the Abbasid caliphate after 1258) and claimed the caliphate for themselves. The period of actual, direct rule by the Abbasids lasted almost exactly two-hundred years.
945:
near today's Capital "Tehran", only for that city to fall as well as the Caliph's commander; once again, Ibn Sayyar fled west and died on 9 December 748 while trying to reach
1167:, and most of the remaining members of the Umayyad family were tracked down and killed. When Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty gathered in
499:. While intermarriage with non-Arabs elsewhere in the Empire was discouraged or even banned, it slowly became a habit within eastern Khorasan; and the Arabs began adopting
197:
1087:
their current places of residence. This greatly diminished tribal and ethnic solidarity and replaced both concepts with a sense of shared interests among individuals.
636:
of al-(tribe's name)", even if they were not a slave prior to conversion. This essentially meant they were subservient to the tribe who sponsored their conversion.
1191:, Zoroastrians and even Buddhists were re-integrated into a more cosmopolitan empire centered around the new, ethnically and religiously diverse city of Baghdad.
190:
617:
bureaucracy and military, and were housed in fortresses separate from the local population outside of Arabia. Even after converting to Islam, non-Arabs or
1055:(Today's South Central Turkey) and advanced toward Mesopotamia. On 16 January 750 the two forces met on the left bank of a tributary of the Tigris in the
5121:
3954:
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On 9 June 747 (Ramadan 25, 129AH), Abu Muslim successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the
856:
has asserted that even if the Umayyad rulers had been aware of the Abbasids' preparations, it would not have been possible to mobilize against them.
1395:"THE 'ABBASID REVOLUTION IN CENTRAL ASIA AND KHURÄSÄN: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF TAXATION, CONVERSION, AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN ITS GENESIS"
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1903:
559:) was largely responsible for starting the final efforts against the Umayyad dynasty, initially with the goal of replacing the Umayyads with an
5116:
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argues that the reasons for the decline of the Umayyads was the rapid expansion of Islam. During the Umayyad period, mass conversions brought
1198:
and its surroundings continued until 1258 when the Mongols sacked Baghdad, while their lineage as nominal caliphs lasted until 1517, when the
1130:
Whoever he was, Abu Muslim built a secret network of pro-Abbasid sentiment based among the mixed Arab and Iranian military officers along the
5168:
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882:; the two factions double-crossed each other shortly thereafter, with Ibn Surayj's faction being crushed. Western Khorasan was controlled by
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fortresses to avoid interacting with the locals. Arab settlers in Khorasan left their traditional lifestyle and settled among the native
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Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, Richard Nelson; Avery, Peter; Boyle, John Andrew; Gershevitch, Ilya; Jackson, Peter (1975).
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support in the eastern Muslim lands to ensure the revolution's success. This buildup not only took place right on the heels of the
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477:â also in 746. It was not until 747 that Marwan II was able to pacify the provinces; the Abbasid revolution began within months.
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supported efforts to overthrow the Umayyads, as did non-Muslim subjects of the empire who resented religious discrimination.
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in 738. He held on to his post throughout the war of succession, being confirmed as governor by Marwan II in the aftermath.
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supported the Abbasids, and thus retained their status as a privileged governing class regardless of religious belief.
322:
878:. After joining forces with other rebel factions, Ibn Surayj drove Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar and his forces to
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made his first contact with Abbasid agents there, and eventually he was introduced to the head of Abbasids, Imam
337:
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movement, an assertion of non-Arab racial and cultural equality with Arabs. The movement gained support among
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1961:
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in south Western Persia. Al-Ta'i rolled west through Khorasan, defeating a 50,000 strong Umayyad force at
5215:
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The Abbasids wasted no time in continuing from Persia into Mesopotamia. In August 749, Umayyad commander
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294:
169:
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The Abbasid revolution has been of great interest to both Western and Muslim historians. According to
1232:. This is considered an extension of the Umayyad Dynasty, and ruled from Cordoba from 756 until 1031.
914:
less than a year after the latter had put down Ibn Surayj's revolt, and dispatched an army westwards.
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was the center for the opposition to Umayyad rule, particularly Ali's supporters and Shias. In 741â42
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906:. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in
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rebellion that would continue until 746. Concurrent with this, a rebellion broke out in reaction to
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The End of the JihĂąd State: The Reign of HishÄm ibn Ê»Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
2004:
Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran
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The Abbasids were essentially puppets of secular rulers starting from 945, though their rule over
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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appeared as a force in society, positioning themselves as the arbiters of justice and orthodoxy.
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1224:) after five years of travel westward. Over the course of thirty years, he ousted the ruling
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as the court language in the eastern Islamic empire, and ordered it to be changed to Arabic.
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pollution of perceived Arab racial purity. Rather, the non-Arab would take the last name of "
251:
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2012:
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1405:(2/3). Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad: 227â252.
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941:, South East of Caspian Sea. Ibn Sayyar regrouped with reinforcements from the Caliph at
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Just as quickly as Qahtaba's forces marched from Khorosan to Kufa, so did the forces of
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Religion and Politics Under the Early Ê»AbbÄsids: The Emergence of the Proto-SunnÄ« Elite
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and as the two languages influenced one another, the ethnic barriers gradually eroded.
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The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
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536:, a desert palace where Umayyad princes were notorious for indulgence and extravagance
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2833:, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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clan, rivals of the Umayyads, the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to
500:
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299:
126:
56:
428:, the rebellion united diverse groups, including Persians, disaffected Arabs, and
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937:, in western Persia. That August, al-Ta'i defeated an Umayyad force of 10,000 at
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the only realistic contenders for the void that would be left by the Umayyads.
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1051:(in today's Northern Iraq). At this point Marwan II mobilized his troops from
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3253:, p. 150. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2002.
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3033:
2958:, Part 1: the Age of the Caliphs, p. 49. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1968.
2830:
2724:
2422:
2325:
1870:
1626:
1506:
1478:
1410:
1282:
1249:
1070:
853:
800:
657:
645:
266:
174:
152:
1513:, Stuart Schwartz and Marc Jason Gilbert."The Umayyad Imperium." Taken from
710:
forced all the mawali who had left for cities, in order to avoid paying the
5078:
4828:
4652:
4613:
4588:
4547:
4454:
4142:
4137:
3699:
3557:
2931:
2222:
1580:
1510:
1140:
840:
796:
764:
565:
309:
282:
236:
1100:â held vivid historical reenactments of the murder of Muhammad's grandson
453:, which raged across the Middle East for three years. The very next year,
5126:
4494:
4333:
4313:
4287:
4224:
4005:
3900:
3764:
3689:
3653:
3251:
Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran
2572:
1971:
1554:
965:
934:
824:
768:
750:
691:
578:
450:
277:
231:
3445:
The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule, 747â820
1418:
5088:
5061:
4850:
4657:
4647:
4583:
4562:
4542:
4416:
4328:
4297:
4239:
4048:
4012:
3843:
3628:
3165:
3006:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600â1800
2571:, p. 19. Volume 5 of International Library of Iranian Studies. London:
1914:, vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 22â25. JulyâAugust, 1980. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
1394:
1214:
1124:
791:
779:
226:
118:
445:
By the 740s, the Umayyad Empire found itself in critical condition. A
5056:
4838:
4818:
4808:
4761:
4598:
4209:
4120:
4067:
4055:
3668:
3658:
3356:
3199:
3179:
2181:
1180:
1176:
1131:
1096:
slants. The Abbasids â their leaders descended from Muhammad's uncle
1069:
and his family were tracked down by a small force led by Abu Awn and
1066:
1029:
1017:
989:
942:
887:
847:
755:
Beginning around 719, Hashimiyya missions began to seek adherents in
649:
533:
462:
458:
401:
246:
147:
114:
110:
3399:
The Revolution which Toppled the Umayyads: Neither Arab nor ÊżAbbÄsid
2785:. Ed. Richard N. Frye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
5051:
4955:
4776:
4751:
4662:
4421:
4318:
4266:
4105:
3820:
3643:
3618:
3274:
The Middle East Remembered: Forged Identities, Competing Narratives
1253:
1062:
957:
930:
879:
850:
836:
653:
633:
549:
466:
429:
424:), heavy taxation, and perceived impiety of Umayyad rulers. Led by
3519:
Revolt: the social and military aspects of the ÊżAbbÄsid revolution
4981:
4910:
4578:
4411:
4323:
4132:
4110:
3638:
3608:
1225:
1195:
1164:
1105:
969:
950:
946:
808:
597:
1000:
attempted to meet the forces of al-Ta'i before they could reach
702:
was dominated by the mawali and accounts were written using the
30:
5111:
4960:
4929:
4363:
3919:
3848:
3815:
3790:
3684:
3175:
2501:
2473:
2333:
1967:
1713:
1052:
938:
910:. On 14 February 748 he established control of Merv, expelling
828:
804:
712:
619:
513:
470:
421:
528:
5041:
4950:
4924:
4900:
4895:
4855:
4798:
4786:
4771:
4766:
4389:
4156:
3830:
3810:
3805:
1930:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. pp. 117 and 118.
1303:
1286:
1218:
1168:
1048:
1016:
Concurrently with the siege in 749, the Abbasids crossed the
1005:
820:
816:
812:
787:
760:
699:
624:
560:
517:
2523:, "The Arab Conquest of Iran and its Aftermath." Taken from
1484:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661â750
1143:
and were experienced and respected tacticians and warriors.
716:
tax, to return to their lands. He was upset at the usage of
644:
the Umayyads. Much of the discontent this caused led to the
5046:
1151:
1001:
907:
871:
775:
733:
474:
64:
60:
694:
policy which led to much discontent. Up until the time of
611:
596:
According to certain traditions, Abd-Allah died in 717 in
3026:
The Last Crusade: Americanism and the Islamic Reformation
1963:
Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies
1923:
1518:
586:
577:
Shi'ite support. Though the Abbasids were members of the
415:
The Abbasid revolt originated in the eastern province of
3480:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
3425:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2241:
Stearns, Adas et al., "Converts and People of the Book."
3962:
3008:, p. 104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
3447:. Minneapolis and Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica, Inc.
2602:, p. 58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
212:
3166:"Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution"
886:
at the time, cutting Ibn Sayyar in the east off from
2814:, Introduction, first page on the Abbasid caliphate.
1706:, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch and Lyman Johnson,
1159:
The victors desecrated the tombs of the Umayyads in
874:
without success at first, even losing his secretary
378:
3353:
A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000
1365:
1294:Arabs in Mesopotamia further weakened the empire.
1876:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
1228:and resisted Abbasid incursions to establish the
660:, though this movement was most pronounced among
5207:
3305:Islamic Historiography: The Histories of Mas'udi
3086:, p. 16. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
2621:
1924:Cornell, Vincent J.; Kamran Scot Aghaie (2007).
667:
523:
3381:Religion and Politics Under the Early Ê»AbbÄsids
2468:Susanne Enderwitz, "Shu'ubiya." Taken from the
2214:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
723:
1453:, p. 77. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009.
3948:
3573:
2421:, pp. 55â56. Volume 2 of Middle East Series.
1065:fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August
198:
3587:
3220:Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding
2401:Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding
2359:Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding
2101:
2099:
1392:
388:
4873:
3415:
3230:
3228:
3079:
3077:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
1709:The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1171:to receive pardons and all were massacred.
555:The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the
400:(661â750 CE), the second of the four major
3955:
3941:
3580:
3566:
3245:
3243:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2618:ۧÙ۱۶ۧ Ù
Ù ŰĄŰąÙ Ù
ŰÙ
ŰŻ :al-reĆŒÄ men Äl Moáž„ammad
2065:
2063:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1797:, vol. 7, p. 86. London: Routledge, 1998.
1502:
1500:
1270:, an early example of Abbasid architecture
1032:, the great-grandson of Muhammad's uncle,
205:
191:
29:
16:747â750 overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate
3501:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3214:
3212:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2822:
2820:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2096:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1848:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1629:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
1515:World Civilizations:The Global Experience
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
3335:, p. 6. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.
3225:
3074:
2966:
2964:
2950:
2948:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2667:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2244:
2198:
2116:
2114:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1676:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1576:
1574:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1262:
1213:, survived and established a kingdom in
1150:
1104:by the army of the second Umayyad ruler
979:
799:in Iraq, but also concurrently with the
671:
583:Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
527:
385:Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment
5148:
3470:
3325:
3240:
3196:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History,
2977:
2896:
2861:
2795:
2749:
2731:, Introduction, final two pages on the
2644:
2642:
2640:
2060:
1988:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1497:
1155:National borders in the region by 800AD
870:In 746, Ibn Surayj began his revolt at
859:
612:Discontent among non-Arab Sunni Muslims
5208:
4640:
3515:
3494:
3439:
3209:
2843:
2817:
2284:
2025:
1861:
1845:
1771:
1730:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1463:
845:School of Oriental and African Studies
759:. Their campaign was framed as one of
5147:
5017:
4872:
4740:
3978:
3936:
3561:
3235:The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art
3018:
2961:
2945:
2767:
2585:
2267:The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art
2111:
1807:
1639:
1571:
1432:
706:. The controversial Umayyad governor
465:'s decision to move the capital from
186:
5018:
3396:
3155:
3107:The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710â797,
3054:A Concise History of the Middle East
2972:The Muslim World a Historical Survey
2956:The Muslim World a Historical Survey
2637:
1535:
975:
933:and then pushed him further west to
1603:
1487:, p. 105. London: Routledge, 2002.
1386:
988:depicting As-Saffah as he receives
917:Newly commissioned Abbasid officer
890:. In the summer of 747, Ibn Sayyar
568:fought the Umayyads in Iraq, while
389:
368:
13:
5179:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
4148:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
3390:
3313:State University of New York Press
2368:University of South Carolina Press
2299:Philip Adler and Randall Pouwels,
1081:
732:The non-Muslim aristocracy around
473:, resulting in the destruction of
14:
5247:
3537:
2702:Yemen and: The Bradt Travel Guide
676:Coinage depicting Umayyad Caliph
394:áž„araka rijÄl ath-thiyÄb as-sawdÄÊŸ
4078:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
3918:
953:in Central Persia in March 749.
897:
295:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
173:
151:
3373:
3345:
3294:
3263:
3185:
3127:
3096:
3046:
2995:
2920:
2883:
2718:
2694:
2654:
2612:
2561:
2545:
2514:
2490:
2462:
2439:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2350:
2319:
2235:
2168:
2140:
2127:
2085:
2076:
1951:
1917:
1893:
1754:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia
544:, which led to the massacre of
512:their nomadic lifestyles. Both
3745:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
3730:Second siege of Constantinople
3720:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3705:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
3544:Abbasid Caliphate Bibliography
3522:. Jerusalem: Graph Press Ltd.
2827:The Cambridge History of Islam
2708:: Brandt Travel Guides, 2007.
2148:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
1590:
1393:MarĂn-GuzmĂĄn, Roberto (1994).
1372:. Cambridge University Press.
1359:
1342:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1045:Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid
455:al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani
252:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
5231:740s in the Umayyad Caliphate
4884:Palace and central government
4741:
3695:First siege of Constantinople
2779:The Cambridge History of Iran
2452:, vol. 2, pp. 138â139. 1890.
2415:and Sydney Nettleton Fisher,
1369:The Cambridge History of Iran
1352:
1347:Battle of the Great Zab River
1317:
1314:in defense of their actions.
1090:
668:Repression of Iranian culture
524:Discontent among Shia Muslims
440:
343:Kharijite Rebellion (866â896)
4344:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
4088:AbbasidâCarolingian alliance
3775:Umayyad rule in North Africa
3715:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
3553:The Rise and Spread of Islam
3401:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
3282:University of Michigan Press
2634:. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
1976:Institute of Ismaili Studies
1242:State University of New York
1146:
724:Discontent among Non-Muslims
396:), was the overthrow of the
7:
3979:
3466:History of the Arab Peoples
3109:pp. 113â140 & 168â182.
2649:The Oxford History of Islam
2106:The Oxford History of Islam
1622:The Oxford History of Islam
1517:, combined volume. 7th ed.
1330:
1256:of Near Eastern Studies at
379:
10:
5252:
3750:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3725:Umayyad campaigns in India
3204:Cambridge University Press
2990:The Final Dynasty of Islam
2930:, p. 1,233. 2nd. ed. Eds.
2915:The First Dynasty of Islam
2891:The First Dynasty of Islam
2878:The First Dynasty of Islam
2762:The First Dynasty of Islam
2691:. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
2662:The First Dynasty of Islam
2533:Cambridge University Press
2418:The Middle East: A History
2388:The First Dynasty of Islam
2186:Edinburgh University Press
2071:The First Dynasty of Islam
2048:Greenwood Publishing Group
1856:The First Dynasty of Islam
1598:The First Dynasty of Islam
1115:
1076:
1020:and took Kufa. The son of
984:Folio from the records of
919:Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i
863:
748:
744:
591:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
483:was appointed governor of
257:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
5154:
5143:
5104:
5028:
5024:
5013:
4969:
4943:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4747:
4736:
4704:
4626:
4571:
4530:
4512:
4442:
4404:
4386:
4349:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
4306:
4275:
4188:
4171:
4098:
4036:
4021:
3989:
3985:
3974:
3916:
3906:Painting of the Six Kings
3864:
3783:
3677:
3596:
3417:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
3397:Agha, Saleh Said (2003).
2525:Cambridge History of Iran
2496:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub,
1235:
1098:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
739:
685:Muslim conquest of Persia
506:
222:
100:
83:
39:
28:
23:
4944:Financial administration
4716:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
3889:Great Mosque of Damascus
3735:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
3710:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
2936:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
2829:, vol. 1A, p. 102. Eds.
2552:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
2498:Two Centuries of Silence
2330:Islam: The Straight Path
2272:Museum with No Frontiers
1833:Harvard University Press
1829:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1200:Ottomans conquered Egypt
998:Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari
929:, pursued Ibn Sayyar to
390:Ű۱ÙŰ© Ű±ŰŹŰ§Ù Ű§ÙŰ«Ùۧۚ ۧÙŰłÙۯۧۥ
380:ath-thawra al-ÊżAbbÄsiyya
305:QaysâYaman war (793â796)
242:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
4874:Government and military
3498:The ÊżAbbÄsid Revolution
2472:, vol. 9, pp. 513â514.
2450:Muhammedanische Studien
2338:Oxford University Press
2122:A Brief History of Iraq
1664:Mercer University Press
1450:A Brief History of Iraq
1244:professor of sociology
1207:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1163:, sparing only that of
1125:Abu Muslim al-Khorasani
696:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
678:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
602:Mohammad ibn Ali Abbasi
489:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
5236:8th-century rebellions
4369:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
3884:Great Mosque of Aleppo
3740:Second ArabâKhazar War
3516:Sharon, Moshe (1990).
3495:Shaban, M. A. (1979).
3379:Muhammad Qasim Zaman,
3331:Muhammad Qasim Zaman,
2928:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2521:Abdolhosein Zarrinkoub
2470:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2092:ÊżALÄȘ AL-REĆ»Ä, Irannica
1906:29 August 2008 at the
1298:exchange known as the
1271:
1156:
993:
921:, along with his sons
680:
537:
101:Commanders and leaders
4678:Mustansiriya Madrasah
4083:Round city of Baghdad
3854:ArabâSasanian coinage
3755:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
3548:Oxford Bibliographies
3174:, vol. 27, Nos. 1â4.
2527:, vol. 4, p. 46. Ed.
2427:McGraw-Hill Education
2156:Yale University Press
2120:Hala Mundhir Fattah,
1881:Oneworld Publications
1447:Hala Mundhir Fattah,
1266:
1154:
990:pledges of allegiance
983:
884:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
831:, with the revolt of
749:Further information:
675:
570:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
531:
262:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
47:9 June 747 â July 750
5174:Science and learning
4073:Conquest of Ifriqiya
3874:Umayyad architecture
3052:Arthur Goldschmidt,
2737:Simon & Schuster
2689:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
2664:, pp. 105 & 107.
2632:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
1901:The Frescoes of Amra
1704:Pamela Kyle Crossley
1600:, pp. 105 & 113.
1268:Al-Ukhaidir Fortress
1258:Princeton University
1189:Nestorian Christians
923:Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba
866:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
860:Revolt of Ibn Surayj
833:al-Harith ibn Surayj
687:was coupled with an
426:Abu Muslim Khorasani
408:, by the third, the
216:the early Caliphates
35:The Caliphate in 750
5149:Culture and society
4252:Kharijite Rebellion
3836:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
3024:Michael A. Palmer,
2700:Daniel McLaughlin,
2685:ABĆȘ MOSLEM ណORÄSÄNÄȘ
2529:Richard Nelson Frye
2302:World Civilizations
2013:Trafford Publishing
1759:Infobase Publishing
1757:, p. 58. New York:
1337:ArabâByzantine wars
1275:C. W. Previté-Orton
708:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
383:), also called the
247:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
5216:Abbasid Revolution
5189:Islamic philosophy
4485:Musharrif al-Dawla
4354:Qarmatian invasion
4339:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
4220:Anarchy at Samarra
4176:the Abbasid empire
4044:Abbasid Revolution
3826:QaysâYaman rivalry
3770:Abbasid Revolution
3192:C.W. Previté-Orton
3162:SaĂŻd Amir Arjomand
3143:Palgrave Macmillan
3135:A History of Spain
2940:Wolfhart Heinrichs
2413:William Ochsenwald
2305:, p. 214. Boston:
2135:Ismaili Literature
1912:Saudi Aramco World
1879:, p. 160. London:
1712:, vol. A, p. 251.
1654:Donald Lee Berry,
1559:Palgrave Macmillan
1300:Islamic Golden Age
1272:
1254:professor emeritus
1246:SaĂŻd Amir Arjomand
1230:Emirate of CĂłrdoba
1157:
994:
927:Humayd ibn Qahtaba
681:
606:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
548:, the grandson of
538:
449:in 744 led to the
361:Abbasid revolution
333:Anarchy at Samarra
328:Bashmurian revolts
290:Abbasid Revolution
139:Humayd ibn Qahtaba
123:Qahtaba ibn Shabib
24:Abbasid revolution
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4864:
4863:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4700:
4699:
4632:(1157–1258)
4622:
4621:
4522:(1055–1157)
4508:
4507:
4500:al-Malik al-Rahim
4427:Baghdad Manifesto
4382:
4381:
4167:
4166:
4001:Umayyad Caliphate
3964:Abbasid Caliphate
3930:
3929:
3589:Umayyad Caliphate
3487:978-0-367-36690-2
3432:978-0-7914-1827-7
3249:Kathryn Babayan,
2856:The Rise of Islam
2733:Umayyad caliphate
2628:ABBASID CALIPHATE
2567:Aptin Khanbaghi,
2558:, vol. 4, p. 423.
2510:978-964-5983-33-6
2082:ÙÙ۱۶ۧ Ù
Ù ŰĄŰ§Ù Ù
ŰÙ
ŰŻ
2039:The Rise of Islam
1751:James Wynbrandt,
1656:Pictures of Islam
1523:Pearson Education
1057:Battle of the Zab
976:Mesopotamia phase
542:Battle of Karbala
447:succession crisis
434:Battle of the Zab
410:Abbasid caliphate
398:Umayyad caliphate
377:
356:
355:
181:
180:
143:Abd Allah ibn Ali
135:Hasan ibn Qahtaba
95:Umayyad caliphate
90:Abbasid caliphate
79:
78:
5243:
5145:
5144:
5122:Jews and Judaism
5026:
5025:
5019:Religion and law
5015:
5014:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4738:
4737:
4720:Mamluk Sultanate
4638:
4637:
4633:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:(946–1055)
4186:
4185:
4181:
4174:Fragmentation of
4126:Sack of Heraclea
4034:
4033:
4029:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3894:Dome of the Rock
3840:Umayyad coinage
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3533:
3512:
3491:
3458:
3441:Daniel, Elton L.
3436:
3412:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3361:Orient Blackswan
3349:
3343:
3329:
3323:
3298:
3292:
3267:
3261:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3198:vol. 1, p. 239.
3189:
3183:
3159:
3153:
3131:
3125:
3100:
3094:
3083:Andrew Marsham,
3081:
3072:
3050:
3044:
3022:
3016:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2975:
2970:Bertold Spuler,
2968:
2959:
2954:Bertold Spuler,
2952:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2859:
2854:Matthew Gordon,
2852:
2841:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2793:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2747:
2722:
2716:
2698:
2692:
2682:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2549:
2543:
2518:
2512:
2504:: Sukhan, 2000.
2494:
2488:
2478:Brill Publishers
2466:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2323:
2317:
2307:Cengage Learning
2297:
2282:
2263:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2209:
2196:
2172:
2166:
2144:
2138:
2133:Farhad Daftary,
2131:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2036:Matthew Gordon,
2034:
2023:
1999:
1986:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1921:
1915:
1899:Patricia Baker,
1897:
1891:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1820:
1805:
1788:
1769:
1749:
1728:
1718:Cengage Learning
1697:
1674:
1652:
1637:
1618:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1569:
1544:
1533:
1504:
1495:
1476:
1461:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1205:One grandson of
1041:Abdallah ibn Ali
600:in the house of
585:, a grandson of
412:(750â1517 CE).
392:
391:
382:
372:
370:
300:Battle of Fakhkh
217:
207:
200:
193:
184:
183:
177:
166:
155:
131:
59:and present day
57:Greater Khorasan
41:
40:
33:
21:
20:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5195:
5184:House of Wisdom
5150:
5131:
5100:
5020:
5001:
4965:
4939:
4875:
4860:
4743:
4724:
4709:
4696:
4690:Sack of Baghdad
4634:
4631:
4618:
4567:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4504:
4480:Sultan al-Dawla
4470:Sharaf al-Dawla
4465:Samsam al-Dawla
4450:Mu'izz al-Dawla
4438:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4378:
4302:
4276:Abbasid revival
4271:
4203:Sack of Amorium
4182:
4180:(833–946)
4179:
4178:
4175:
4163:
4116:Harun al-Rashid
4094:
4061:Battle of Talas
4030:
4028:(750–833)
4027:
4026:
4017:
3994:
3981:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3931:
3926:
3912:
3860:
3796:Umayyad dynasty
3779:
3673:
3592:
3586:
3540:
3530:
3509:
3488:
3462:Hourani, Albert
3455:
3433:
3409:
3393:
3391:Further reading
3388:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3351:E. Sreedharan,
3350:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3299:
3295:
3268:
3264:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3190:
3186:
3171:Iranian Studies
3160:
3156:
3132:
3128:
3115:Wiley-Blackwell
3101:
3097:
3082:
3075:
3051:
3047:
3023:
3019:
3002:Jonathan Berkey
3000:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2825:
2818:
2812:The Middle East
2810:Bernard Lewis,
2809:
2796:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2729:The Middle East
2723:
2719:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2595:
2586:
2566:
2562:
2556:Kitab al-Aghani
2550:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2495:
2491:
2467:
2463:
2446:IgnĂĄc Goldziher
2444:
2440:
2411:
2407:
2403:, p. 33 (only).
2398:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2355:
2351:
2324:
2320:
2298:
2285:
2264:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2210:
2199:
2173:
2169:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2035:
2026:
2000:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1927:Voices of Islam
1922:
1918:
1908:Wayback Machine
1898:
1894:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1821:
1808:
1795:Weber and Islam
1791:Bryan S. Turner
1789:
1772:
1750:
1731:
1700:Richard Bulliet
1698:
1677:
1653:
1640:
1619:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1585:Futuh al-Buldan
1579:
1572:
1547:Patrick Clawson
1545:
1536:
1505:
1498:
1477:
1464:
1446:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1399:Islamic Studies
1391:
1387:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1333:
1320:
1238:
1211:Abd ar-Rahman I
1149:
1118:
1093:
1084:
1082:Ethnic equality
1079:
1022:Khalid al-Qasri
978:
912:Nasr ibn Sayyar
900:
876:Jahm bin Safwan
868:
862:
753:
747:
742:
726:
670:
614:
557:Kaysanites Shia
526:
509:
497:Iranian peoples
481:Nasr ibn Sayyar
443:
406:Islamic history
369:ۧÙŰ«Ù۱۩ ۧÙŰčۚۧ۳ÙŰ©
357:
352:
218:
215:
213:
211:
168:
162:
158:Nasr ibn Sayyar
156:
141:
137:
133:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:Ibrahim al-Imam
75:Abbasid victory
67:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:750s conflicts
5223:
5221:740s conflicts
5218:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:Robe of honour
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4844:Jund Qinnasrin
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4824:Jund al-Urdunn
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4572:Seljuk sultans
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4525:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Jalal al-Dawla
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:'Adud al-Dawla
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4374:Nasir al-Dawla
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Zanj Rebellion
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4194:
4192:
4190:Samarra period
4183:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Desert castles
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
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3656:
3651:
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3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3538:External links
3536:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3513:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3437:
3431:
3413:
3407:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3372:
3344:
3324:
3293:
3262:
3239:
3224:
3208:
3184:
3154:
3133:Simon Barton,
3126:
3095:
3073:
3062:Westview Press
3045:
3017:
2994:
2988:G.R. Hawting,
2976:
2960:
2944:
2919:
2913:G.R. Hawting,
2895:
2893:, pp. 116â117.
2889:G.R. Hawting,
2882:
2876:G.R. Hawting,
2860:
2842:
2816:
2794:
2766:
2760:G.R. Hawting,
2748:
2717:
2693:
2666:
2660:G.R. Hawting,
2653:
2636:
2620:
2611:
2597:Ira M. Lapidus
2584:
2560:
2544:
2513:
2489:
2461:
2438:
2405:
2392:
2386:G.R. Hawting,
2379:
2349:
2318:
2283:
2243:
2234:
2197:
2167:
2146:Moojan Momen,
2139:
2126:
2110:
2095:
2084:
2075:
2069:G.R. Hawting,
2059:
2024:
1987:
1958:Farhad Daftary
1950:
1936:
1916:
1892:
1860:
1854:G.R. Hawting,
1844:
1806:
1770:
1729:
1675:
1638:
1602:
1596:G.R. Hawting,
1589:
1570:
1534:
1496:
1462:
1431:
1385:
1378:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1237:
1234:
1148:
1145:
1117:
1114:
1102:Husayn ibn Ali
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1010:Siege of Wasit
977:
974:
904:Black Standard
899:
896:
892:sued for peace
864:Main article:
861:
858:
790:. Around 746,
746:
743:
741:
738:
725:
722:
704:Pahlavi script
669:
666:
662:Iranian people
613:
610:
546:Husayn ibn Ali
540:Following the
525:
522:
508:
505:
442:
439:
354:
353:
351:
350:
348:Zanj Rebellion
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
286:
285:
275:
273:Yahya ibn Zayd
269:
264:
259:
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239:
234:
229:
223:
220:
219:
214:Civil wars of
210:
209:
202:
195:
187:
179:
178:
170:Yazid ibn Umar
145:
103:
102:
98:
97:
92:
86:
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81:
80:
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69:
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5248:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
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5214:
5213:
5211:
5190:
5187:
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5182:
5180:
5177:
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5175:
5172:
5170:
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5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5094:Shi'a Century
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Sunni Revival
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Abna al-dawla
4975:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Amir al-umara
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Jund Filastin
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4739:
4735:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
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4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Malik-Shah II
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:al-Mustarshid
4551:
4549:
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4359:Sack of Mecca
4357:
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4215:al-Mutawakkil
4213:
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4037:Establishment
4035:
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3760:Berber Revolt
3758:
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3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3529:965-223-388-9
3525:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3508:0-521-29534-3
3504:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3472:Kennedy, Hugh
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3454:0-88297-025-9
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
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3414:
3410:
3408:90-04-12994-4
3404:
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3369:9788125026570
3366:
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3341:9789004106789
3338:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3321:9780873952828
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Tarif Khalidi
3297:
3291:
3290:9780472110834
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:Jacob Lassner
3266:
3260:
3259:9780932885289
3256:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3218:Fred Astren,
3215:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3123:0-631-19405-3
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:Roger Collins
3099:
3093:
3092:9780199806157
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3070:0-8133-3885-9
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:, pp. 76â77.
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:9781597970624
3039:
3035:
3034:Potomac Books
3031:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3014:9780521588133
3011:
3007:
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2839:9780521291354
2836:
2832:
2831:Peter M. Holt
2828:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2791:9780521200936
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2745:9781439190005
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:Bernard Lewis
2721:
2715:
2714:9781841622125
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2651:, p. 24 only.
2650:
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2608:9780521779333
2605:
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2581:9781845110567
2578:
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2570:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2541:0-521-24693-8
2538:
2534:
2531:. Cambridge:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2486:90-04-10422-4
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2458:0-202-30778-6
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2435:9780070217195
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2399:Fred Astren,
2396:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:9781570035180
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:, pp. 33â34.
2361:
2360:
2356:Fred Astren,
2353:
2347:
2346:9780195112344
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:John Esposito
2322:
2316:
2315:9781285968322
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2296:
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2280:9781874044352
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2231:9780852550939
2228:
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2195:
2194:9780748618880
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:9780300035315
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:, pp. 47â48.
2149:
2143:
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2130:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2088:
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2056:9780313325229
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
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2033:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2021:9781426929182
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1984:9781850434399
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
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1964:
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1937:9780275987329
1933:
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1896:
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1889:9781780743097
1886:
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1872:
1871:Richard Foltz
1867:
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1636:
1635:9780199880416
1632:
1628:
1627:John Esposito
1625:, p. 25. Ed.
1624:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1613:
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1532:
1531:9780205986309
1528:
1524:
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1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Peter Stearns
1503:
1501:
1494:
1493:9781134550586
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:G. R. Hawting
1475:
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1471:
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1459:9780816057672
1456:
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1379:9780521200936
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1255:
1251:
1250:Bernard Lewis
1247:
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1128:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1074:
1072:
1071:Salih ibn Ali
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
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1037:
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1031:
1027:
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948:
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928:
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920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
898:Persian phase
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
855:
854:G. R. Hawting
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:rebellion in
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Berber Revolt
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:At this time
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
737:
735:
730:
721:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
679:
674:
665:
663:
659:
658:Berber people
655:
651:
647:
641:
637:
635:
629:
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622:
621:
609:
607:
603:
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571:
567:
562:
558:
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551:
547:
543:
535:
530:
521:
519:
515:
504:
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501:Persian dress
498:
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486:
482:
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468:
464:
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456:
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438:
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303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
268:
267:Berber Revolt
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
208:
203:
201:
196:
194:
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188:
185:
176:
171:
167:
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159:
154:
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136:
132:
130:
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116:
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108:
105:
104:
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96:
93:
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88:
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82:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5159:Architecture
5117:Christianity
5079:Twelve Imams
4829:Jund Dimashq
4706:
4685:al-Musta'sim
4673:al-Mustansir
4653:al-Mustanjid
4629:Final period
4628:
4614:Ahmad Sanjar
4589:Malik-Shah I
4548:al-Mustazhir
4514:
4455:Izz al-Dawla
4388:
4173:
4138:Fourth Fitna
4024:Early period
4023:
3991:
3700:Second Fitna
3624:Abd al-Malik
3518:
3497:
3476:
3444:
3421:
3398:
3380:
3375:
3347:
3327:
3304:
3296:
3265:
3234:
3219:
3195:
3187:
3170:
3157:
3134:
3129:
3106:
3098:
3053:
3048:
3020:
2997:
2989:
2971:
2932:Peri Bearman
2922:
2914:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2855:
2811:
2761:
2735:. New York:
2732:
2720:
2701:
2696:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2623:
2614:
2563:
2547:
2516:
2492:
2464:
2449:
2441:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2321:
2306:
2301:
2266:
2237:
2223:James Currey
2213:
2211:Ivan Hrbek,
2176:
2174:Heinz Halm,
2170:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2108:, pp. 24â25.
2105:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2038:
2003:
2001:H. Dizadji,
1962:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1926:
1919:
1895:
1875:
1855:
1823:
1794:
1753:
1708:
1655:
1621:
1597:
1592:
1581:Al-Baladhuri
1551:Eternal Iran
1550:
1514:
1511:Michael Adas
1483:
1449:
1424:16 September
1422:. Retrieved
1402:
1398:
1388:
1368:
1361:
1325:
1321:
1312:divine right
1308:
1296:
1273:
1239:
1204:
1193:
1185:
1173:
1158:
1141:Central Asia
1129:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1094:
1085:
1061:
1038:
1015:
995:
963:
955:
916:
901:
869:
841:Central Asia
797:Zaydi Revolt
773:
754:
731:
727:
711:
689:anti-Iranian
682:
642:
638:
630:
618:
615:
595:
575:
566:Zayd ibn Ali
554:
539:
532:Remnants of
510:
493:
479:
457:initiated a
444:
414:
393:
384:
360:
358:
316:Abu'l-Saraya
310:Fourth Fitna
283:Ibadi revolt
237:Second Fitna
163:
128:
84:Belligerents
18:
5127:Khurramites
5074:Shi'a Islam
5038:Mu'tazilism
4495:Abu Kalijar
4443:Buyid emirs
4334:al-Mustakfi
4314:al-Muqtadir
4293:al-Mu'tadid
4288:al-Muwaffaq
4283:al-Mu'tamid
4230:al-Musta'in
4225:al-Muntasir
4198:al-Mu'tasim
4153:Mu'tazilism
4006:Third Fitna
3901:Umayyad art
3765:Third Fitna
3690:First Fitna
3654:Al-Walid II
3614:Mu'awiya II
2573:I.B. Tauris
2009:Bloomington
1972:I.B. Tauris
1824:Islamic Art
1555:Basingstoke
966:Transoxiana
825:Third Fitna
769:Third Fitna
761:proselytism
751:Third Fitna
692:Arabization
589:and son of
579:Banu Hashim
451:Third Fitna
338:Fifth Fitna
323:East Africa
278:Third Fitna
232:First Fitna
5210:Categories
5164:Literature
5089:Qarmatians
5084:Isma'ilism
4992:Commanders
4851:Tabaristan
4718:under the
4658:al-Mustadi
4648:al-Muqtafi
4609:Muhammad I
4584:Alp Arslan
4563:al-Muqtafi
4543:al-Muqtadi
4329:al-Muttaqi
4298:al-Muktafi
4240:al-Muhtadi
4235:al-Mu'tazz
4049:Abu Muslim
4013:Hashimiyya
3992:Background
3968:(750â1258)
3844:Gold dinar
3784:Government
3629:Al-Walid I
3604:Mu'awiya I
3307:, p. 145.
3151:0333632575
2704:, p. 203.
1943:4 November
1353:References
1318:Conclusion
1215:Al-Andalus
1139:tribes of
1091:Propaganda
1026:Abu Salama
823:, and the
792:Abu Muslim
780:Abu Muslim
683:The early
646:Shu'ubiyya
441:Background
402:caliphates
314:Revolt of
271:Revolt of
227:Ridda Wars
119:Abu Muslim
5169:Musicians
5062:Shafi'ism
5057:Hanbalism
4916:Officials
4839:Jund Hims
4742:Geography
4707:Aftermath
4599:Berkyaruq
4558:al-Rashid
4262:Saffarids
4210:al-Wathiq
4143:al-Ma'mun
4121:Barmakids
4068:al-Mansur
4056:al-Saffah
3801:Governors
3669:Marwan II
3659:Yazid III
3357:Hyderabad
3355:, p. 65.
3278:Ann Arbor
3276:, p. 56.
3200:Cambridge
3180:Routledge
3137:, p. 37.
3028:, p. 40.
2992:, p. 114.
2926:"Mahdi."
2917:, p. 117.
2880:, p. 116.
2764:, p. 108.
2332:, p. 34.
2270:, p. 40.
2217:, p. 26.
2182:Edinburgh
2180:, p. 18.
2152:New Haven
2073:, p. 113.
2042:, p. 46.
2007:, p. 50.
1858:, p. 106.
1827:, p. 20.
1658:, p. 80.
1587:, p. 417.
1553:, p. 17.
1411:0578-8072
1291:Assyrians
1181:Kurdistan
1177:al-Mansur
1147:Aftermath
1132:Silk Road
1067:Marwan II
1047:march on
1030:As-Saffah
1018:Euphrates
888:Marwan II
848:Professor
650:Egyptians
534:Qasr Amra
463:Marwan II
459:Kharijite
374:romanized
148:Marwan II
115:Al-Mansur
111:As-Saffah
5052:Hanafism
4970:Military
4804:Khurasan
4777:Ifriqiya
4752:Arminiya
4668:al-Zahir
4663:al-Nasir
4594:Mahmud I
4538:al-Qa'im
4434:al-Qa'im
4422:al-Qadir
4319:al-Qahir
4307:Collapse
4267:Tulunids
4257:Tahirids
4106:al-Mahdi
3821:al-Haras
3644:Yazid II
3634:Sulayman
3619:Marwan I
3474:(2023).
3443:(1979).
3419:(1994).
3363:, 2004.
3315:, 1975.
3284:, 2000.
3237:, p. 41.
3222:, p. 34.
3145:, 2004.
3139:New York
3064:, 2002.
3036:, 2007.
2974:, p. 48.
2858:, p. 47.
2739:, 2009.
2706:Guilford
2575:, 2006.
2535:, 1975.
2480:, 1997.
2429:, 1997.
2423:New York
2370:, 2004.
2364:Columbia
2340:, 1998.
2309:, 2014.
2274:, 2000.
2225:, 1992.
2188:, 2004.
2158:, 1985.
2137:, p. 15.
2124:, p. 76.
2050:, 2005.
2044:Westport
2015:, 2010.
1978:, 2004.
1974:and the
1966:, p. 4.
1904:Archived
1883:, 2013.
1835:, 1991.
1761:, 2010.
1720:, 2014.
1666:, 2007.
1561:, 2005.
1525:, 2014.
1419:20840168
1331:See also
1279:Iranians
1063:Damascus
1034:al-Abbas
958:Nahavand
931:Nishapur
880:Nishapur
851:Emeritus
837:Khurasan
757:Khurasan
654:Arameans
634:freedman
550:Muhammad
485:Khorasan
467:Damascus
417:Khorasan
52:Location
4987:Battles
4982:Ghilman
4911:Mazalim
4757:Bahrayn
4641:Caliphs
4579:Tughril
4531:Caliphs
4417:al-Ta'i
4412:al-Muti
4405:Caliphs
4324:al-Radi
4133:al-Amin
4111:al-Hadi
3980:History
3966:topics
3866:Culture
3678:History
3664:Ibrahim
3639:Umar II
3609:Yazid I
3597:Caliphs
3383:, p. 7.
3206:, 1971.
3182:, 1994.
3111:Hoboken
3058:Boulder
3030:Lincoln
2390:, p. 4.
2177:Shi'ism
1283:Berbers
1226:Fihrids
1219:Moorish
1196:Baghdad
1165:Umar II
1116:Secrecy
1106:Yazid I
1077:Tactics
992:in Kufa
970:Bactria
951:Isfahan
947:Hamedan
827:in the
809:Maghreb
784:Ibrahim
745:Buildup
718:Persian
598:Humeima
376::
164:†
129:†
5112:Dhimmi
4961:Kharaj
4935:Vizier
4930:Shurta
4819:Awasim
4794:Jazira
4518:period
4516:Seljuk
4392:period
4364:Bajkam
4099:Apogee
3849:Dirham
3831:Mawali
3816:Shurta
3791:Caliph
3685:Uthman
3649:Hisham
3591:topics
3526:
3505:
3484:
3451:
3429:
3405:
3367:
3339:
3319:
3309:Albany
3288:
3257:
3176:London
3149:
3121:
3090:
3068:
3040:
3012:
2942:et al.
2837:
2789:
2743:
2712:
2606:
2579:
2539:
2508:
2502:Tehran
2484:
2474:Leiden
2456:
2433:
2374:
2344:
2334:Oxford
2313:
2278:
2229:
2219:Melton
2192:
2162:
2054:
2019:
1982:
1968:London
1934:
1887:
1839:
1801:
1765:
1724:
1714:Boston
1670:
1633:
1565:
1529:
1491:
1457:
1417:
1409:
1376:
1289:, and
1236:Legacy
1222:Iberia
1137:Turkic
1053:Harran
1008:. The
986:Balami
939:Gorgan
829:Levant
811:, the
805:Iberia
765:Second
740:Events
713:kharaj
698:, the
620:Mawali
514:Sunnis
507:Causes
471:Harran
422:mawali
365:Arabic
172:
160:
150:
125:
72:Result
5105:Other
5042:Mihna
5030:Islam
4956:Iqta'
4951:Diwan
4925:tiraz
4906:Harem
4901:Hajib
4896:Barid
4856:Yemen
4814:Syria
4809:Sindh
4799:Jibal
4787:Sawad
4772:Hejaz
4767:Egypt
4762:Barqa
4390:Buyid
4157:Mihna
3924:Media
3811:Barid
3806:Diwan
2783:p. 62
1660:Macon
1415:JSTOR
1304:Ulama
1287:Copts
1169:Jaffa
1161:Syria
1049:Mosul
1006:Wasit
935:Qumis
821:Hijaz
817:Yemen
813:Ibadi
788:Mecca
786:, in
700:divan
625:jizya
518:Shias
430:Shi'a
5047:Fiqh
5040:and
4997:Wars
4923:and
4782:Iraq
4155:and
3524:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3255:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1945:2014
1932:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1426:2024
1407:ISSN
1374:ISBN
1043:and
1002:Kufa
968:and
925:and
908:Merv
872:Merv
839:and
819:and
807:and
776:Kufa
767:and
734:Merv
656:and
561:Alid
516:and
475:Homs
359:The
65:Iraq
63:and
61:Iran
44:Date
3546:at
1519:Zug
956:At
943:Rey
835:in
803:in
587:Ali
487:by
469:to
404:in
5212::
3464:,
3359::
3311::
3303:,
3280::
3272:,
3242:^
3227:^
3211:^
3202::
3194:,
3178::
3168:.
3164:,
3141::
3117:.
3113::
3076:^
3060::
3032::
3004:,
2979:^
2963:^
2947:^
2938:,
2934:,
2898:^
2863:^
2845:^
2819:^
2797:^
2781:,
2769:^
2751:^
2727:,
2687:,
2669:^
2639:^
2630:,
2599:,
2587:^
2554:,
2500:.
2476::
2448:,
2425::
2366::
2336::
2328:,
2286:^
2246:^
2221::
2200:^
2184::
2154::
2113:^
2098:^
2062:^
2046::
2027:^
2011::
1990:^
1970::
1960:,
1910:.
1873:,
1863:^
1847:^
1831::
1809:^
1793:,
1773:^
1732:^
1716::
1702:,
1678:^
1662::
1641:^
1605:^
1583:,
1573:^
1557::
1549:,
1537:^
1521::
1509:,
1499:^
1481:,
1465:^
1434:^
1413:.
1403:33
1401:.
1397:.
1285:,
1281:,
1252:,
1209:,
1183:.
771:.
664:.
652:,
593:.
371:,
367::
3956:e
3949:t
3942:v
3581:e
3574:t
3567:v
3532:.
3511:.
3490:.
3457:.
3435:.
3411:.
3105:,
1947:.
1428:.
1382:.
1217:(
420:(
387:(
363:(
206:e
199:t
192:v
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