1523:
1005:
909:
1371:
931:. The height of the cutting can be increased a little every year. Trimming a hedge helps to promote bushy growth. If a flail cutter is used, then the flail must be kept sharp to ensure that the cutting is effective on the hedge. The disadvantage of this is that the hedge species takes a number of years before it will flower again and subsequently bear fruit for wildlife and people. If the hedge is trimmed repeatedly at the same height, a 'hard knuckle' will start to form at that height – similar to the shape of a
101:
81:
1060:
1439:. For a hedge to qualify for reduction, it must be made up wholly or mainly of a line of two or more evergreen or semi-evergreen trees or shrubs and be over 2 metres high. To some degree, it must be a barrier to light or access. It must be adversely affecting the complainant's reasonable enjoyment of their domestic property (either their house or garden) because of its height. Later legislation with similar effect was introduced in Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland.
536:
164:
672:
1274:
716:
872:
525:
1566:
155:". This may either consist of individual fence posts connected with wire or other fencing material, or it may be in the form of densely planted hedges without interconnecting wire. This is common in tropical areas where low-income farmers can demarcate properties and reduce maintenance of fence posts that otherwise deteriorate rapidly. Many other benefits can be obtained depending on the species chosen.
39:
409:(European green beech) – native from northern Europe, in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria, eastern parts of Russia, Romania, through central Europe to France, southern England, northern Portugal, central Spain, and east to northwest Turkey where it intergrades with the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis)
1522:
1470:, also had hedge-like features. The palisade included two dikes and a moat between them, the dikes topped by rows of willow trees, tied to one another with their branches. Gradually decaying throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, the palisade disappeared in the early 20th century, its remaining willows cut during the
1410:
If, instead of these steril-looking and cheerless enclosures the gardens and meadows and fields, in the neighbourhood of New York and other cities and towns, were divided by quick-set hedges, what a difference would the alteration make in the look, and in the real value too, of those gardens, meadows and fields!
128:, planted and trained to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area, such as between neighbouring properties. Hedges that are used to separate a road from adjoining fields or one field from another, and are of sufficient age to incorporate larger trees, are known as hedgerows. Often they serve as
1012:
A 'real' instant hedge could be defined as having a managed root growth system allowing the hedge to be sold with a continuous rootstrips (rather than individual plants) which then enables year-round planting. During its circa 8-year production time, all stock should be irrigated, clipped and treated
992:
has become known since early this century for hedging plants that are planted collectively in such a way as to form a mature hedge from the moment they are planted together, with a height of at least 1.2 metres. They are usually created from hedging elements or individual plants which means very
1000:
Estate in East Anglia, where fields of hedges can be seen growing in cultivated rows, since 1998. The development of this type of mature hedge has led to such products being specified by landscape architects, garden designers, property developers, insurance companies, sports clubs, schools and local
1409:
And why should
America not possess this most beautiful and useful plant ? She has English gew-gaws, English Play-Actors, English Cards and English Dice and Billiards; English fooleries and English vices enough in all conscience; and why not English Hedges, instead of post-and-rail and board fences?
1130:
Hedges suffer from the effects of tree roots, burrowing rabbits, rain, wind, farm animals and people. How often repairs are needed depends on how well the hedge was built, its stone, and what has happened to it since it was last repaired. Typically a hedge needs a cycle of repair every 150 years or
621:
Hedges are recognised as part of a cultural heritage and historical record and for their great value to wildlife and the landscape. Increasingly, they are valued too for the major role they have to play in preventing soil loss and reducing pollution, and for their potential to regulate water supply
891:
The maintenance and laying of hedges to form an impenetrable barrier for farm animals is a skilled art. In
Britain there are many local hedgelaying traditions, each with a distinct style. Hedges are still being laid today not only for aesthetic and functional purposes but also for their ecological
609:
New trees can be established by planting but it is generally more successful to leave standard trees behind when laying hedges. Trees should be left at no closer than 10 metres (33 ft) apart and the distances should vary so as to create a more natural landscape. The distance allows the young
331:
The hedgerow is a fence, half earth, half hedge. The wall at the base is a dirt parapet that varies in thickness from one to four or more feet and in height from three to twelve feet. Growing out of the wall is a hedge of hawthorn, brambles, vines, and trees, in thickness from one to three feet.
1045:"), and not to the speed at which the hedge grows, although it will establish quite rapidly. An alternative meaning of quickset hedging is any hedge formed of living plants or of living plants combined with a fence. The technique of quicksetting can also be used for many other shrubs and trees.
1093:
Devon hedges are particularly important for wildlife habitat. Around 20% of the UK's species-rich hedges occur within Devon. Over 600 species of flowering plants, 1500 species of insects, 65 species of birds and 20 species of mammals have been recorded living or feeding in Devon hedges.
1032:
A quickset hedge is a type of hedge created by planting live whitethorn (common hawthorn) cuttings directly into the earth (hazel does not sprout from cuttings). Once planted, these cuttings root and form new plants, creating a dense barrier. The technique is ancient, and the term
1118:
is an earth bank with stones. It normally consists of large stone blocks constructed either side of a narrow earth bank, and held in place with interlocking stones. The neat rows of square stones at the top are called "edgers". The top of the hedge is planted with grass turf.
1131:
so, or less often if it is fenced. Building new hedges, and repairing existing hedges, is a skilled craft, and there are professional hedgers in
Cornwall. The Cornish Hedge Research and Education Group (CHREG) supports the development of traditional skills and works with
1126:
height. A rich flora develops over the lifespan of a
Cornish hedge. The Cornish hedge contributes to the distinctive field-pattern of the Cornish landscape and its semi-natural wildlife habitat. There are about 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of hedges in Cornwall today.
1090:'s hedges are thought to be over 800 years old. There are approximately 33,000 miles (53,000 km) of Devon hedge, which is more than any other county. Traditional farming throughout the county has meant that fewer Devon hedges have been removed than elsewhere.
633:
In addition to maintaining the health of the environment, hedgerows also play a huge role in providing shelter for smaller animals like birds and insects. A recent study by Emma
Coulthard mentioned the possibility that hedgerows may act as guides for moths, like
690:
in 1974. This method is only a rule of thumb, and can be off by a couple of centuries; it should always be backed up by documentary evidence, if possible, and take into account other factors. Caveats include the fact that planted hedgerows, hedgerows with
882:
If hedges are not maintained and trimmed regularly, gaps tend to form at the base over many years. In essence, hedgelaying consists of cutting most of the way through the stem of each plant near the base, bending it over and interweaving or
837:
as technology made intensive farming possible, and the increasing population demanded more food from the land. The trend has slowed down somewhat since the 1980s when cheap food imports reduced the demand on
British farmland, and as the
887:
it between wooden stakes. This also encourages new growth from the base of each plant. Originally, the main purpose of hedgelaying was to ensure the hedge remained stock-proof. Some side branches were also removed and used as firewood.
955:
ranging from 1 to 10. '1' describes the action to take for a heavily over trimmed hedge, '5' is a healthy dense hedgerow more than 2 metres in height, and '10' is a hedge that has not been managed at all and has become a line of trees.
845:
made environmental projects financially viable. Under reforms to national and EU agricultural policies, the environmental impact of farming features more highly and in many places hedgerow conservation and replanting is taking place.
2347:
640:, when flying from one location to another. As moths are nocturnal, it is highly unlikely that they use visual aids as guides, but rather are following sensory or olfactory markers on the hedgerows. Larkin et al. 2013 find 100% of
683:) is based on ecological data obtained from hedges of known age, and suggests that the age of a hedge can be roughly estimated by counting the number of woody species in a thirty-yard section and multiplying by 110 years.
1001:
councils, as well as many private home owners. Demand has also increased from planning authorities in specifying to developers that mature hedges are planted rather than just whips (a slender, unbranched shoot or plant).
1434:
In the UK the owner of a large hedge that is adversely affecting the reasonable enjoyment of neighbouring domestic property can be made to reduce it in height. In
England and Wales, high hedges are covered under
1359:. Few such mazes survived the change of fashion towards more naturalistic plantings in the 18th and 19th centuries, but many were replanted in 20th-century restorations of older gardens. An example is behind the
647:
Historically, hedges were used as a source of firewood, and for providing shelter from wind, rain and sun for crops, farm animals and people. Today, mature hedges' uses include screening unsightly developments.
546:
Hedgerow trees are trees that grow in hedgerows but have been allowed to reach their full height and width. There are thought to be around 1.8 million hedgerow trees in
Britain (counting only those whose
551:
do not touch others) with perhaps 98% of these being in
England and Wales. Hedgerow trees are both an important part of the English landscape and valuable habitats for wildlife. Many hedgerow trees are
475:(common cherry-laurel) – native to regions bordering the Black Sea in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, from Albania and Bulgaria east through Turkey to the Caucasus Mountains and northern Iran
679:
Hedges that have existed for hundreds of years are colonised by additional species. This may be useful as a means of determining the age of the hedge. Hooper's rule (or Hooper's law, named after Dr.
1798:
385:(box) – native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia, from southern England south to northern Morocco, and east through the northern Mediterranean region to Turkey.
787:. The removal of hedgerows gives larger fields making the sowing and harvesting of crops easier, faster and cheaper, and giving a larger area to grow the crops, increasing yield and profits.
2344:
613:
It is suggested that hedgerow trees cause gaps in hedges but it has been found that cutting some lower branches off lets sufficient light through to the hedge below to allow it to grow.
2310:
1493:
as the tallest and longest hedge on earth, reaching 30 metres (98 ft) in height and 530 metres (0.33 mi) in length. The beech trees were planted in 1745 by Jean Mercer on the
698:
Hooper's scheme is important not least for its potential use in determining what an important hedgerow is, given their protection in The
Hedgerows Regulations (1997; No. 1160) of the
1135:, FWAG (Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group), Stone Academy Bodmin, Cornwall AONB, Country Trust and professional hedgers to ensure the future of Cornish Hedges in the landscape.
179:(4000–6000 years ago). The farms were of about 5 to 10 hectares (12 to 25 acres), with fields about 0.1 hectares (0.25 acres) for hand cultivation. Some hedges date from the
1919:
Holden, J.; Grayson, R. P.; Berdeni, D.; Bird, S.; Chapman, P. J.; Edmondson, J. L.; Firbank, L. G.; Helgason, T.; Hodson, M. E.; Hunt, S. F. P.; Jones, D. T. (2019-03-01).
943:
which spend nearly their entire life cycle in blackthorn and hawthorn hedgerow. This has led to a decline in the moth's population. It is now nationally scarce in Britain.
1100:
in Devon is usually referred to as steeping and involves cutting and laying steepers (the stems) along the top of the bank and securing them with crooks (forked sticks).
606:
The age structure of British hedgerow trees is old because the number of new trees is not sufficient to replace the number of trees that are lost through age or disease.
214:
are estimated to have been in existence for more than seven hundred years, originating in the medieval period. The root word of 'hedge' is much older: it appears in the
1398:. A hedge can be aesthetically pleasing, as in a tapestry hedge, where alternate species are planted at regular intervals to present different colours or textures.
2591:
2448:
History of Early American Landscape Design, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (Washington DC). "Hedge" by Elizabeth Kryder-Reid
1344:
were fashionable in Europe during the 16th and early 17th centuries. Generally they were appreciated from a raised position, either the windows of a house, or a
499:(yew) – native to Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe (including Great Britain and Ireland), Northwest Africa, northern Iran, and Southwest Asia
60:
285:
A hedge may consist of a single species or several, typically mixed at random. In many newly planted British hedges, at least 60 per cent of the shrubs are
303:(i.e., hedge apple) was grown to form a barrier to exclude free-range livestock from vegetable gardens and corn fields. Other shrubs and trees used include
1844:
1818:
695:, and hedgerows in the north of England tend not to follow the rule as closely. The formula also does not work on hedges more than a thousand years old.
1920:
2606:
2307:
483:(Portuguese cherry-laurel) – native to southwestern France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, and Macaronesia (the Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira)
2117:
1981:
1360:
2596:
269:, then removed again during modern agricultural intensification, and now some are being replanted for wildlife. As of 2024 in a study using
2160:
1512:, the invasion of Europe, in World War 2. The hedgerows prevented the tanks from freely moving about the area, until they were fitted with
1436:
959:
The RSPB suggest that hedges in Britain not be cut between March and August. This is to protect nesting birds, which are protected by law.
2644:
1203:, or beech and copper beech. Unclipped hedges take up more space, generally at a premium in modern gardens, but compensate by flowering.
175:
The development of hedges over the centuries is preserved in their structure. The first hedges enclosed land for cereal crops during the
1842:
Montgomery, Ian; Caruso, Tancredi; Reid, Neil (2020-11-02). "Hedgerows as Ecosystems: Service Delivery, Management, and Restoration".
47:
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2336:
1639:
699:
277:
England alone was found to have a total of 390,000 km of hedgerows, which would span the circumference of the earth 10 times.
2633:
2522:
1812:
1753:
583:'Atinia') would also have been common. Around 20 million elm trees, most of them hedgerow trees, were felled or died through
507:(yellow ribbon; northern white cedar) – native to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States
2271:
2190:
1685:
274:
2434:, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (Washington DC). "Wilderness" by Anne L. Helmreich
2062:
1451:
was probably the largest example of a hedge used as a barrier. It was planted and used to collect taxes by the British.
2655:
2570:
2599:– "Botanist Max Hooper correlates number of species in English hedgerows with centuries in age", by Charles Elliott.
2554:
2486:
2372:
2033:
1672:
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332:
Originally property demarcations, hedgerows protect crops and cattle from the ocean winds that sweep across the land.
2006:
Habitat and landscape-scale effects on the abundance and diversity of macromoths (Lepidoptera) in intensive farmland
745:
626:
diversity in the soils under hedgerows which also help to store organic carbon and support distinct communities of
393:(European hornbeam) – native to Western Asia and central, eastern, and southern Europe, including southern England.
3001:
1336:
Hedges below knee height are generally thought of as borders. Elaborately shaped and interlaced borders forming
2666:
1042:
741:
187:, 2000–4000 years ago, when traditional patterns of landscape became established. Others were built during the
2459:
297:, alone or in combination. The first two are particularly effective barriers to livestock. In North America,
2690:
2242:
1333:, is famous and has sometimes been imitated; it is fact a standard French and Italian style of the bosquet.
1401:
In America, fences have always been more common than hedges to mark garden boundaries. The English radical
993:
few are actually hedges from the start, as the plants need time to grow and entwine to form a real hedge.
246:
is recorded as complaining in 864, at a time when most official fortifications were constructed of wooden
1310:
913:
876:
810:
and other animals. As the land within a few metres of hedges is difficult to plough, sow, or spray with
1853:
1730:
Barlow, Connie. "Anachronistic fruits and the ghosts who haunt them." Arnoldia 61, no. 2 (2001): 14–21.
850:
842:
656:
576:
1083:
or stone. When stone-faced, the stones are generally placed on edge, often laid flat around gateways.
1026:
908:
27:
191:
field rationalisations; more originated in the industrial boom of the 18th and 19th centuries, when
2996:
2683:
1529:
1314:
854:
726:
660:
1277:
A clipped beech hedge in Germany, grown as high as a house for privacy and to serve as a windbreak
467:, native to Japan and to China, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India, respectively
2706:
2463:
2430:
730:
680:
52:
2164:
2955:
2620:
1571:
1490:
1478:
737:
627:
341:
20:
434:
423:(European holly) – native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia
368:
Formal, or modern garden hedges are grown in many varieties, including the following species:
2742:
2019:
1494:
1364:
1302:
463:
427:
446:
2717:
2479:
Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy
2318:
2225:
1935:
1565:
1448:
1326:
940:
215:
2481:. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. pp. 56–57.
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1861:
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8:
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2638:
1894:
1370:
1345:
1298:
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1004:
936:
823:
471:
373:
1939:
1707:
2722:
1959:
1873:
1509:
1471:
1282:
1245:
1172:
568:
503:
397:
381:
316:
105:
2023:
2834:
2628:
2614:
2550:
2518:
2482:
2368:
2082:
2029:
1951:
1877:
1865:
1808:
1749:
1668:
1250:
803:
791:
781:
652:
636:
584:
479:
262:
1963:
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1943:
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may strictly regulate the placement or height of a hedge, such as the case where a
1391:
1132:
641:
548:
389:
299:
294:
243:
2447:
2056:
2991:
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2340:
2314:
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1804:
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species). It is also possible to prepare really nice and dense hedge from other
1205:
1164:
588:
457:
419:
405:
308:
304:
286:
255:
192:
1143:
Hedges, both clipped and unclipped, are often used as ornament in the layout of
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2945:
2940:
2782:
2747:
1947:
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1286:
839:
795:
203:
168:
100:
85:
2125:
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In parts of Britain, early hedges were destroyed to make way for the manorial
80:
2985:
2960:
2839:
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1955:
1869:
1115:
1109:
928:
540:
511:
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312:
266:
211:
176:
1982:"'Reservoirs of life': how hedgerows can help the UK reach net zero in 2050"
1321:
began to sweep them away from about 1750. The 'hedge on stilts' of clipped
1059:
610:
trees to develop full crowns without competing or producing too much shade.
2965:
2817:
1459:
1420:
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Sometimes hedging plants or trees are planted on the hedge to increase its
1097:
997:
924:
897:
815:
553:
529:
487:
133:
2226:
The restoration of neglected hedges: a comparison of management treatments
1921:"The role of hedgerows in soil functioning within agricultural landscapes"
2875:
2787:
2777:
1968:
1614:
1387:
1337:
1064:
1054:
975:
can be used to rejuvenate a hedge where hedge laying is not appropriate.
951:
A 'hedgerow management' scale has been devised by an organisation called
866:
834:
830:
and plant nutrients. Removal thus weakens the soil and leads to erosion.
819:
777:
596:
560:
535:
163:
849:
In England and Wales agricultural hedgerow removal is controlled by the
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972:
917:
600:
349:
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country. When clipped and maintained, hedges are also a simple form of
2147:
818:. Hedges also serve to stabilise the soil and on slopes help prevent
515:(western red cedar) – native to the Pacific Northwest of North America
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2880:
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2797:
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1482:
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1352:
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1123:
968:
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884:
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353:
227:
196:
129:
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1462:(17th century) to control people's movement and to collect taxes on
1273:
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in the name refers to the fact that the cuttings are living (as in "
715:
2935:
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2900:
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1609:
1543:
1501:
1486:
1341:
1322:
1294:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1192:
1188:
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923:
An alternative to hedge laying is trimming using a tractor-mounted
893:
871:
827:
799:
675:
Beech planted on a march dyke (boundary hedge) of the 18th century.
337:
324:
247:
188:
184:
2675:
2224:
Croxton P.J., Franssen W., Myhill D.G. & Sparks T.H. (2004). "
1309:
or areas formalized woodland. The English version of this was the
587:
in the late 1960s. Many other species are used, notably including
524:
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2915:
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2613:
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1619:
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1428:
1383:
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1222:
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1200:
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401:(hawthorn) – native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and West Asia
348:
invasion during World War II. Allied armed forces modified their
207:
145:
93:
1351:
Clipped hedges above eye level may be laid out in the form of a
833:
In the United Kingdom hedgerow removal has been occurring since
644:
farms have hedges, providing 43% of the wildlife habitat there.
38:
2812:
2792:
2757:
2727:
2213:
2178:
2017:
1686:"High-tech aerial mapping reveals England's hedgerow landscape"
1584:
1263:
1148:
1144:
952:
357:
323:; the last three can become very tall. Of the hedgerows in the
320:
141:
2586:
1663:
Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in
1552:), with an additional branch going northeast, to separate the
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2824:
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1395:
1267:
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1180:
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345:
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237:
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89:
2549:. Translated by Mary Charles (from Dutch). London: Cassell.
814:, the land around hedges also typically includes high plant
151:
A hedge often operates as, and sometimes is called, a "live
2925:
2865:
2848:
1505:
1214:
1076:
807:
415:'Purpurea' (European purple beech) – a variant of the above
137:
125:
1773:. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. p. 11.
1637:
1021:"Quickset" redirects here. For the lock manufacturer, see
2388:"New course will try to save traditional Cornish Skill".
1667:
vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987
1080:
692:
1918:
226:) to mean 'enclosure', as in the name of the Dutch city
1837:
1835:
1195:, among others. An early 20th-century fashion was for
1013:
with controlled-release nutrients to optimise health.
686:
Max Hooper published his original formula in the book
2105:
1845:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1841:
1832:
2656:"How to Choose the Right Hedge for an Urban Garden"
655:agricultural hedgerow removal is controlled by the
202:Many hedgerows separating fields from lanes in the
2527:Pollard, E., Hooper, M.D. and Moore, N.W. (1974).
2209:
2207:
1708:"England's hedges would go around Earth ten times"
1199:, using a mix of golden, green and glaucous dwarf
1147:. Typical woody plants for clipped hedges include
996:An example of an instant hedge can be seen at the
1742:Hedgerow Planting: Answers to 18 Common Questions
1225:, more exotic flowering hedges are formed, using
1008:Instant hedge growing in fields at Elveden Estate
875:A stretch of newly laid traditional hedging near
2983:
2513:Brooks, Alan and Agate, Elizabeth Agate (1998).
1796:
1739:
1638:Cherry, Stefan D.; Erick C.M. Fernandes (1998).
1297:, and of formal French gardens in the manner of
798:where they link the country's fractured ancient
2645:"Giving trees a lived-in look comes at a price"
2204:
2020:"The Hedgerow Landscape : Hedgerow Dating"
1079:topped with shrubs. The bank may be faced with
491:(holm oak) – native to the Mediterranean region
250:, that some unauthorized men were constructing
120:is a line of closely spaced (3 feet or closer)
26:"Hedgerow" redirects here. For other uses, see
2363:Rooney, Debs (2002). "A Walk in the Country".
2011:
1800:Hedgerow trees: answers to 18 common questions
776:Hedgerow removal is part of the transition of
2691:
2544:
2517:. British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1474:of 1904–1905 by the two countries' soldiers.
2545:van Der Horst, Arend Jan (1995) . "Hedges".
2365:Children's Green Detective Guide to Cornwall
1889:
1887:
1547:
1537:
1437:Part 8 of the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003
1427:city resident was arrested for allowing her
1405:was already complaining about this in 1819:
1262:plants, however they do not have decorative
946:
744:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
622:and to reduce flooding. There is increased
340:became barriers that slowed the advance of
2698:
2684:
2634:"Divide and rule: best fencing and hedges"
2431:History of Early American Landscape Design
1777:
1209:is widely used as a dense hedge along the
1025:. For the software and cloud product, see
935:tree. Additionally, hedge trimming causes
616:
556:and therefore of great wildlife interest.
443:(north privet) – native to Japan and Korea
2495:
2470:
1928:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
1884:
1768:
764:Learn how and when to remove this message
2018:Alan Brooks and Elizabeth Agate (1998).
1369:
1272:
1058:
1003:
907:
870:
670:
534:
523:
327:region of France, Martin Blumenson said
162:
99:
79:
63:of all important aspects of the article.
2476:
2329:
2327:
2303:
2301:
1382:can both be used to enhance a garden's
2984:
2362:
2055:"Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1160".
1979:
1705:
59:Please consider expanding the lead to
2679:
1862:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-100346
1442:
275:UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
2629:About the Hedgerows Regulations 1997
2345:North Devon Biodiversity Action Plan
2324:
2298:
1642:. Cornell University. Archived from
1313:, normal in large gardens until the
1037:is first recorded in 1484. The word
742:adding citations to reliable sources
709:
431:(privet) – native to Japan and Korea
352:to facilitate breaking out of their
32:
2705:
1504:, France posed a problem to Allied
1374:Hedges trimmed in a California lawn
539:Oak and beech hedges are common in
13:
2571:Bibliography of hedges and topiary
2564:
1699:
1500:The hedgerows and sunken lanes in
702:, based on age and other factors.
377:– native to Japan and eastern Asia
14:
3013:
2575:
2177:The hedgerow management cycle by
2118:"Tractor trimming hedges in lane"
2106:Blackdown Hills Hedge Association
1016:
903:
519:
2191:"Garden Landscapers HA8 Edgware"
2008:. The University of Northampton.
1564:
1521:
1281:Hedges of clipped trees forming
1103:
983:
714:
171:dyke, but without boundary trees
37:
2582:The British Hedgelaying Society
2477:Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985).
2452:
2437:
2423:
2399:
2381:
2356:
2289:
2264:
2235:
2218:
2183:
2171:
2153:
2140:
2110:
2099:
2075:
2048:
1998:
1973:
1912:
1458:, constructed during the early
1138:
860:
455:(red robin) – a hybrid between
265:. Many were replaced after the
254:; tightly interwoven hedges of
51:may be too short to adequately
2539:The History of the Countryside
2058:The Hedgerows Regulations 1997
1762:
1733:
1724:
1678:
1657:
1631:
1431:hedge to grow above two feet.
1285:are a feature of 16th-century
1221:in the United States. In mild
1048:
280:
61:provide an accessible overview
1:
2541:. London: J.M. Dent and Sons.
2515:Hedging, a Practical handbook
2507:
2460:"When Law Goes Out on a Limb"
1980:Phoebe, Weston (2021-02-02).
1528:An early-18th-century French
1414:
790:Hedgerows serve as important
700:Department of the Environment
2367:. Agenda 21 Publishing Ltd.
1706:Briggs, Helen (2024-01-30).
1071:, with stones placed on edge
962:
559:The most common species are
528:Hedgerows between fields in
7:
2667:"Bring on the screen stars"
2407:"Hedges – Cornwall Council"
1578:
914:Mission San Juan Capistrano
877:Middleton, Northamptonshire
10:
3018:
2587:The English Hedgerow Trust
2568:
1948:10.1016/j.agee.2018.11.027
1769:Blumenson, Martin (1993).
1317:style and the rise of the
1107:
1063:A traditional stone-faced
1052:
1020:
864:
851:Hedgerows Regulations 1997
843:Common Agricultural Policy
705:
657:Hedgerows Regulations 1997
363:
158:
25:
18:
2713:
2501:Edmonds (1985), pp. 80–82
2395:. 2007-05-10. p. 24.
2295:Oxford English Dictionary
2243:"Hedges – Elveden Estate"
1797:The Tree Council (2008).
1740:The Tree Council (2008).
1665:A History of Private Life
1027:Universal Electronics Inc
666:
293:, and (in the southwest)
28:Hedgerow (disambiguation)
2647:—Alan Titchmarsh in the
2547:Art of the Formal Garden
2272:"Hawthorn – Small Woods"
1625:
1315:English landscape garden
978:
947:General hedge management
855:local planning authority
802:. They also serve as a
661:local planning authority
2464:The Heritage Foundation
2230:Biological Conservation
1466:and timber in southern
896:and protecting against
617:Importance of hedgerows
3002:Landscape architecture
2621:Encyclopedia Americana
2334:Species rich hedgerows
2087:www.hedgelaying.org.uk
1572:Meikleour Beech Hedges
1548:
1538:
1491:Guinness World Records
1479:Meikleour Beech Hedges
1419:In the US, some local
1412:
1375:
1305:, where they surround
1278:
1072:
1043:the quick and the dead
1009:
927:or circular saw, or a
920:
879:
853:, administered by the
780:from low-intensity to
676:
659:, administered by the
628:arbuscular mycorrhizal
575:), though in the past
543:
532:
334:
172:
109:
97:
21:Hedge (disambiguation)
2444:The American Gardener
2004:Coulthard, E., 2015.
1497:'s Meikleour estate.
1495:Marquess of Lansdowne
1407:
1373:
1365:Colonial Williamsburg
1303:Gardens of Versailles
1276:
1062:
1007:
911:
874:
674:
538:
527:
464:Photinia serratifolia
428:Ligustrum ovalifolium
344:troops following the
329:
166:
103:
83:
16:Planted row of shrubs
2718:Artificial waterfall
2319:Devon County Council
1771:Breakout and Pursuit
1449:Great Hedge of India
1327:Hidcote Manor Garden
1243:, orange jessamine (
1213:of dual-carriageway
1075:A Devon hedge is an
939:to species like the
794:, especially in the
738:improve this section
216:Old English language
19:For other uses, see
2671:The Daily Telegraph
2661:The Huffington Post
2639:The Daily Telegraph
2636:—Bunny Guinness in
2609:– Bingham Heritage.
2597:"The age of hedges"
2411:www.cornwall.gov.uk
1940:2019AgEE..273....1H
1489:, are noted in the
1270:mentioned before.
1211:central reservation
937:habitat destruction
472:Prunus laurocerasus
374:Berberis thunbergii
2607:How to Date Hedges
2601:Whole Earth Review
2531:. London: Collins.
2350:2006-09-27 at the
2339:2009-03-04 at the
2313:2009-05-27 at the
1510:Operation Overlord
1472:Russo-Japanese War
1443:Significant hedges
1376:
1279:
1246:Murraya paniculata
1073:
1010:
967:The techniques of
921:
912:Trimmed hedges at
880:
792:wildlife corridors
677:
642:northwest European
573:Fraxinus excelsior
544:
533:
504:Thuja occidentalis
398:Crataegus monogyna
382:Buxus sempervirens
356:into the Normandy
230:, or more formally
173:
134:improve conditions
110:
106:creeping groundsel
98:
84:A typical clipped
2979:
2978:
2835:Herbaceous border
2658:—Gareth James in
2592:Devon Hedge Group
2523:978-0-946-75217-1
1895:"About Hedgerows"
1814:978-1-84754-051-5
1755:978-1-84754-051-5
1539:Barriere de Pieux
1447:The 19th-century
1361:Governor's Palace
774:
773:
766:
653:England and Wales
637:Acronicta rumicis
585:Dutch elm disease
480:Prunus lusitanica
336:The hedgerows of
263:open-field system
195:and uplands were
136:for the adjacent
104:A round hedge of
78:
77:
3009:
2773:Garden buildings
2733:Borrowed scenery
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2669:—Jo Morrison in
2625:
2617:
2560:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:Falmouth edition
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2354:
2331:
2322:
2305:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2274:. Archived from
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2239:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2163:. Archived from
2157:
2151:
2150:13 November 2009
2146:Hedge Course at
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2114:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1817:. Archived from
1794:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1568:
1551:
1541:
1532:map showing the
1525:
1392:visual pollution
1133:Cornwall Council
941:small eggar moth
892:role in helping
769:
762:
758:
755:
749:
718:
710:
390:Carpinus betulus
350:armored vehicles
300:Maclura pomifera
244:Charles the Bald
73:
70:
64:
41:
33:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2997:Garden features
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2931:Stepping stones
2921:Reflecting pool
2709:
2707:Garden features
2704:
2612:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:Further reading
2557:
2535:Rackham, Oliver
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2446:, 1819, Quoted
2442:
2438:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:The West Briton
2387:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2361:
2357:
2352:Wayback Machine
2341:Wayback Machine
2332:
2325:
2315:Wayback Machine
2308:The Devon Hedge
2306:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2214:Tackling Hedges
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2148:Locks Park Farm
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1805:Natural England
1795:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1746:Natural England
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1646:on May 29, 2014
1636:
1632:
1628:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1534:Willow Palisade
1526:
1481:, located near
1456:Willow Palisade
1445:
1417:
1403:William Cobbett
1331:Gloucestershire
1287:Italian gardens
1252:or lillypilly (
1206:Rosa multiflora
1197:tapestry hedges
1165:leyland cypress
1141:
1112:
1106:
1057:
1051:
1030:
1019:
986:
981:
965:
949:
906:
869:
863:
770:
759:
753:
750:
735:
719:
708:
669:
619:
593:Fagus sylvatica
522:
458:Photinia glabra
420:Ilex aquifolium
413:Fagus sylvatica
406:Fagus sylvatica
366:
283:
252:haies et fertés
161:
74:
68:
65:
58:
46:This article's
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2971:Zig-zag bridge
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Sylvan theater
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Garden railway
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2626:
2610:
2604:
2603:, Summer 1995.
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2576:External links
2574:
2569:Main article:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2532:
2525:
2509:
2506:
2504:
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2494:
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2451:
2436:
2422:
2398:
2380:
2373:
2355:
2323:
2297:
2288:
2263:
2247:Elveden Estate
2234:
2217:
2203:
2182:
2170:
2167:on 2017-10-03.
2152:
2139:
2109:
2098:
2074:
2047:
2034:
2010:
1997:
1972:
1911:
1883:
1854:Annual Reviews
1831:
1813:
1776:
1761:
1754:
1732:
1723:
1698:
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1576:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1542:) surrounding
1527:
1520:
1444:
1441:
1416:
1413:
1301:, e.g. in the
1299:André Le Nôtre
1291:Boboli Gardens
1140:
1137:
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1035:quickset hedge
1018:
1017:Quickset hedge
1015:
985:
982:
980:
977:
964:
961:
948:
945:
905:
904:Hedge trimming
902:
865:Main article:
862:
859:
840:European Union
796:United Kingdom
782:high-intensity
772:
771:
722:
720:
713:
707:
704:
668:
665:
618:
615:
595:) and various
521:
520:Hedgerow trees
518:
517:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
444:
432:
424:
416:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
365:
362:
282:
279:
267:Enclosure Acts
222:), and Dutch (
204:United Kingdom
169:Scottish march
167:A typical old
160:
157:
124:and sometimes
86:European beech
76:
75:
55:the key points
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
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2964:
2962:
2961:Water feature
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2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:Daily Express
2646:
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2641:
2640:
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2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
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2616:
2615:"Hedge"
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2556:0-304-34742-6
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2488:0-89065-118-3
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2374:0-9543925-0-7
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2328:
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2304:
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2292:
2278:on 2020-02-24
2277:
2273:
2267:
2253:on 2016-01-06
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2166:
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2161:"Small Eggar"
2156:
2149:
2143:
2128:on 2020-04-17
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2102:
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2051:
2037:
2035:0-946752-17-6
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2014:
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1961:
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1899:Hedgelink.org
1896:
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1879:
1875:
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1859:
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1821:on 2011-07-10
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1673:0-674-39974-9
1670:
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1645:
1641:
1640:"Live Fences"
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1595:Drovers' road
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1421:jurisdictions
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1117:
1116:Cornish hedge
1111:
1110:Cornish hedge
1104:Cornish hedge
1101:
1099:
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1089:
1086:A quarter of
1084:
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990:instant hedge
984:Instant hedge
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723:This section
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565:Quercus robur
562:
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555:
554:veteran trees
550:
542:
541:Great Britain
537:
531:
526:
514:
513:
512:Thuja plicata
509:
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232:'s Gravenhage
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218:, in German (
217:
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212:Low Countries
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177:Neolithic Age
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88:hedge in the
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2966:Water garden
2829:
2818:Shell grotto
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2429:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2401:
2389:
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2358:
2291:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2246:
2237:
2232:, 117, 19–23
2229:
2220:
2194:. Retrieved
2185:
2179:Hedgelink UK
2173:
2165:the original
2155:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2121:
2112:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2057:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2024:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1986:The Guardian
1985:
1975:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1849:
1843:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1799:
1770:
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1741:
1735:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1688:. 2024-01-30
1680:
1664:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1633:
1499:
1476:
1460:Qing dynasty
1453:
1446:
1433:
1418:
1408:
1400:
1394:and to hide
1377:
1367:, Virginia.
1350:
1338:knot gardens
1335:
1289:such as the
1280:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1204:
1196:
1142:
1139:In gardening
1129:
1124:windbreaking
1121:
1113:
1098:Hedge laying
1096:
1092:
1085:
1074:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1011:
998:Elveden Hall
995:
989:
987:
966:
958:
953:Hedgelink UK
950:
925:flail cutter
922:
898:soil erosion
890:
881:
861:Hedge laying
848:
832:
816:biodiversity
789:
775:
760:
754:January 2018
751:
736:Please help
724:
697:
687:
685:
678:
650:
646:
635:
632:
630:(AM) fungi.
620:
612:
608:
605:
592:
589:common beech
580:
572:
564:
558:
545:
530:North Dakota
510:
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494:
488:Quercus ilex
486:
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117:
113:
111:
66:
50:
48:lead section
2876:Moon bridge
2788:Garden room
2778:Garden pond
1904:January 15,
1615:Shelterbelt
1378:Hedges and
1357:garden maze
1065:Devon hedge
1055:Devon hedge
1049:Devon hedge
867:Hedgelaying
835:World War I
778:arable land
601:fruit trees
581:Ulmus minor
561:English oak
281:Composition
2986:Categories
2871:Monopteros
2840:Jeux d'eau
2808:Green wall
2803:Greenhouse
2508:References
2416:2017-02-12
2282:2020-02-24
2257:2015-12-09
2092:2024-01-16
2068:2009-08-06
2041:2009-08-06
1991:2021-02-03
1856:: 81–102.
1825:2009-08-06
1717:2024-02-04
1692:2024-02-04
1650:2007-07-01
1605:Green wall
1590:Dead hedge
1415:Regulation
1311:wilderness
1217:, such as
1173:arborvitae
1077:earth bank
973:pollarding
918:California
820:soil creep
812:herbicides
681:Max Hooper
354:beachheads
291:blackthorn
234:, meaning
130:windbreaks
69:April 2023
2891:Nymphaeum
2881:Moon gate
2845:Labyrinth
2798:Gloriette
2743:Belvedere
2196:13 August
1956:0167-8809
1878:218843016
1870:1543-592X
1600:Enclosure
1549:Leao-tong
1483:Meikleour
1468:Manchuria
1425:Palo Alto
1353:labyrinth
1342:parterres
1323:hornbeams
1319:shrubbery
1260:deciduous
1228:Ceanothus
988:The term
971:and hard
969:coppicing
963:Coppicing
933:pollarded
885:pleaching
725:does not
624:earthworm
577:field elm
436:Ligustrum
256:hawthorns
248:palisades
228:The Hague
185:Iron Ages
53:summarize
2936:Stumpery
2911:Pavilion
2901:Parterre
2896:Orangery
2768:Fountain
2537:(1986).
2348:Archived
2337:Archived
2321:website.
2311:Archived
2132:3 August
2028:. BCTV.
1964:92152004
1934:: 1–12.
1712:BBC News
1675:, p. 428
1610:Hedgehog
1579:See also
1556:and the
1544:Liaodong
1502:Normandy
1487:Scotland
1307:bosquets
1295:Florence
1255:Syzygium
1240:Camellia
1234:Hibiscus
1223:climates
1219:parkways
1201:conifers
1193:lavender
1189:oleander
1177:barberry
1153:hawthorn
894:wildlife
828:minerals
824:leaching
800:woodland
549:canopies
448:Photinia
338:Normandy
325:Normandy
287:hawthorn
240:'s hedge
210:and the
197:enclosed
189:Medieval
140:, as in
118:hedgerow
2956:Trellis
2951:Topiary
2946:Terrace
2916:Pergola
2748:Cascade
2738:Bosquet
2624:. 1920.
2317:on the
2122:YouTube
2025:Hedging
1969:Alt URL
1936:Bibcode
1620:Topiary
1558:Manchus
1554:Mongols
1464:ginseng
1429:xylosma
1386:, as a
1384:privacy
1380:pruning
1346:terrace
1283:avenues
1266:as the
1264:flowers
1169:hemlock
1145:gardens
1069:Beaford
1023:Kwikset
804:habitat
785:farming
746:removed
731:sources
706:Removal
452:fraseri
440:ibolium
364:Species
273:by the
208:Ireland
159:History
146:topiary
94:Germany
2992:Fences
2813:Grotto
2793:Gazebo
2758:Exedra
2728:Aviary
2723:Avenue
2553:
2529:Hedges
2521:
2485:
2371:
2083:"NHLS"
2032:
1962:
1954:
1876:
1868:
1811:
1752:
1671:
1585:Bocage
1530:Jesuit
1508:after
1396:fences
1388:buffer
1268:bushes
1149:privet
688:Hedges
667:Dating
567:) and
358:bocage
342:Allied
321:willow
319:, and
193:heaths
181:Bronze
142:bocage
122:shrubs
2906:Patio
2886:Mound
2854:Hedge
2830:Hedge
2825:Ha-ha
2763:Folly
2343:from
1960:S2CID
1924:(PDF)
1874:S2CID
1852:(1).
1626:Notes
1514:tusks
1506:tanks
1215:roads
1185:holly
1157:beech
1088:Devon
1039:quick
979:Types
808:birds
346:D-Day
309:beech
305:holly
295:hazel
271:Lidar
238:Count
220:Hecke
153:fence
138:crops
126:trees
114:hedge
90:Eifel
2926:Shed
2866:Lawn
2859:Turf
2849:Maze
2753:Deck
2551:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2198:2023
2134:2017
2063:OPSI
2030:ISBN
1952:ISSN
1906:2017
1866:ISSN
1809:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1477:The
1454:The
1081:turf
822:and
806:for
729:any
727:cite
599:and
461:and
236:The
224:haag
183:and
2228:".
1944:doi
1932:273
1858:doi
1485:in
1390:to
1355:or
1340:or
1325:at
1293:in
1181:box
1161:yew
1067:at
916:in
826:of
740:by
693:elm
651:In
597:nut
569:ash
317:ash
313:oak
132:to
116:or
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