World War I - Knowledge

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the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.

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Germany and her allies." It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.

629: 5895: 498: 1918: 682: 2305: 511: 4900: 613: 646: 4658: 540: 5204: 1604: 5061: 5960: 1740:. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions. Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the 485: 106: 5387: 526: 12764: 2790: 4735:" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies. 5476: 2994: 2075: 4743: 3502: 5134: 5279: 3925:—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the 66: 3595: 3841: 4226: 4109: 2205: 5761: 456: 4071:, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days. 5359:, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947. 86: 57: 1758: 567: 3334: 2943: 5840: 5855:; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. 4410: 553: 4686: 723: 3200: 5020:. The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons. Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the 4022:, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit". Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the 5724: 16155: 97: 2712: 4495: 600: 4914:, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the 2297:. However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30. He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan. Historian 2040:. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the 3658: 3630: 3644: 3616: 3700: 3602: 3672: 3686: 3714: 4920:(broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. 3184:, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the 3165: 2224:; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia. Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century. In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of 5084:. The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the 2931:. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of 3562:, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions. 2774:. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law. Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. 7016: 2677:, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as 3013:, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front. 4951:

spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people, including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans. Between

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of Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated." Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty

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Despite his conviction that Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted. He was strongly supported by

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Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The

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Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank

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political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July. That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12

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July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and

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and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the

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In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the

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The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition. The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as

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to the Swiss border. Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the

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was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126

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used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris. The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no

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asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion. Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking

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from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging

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However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy

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With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately,

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In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a

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War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While

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where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Following the

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caused political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out

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lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United

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Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers

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The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London. The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the

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By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive

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in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice

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were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not

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and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention. On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but

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to Romania. The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany. This complex mix of

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Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of

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The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in

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had staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the

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Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost

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lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern

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On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the

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In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the

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The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was

2012:, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened." Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian 4453:

Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3

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In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from

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Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as

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was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at

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Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous

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envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon. Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war.

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This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the

2605:, which dominated the battlefield and made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as 5632:

made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed

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and initially met stubborn resistance, but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home. When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners. On

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Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries, It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland, Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada.

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against the Austrians in eastern Galicia, shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from

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date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.

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from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.

2324:, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000. German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but 2289:. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of 15429:

He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of

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in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the

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By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in

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with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of

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When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in

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gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.

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After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the

3388:, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese. Although they remained secret, these provisions were incorporated into the April 1915 2810:

meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship

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in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German

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Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in

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at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where

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being overborne by their patriotic support for the war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.

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Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced

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In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the

4246:, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. Germany launched 5327:" Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid. 19375: 16196: 3343:

Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from

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refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

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continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.

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and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand. At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused, but 11 were still functioning in 2002.

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Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the

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The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues:

6944: 16145: 16135: 16125: 9439:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. 10677: 2963:

on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece. After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.

5464:, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War 5906:

Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the

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from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing

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urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity. Leaders from the

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in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage. Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor

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was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the

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Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).

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California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.

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was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was

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outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the

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when Italy joined in 1882. For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the

7990: 4242:. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or 6426:

Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories.

22268: 4721:. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the " 1649:

and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility. This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911

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Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital,

1388:

to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including

10651: 5233: 17846: 15233: 12073: 9132: 7590: 5111:, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 2454:

Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of

17861: 16201: 7804: 5709:, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested. 5678:—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist 2748:, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the 2336:

agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered

2250: 18045: 16144: 16134: 16124: 6918: 2554:

wounded. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in

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Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "

1706:

was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

1460:" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. The first recorded use of the term 11316: 7249:... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. 5381: 4132:, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October 1917, the 13059: 11354: 22233: 10784: 1124: 7560: 5414:, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including 5000: 3791:

In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of

6981:"South-Eastern Europe After Tito: A Powder-Keg for the 1980s? Edited by David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. xviii, 211 pp. Map. $ 22.50" 5088:(Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally 5008:

The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of

1820: 4522:

in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.

6075:

began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with

22589: 19360: 17943: 10202: 3780:. A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to 3510: 2822:", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of 16217: 8277: 7290: 4739:

Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.

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with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the

4584:. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. 4529:

began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The

3542:

in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses. By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915

1468:

who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."

1134: 4766:. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic 21431: 18022: 5169:

Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000. British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly

3368:. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance. 3020:

and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the

1208: 16221: 4875:

under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.

18050: 16564: 4204: 1037: 22534: 21649: 18238: 17965: 17657: 16622: 16317: 12255: 11911: 9869: 9776: 8231: 5173:. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions". 1119: 311: 5307:

Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as

21421: 18345: 15273: 13007: 12838: 12126: 4629: 3991: 1811:

Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909

2165:. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war. 18253: 18008: 15798: 6558: 5494:

Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of

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soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a

22253: 21296: 18828: 18733: 18248: 17938: 17889: 17804: 16234: 8164: 6930: 6319: 5194: 4690: 3983: 2329:

decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority.

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that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified

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The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.

5340:

notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the

3933:

March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.

3311:

Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.

2387: 873: 10556: 5161:

2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.

5080:

of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered

4312:, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in 4010:

drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the

1808:

while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.

22313: 18823: 11012: 10594: 6965: 13439: 3231:

forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The

19829: 19685: 18693: 18480: 17933: 17298: 15462: 12860: 11575: 11264:. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. 3812:

in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by

1526: 1337: 1231: 5021: 4794:

and 8% others. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

4086:

is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity. Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the

21436: 19370: 18937: 14916: 13728: 11796: 11236: 6018: 5775:

with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the

5741:, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone, 5093: 1321: 16729: 14813:

Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership

11211: 10446: 22584: 22574: 21461: 18668: 16791: 10732: 4872: 2818:

in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "

2733:. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the 2282:

from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.

1129: 12977: 12444: 12414: 1732:

This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the

22288: 20806: 19743: 19385: 18723: 17993: 17923: 17562: 16781: 16692: 16246:– A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections 14415: 12096: 10700: 3752:, whose acquisition had widespread popular support, and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916 3328: 3244: 1333: 1298: 1109: 761: 15707: 10624: 5545:. The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist 3834: 1780:

The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While

22308: 19738: 18017: 16915: 16369: 15208: 12638: 12570:

These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War

12064: 11745: 11447: 9934: 9122: 8962: 7163: 6622: 6187: 6123: 6044: 5864: 3063:. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the 1282: 502: 461: 15762: 13496: 12474: 12165: 7582: 5771:

Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917,

5229: 2119:

hours. A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war. The

22594: 22579: 22529: 18535: 16592: 11964: 11672: 11605: 6896: 1860: 1514: 1235: 1080: 15225: 10331: 10193:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 9966: 7796: 3837:, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse". 22599: 21376: 19839: 19365: 19318: 18884: 16922: 11361: 9484: 8053: 5341: 4346: 4169: 2317: 1912: 1874:

while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day

1289:

was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the

1262: 14675:. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press. 3395: 2620:

in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "

21622: 20650: 19252: 16574: 9891: 9798: 6010: 5983: 5971: 3963: 2521:

Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by

2361: 1184: 1063: 301: 18243: 16291: 15818: 13055: 3573:. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite, 1985:, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian 22263: 21969: 21519: 20290: 19694: 18175: 18013: 18000: 17957: 17866: 17592: 17401: 17308: 17210: 16968: 16615: 10893: 7176:

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.

6286: 5292: 5198: 4718: 4542: 4196: 3873: 2366: 2065: 1114: 306: 13179: 10776: 10646: 4923: 2971:

in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German

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Ansart, Séverine; Pelat, Camille; Boelle, Pierre-Yves; Carrat, Fabrice; Flahault, Antoine; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (May 2009).

7552: 5311:

were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of

4759: 4698: 4465:, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the 4238:) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near 2629:

German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the

1377: 258: 212: 7139: 5662:

of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The British government placed Ireland under

4770:. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the 4293: 2624:". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the 22404: 22364: 21627: 21316: 20034: 18961: 18861: 18703: 18642: 18139: 18073: 17910: 17789: 17462: 16488: 16344: 16088: 16069: 16050: 16023: 15987: 15960: 15934: 15909: 15878: 15849: 15756: 15732: 15676: 15649: 15627: 15608: 15581: 15554: 15532: 15410: 15389: 15302: 15258: 15144: 15104: 15077: 15018: 14960: 14941: 14891: 14870: 14820: 14801: 14750: 14723: 14688: 14653: 14586: 14567: 14548: 14518: 14491: 14443: 14395: 14355: 14313: 14286: 14236: 14217: 14195: 14158: 14139: 14107: 14088: 14069: 14042: 14023: 14002: 13975: 13956: 13911: 13892: 13865: 13834: 13804: 13774: 13755: 13693: 13669: 13650: 13619: 13590: 13571: 13552: 13533: 13485: 13428: 13409: 13390: 13368: 13334: 13313: 13294: 13275: 13219: 12796: 12735: 12687: 12632: 12577: 12516: 12249: 12034: 11958: 11886: 11655: 11441: 11269: 11179: 11141: 10515: 10389: 10176: 10151: 10043: 9717: 9672: 9519: 9231: 8686: 8537: 8510: 8483: 8383: 8271: 7284: 7230: 7157: 6938: 6890: 5377: 5190: 3259:

and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus.

3099: 3039: 1824: 1176: 954: 866: 291: 242: 158: 16312: 15884: 15620:

Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century

15416: 14604:

Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). "The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916".

13699: 13625: 13085: 11275: 11042: 10009: 8628: 7236: 7194: 3392:; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary, followed by Germany fifteen months later. 3114:

in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local

2982:

The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing

22549: 18753: 18314: 17734: 16526: 10192: 10103: 9539: 7923: 5912: 5872: 4810: 4254:

ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted

4137: 3570: 996: 24: 16303: 15166:

Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

12599: 10475: 5100:

to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War

2830:

before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.

2506: 2153:

August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4

187: 22499: 21824: 19678: 19283: 19058: 18510: 18473: 18085: 17044: 16549: 8435: 8404: 6411: 4229:

Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.

2771: 2298: 2084: 1934: 1032: 728: 250: 18299: 9954:

La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini.

9565: 4078:

were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value. Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the

3424:, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000. 3223:. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by 1600:, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary. 22489: 22419: 22384: 22328: 22323: 21566: 20115: 19991: 19510: 19247: 19144: 18941: 18284: 17574: 16983: 16741: 5908: 5868: 5150: 5025: 4526: 4090:, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the 3914:, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating 3539: 2634: 2263: 2115: 1358: 1085: 381: 11559: 7117: 2581: 2316:

The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the

1661: 22554: 22504: 22444: 22379: 22318: 22293: 22213: 21481: 20170: 20098: 20064: 18788: 18159: 17853: 17669: 16948: 16419: 13256: 12281: 11682: 11075: 9839: 9458: 8956: 6098:

has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding

5834: 4864: 4324:

October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the

4200: 3365: 2526: 2497: 2466:

attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in

2174: 2016:

as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".

1855:

resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in

1577: 1238:

in Europe, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and

5441:

state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.

2911: 2850:

travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.

1615:

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by

1456:

similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War." Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "

22604: 22569: 22519: 22514: 22454: 22409: 21311: 20672: 19043: 18545: 17411: 17346: 16384: 15484: 14773: 6335: 5586: 3526: 3458: 3454: 3252: 3138: 3129:

was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the

859: 12239: 11903: 11855: 8223: 6528: 6492: 5690:. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply". 4802: 3748:

In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and

3594: 2254:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

22524: 22479: 22459: 22434: 22394: 22389: 22374: 21411: 21346: 20391: 19626: 19262: 18647: 18410: 18215: 18195: 17982: 17918: 17741: 17610: 16521: 16441: 16379: 16249: 5561: 5251: 5128: 4995: 4087: 3958: 2606: 1970: 1926: 1446: 1317: 1196: 1172: 991: 896: 346: 286: 17082: 15269: 12999: 12830: 12134: 5581:

On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The

3543: 3445:

in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at

2274:, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator, 76: 22564: 22544: 22509: 22439: 22429: 22414: 22399: 20602: 20008: 20003: 19671: 19634: 19327: 18612: 18607: 18466: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18190: 17884: 16536: 16511: 16409: 16243: 11171: 8303: 6460:

World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.

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Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916".

14365:

Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19".

14246:

Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered".

6550: 5107:

Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and

4592: 4320:(3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 2095:

to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.

2024: 22559: 22494: 22484: 22474: 22469: 22464: 22449: 22303: 20755: 20018: 19221: 19186: 18768: 18748: 18627: 18185: 18180: 18144: 18078: 17970: 17816: 17406: 17258: 16796: 16724: 16655: 16424: 16394: 16389: 14323:

Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".

8156: 7830: 6139: 6038: 5718: 5479: 5261: 4514: 4489: 4442: 4011: 4007: 3800: 3033: 2061: 1722: 1686:

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral

1370: 755: 191: 16231: 6241:

of the war, and Russian defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the

4798: 2841:. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the 2131:

At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839

22424: 21366: 21351: 21246: 20079: 19924: 19798: 19313: 18728: 18632: 18602: 18576: 18571: 18515: 18134: 17761: 17701: 17598: 17503: 17273: 17059: 16763: 16602: 16501: 13245: 11244: 8948: 6255: 5916: 5683: 5085: 4234:

protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive. Ludendorff drew up plans (

4133: 4103: 3437:, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern 3142: 2793: 2706: 2555: 2543: 2349: 2002: 1711: 1565: 1097: 1090: 971: 5291:. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in 4308:, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British 22369: 21512: 20772: 20283: 20195: 19954: 19885: 18758: 18678: 18372: 17809: 17794: 17652: 17604: 17376: 16927: 16801: 16714: 16709: 16478: 16466: 16461: 15542: 13198: 10543: 8674: 6242: 6238: 6182: 6107: 5924: 5733:. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. 5668: 5636: 5483: 5186: 5182: 4755: 4611:

A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the

4378: 4023: 3491: 3320: 2898: 2571: 2522: 2493: 2037: 2029: 1852: 1401: 1302: 1294: 1290: 925: 908: 903: 397: 219: 19128: 16988: 11004: 10581: 6351:

was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the

3009:, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the 2352:

told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."

20643: 20366: 19986: 19959: 19257: 19216: 18793: 18738: 18698: 18688: 18683: 18540: 18352: 18309: 17586: 17351: 17336: 17238: 17107: 16675: 16587: 16544: 15454: 13453: 8263: 8152: 6029:

visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.

4616: 4317: 4259: 4153: 4145: 3941: 3805: 3753: 3438: 2379: 1616: 1362: 1200: 1075: 1010: 32: 19078: 6436: 6380:

Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.

6079:, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the 2107:

ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling

22359: 22238: 22155: 21291: 21251: 20692: 19824: 19606: 19596: 19488: 19458: 19083: 18854: 18783: 18708: 18561: 18505: 18294: 18062: 17646: 17634: 17396: 17381: 17102: 16993: 16687: 16665: 16414: 16404: 16337: 16226: 16176: 11129: 7207:... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... 6302: 5990: 5852: 5611: 5607: 5594: 5453: 5373: 4984: 4826: 4462: 4418: 4394: 4255: 4141: 4091: 4039: 3471: 3462: 3204: 2617: 2535: 2345: 1938: 1310: 19547: 17248: 15028:

Moll, Kendall D; Luebbert, Gregory M (1980). "Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review".

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Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I

4860:, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment. 4284: 3796: 2764: 2650: 22298: 21391: 21119: 20881: 20841: 20831: 20779: 20185: 19851: 19786: 19505: 19451: 18927: 18778: 18622: 18597: 18269: 17756: 17746: 17675: 17628: 17616: 17556: 17371: 17366: 17288: 16697: 16670: 16374: 15794: 14832: 13948:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

11768: 11700:"A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers" 11203: 10439: 8123: 5490:

on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.

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resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "

1856: 1642: 1580:, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the 1293:

consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The

1192: 545: 393: 331: 13029: 10945:, 10 May 1917, 30: 581–585. Die Encephalitis lethargica. Leipzig and Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1918. 4868: 4806: 4425:

The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the

2416:. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the 2301:

argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.

2140:

Germany did not reply. Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief

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A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland

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were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the

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from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The

5157:, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front. 5092:

and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the

4953: 4910:

Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated

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described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!". On the same day, the

4434: 4305: 4279: 4216: 4094:; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted. 3926: 3389: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2471: 2309: 2162: 2132: 1900: 1867: 1847:. The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 1785: 1737: 1672: 1628: 1345: 1341: 558: 389: 144: 17293: 15926: 15920: 14406: 12939: 12104: 10708: 9661: 9437:

Military Operations. Part I Egypt & Palestine: Volume 2 From June 1917 to the End of the War

6931:

10.4324/9781315186405-8/balkan-clutter-american-european-handling-powder-keg-radoslava-stefanova

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American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918

1800:

straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like

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Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914".

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and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed

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against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the

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was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives.

1204: 913: 838: 800: 361: 354: 19201: 15746: 15196: 14281:. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 12622: 12157: 11699: 11431: 10423: 10406: 10130: 9946: 9937:[Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] 8942: 8567: 7147: 6620: 5894: 2513:

infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the

1929:

is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.

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imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919

4662: 4573: 4438: 4426: 4404: 4390: 4309: 4129: 3813: 3792: 3566: 3506: 3421: 3337: 3095: 2976: 2514: 2275: 2225: 1840: 1620: 1477: 1405: 1384:, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large 1278: 1223: 1164: 976: 658: 587: 446: 429: 365: 325: 19542: 13769:. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13324: 11946: 11601: 11165: 11133: 11123: 10729: 10304: 10284: 10264: 10244: 10224: 3918:

and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.

2826:, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied 2135:

did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister

1917: 1878:, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of 22349: 22128: 22037: 21743: 21446: 21201: 21114: 21092: 21015: 21011: 20940: 20856: 20801: 20796: 20619: 20463: 20352: 20130: 20049: 20044: 19764: 19652: 19483: 19196: 18847: 18447: 18362: 17049: 17023: 16973: 16330: 16273: 16172: 16160:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2006

15824: 14453:

Jelavich, Barbara (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914".

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Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics

5687: 5629: 5566: 5146: 5138: 5069: 4899: 4702: 4612: 4597: 4370: 4341: 4313: 4239: 4181: 4149: 4125: 4083: 4068: 4052: 4014:(AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November. 4006:

units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The

3777: 3535: 3185: 3169: 3010: 2610: 2279: 2120: 1966: 1888: 1691: 1589: 1381: 1349: 204: 20: 22186: 16998: 16207:

The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music

14886:. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. 9663:

Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War

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inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).

1412:

was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the

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Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War".

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to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.

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The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of

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The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923

14581:. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. 12955: 12906: 6348: 6122:. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include: 5565:

in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from

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Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near

4063:

replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a

3522: 3098:(1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and 2951:

Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern

2304: 1603: 234: 22218: 22140: 21914: 21884: 21859: 21851: 21836: 21686: 21191: 21107: 21097: 20930: 20893: 20823: 20762: 20745: 20699: 20609: 20523: 20337: 20243: 20210: 20175: 20054: 19971: 19949: 19929: 19895: 19589: 19579: 19574: 19557: 19478: 19463: 19103: 19088: 19073: 19033: 19028: 18911: 18389: 18304: 17663: 17527: 17509: 17474: 17438: 17278: 17243: 17195: 17180: 17067: 17018: 16857: 16816: 16496: 16288: 15506: 15479: 15366: 15337: 15291: 15183: 15065: 15053: 15045: 14995: 14987: 14849: 14789: 14629: 14621: 14470: 14263: 14013: 13745: 13143: 12969: 12920: 12785: 11847: 11534: 11412: 11261:

A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter

11099: 11070: 10986: 10919: 10888: 10672: 10589: 10551: 10309: 10289: 10269: 10249: 10229: 10197: 7008: 6414:; following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of 6352: 6234: 6169: 6088: 5959: 5948:

as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on

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decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a

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who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the

3192:, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern 3150: 3091: 3049: 2987: 2960: 2757: 2741: 2729:

were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied

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and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3

1879: 1733: 1687: 1597: 1534: 1522: 1457: 1450:

wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine

1329: 966: 531: 266: 151: 19663: 19380: 10440:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University" 6017:, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. As part of commemorations for the 4947:

killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as

4916: 4894: 4506: 4210: 3859:

attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands.

1989:

intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.

1950: 1729:

or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

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Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980

15123: 15100: 15083: 15073: 15057: 15014: 15008: 14999: 14956: 14937: 14897: 14887: 14881: 14866: 14853: 14816: 14797: 14746: 14729: 14719: 14702: 14694: 14684: 14659: 14649: 14633: 14592: 14582: 14563: 14544: 14524: 14514: 14497: 14487: 14439: 14391: 14351: 14334: 14309: 14292: 14282: 14232: 14213: 14191: 14164: 14154: 14135: 14103: 14084: 14065: 14048: 14038: 14019: 13998: 13981: 13971: 13952: 13907: 13888: 13871: 13861: 13830: 13810: 13800: 13780: 13770: 13751: 13689: 13679: 13665: 13646: 13615: 13596: 13586: 13567: 13548: 13529: 13481: 13445: 13424: 13405: 13386: 13364: 13330: 13309: 13290: 13271: 13252: 13215: 12792: 12731: 12683: 12628: 12573: 12512: 12245: 12030: 11954: 11882: 11839: 11788: 11737: 11729: 11678: 11651: 11538: 11437: 11265: 11175: 11137: 11104: 10978: 10924: 10910: 10902: 10511: 10422:

Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.).

10385: 10172: 10147: 10039: 9935:"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)" 9713: 9678: 9668: 9515: 9466: 9440: 9417: 9227: 8952: 8682: 8533: 8506: 8479: 8379: 8267: 8045: 7280: 7226: 7153: 7143: 7000: 6959: 6934: 6886: 5932: 5790: 5654: 5530: 5337: 5037: 4763: 4710: 4624: 4577: 4466: 4235: 4064: 4035: 3760:, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern 3530: 3373: 3353: 3301: 3177: 3076: 2998: 2807: 2778: 2749: 2730: 2475: 2429: 2395: 2371: 2013: 1875: 1844: 1832: 1789: 1538: 1518: 1409: 1270: 1212: 1070: 1022: 961: 918: 227: 21466: 19552: 11769:"The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918" 11416: 10990: 9535: 3024:

and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.

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Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918

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The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide

11404: 11094: 11084: 10968: 10914: 10906: 10510:. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p. 19. 9414:

The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders

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On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.

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Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of

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campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.

2413: 2199: 1883: 1848: 1633: 1054: 1042: 1027: 1015: 940: 935: 618: 405: 122: 105: 19616: 19515: 16283: 14466: 14259: 13611:

The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis

13173:

Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

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Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010).

4943:

Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne

2789: 2312:; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead. 1962: 22145: 22101: 21934: 21929: 21909: 21889: 21831: 21797: 21721: 21711: 21673: 21634: 21587: 21532: 21456: 21396: 21281: 21129: 21124: 21102: 21022: 20976: 20733: 20687: 20585: 20562: 20545: 20518: 20303: 20205: 20200: 19868: 19728: 19708: 19441: 19431: 19332: 18917: 18889: 18289: 18129: 17468: 17028: 17003: 16702: 16610: 16449: 16307: 16295: 16238: 15868: 15742: 15400: 15379: 13683: 13609: 13474: 13356: 13183: 13139:"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography" 13081: 11820:"Military Diplomats in the Prussian and German Service: The Attachés, 1816- 1914" 11556: 11379: 11259: 11034: 10954: 10736: 10655: 10107: 10001: 8620: 8527: 8500: 8473: 8313: 7797:"India and WWI: Piecing together the impact of the Great War on the subcontinent" 7220: 7188: 6626: 6111: 6022: 5776: 5727: 5475: 5415: 5154: 4944: 4845: 4758:

was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of

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By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had

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was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife

1998: 1954: 1922: 1851:, much to the surprise of outside observers. The Serbian capture of ports on the 1703: 1624: 1569: 1530: 1413: 1385: 1286: 1285:

were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year.

1266: 1259: 1239: 1104: 945: 930: 701: 651: 369: 169: 22181: 16278: 10957:"Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica" 10100: 10062:(2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.). 8259:

A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945

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Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War".

13853: 12814: 12589: 10668:"'ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey" 10471: 8222:

Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs (9 November 2006).

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Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included

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out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the

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Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane

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this defeat, but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the

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Medlicott, W.N. (1945). "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87".

14901: 14845: 14617: 14276: 13157: 13138: 11715: 11530: 11408: 11235: 9444: 8431: 6355:, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. 4627:. For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the 4225: 3840: 3110:

by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured

3001:

lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

2216:

Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the

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Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.).

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.).

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Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis".

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Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević

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were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used

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For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous

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Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections

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The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

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by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as

5004:

French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders

3525:, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into 2833:

The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in

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And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930

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and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The

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provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.

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The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War

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Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18

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Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione

9862:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 9831: 9769:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 6870: 4510: 3333: 2959:. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the 2942: 2534:

and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten

1619:. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new 1380:

of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the

851: 85: 56: 22223: 22106: 22003: 21738: 21644: 21416: 21164: 21159: 21151: 21136: 20961: 20866: 20677: 20478: 20458: 20438: 20416: 20381: 20220: 20190: 20154: 20085: 20070: 19914: 19562: 19532: 19426: 18899: 18870: 17894: 17799: 17497: 16932: 15497: 15160: 14536: 14205: 13792: 13378: 10753: 8025: 5939: 5839: 5737:

World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century

5663: 5559:

for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the

5499: 5461: 5438: 5399: 5288: 5272: 5089: 5009: 4975:

died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.

4948: 4928: 4890: 4841: 4840:

with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would

4530: 4409: 4366: 3998:

to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the

3902:

but the troops refused to fire on the crowds. Revolutionaries set up the

3400: 3240: 3181: 3103: 2819: 2694: 2678: 2658:

In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the

2598: 2391: 2267: 2055: 2042: 1781: 1757: 1521:. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called 1251: 1243: 1216: 986: 572: 15480:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic" 14761: 14474: 14267: 8569:

New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War

5426:, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national 22111: 21556: 20947: 20935: 20905: 20871: 20811: 20493: 19890: 19856: 19537: 18971: 15187: 14991: 14625: 14117:

Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson".

11851: 11819: 9485:"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control" 7012: 6406:

Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by

6226: 6151: 5928: 4817:

were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.

4787: 4458: 4430: 4362: 4172:

was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by

3995: 3946: 3915: 3907: 3809: 3384:

islands. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them

3381: 3126: 3060: 2842: 2111:. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July. 1695: 1646: 1554: 1325: 15049: 6519: 6254:

The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the

1863:

decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.

21986: 21976: 21592: 21551: 21381: 21218: 20953: 20915: 20508: 20322: 19905: 18530: 17689: 17456: 13402:

The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918

12964: 12915: 12890: 12590:"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists" 11944: 11724: 11628: 9461:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). 9120: 6980: 6394: 6197: 5706: 5407: 5390:

Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the

5344:

in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3

5312: 5208: 4857: 4853: 4775: 4774:. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% 4685: 4470: 4161: 3781: 3413: 3324: 3289: 3199: 3064: 2838: 2734: 2602: 2399: 2294: 1215:). The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the 1160: 490: 377: 22176: 15922:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

15179: 14983: 13767:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

11835: 10868: 10508:

Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin

8411: 7509: 6996: 5822: 5723: 5468:

I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the

5096:

estimates around 1.5 million. The government of Turkey continues to

4331: 3808:

with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over

3768:

against a possible Bulgarian counterattack. On 27 August 1916, they

3441:

in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the

22084: 22067: 22013: 22008: 21993: 21981: 21959: 21782: 21750: 21681: 21656: 21371: 21067: 20888: 20716: 20631: 20570: 20533: 19527: 17949: 15867:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).

15780:"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy" 14680: 12594: 10856: 10756:(1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". 8331: 8262:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, DC: 5806: 5742: 5582: 5081: 5017: 4856:, and independent national identities for these nations took hold. 4351: 4258:, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( 4211:

German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)

3474:

ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied

3361: 3349: 3193: 3056: 3017: 2932: 2928: 2916: 2869: 2827: 2638: 2589: 2455: 2425: 2108: 2083:

Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. However, the

1978: 1942: 1805: 1797: 129: 14671:

Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005).

12550: 12545:

The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920

11241:"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" 11167:

Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era

7827:"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War" 7826: 5978:, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War 2711: 2673:

on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the

2019: 360:

Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as

22164: 22030: 22025: 21286: 21141: 21053: 13268:

Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania

11462: 9195: 7461: 6415: 5923:. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or 5767:, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915 4904: 4783: 4779: 4494: 3761: 3475: 3111: 3016:

The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to

2745: 2726: 2459: 2271: 1993: 1871: 1741: 1585: 1581: 1393: 1277:

mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia,

1247: 96: 18488: 16211: 14673:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

13685:

Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War

10955:

Reid, A.H.; McCall, S.; Henry, J.M.; Taubenberger, J.K. (2001).

10889:"Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe" 10082: 9070:

Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269

7692: 6919:"Balkan Clutter: American and European Handling of a Powder Keg" 6071:

The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of

6051:... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn." 5064:

Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from

3427:

In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in

3211:

The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern

3106:, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the 2078:

Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.

1773:

Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the

22057: 22042: 21701: 21306: 15159:

Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping

14484:

Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897

14132:

The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I

12728:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

9512:

The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War

9297: 9273: 8779: 6718: 6165: 5573:

to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.

5556: 5304:

I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.

5234:

List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I

4968: 4936: 4722: 4414: 4374: 3428: 3408:

difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the

3357: 3264: 3068: 2983: 2920: 2803: 2798:

exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice

2686: 2370:

Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the

2333: 1749:

six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

401: 385: 18839: 16322: 14408:

Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years

13383:

The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War

12296: 12192: 11486: 10817:

Sévillia, Jean, Histoire Passionnée de la France, 2013, p. 395

9465:(4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. 8532:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–81. 8505:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. 7276:

Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad

7031: 6338:

was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.

5482:

First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining

4844:

all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to

2770:

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval

2669:

was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The

1866:

The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913

1835:

demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the

22228: 22193: 22096: 21819: 21706: 21691: 21271: 21261: 21256: 20728: 20723: 18117: 15725:

The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919

13995:

The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon

12831:"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars" 12525: 12371: 12344: 12332: 12320: 12308: 12219: 10166: 9237: 8875: 7983:"Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France" 6573: 5702: 5382:

Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War

5348:

October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.

5041: 4964: 4791: 4541:, spread across the whole country within days and led to the 4474: 4263: 3749: 3224: 3115: 3084: 2877: 2682: 2383: 1793: 1714:

began. Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of

1584:, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. 1207:, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including 16081:

America's Great War: World War I and the American experience

14743:

Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia

13721:

Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest

13082:"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One" 13048: 11879:

Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948

11474: 9121:

Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018).

8977: 7559:. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. 7533: 7521: 4156:. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the 3215:) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to 3059:

territories and Britain's communications with India via the

3048:

Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the

2340:

on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.

21696: 21401: 16190: 16062:

France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety

15870:

The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia

11334: 11035:"History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare" 10361: 10349: 8791: 8355: 8191: 7875: 5991:

the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018

5750: 5391: 5223: 4972: 4538: 4449:, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. 4097: 3409: 3220: 3212: 2997:

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917.

2046:

was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.

1815:

began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of

16206: 14306:

Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I

11498: 11071:"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I" 10169:

Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People

9604: 9183: 9159: 9097: 9073: 9021: 9019: 8994: 8992: 8743: 8643: 7644: 7610: 7608: 7353: 7067: 6643: 4836:, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the 4207:

attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.

4164:

had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the

3851:, a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun 3731:

Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)

3164: 2752:

in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the

1464:

was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher

12708: 11355:"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire" 10070: 9981: 9309: 9285: 9249: 9043: 8707: 8478:(4th ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120. 8319: 7728: 7254: 6766: 6696: 6694: 6053:"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... 5989:

The British government budgeted substantial resources to

4680: 3569:

remained at the front, with the home front controlled by

2239: 13968:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

13056:"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary" 11945:

Anton Kaes; Martin Jay; Edward Dimendberg, eds. (1994).

11290: 9580: 9393: 9369: 9345: 8851: 8803: 8252: 8068: 8026:"Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease" 7899: 7776: 7764: 7497: 7437: 7389: 7365: 7329: 7305: 6875:

British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24

6826: 6790: 6742: 6585: 5220:

initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.

4273: 4270:

on 8 August, led to a marked collapse in German morale.

3364:, considered vital to secure the borders established in 21386: 19693: 15982:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. 15010:

A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918

14670: 14436:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

12752: 12696: 11926: 10886: 10874: 9914: 9333: 9321: 9261: 9213:

Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918

9171: 9016: 9004: 8989: 8910: 8863: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8767: 8755: 8731: 8719: 8695: 8576: 8450: 8343: 8179: 8092: 7863: 7656: 7632: 7605: 7317: 7193:. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. 6850: 6754: 6730: 6706: 6615:

Bertrand Joly, "La France et la Revanche (1871–1914)",

6011:

the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France

5693:

On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of

5242:" positions within the opposing land and naval forces. 3090:

The British and French opened overseas fronts with the

1698:. This policy was based on the work of US naval author 15072:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14210:

The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18

14015:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

13033: 12396:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284. 12180: 11125:

The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir

10820: 10799: 9749: 9147: 9061:

România în anii primului război mondial, vol.2, p. 831

9031: 8922: 8667: 8005: 7950: 7752: 7740: 7485: 7341: 7103: 7091: 7055: 6814: 6802: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6267:

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.

5406:, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of 5145:

About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in

5137:

British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the

3300:, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale 2285:

The plan was substantially modified by his successor,

1432:, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the 14718:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13717:"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I" 12572:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 12127:"World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend" 10621:"The Minor Powers During World War One – Serbia" 9616: 9592: 9381: 8104: 7962: 7887: 7680: 7668: 7449: 7425: 7413: 7401: 7377: 7079: 6597: 5472:

due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.

5362: 4873:

massive population exchange between the two countries

4381:

signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.

4029: 3529:

and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their

2184: 2123:

had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the

1744:

and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the

1553:. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to 1320:

on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of

1155:(28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the 16258:

Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium):

15840:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).

15097:

The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946

14716:

Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia

14714:

Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999).

13171:

see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.

12278:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans" 10122: 10120: 9826: 9824: 9689: 9640: 9357: 9085: 8655: 8203: 7704: 7473: 7132: 6838: 6655: 6631: 6473: 5199:

Conscription in the United States § World War I

5022:

1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases

4630:

Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918

3878: 3829:

On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the

1678:

battleship, Germany's first response to the British

1369:

abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the

15574:

Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy

14713: 12679:

The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918

12556: 11947:"The Treaty of Versailles: The Reparations Clauses" 11646:

To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America

10880: 10698: 9737: 9628: 9416:. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. 8080: 7716: 7620: 6778: 6485: 5753:(especially with the advent of the prototype tank, 4469:. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied 3308:. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. 2036:Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent 1482: 16250:Personal accounts of American World War I veterans 15948: 15547:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 15290: 15226:"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918" 13473: 13244: 13100: 12784: 12361: 12359: 12209: 12207: 12063: 11643: 11576:"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I" 11257: 11204:"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians" 10832: 10524: 9660: 8376:Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 6518: 5569:(an armaments firm) and other companies to create 5486:in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after 5195:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I 5149:during the war. All nations pledged to follow the 5031: 4266:. The resulting counter-attack, which started the 19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 16197:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 14830:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 10117: 10038:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91. 9932: 9821: 8940: 7043: 6877:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–59, 6871:"Eastern Europe: Cordon Sanitaire or Powder-Keg?" 5430:for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary. 5336:during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. 5104:I; these claims are rejected by most historians. 4332:Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918) 3824: 2645: 2388:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 22590:Wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania 22341: 15866: 15820:Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I 15618:Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). 15438:Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia 15113: 13476:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 13441:Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 13363:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 11468: 11394: 11353:International Association of Genocide Scholars. 11310:"International Association of Genocide Scholars" 11201: 10844: 10506:Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). 8681:. Princeton University Press. pp. 180–181. 8565: 8417: 7938: 7857:British administration and the Amritsar massacre 7138: 5902:, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers 5498:held by radical socialists such as Marxists and 3910:forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the 2481: 2087:had no solid proof of Serbian involvement. On 23 1324:against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the 452: 17299:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 16244:World War I British press photograph collection 16004: 14912:The United States Marine Corps in the World War 14879: 14100:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive 13901: 13361:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 12356: 12204: 10490: 10171:. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622. 9892:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9799:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9201: 8785: 8609:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v. 28, p. 403 8468: 7583:"How was the first military airplane shot down" 7037: 6237:, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the 5553:Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista 4956:affected nearly five million people worldwide. 4483: 4384: 3952: 3461:in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the 3403:, one of the most challenging fronts of the war 3399:Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the 2979:before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. 2967:In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at 2767:, these too were either destroyed or interned. 2601:, machine guns and above all far more powerful 2538:, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by 2432:. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser 2020:Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1828:diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy. 1796:states, they preferred the strategically vital 1761:Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. 625: 195:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 15943: 15525:The First World War and International Politics 15377: 15251:East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars 14880:Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). 14390:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14308:. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 13902:Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). 12992: 12837:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023. 12664:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925 12489: 11553:Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 11258:Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008). 11237:International Association of Genocide Scholars 11231: 11229: 10777:"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost" 10648:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe 8197: 6579: 6134:; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of 5094:International Association of Genocide Scholars 4989: 4176:, and a few months later the commander of the 3255:. The Sharif declared the independence of the 2763:escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the 2028:Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the 1205:9 million military dead and 23 million wounded 578: 21527: 21513: 20298: 20284: 19679: 18855: 18474: 16338: 16045:(2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15839: 15601:1914–1918: The History of the First World War 15477: 14231:(4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 14129: 13747:The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History 12620: 12531: 12377: 12365: 12350: 12338: 12326: 12314: 12302: 12225: 12213: 12198: 11953:. University of California Press. p. 8. 11492: 10862: 10692: 10126: 9303: 9279: 8881: 8337: 8309: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 7698: 7527: 7266: 6869:Bennett, G. H. (1995), Bennett, G. H. (ed.), 6091:that obscure the complexity of the conflict. 5933:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 5821:in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at 3422:a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo 2565: 1631:in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 867: 16043:The Cambridge History of the First World War 15027: 14972:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14883:The American heritage history of World War I 14229:Britain in transition: the twentieth century 13251:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13117: 13115: 12675: 11996: 11994: 11904:"UK finally finishes paying for World War I" 11881:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. 11163: 10505: 9116: 9114: 9112: 8122: 6964:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 6923:Revival: The New Transatlantic Agenda (2001) 6724: 6617:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6233:with the Central Powers shortly after their 3986:as an "Associated Power" of the Allies. The 3329:Military history of Italy during World War I 3176:Russian armies generally had success in the 2990:, which brought stabilisation of the front. 2293:, which was the strategy envisaged by their 1921:Traditionally thought to show the arrest of 1344:in March 1918. That month, Germany launched 17782: 15748:War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945 15293:The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924 14863:The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 13750:(4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. 13235:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary 12741: 12658: 12656: 11226: 10544:"Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians" 9667:. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50. 8126:(June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". 6188:List of military engagements of World War I 6130:won; whether generals were responsible for 6045:Historiography of the causes of World War I 5865:List of last surviving World War I veterans 5686:. Many suffered years of prison, including 4726:in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: 3657: 3629: 3521:As previously agreed with French president 2228:after an Austrian plane was shot down with 1752: 1627:. This gave France an opening to agree the 1348:, which despite initial successes left the 881: 21520: 21506: 20291: 20277: 19686: 19672: 18862: 18848: 18481: 18467: 16345: 16331: 15925:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 15823:. Montana State University. Archived from 15741: 15666: 15378:Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). 15248: 14810: 14794:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 14303: 14226: 14033:Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). 14032: 13564:Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 13504:. Montana State University. Archived from 12437:"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front" 11504: 11164:Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003). 11068: 10948: 10355: 9732: 9726: 9103: 8679:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 8597: 8519: 8292: 8138: 7260: 5809:as well. Towards the end of the conflict, 4533:, which then ensued in the naval ports of 3788:to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916. 3643: 3376:Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in 2258:Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the 1788:Russia considered itself the protector of 1645:. While not formal alliances, by settling 1273:responsible, and declared war on 28 July. 874: 860: 719: 15918: 15692:The Quarterly Journal of Military History 15617: 15598: 15571: 15541: 15522: 15505: 15348: 15319: 15094: 14969: 14788: 14385: 14178:Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War 14078: 13920: 13421:Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918 13156: 13112: 12963: 12914: 12787:Diplomatic History of the First World War 12770: 12471:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand 12155: 11991: 11766: 11723: 11626:Chelmsford, J.E. "Clergy and Man-Power", 11429: 11251: 11098: 11088: 10972: 10918: 10367: 10088: 10076: 10033: 9987: 9658: 9375: 9315: 9291: 9255: 9243: 9109: 8916: 8797: 8618: 8593: 8591: 8554:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 8525: 8423: 7980: 7905: 7662: 7638: 7614: 7539: 7467: 7371: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7272: 7212: 7152:. East European Monographs. p. 313. 6916: 6760: 6736: 6649: 5942:, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem 5271:sent to war. This aided the struggle for 4549:November 1918, shortly thereafter to the 4170:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 3867: 3615: 3580: 3348:designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in 2986:on 19 November 1916 following the costly 1913:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1906: 1588:and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 678: 157:Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the 22535:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 19253:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 17581:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 16154: 16013: 15977: 15722: 15636: 15455:"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921" 15205:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 15165: 15070:Fighting the Great War: A Global History 14950: 14931: 14762:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915" 14452: 13882: 13852: 13764: 13542: 13498:The historical impact of epidemic typhus 13399: 12653: 12156:MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). 11901: 11697: 11641: 11480: 11384:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 11296: 11064: 11062: 11060: 10421: 10303: 10283: 10263: 10243: 10223: 9755: 9622: 9586: 9399: 9351: 9079: 8983: 8857: 8809: 8773: 8749: 8737: 8713: 8701: 8673: 8502:Genocide: modern crimes against humanity 8475:The Middle East and Islamic world reader 8378:. Indiana University Press. p. 11. 8256:; Förster, Stig; Greiner, Bernd (2005). 7881: 7869: 7851: 7515: 7491: 7347: 7190:Reports Service: Southeast Europe series 7097: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6772: 6700: 6673: 6094:Historian Heather Jones argues that the 5972:National World War I Museum and Memorial 5958: 5893: 5838: 5759: 5722: 5635: 5474: 5456:who were at war with the British in the 5385: 5277: 5230:List of military attachés in World War I 5224:Military attachés and war correspondents 5202: 5164: 5132: 5059: 4999: 4922: 4898: 4863:In the aftermath of World War I, Greece 4741: 4684: 4656: 4591: 4587: 4493: 4408: 4345: 4283: 4262:) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle 4224: 4107: 4098:Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918) 4043: 3962: 3839: 3500: 3394: 3332: 3198: 3163: 3043: 2992: 2941: 2910: 2788: 2710: 2649: 2580: 2576: 2505: 2365: 2362:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I 2303: 2249: 2203: 2073: 2023: 1916: 1768: 1756: 1660: 1602: 1486: 507: 437: 17958:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 16187:, worldwide links from Brigham Young U. 15223: 15194: 15064: 14640: 14433: 14204: 14148: 14059: 13992: 13965: 13941: 13821: 13744:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). 13714: 13678: 13640: 13545:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 13418: 13377: 13322: 13284: 13265: 13206: 13121: 12714: 12702: 12666:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471 12506: 12407:"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier" 12237: 12094: 11674:A People's History of the United States 11578:. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015. 11340: 10894:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10805: 10618: 10404: 10144:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 10141: 9920: 9695: 9646: 9339: 9327: 9267: 9224:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 9177: 9049: 9025: 9010: 8998: 8896:, pp. 152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182. 8869: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8761: 8725: 8661: 8582: 8498: 8456: 8361: 8349: 8325: 8185: 8098: 7893: 7758: 7674: 7455: 7431: 7419: 7359: 7085: 7073: 7061: 6868: 6479: 5813:were used for the first time, with HMS 5355:, wrote to the British prime minister, 5315:, used in munitions production, in the 4927:Emergency military hospital during the 3974:to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 3161:and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. 2975:dismissed the pro-Allied government of 2355: 2066:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 1981:community), from the movement known as 1831:Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 1823:since 1878. Timed to coincide with the 1804:. Russia had ambitions in northeastern 1647:long-standing colonial disputes in Asia 1313:and others joined in from 1915 onward. 642: 609: 563: 522: 22342: 16227:WWI Films on the European Film Gateway 16168:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 16078: 16059: 16040: 15899: 15777: 15685: 15642:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 15576:. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. 15435: 15288: 15268:Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). 14919:from the original on 16 September 2018 14860: 14776:from the original on 16 September 2018 14740: 14603: 14557: 14535: 14421:from the original on 16 September 2018 14404: 14364: 14322: 14274: 14245: 14185: 13846:The Origins of the World War; Volume I 13645:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. 13643:Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 13614:. Research and Education Association. 13523: 13197:For a comprehensive bibliography, see 12186: 11876: 11704:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 11121: 10826: 10774: 10752: 10600:from the original on 16 September 2018 10562:from the original on 16 September 2018 10379: 9610: 9457: 9363: 9189: 9165: 9153: 9037: 8928: 8899: 8649: 8588: 8572:. Exisle Publishing. pp. 219–220. 8566:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007). 8110: 8074: 8023: 8011: 7807:from the original on 28 September 2022 7734: 7686: 7650: 7407: 7383: 6978: 6856: 6712: 6661: 6637: 6603: 6145: 6142:accepted and endorsed the war effort. 4871:, a war that eventually resulted in a 4820: 4681:Peace treaties and national boundaries 4304:on the Hindenburg Line began with the 4002:had fewer than 300,000 men, including 3906:and fearing a left-wing takeover, the 2853:World War I also saw the first use of 2240:German offensive in Belgium and France 2179: 2168: 1945:, the capital of the recently annexed 1694:, that could compete with the British 1690:sought to use this growth to build an 21501: 20272: 19667: 18843: 18462: 17911:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 17254:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 16326: 15549:. New York: Oxford University Press. 15398: 15267: 15134: 15006: 14829: 14576: 14481: 14345: 14116: 14011: 13791: 13743: 13702:from the original on 17 February 2024 13659: 13628:from the original on 17 February 2024 13607: 13580: 13561: 13468: 13437: 13355: 13343:from the original on 17 February 2024 13228: 13136: 13088:from the original on 10 December 2020 12937: 12782: 12758: 12747: 12049: 12024: 12012: 12000: 11985: 11932: 11817: 11767:Trumpener, Ulrich (4 November 1987). 11582:from the original on 15 December 2018 11568: 11377: 11057: 10838: 10787:from the original on 25 November 2018 10530: 10313:. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030–6031. 10293:. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371–6372. 10058: 9945:(in Italian): 436–437. Archived from 9902:from the original on 23 December 2019 9809:from the original on 23 December 2019 9707: 9598: 9568:from the original on 27 December 2007 9542:from the original on 20 November 2015 9509: 9487:. First World War.com. Archived from 9434: 9411: 9387: 8893: 8631:from the original on 9 September 2021 8529:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 8298: 8280:from the original on 17 February 2024 8234:from the original on 23 November 2011 8209: 8151: 8086: 7968: 7956: 7917: 7782: 7770: 7746: 7722: 7710: 7626: 7503: 7479: 7443: 7395: 7293:from the original on 17 February 2024 7239:from the original on 17 February 2024 7218: 7197:from the original on 6 September 2023 7166:from the original on 17 February 2024 7109: 7049: 6844: 6796: 6784: 6748: 6591: 5378:British propaganda during World War I 5191:World War I conscription in Australia 5026:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare 4834:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 4429:on 29 September 1918. German Emperor 4274:Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line 3546:allowed the Central Powers to invade 3285:before surrendering in January 1919. 3149:, pushing Ottoman forces back in the 3100:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3040:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2888: 1825:Bulgarian Declaration of Independence 1354:A successful Allied counter-offensive 1263:assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1187:, and in Europe was characterised by 855: 22585:Wars involving the Republic of China 22575:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 21598:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 18315:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 15465:from the original on 23 October 2011 15419:from the original on 7 December 2023 15236:from the original on 10 October 2017 15211:from the original on 10 January 2008 14908: 14811:Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). 14759: 14508: 14414:. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. 14188:Douglas Haig and the First World War 14181:. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. 14119:Geological Society Quarterly Journal 14097: 13715:Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). 13662:A Brief History of the Austrian Navy 13303: 13242: 13186:; full coverage for major countries. 12871:from the original on 14 October 2023 12602:from the original on 7 February 2022 12495: 12467:"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils" 12076:from the original on 10 January 2022 12061: 11967:from the original on 15 January 2016 11670: 11516: 10452:from the original on 29 October 2013 10337:from the original on 12 January 2021 10205:from the original on 4 December 2013 10146:. Infobase Publishing. p. 483. 9743: 9634: 9562:"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders" 9536:"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein" 9514:. London: John Murray. p. 162. 9091: 8373: 7993:from the original on 22 October 2017 7981:Lichfield, John (21 February 2006). 7944: 7794: 5913:American Battle Monuments Commission 5873:American Battle Monuments Commission 5858: 4903:Men transporting wounded Ottoman at 4867:against Turkish nationalists led by 4705:dealt with Germany and, building on 3979:ships were reluctant to put to sea. 3835:successful offensive against Romania 3756:. Under the strategic plan known as 3565:Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as 2883: 2654:German casualties at the Somme, 1916 2443: 2398:. On 28 October, the German cruiser 1725:acknowledged defeat, leading to the 25:The First World War (disambiguation) 19695:International relations (1814–1919) 19381:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 19284:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 18244:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 17045:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16212:A multimedia history of World War I 15816: 15804:from the original on 10 August 2019 15765:from the original on 4 January 2014 15710:from the original on 14 August 2021 15116:Transactions of the Grotius Society 14388:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 14083:. New York: Random House; Bonanza. 13843: 12791:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 12676:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). 12511:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12133:. 30 September 2010. Archived from 11015:from the original on 8 January 2024 10850: 10775:Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000). 10478:from the original on 3 January 2022 10253:. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766. 9999: 9868:. 21 September 2017. 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The Serbs suffered defeat in the 2193: 2114:Anxious to ensure backing from the 1935:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1870:, which had created an independent 1839:, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, 1491:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 121:French attack from a trench at the 13: 21567:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 16984:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16232:The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive 16191:The World War One Document Archive 16064:(1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. 15887:from the original on 1 August 2020 15253:. University of Washington Press. 15030:The Journal of Conflict Resolution 14130:Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). 13827:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 13731:from the original on 19 March 2022 13494: 12901:(2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918. 12865:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 12819:. 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Mittal Publications. p. 45. 7795:Kant, Vedica (24 September 2014). 7120:from the original on 20 April 2017 6138:; and to what extent the civilian 5986:was dedicated on 1 November 1921. 5929:Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing 5909:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5869:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 5576: 5460:. Von Syburg, the German envoy in 5363:Support and opposition for the war 5282:Poster showing women workers, 1915 4191:In early 1918, the front line was 4030:Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917) 3496: 2556:the campaign for full independence 2185:Confusion among the Central Powers 1702:, who argued that possession of a 1199:(gas). World War I was one of the 357:and territories to other countries 259:United States–Hungary Peace Treaty 251:United States–Germany Peace Treaty 243:United States–Austria Peace Treaty 14: 22616: 22595:Wars involving the United Kingdom 22580:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 22530:Wars involving the Russian Empire 21482:Western European and Others Group 18885:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 16267: 16099: 16007:Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace 16005:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). 15667:Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) . 15452: 15201:], 1865–1937, German General" 13062:from the original on 3 April 2017 12980:from the original on 4 March 2016 12841:from the original on 1 March 2024 12726:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). 12662:Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. 12417:from the original on 16 June 2022 12394:Modern Italy: A Political History 12065:"First World War officially ends" 12062:Hall, Allan (28 September 2010). 11902:Cosgrave, Jenny (10 March 2015). 11748:from the original on 10 June 2024 11642:Chambers, John Whiteclay (1987). 11608:from the original on 13 July 2014 11214:from the original on 12 June 2012 11076:American Journal of Public Health 11069:Fitzgerald, Gerard (April 2008). 11045:from the original on 1 March 2024 10680:from the original on 15 July 2016 10233:. 10 February 1920. p. 1671. 8905: 8621:"Saving Forty Thousand Armenians" 8056:from the original on 10 June 2024 8024:Chorba, Terence (November 2018). 7918:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 7563:from the original on 10 July 2017 7019:from the original on 10 June 2024 6947:from the original on 10 June 2024 6899:from the original on 10 June 2024 6561:from the original on 19 June 2015 6221:Russian Empire during 1914–1917, 6032: 5967:to soldiers killed in World War I 5843:1917 political cartoon about the 5835:Diplomatic history of World War I 5207:U.S. Army recruiting poster with 4457:November, Austria-Hungary sent a 3921:Following the Tsar's abdication, 3879:Russian Revolution and withdrawal 3699: 3601: 3553:Despite the successful June 1916 3055:The Ottomans threatened Russia's 3027: 2915:Refugee transport from Serbia in 2868:in a successful raid against the 2462:. On 10 August, German forces in 2308:French bayonet charge during the 2175:Diplomatic history of World War I 2157:August, the Germans invaded, and 1576:and Germany. After the 1877–1878 1564:In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the 1219:pandemic, which killed millions. 115:From top to bottom, left to right 22600:Wars involving the United States 17347:Second Battle of the Piave River 16969:Russian invasion of East Prussia 16279:State Library of New South Wales 16153: 16141: 16131: 16121: 15485:American Journal of Epidemiology 15276:from the original on 13 May 2011 15099:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 14455:The International History Review 14248:The International History Review 14212:. Brassey's Defence Publishers. 14079:Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). 14035:Chronicle of the First World War 13165: 13130: 13074: 13022: 13010:from the original on 29 May 2015 12931: 12883: 12861:"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery" 12853: 12823: 12805: 12776: 12720: 12669: 12627:. 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Fighting took place mainly in 721: 707: 694: 680: 644: 627: 611: 598: 580: 565: 551: 538: 524: 509: 496: 483: 454: 439: 128:German machine gun crew wearing 104: 95: 84: 75: 64: 55: 18869: 18411:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 17611:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 16352: 16274:National Library of New Zealand 15688:"Audacious Cruise of the Emden" 15686:Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). 15197:"Erich von Ludendorff [ 15168:The Journal of Military History 14815:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14562:. Manchester University Press. 13951:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 13192: 13109:, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004) 12835:Department of Veterans' Affairs 12557:Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 12280:. BBC News. 25 September 2016. 12097:"Why Did World War I Just End?" 11677:. Harper Collins. p. 134. 10273:. 27 August 1920. p. 1924. 9842:from the original on 5 May 2016 9836:League of Nations Photo Archive 8472:; Schaar, Stuart, eds. 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Growing tensions between the 347:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 213:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 19371:Bulgarians deportation program 18942:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 18234:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 18093:Deportations from East Prussia 17890:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 16289:Indiana University Bloomington 15787:Emporia State Research Studies 15440:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 15289:Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). 15224:Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). 14227:Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). 14151:A Naval History of World War I 14134:. Cambridge University Press. 13084:. BBC News. 10 November 2018. 12682:. Da Capo Press. p. 123. 12027:World War One: A Short History 11951:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook 11698:Pedersen, Sarah (1 May 2002). 11436:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218. 11172:University of Washington Press 10943:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 8418:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999 7279:. 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To shoot down enemy planes, 5699:Russian Provisional Government 5028:, which prohibited their use. 4952:1915 and 1926, an epidemic of 4747:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary 4693:after World War I (as of 1923) 4527:German Revolution of 1918–1919 4074:Concurrent British attacks at 3912:Russian Provisional Government 3825:Central Powers peace overtures 2824:unrestricted submarine warfare 2754:Battle of the Falkland Islands 2646:Continuation of trench warfare 2523:instigating uprisings in India 2488:Indian Army during World War I 2450:African theatre of World War I 2287:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 2070:Russian entry into World War I 2049: 1937:, heir presumptive to Emperor 1763:Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed 1322:unrestricted submarine warfare 1201:deadliest conflicts in history 351:dissolution of Austria-Hungary 29:World War One (disambiguation) 1: 20065:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20019:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20009:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19222:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 18145:Ukrainian Canadian internment 16216:European Newspapers from the 15751:. Stanford University Press. 15671:. Books for Libraries Press. 15139:. London: Jane's Publishing. 14486:. Scholarly Resources Books. 14467:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640619 14260:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469 13438:Clark, Charles Upson (1927). 13329:. Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13238:. Government Printing Office. 11785:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 11153:– via Internet Archive. 10758:Idea Journal of Social Issues 10004:[The Kiel 14 points] 9659:Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) . 8949:Jones & Bartlett Learning 8619:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). 7225:. Studienverlag. p. 55. 6917:Stefanova, Radoslava (2001), 6499:. 17 August 1914. p. 228 6467: 6039:Historiography of World War I 5719:Technology during World War I 5712: 5601: 5480:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps 5262:Home front during World War I 5066:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 4978: 4878: 4691:territorial changes in Europe 4490:Armistice of 11 November 1918 4477:, with over 20,000 soldiers. 4377:at 29 September, after which 4112:British artillery battery on 4012:American Expeditionary Forces 4008:Selective Service Act of 1917 3713: 3168:Russian forest trench at the 3141:. Following this victory, an 3034:Ottoman Empire in World War I 2633:, the Germans (violating the 2527:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2498:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2482:Indian support for the Allies 2062:German entry into World War I 1723:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1608: 1527:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1471: 1371:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1318:United States entered the war 1269:throne. Austria-Hungary held 1232:decline of the Ottoman Empire 133: 22405:Wars involving British India 22365:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 19925:Second Industrial Revolution 19799:League of the Three Emperors 19314:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 18300:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 17599:Estonian War of Independence 17274:Southern Palestine offensive 16252:, Veterans History Project, 16218:start of the First World War 16083:. Rowman & Littlefield. 15195:Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). 13765:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 13688:. Harvard University Press. 13270:. Indiana University Press. 13214:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11650:. New York: The Free Press. 11469:Phillimore & Bellot 1919 11397:Journal of Genocide Research 11210:. Brigham Young University. 11208:Ambassador Mogenthau's story 11009:Alberta Animal Health Source 11005:"War Horse – The True Story" 9712:. London: Pan. p. 190. 8526:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 8030:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7920:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas" 7518:, pp. 292–296, 343–354. 6208: 5917:German War Graves Commission 5883: 5828: 5682:, refused both military and 4556: 4484:German government surrenders 4385:Armistices and capitulations 4256:Operations Blücher and Yorck 4199:was occupied, following the 4134:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4104:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3953:United States enters the war 3243:, instigated by the British 3143:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 2707:Naval warfare of World War I 2700: 2544:Secretary of State for India 1712:Anglo-German naval arms race 1656: 1566:League of the Three Emperors 1328:seized power in the Russian 1203:, resulting in an estimated 1163:between two coalitions: the 150:Bulgarian troops during the 7: 22550:Wars involving South Africa 19955:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19309:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 18254:USA against Austria-Hungary 17653:Turkish War of Independence 17605:Latvian War of Independence 17337:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 16928:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 15951:German Navy in World War II 15844:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 15842:Encyclopedia of World War I 15622:. Oxford University Press. 15527:. Oxford University Press. 15399:Smith, David James (2010). 15381:The Yale Book of Quotations 15270:"Dreaming of Greater Syria" 15249:Rothschild, Joseph (1975). 14934:July 1914: Countdown to War 14037:. New York: Facts on File. 13887:. New York: Penguin Press. 13585:. New York: Paragon Press. 13526:Ireland in the 20th Century 13266:Barrett, Michael B (2013). 13212:How America Won World War I 13199:Bibliography of World War I 12730:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 11824:Political Science Quarterly 10961:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 10411:. Harvard U.P. p. 204. 8786:Marshall & Josephy 1982 7273:Schindler, John R. (2007). 7038:Finestone & Massie 1981 6183:Lists of World War I topics 6176: 5674:Other opposition came from 5669:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5624:in Britain. In the US, the 5187:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5183:Conscription Crisis of 1917 4990:Chemical weapons in warfare 4756:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 4639:Germany on 10 January 1920. 4439:German Supreme Army Command 3492:Eastern Front (World War I) 3338:Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917 3321:Italian front (World War I) 3292:tribe, along the border of 3263:, the Ottoman commander of 2899:Bulgaria during World War I 2572:Western Front (World War I) 2318:British Expeditionary Force 2232:fire, as well as the first 2147:Germany occupied Luxembourg 2091:July, Austria delivered an 2038:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2030:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 1775:Austrian annexation in 1908 1607:World empires and colonies 1541:. Victory in the 1870–1871 1352:exhausted and demoralised. 220:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 10: 22621: 22500:Wars involving New Zealand 22234:Asia and the Pacific Group 20004:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19328:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 18337:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 17885:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 17352:Second Battle of the Marne 17239:Second battle of the Aisne 17108:Second Battle of Champagne 16949:German invasion of Belgium 16079:Zieger, Robert H. (2001). 15955:. New York: T.Y. Crowell. 15042:10.1177/002200278002400107 14955:(2016 ed.). Penguin. 14577:Keene, Jennifer D (2006). 14350:(1993 ed.). Penguin. 13385:(2015 ed.). Vintage. 13196: 13032:. 1914.org. Archived from 12507:Pennell, Catriona (2012). 12238:Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003). 10425:A Companion to World War I 10142:Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). 9967:"Clairière de l'Armistice" 9933:Andrea di Michele (2014). 9412:Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). 8941:Lawrence Goodrich (2011). 8264:Cambridge University Press 6979:Nelson, Daniel N. (1984). 6580:Shapiro & Epstein 2006 6520:"great, adj., adv., and n" 6305:was considered one of the 6164:at battlefield sites like 6149: 6042: 6036: 5887: 5876: 5862: 5832: 5716: 5605: 5521:, under the leadership of 5371: 5367: 5259: 5256:Post–World War I recession 5249: 5227: 5180: 5126: 5049: 5035: 4993: 4982: 4888: 4882: 4824: 4645:Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. 4560: 4543:proclamation of a republic 4487: 4435:Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I 4402: 4388: 4357:Allied forces started the 4335: 4318:Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge 4277: 4260:Second Battle of the Marne 4214: 4101: 4033: 3982:On 6 April 1917, Congress 3956: 3882: 3871: 3584: 3489: 3449:, Cadorna was replaced by 3318: 3037: 3031: 2892: 2880:for antisubmarine patrol. 2704: 2569: 2566:Western Front 1914 to 1916 2491: 2485: 2447: 2359: 2243: 2197: 2172: 2059: 2053: 1910: 1898: 1894: 1882:to Serbia and Greece, and 1641:was completed by the 1907 1475: 1287:Germany's strategy in 1914 312:Mediterranean and Adriatic 33:Great War (disambiguation) 18: 22490:Wars involving Montenegro 22420:Wars involving Costa Rica 22385:Wars involving Azerbaijan 22239:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 22204: 21970:Southern/Eastern/Northern 21945: 21850: 21672: 21623:Asian and Pacific Theatre 21580: 21539: 21252:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 21232: 21150: 20987: 20822: 20693:Standard Average European 20561: 20390: 20310: 20163: 20027: 19940: 19825:European balance of power 19817: 19752: 19701: 19648: 19489:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 19394: 19353: 19301: 19292: 19276: 19240: 19179: 19168: 19137: 19006: 18995: 18928:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 18877: 18816: 18656: 18585: 18554: 18498: 18443: 18402: 18323: 18262: 18224: 18168: 18157: 18118:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 18061: 18033: 17981: 17903: 17877: 17829: 17722: 17715: 17647:Irish War of Independence 17543: 17425: 17397:Armistice of Villa Giusti 17382:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 17307: 17209: 17136: 17037: 16994:First Battle of the Marne 16941: 16903: 16838: 16829: 16772: 16646: 16635: 16601: 16573: 16535: 16487: 16440: 16433: 16360: 16060:Zeldin, Theodore (1977). 16041:Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). 15945:von der Porten, Edward P. 15919:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 15778:Torrie, Glenn E. (1978). 15599:Stevenson, David (2012). 15572:Stevenson, David (2004). 15523:Stevenson, David (1988). 15478:Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). 15384:. Yale University Press. 15363:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa 15334:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa 14846:10.1017/S0008938900018707 14618:10.1017/S0018246X00009481 14149:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 14081:The German Wars 1914–1945 13904:The last courts of Europe 13860:. New York: Basic Books. 13641:DiNardo, Richard (2015). 13581:Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). 13419:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 13400:Christie, Norm M (1997). 13158:10.1017/S0018246X13000216 13122:Neiberg, Michael (2007). 12532:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12411:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 12378:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12366:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12351:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12339:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12327:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12315:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12303:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12226:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12214:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12199:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11818:Craig, Gordon A. (1949). 11716:10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 11602:"The Conscription Crisis" 11531:10.1017/S0018246X00005689 11493:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11409:10.1080/14623520801950820 11202:Henry Morgenthau (1918). 11130:Little, Brown and Company 10743:Online. 28 November 2006. 10701:"The ANZAC Day tradition" 10699:Australian War Memorial. 10127:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8882:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8499:January, Brendan (2007). 8338:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8310:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7699:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7528:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6933:(inactive 11 June 2024), 6551:"The war to end all wars" 6525:Oxford English Dictionary 6245:, and the end of the war. 5612:1917 French Army mutinies 5608:Opposition to World War I 5595:Queensland Patriotic Fund 5374:Propaganda in World War I 4985:War crimes in World War I 4517:that ended the war there. 4463:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4419:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4395:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4040:1917 French Army mutinies 3472:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3463:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3267:, resisted for more than 3205:Prince Leopold of Bavaria 2876:in July 1918, as well as 2618:First Battle of the Marne 2346:First Battle of the Marne 1939:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1179:, as well as in parts of 892: 767: 748: 422: 216:Signed 10 September 1919 179: 164:Aftermath of the Russian 49: 44: 16:1914–1918 global conflict 22555:Wars involving Sri Lanka 22505:Wars involving Nicaragua 22445:Wars involving Guatemala 22380:Wars involving Australia 21392:Lancaster House Treaties 20882:Christian existentialism 20842:Ancient Roman philosophy 20832:Ancient Greek philosophy 20116:Venezuela Naval Blockade 19787:Anglo-Russian Convention 19263:Treaty of Constantinople 19155:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 18270:Constantinople Agreement 17563:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 17426:Co-belligerent conflicts 17402:Second Romanian campaign 17372:Third Transjordan attack 17083:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 16989:Battle of Grand Couronné 16185:Links to other WWI Sites 15902:The Great War, 1914–1918 15900:Tucker, Spencer (2002). 15873:. Taylor & Francis. 15795:Emporia State University 15095:Northedge, F.S. (1986). 15007:Meyer, Gerald J (2006). 14833:Central European History 14741:Lieven, Dominic (2016). 14434:Jackson, Julian (2018). 14346:Horne, Alistair (1964). 14275:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 14060:Gilbert, Martin (1994). 13883:Ferguson, Niall (2006). 13583:Zeppelins of World War I 13543:Crampton, R. J. (1994). 13444:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 13182:29 November 2020 at the 13000:"Monumental Undertaking" 12783:Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971). 11430:Whitehorn, Alan (2015). 11122:Taylor, Telford (1993). 10380:Morrow, John H. (2005). 10325:"Dates on war memorials" 9708:Brown, Malcolm (1999) . 7829:. Memorial Gates Trust. 7553:"Veliki rat – Avijacija" 7470:, pp. 579–580, 585. 6725:Moll & Luebbert 1980 5785:were initially used for 5266:Financial crisis of 1914 5056:Armenian genocide denial 5014:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 4651:Turkey on 6 August 1924. 4648:Hungary on 26 July 1921. 4642:Austria on 16 July 1920. 4563:Aftermath of World War I 4553:, and German surrender. 4326:Second Battle of Cambrai 4160:and, early in December, 4026:in late September 1918. 3544:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 2532:Indian National Congress 2390:landed on the island of 2386:). On 11 September, the 1753:Conflicts in the Balkans 1643:Anglo-Russian Convention 1423: 1346:an offensive in the west 1254:on 28 June 1914, when a 1135:Indian and Pacific Ocean 332:Aftermath of World War I 22605:Wars involving Slovenia 22570:Wars involving Thailand 22520:Wars involving Rhodesia 22515:Wars involving Portugal 22455:Wars involving Honduras 22410:Wars involving Bulgaria 21170:Equality before the law 20377:Romano-Germanic culture 20121:Alaska boundary dispute 19794:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 19777:Franco-Russian Alliance 19333:Balkans campaign of WWI 18982:Albanian revolt of 1912 18333:Modus vivendi of Acroma 18285:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 17593:Greater Poland Uprising 17493:National Protection War 17377:Meuse–Argonne offensive 17327:German spring offensive 17322:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 17098:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 17073:Second Battle of Artois 16954:Battle of the Frontiers 16193:, from Brigham Young U. 16014:Willmott, H.P. (2003). 15723:Thompson, Mark (2009). 15402:One Morning in Sarajevo 14951:McMeekin, Sean (2015). 14932:McMeekin, Sean (2014). 14861:Martel, Gordon (2014). 14760:Love, Dave (May 1996). 14646:Europe Between the Wars 14558:Keenan, George (1986). 14153:. New York: Routledge. 14064:. Stoddart Publishing. 13966:Fromkin, David (2004). 13660:Donko, Wilhelm (2012). 13306:History of Transylvania 13137:Jones, Heather (2013). 13030:"Commemoration website" 11090:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 10705:Australian War Memorial 10405:Schulze, Hagen (1998). 10330:. War Memorials Trust. 10106:28 October 2016 at the 9564:. First World War.com. 9538:. First World War.com. 9510:Bruce, Anthony (2002). 7219:Kröll, Herbert (2008). 6883:10.1057/9780230377356_3 6625:27 January 2024 at the 6320:declared war on Germany 5993:. The lead body is the 5900:Redipuglia War Memorial 5676:conscientious objectors 5591:Canadian Patriotic Fund 5535:Italian Socialist Party 5484:1 Lincolnshire Regiment 5273:voting rights for women 4954:encephalitis lethargica 4623:July 1921 by President 4505:) pictured outside the 4306:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4297:talks were inevitable. 4280:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4217:German spring offensive 4024:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3984:declared war on Germany 3927:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3916:competing power centres 3548:Russian-occupied Poland 3482:awarded to it in 1915. 2586:British Indian soldiers 2494:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2472:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2310:Battle of the Frontiers 2098:Serbia ordered general 2008:According to historian 1901:Timeline of World War I 1738:1905 Russian Revolution 1629:Franco-Russian Alliance 223:Signed 27 November 1919 145:German spring offensive 22525:Wars involving Romania 22480:Wars involving Liberia 22460:Wars involving Ireland 22435:Wars involving Germany 22395:Wars involving Bolivia 22390:Wars involving Belgium 22375:Wars involving Armenia 21650:Middle Eastern Theatre 21628:Middle Eastern Theatre 21547:Cradle of civilization 21332:Eastern European Group 20921:Continental philosophy 20852:Judeo-Christian ethics 20837:Hellenistic philosophy 20318:Cradle of civilization 20040:Unification of Germany 19987:Taft–Katsura agreement 19607:Crown Prince Alexander 19585:Crown Prince Ferdinand 19548:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 19376:Massacres of Civilians 19366:Massacres of Albanians 19319:Sarajevo Assassination 19248:Greek–Serbian Alliance 19241:Diplomacy and politics 19138:Diplomacy and politics 18962:Bulgarian Independence 18358:Paris Peace Conference 18346:Ukraine–Central Powers 18140:Massacres of Albanians 18108:Late Ottoman genocides 17915:Bulgarian occupations 17623:Third Anglo-Afghan War 17587:Hungarian–Romanian War 17412:Naval Victory Bulletin 17407:Armistice with Germany 17357:Hundred Days Offensive 17284:Battle of La Malmaison 17234:Second battle of Arras 17201:Battle of Transylvania 17055:Second Battle of Ypres 16923:Sarajevo assassination 16812:South African Republic 16284:US Library of Congress 16106:Listen to this article 16018:. Dorling Kindersley. 15980:World War I Day by Day 15978:Westwell, Ian (2004). 15436:Souter, Gavin (2000). 15135:Price, Alfred (1980). 14606:The Historical Journal 14482:Jones, Howard (2001). 14405:Inglis, David (1995). 14190:(2009 ed.). CUP. 13993:Gardner, Hall (2015). 13935:10.3917/popu.1701.0039 13906:. JM Dent & Sons. 13844:Fay, Sidney B (1930). 13566:. Palgrave Macmillan. 13323:Braybon, Gail (2004). 13304:Béla, Köpeczi (1998). 13243:Ball, Alan M. (1994). 13124:The World War I Reader 12624:The Russian Revolution 12621:Richard Pipes (1990). 12025:Stone, Norman (2008). 10408:Germany: A New History 10064:Kieler Erinnerungsorte 10034:Dähnhardt, D. (1978). 10002:"Die 14 Kieler Punkte" 9969:(in French). Ville de 9866:Militaryhistorynow.com 9773:Militaryhistorynow.com 9733:Gray & Argyle 1990 8374:Hall, Richard (2010). 8042:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411 8036:(11). CDC: 2136–2137. 7853:Horniman, Benjamin Guy 6256:Paris Peace Conference 6235:armed seizure of power 6193:Outline of World War I 6069: 6025:and German Chancellor 5968: 5903: 5847: 5768: 5765:Captain Marcel Courmes 5743:wireless communication 5734: 5649: 5640:Sackville Street (now 5491: 5395: 5283: 5212: 5142: 5073: 5072:and published in 1918. 5052:Late Ottoman genocides 5005: 4940: 4907: 4885:World War I casualties 4750: 4737: 4699:Paris Peace Conference 4694: 4669: 4617:Knox–Porter Resolution 4608: 4518: 4513:after agreeing to the 4422: 4354: 4289: 4268:Hundred Days Offensive 4230: 4221:Hundred Days Offensive 4186:Otto Liman von Sanders 4158:Battle of Mughar Ridge 4136:resumed, when General 4130:Second Battles of Gaza 4121: 4056: 4018:AEF commander General 3975: 3868:Final years of the war 3852: 3587:Romania in World War I 3581:Romanian participation 3577:, at the end of 1916. 3518: 3513:following the Russian 3511:Grand Duke Nikolaevich 3459:offensive was repulsed 3404: 3340: 3208: 3203:Kaiser Wilhelm II and 3173: 3135:ANZAC Mounted Division 3096:Mesopotamian campaigns 3052: 3002: 2947: 2924: 2799: 2786:was confined to port. 2765:Battle of Más a Tierra 2722: 2655: 2631:Second Battle of Ypres 2593: 2518: 2502:Third Anglo-Afghan War 2375: 2313: 2255: 2213: 2079: 2033: 1947:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1930: 1907:Sarajevo assassination 1817:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1777: 1766: 1683: 1612: 1559:French colonial empire 1510: 1378:Paris Peace Conference 1234:, which disturbed the 749:Commanders and leaders 22565:Wars involving Taiwan 22545:Wars involving Serbia 22510:Wars involving Panama 22440:Wars involving Greece 22430:Wars involving France 22415:Wars involving Canada 22400:Wars involving Brazil 21875:Vietnamese philosophy 21613:Industrial Revolution 21452:Three Seas Initiative 21427:Pacific Islands Forum 21292:British–Irish Council 21040:Greek Orthodox Church 20499:Industrial Revolution 20469:Scientific Revolution 20126:First Moroccan Crisis 19840:Spread of nationalism 19804:Eight-Nation Alliance 19633:Other Balkan states: 19474:Eleftherios Venizelos 19150:Albanian Independence 18952:Young Turk Revolution 18493:by region and country 18368:Treaty of St. Germain 18341:Russia–Central Powers 18295:Sykes–Picot Agreement 18123:Pontic Greek genocide 18098:Destruction of Kalisz 18074:Eastern Mediterranean 17635:Polish–Lithuanian War 17417:Armistice of Belgrade 17387:Armistice of Salonica 17317:Operation Faustschlag 17264:Third Battle of Oituz 17186:Baranovichi offensive 17154:Lake Naroch offensive 17128:Battle of Robat Karim 17103:Vistula–Bug offensive 17078:Battles of the Isonzo 17009:First Battle of Ypres 16313:University of Alberta 16237:24 March 2019 at the 15727:. Faber & Faber. 14648:. New York: Longman. 14509:Karp, Walter (1979). 14186:Harris, J.P. (2008). 14098:Gray, Randal (1991). 13608:Crowe, David (2001). 13285:Beckett, Ian (2007). 13230:Ayers, Leonard Porter 13006:. 21 September 2015. 12938:David, Evans (1918). 12413:. 22 September 1939. 11877:Noakes, Lucy (2006). 11671:Zinn, Howard (2003). 11378:Gaunt, David (2006). 10974:10.1093/jnen/60.7.663 10865:, pp. 2561–2567. 10623:. firstworldwar.com. 10428:. Wiley. p. 584. 9896:historycollection.com 9710:1918: Year of Victory 9435:Falls, Cyril (1930). 8627:. New York Times Co. 8556:(London: Faber, 1967) 8340:, pp. 1075–1076. 7922:. Firstworldwar.com. 7140:Djordjević, Dimitrije 6450:Long and short scales 6364:Often abbreviated as 6150:Further information: 6048: 6043:Further information: 6005:and German President 5976:Kansas City, Missouri 5962: 5897: 5890:World War I memorials 5877:Further information: 5842: 5763: 5726: 5639: 5626:Espionage Act of 1917 5519:Italian Liberal Party 5478: 5400:Yugoslav nationalists 5389: 5372:Further information: 5281: 5260:Further information: 5206: 5181:Further information: 5165:Soldiers' experiences 5153:on fair treatment of 5136: 5063: 5003: 4926: 4912:8 million were killed 4902: 4889:Further information: 4827:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4825:Further information: 4760:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 4745: 4728: 4688: 4663:Eleftherios Venizelos 4661:Greek prime minister 4660: 4595: 4588:Formal end of the war 4497: 4427:Armistice of Salonica 4413:Italian troops reach 4412: 4405:Armistice of Belgrade 4403:Further information: 4391:Armistice of Salonica 4349: 4310:attacked around Ypres 4287: 4250:against the northern 4228: 4111: 4047: 4034:Further information: 3966: 3843: 3770:attacked Transylvania 3504: 3398: 3336: 3202: 3167: 3047: 2996: 2977:Eleftherios Venizelos 2945: 2914: 2792: 2740:, part of the German 2714: 2653: 2584: 2577:Trench warfare begins 2515:Mesopotamian campaign 2509: 2492:Further information: 2380:occupied German Samoa 2369: 2332:In 1911, the Russian 2307: 2276:Alfred von Schlieffen 2253: 2236:by the Serbian army. 2226:anti-aircraft warfare 2207: 2173:Further information: 2077: 2027: 1920: 1772: 1760: 1664: 1606: 1490: 1478:Causes of World War I 1226:included the rise of 1224:causes of World War I 1167:(or Entente) and the 972:Sinai & Palestine 768:Casualties and losses 262:Signed 29 August 1921 254:Signed 25 August 1921 246:Signed 24 August 1921 238:Signed 10 August 1920 22560:Wars involving Sudan 22495:Wars involving Nepal 22485:Wars involving Malta 22475:Wars involving Korea 22470:Wars involving Japan 22465:Wars involving Italy 22450:Wars involving Haiti 21447:Special Relationship 20857:Christian philosophy 20802:Western Christianity 20464:Age of Enlightenment 20338:Hellenistic Kingdoms 20131:Algeciras Conference 20111:Annexation of Hawaii 20050:Great Eastern Crisis 20045:Unification of Italy 20035:Formation of Romania 19852:French–German enmity 19484:Pavlos Kountouriotis 18363:Treaty of Versailles 18079:Mount Lebanon famine 17994:in the United States 17962:Russian occupations 17676:Turkish–Armenian War 17617:Polish–Ukrainian War 17557:Ukrainian–Soviet War 17504:Central Asian Revolt 17294:Armistice of Focșani 17024:Battle of Sarikamish 16974:Battle of Tannenberg 16370:Military engagements 16306:5 April 2015 at the 16177:More spoken articles 15669:Medicine and the War 15644:. New York: Viking. 14513:. Harper & Row. 14012:Grant, R.G. (2005). 13799:. London: Longmans. 13793:Falls, Cyril Bentham 13562:Crisp, Olga (1976). 13524:Coogan, Tim (2009). 12598:. 24 February 2014. 12441:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 11632:15 April 1918, p. 12 11011:. 10 November 2020. 9898:. 22 February 2017. 9872:on 23 September 2017 9805:. 22 February 2017. 9803:historycollection.co 9779:on 23 September 2017 9202:Wheeler-Bennett 1938 7653:, pp. 194, 211. 6557:. 10 November 1998. 6393:, or "Battle of the 6229:government signed a 5921:Le Souvenir français 5853:propaganda campaigns 5688:solitary confinement 5630:Sedition Act of 1918 5433:In the Middle East, 5402:such as the leader, 5139:First Battle of Gaza 5070:Henry Morgenthau Sr. 4703:Treaty of Versailles 4613:Treaty of Versailles 4598:Treaty of Versailles 4371:Battle of Dobro Pole 4342:Battle of Dobro Pole 4182:Erich von Falkenhayn 4150:Desert Mounted Corps 4092:French Army mutinies 4053:Battle of Vimy Ridge 3778:Erich von Falkenhayn 3728:class=notpageimage| 3478:and areas along the 3457:. A second Austrian 3217:petroleum reservoirs 3186:Battle of Sarikamish 3170:Battle of Sarikamish 3153:in December and the 3145:advanced across the 3011:Battle of Dobro Pole 2588:digging trenches in 2420:, as well as German 2356:Asia and the Pacific 2350:Crown Prince Wilhelm 2280:German General Staff 2121:German General Staff 1889:powder keg of Europe 1692:Imperial German Navy 1545:allowed Bismarck to 1382:Treaty of Versailles 1359:a revolution at home 1195:, machine guns, and 762:Main Central leaders 205:Treaty of Versailles 159:Middle Eastern front 21:WWI (disambiguation) 22425:Wars involving Cuba 21905:Buddhist philosophy 21865:Japanese philosophy 21608:Early modern period 21472:West Nordic Council 21337:Eastern Partnership 20926:Analytic philosophy 20627:Classical tradition 20449:Early modern period 20405:Classical antiquity 20400:European Bronze Age 20196:Philippine–American 20181:First Sino-Japanese 20014:Racconigi agreement 19960:Treaty of Frankfurt 19920:Great Rapprochement 19874:Scramble for Africa 19511:Crown Prince Danilo 19361:Carnegie Commission 19258:Treaty of Bucharest 18947:Macedonian Struggle 18923:Serbo-Bulgarian War 18430:They shall not pass 18353:Treaty of Bucharest 18310:Treaty of Bucharest 18249:USA against Germany 18226:Declarations of war 17930:German occupations 17843:British casualties 17702:Soviet–Georgian War 17629:Egyptian Revolution 17569:Armeno-Georgian War 17433:Somaliland campaign 17392:Armistice of Mudros 17269:Battle of Caporetto 17259:Battle of Mărășești 17229:Zimmermann telegram 17224:February Revolution 17169:Battle of the Somme 17093:Bug-Narew Offensive 17068:Battle of Gallipoli 17060:Sinking of the RMS 16852:Scramble for Africa 16846:Franco-Prussian War 16502:Sinai and Palestine 16301:New York University 16294:5 June 2015 at the 16254:Library of Congress 15459:World Wars in-depth 15066:Neiberg, Michael S. 14909:McLellan, Edwin N. 14790:MacMillan, Margaret 14541:The First World War 14511:The Politics of War 14379:10.1093/gh/11.2.161 13970:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13797:The First World War 13308:. Akadémiai Kiadó. 13107:Wilfred Owen: poems 13058:. France News.Net. 12956:1918Natur.100..487. 12907:1918Natur.100..487. 12029:. London: Penguin. 11483:, pp. 368–369. 11343:, pp. 212–215. 10875:Knobler et al. 2005 10735:4 June 2012 at the 10654:15 May 2016 at the 10593:. 5 November 1918. 10472:"Open-Site:Hungary" 9952:on 2 October 2018. 9613:, pp. 146–147. 9246:, pp. 315–316. 9226:, Routledge, 1994, 9192:, pp. 110–132. 9168:, pp. 721–766. 9128:The Washington Post 8986:, pp. 441–442. 8652:, pp. 122–138. 8420:, pp. 150–152. 8364:, pp. 108–110. 8224:"Committee Hansard" 8198:von der Porten 1969 8161:World Wars in Depth 7884:, pp. 421–423. 7785:, pp. 201–203. 7773:, pp. 197–198. 7737:, pp. 224–232. 7701:, pp. 376–378. 7587:National Geographic 7542:, pp. 159–195. 7506:, pp. 550–551. 7446:, pp. 539–541. 7398:, pp. 526–527. 7362:, pp. 196–197. 7076:, pp. 188–189. 6799:, pp. 251–252. 6751:, pp. 174–196. 6727:, pp. 153–185. 6688:, pp. 290–293. 6594:, pp. 121–152. 6309:to Austria-Hungary. 6162:unexploded ordnance 6146:Unexploded ordnance 6132:high casualty rates 6100:military occupation 6021:, French President 6015:Hartmannswillerkopf 5995:Imperial War Museum 5845:Zimmermann Telegram 5783:Fixed-wing aircraft 5684:alternative service 5515:Italian irredentism 5511:Gabriele D'Annunzio 5507:Italian nationalism 5458:Somaliland campaign 5452:was supporting the 4821:National identities 4707:Wilson's 14th point 4596:The signing of the 4443:Imperial Chancellor 4399:Armistice of Mudros 4248:Operation Georgette 4244:motorised artillery 4168:. About this time, 4166:Battle of Jerusalem 4154:Battle of Beersheba 4118:Battle of Jerusalem 3942:Treaty of Bucharest 3889:February Revolution 3847:They shall not pass 3806:Treaty of Bucharest 3754:Treaty of Bucharest 3664:Constanța (Dobruja) 3636:Cluj (Transylvania) 3515:capture of Przemyśl 2772:blockade of Germany 2715:Battleships of the 2667:Battle of the Somme 2551:British Indian Army 2511:British Indian Army 2180:Opening hostilities 2169:Progress of the war 2159:Albert I of Belgium 1992:Čabrinović threw a 1975:Muhamed Mehmedbašić 1959:Nedeljko Čabrinović 1700:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1592:, which became the 1543:Franco-Prussian War 1316:In April 1917, the 1086:North-West Frontier 756:Main Allied leaders 270:Signed 24 July 1923 231:Signed 4 June 1920 208:Signed 28 June 1919 22370:Russo-Turkish wars 22289:EAEU Customs Union 22219:Arab Customs Union 22141:Oriental Orthodoxy 21915:Islamic philosophy 21885:Iranian philosophy 21860:Chinese philosophy 20931:Post-structuralism 20894:Christian humanism 20524:Universal suffrage 20055:Congress of Berlin 19972:Reinsurance Treaty 19950:Congress of Vienna 19930:Industrial warfare 19896:Scramble for China 19590:Alexandru Averescu 19558:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 19479:Panagiotis Danglis 19386:Places burned down 18912:Congress of Berlin 18390:Treaty of Lausanne 18305:Paris Economy Pact 18239:UK against Germany 18169:Entry into the war 18135:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 17854:Ottoman casualties 17664:Franco-Turkish War 17544:Post-War conflicts 17528:Russian Revolution 17510:Invasion of Darfur 17475:Kelantan rebellion 17463:Kurdish rebellions 17439:Mexican Revolution 17279:October Revolution 17244:Kerensky offensive 17219:Capture of Baghdad 17196:Monastir offensive 17181:Brusilov offensive 17019:Battle of Kolubara 16858:Russo-Japanese War 15817:Tschanz, David W. 15498:10.1093/aje/kwy191 14348:The Price of Glory 13680:Doughty, Robert A. 13495:Conlon, Joseph M. 13470:Clark, Christopher 13144:Historical Journal 13036:on 8 February 2014 12162:The New York Times 12015:, pp. 223–234 11988:, pp. 231–232 11519:Historical Journal 11322:on 10 October 2017 11247:on 6 October 2007. 10863:Spreeuwenberg 2018 10781:The New York Times 10673:The New York Times 10590:The New York Times 10552:The New York Times 10310:The London Gazette 10290:The London Gazette 10270:The London Gazette 10250:The London Gazette 10230:The London Gazette 10198:The New York Times 10114:, 20 January 2008. 10036:Revolution in Kiel 9977:on 27 August 2007. 9304:Grotelueschen 2006 9280:Grotelueschen 2006 8675:Hanioglu, M. Sukru 8600:, pp. 499–503 8552:Arthur J. Barker, 7144:Spence, Richard B. 6353:Republic of Turkey 6318:The United States 6285:The United States 5969: 5963:A typical village 5945:In Flanders Fields 5927:dead, such as the 5904: 5848: 5795:anti-aircraft guns 5769: 5735: 5655:Irish nationalists 5650: 5571:Il Popolo d'Italia 5548:Il Popolo d'Italia 5492: 5428:self-determination 5412:Yugoslav Committee 5396: 5357:David Lloyd George 5284: 5213: 5143: 5074: 5006: 4941: 4908: 4838:Kingdom of Bohemia 4772:Kingdom of Hungary 4751: 4709:, established the 4695: 4670: 4609: 4519: 4447:Georg von Hertling 4423: 4355: 4290: 4231: 4205:Second Transjordan 4184:, was replaced by 4122: 4059:In December 1916, 4057: 3976: 3893:October Revolution 3885:Russian Revolution 3853: 3650:Chișinău (Moldova) 3555:Brusilov offensive 3519: 3443:capture of Gorizia 3405: 3341: 3209: 3174: 3151:Battle of Magdhaba 3053: 3050:Gallipoli campaign 3003: 2988:Monastir offensive 2973:King Constantine I 2961:Battle of Mojkovac 2948: 2925: 2889:War in the Balkans 2800: 2742:East Asia Squadron 2723: 2656: 2594: 2519: 2468:German East Africa 2436:Kaiserin Elisabeth 2418:South Seas Mandate 2376: 2314: 2256: 2234:medical evacuation 2214: 2145:war. On 2 August, 2080: 2034: 1931: 1861:Russian government 1778: 1767: 1734:Russo-Japanese War 1688:Alfred von Tirpitz 1684: 1637:with Britain. The 1613: 1598:Reinsurance Treaty 1533:, and the rise of 1523:splendid isolation 1511: 1458:the war to end war 1330:October Revolution 987:Hejaz & Levant 267:Treaty of Lausanne 152:Monastir offensive 31:, and 22337: 22336: 22136:Eastern Orthodoxy 21880:Indian philosophy 21870:Korean philosophy 21664:Post–Cold War era 21495: 21494: 21322:Council of Europe 21224:International law 21177:Constitutionalism 21035:Eastern Orthodoxy 20541:Post–Cold War era 20474:Age of Revolution 20328:Greco-Roman world 20266: 20265: 20235:Albanian Revolts 20092:German Naval Laws 20076:Naval arms races 20060:Berlin Conference 19992:Hague Conventions 19661: 19660: 19568:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 19447:Stiliyan Kovachev 19172:Second Balkan War 19145:London Conference 18977:Italo-Turkish War 18967:31 March Incident 18837: 18836: 18546:Southern Rhodesia 18541:South West Africa 18456: 18455: 18439: 18438: 18423:The Golden Virgin 18417:Mutilated victory 18398: 18397: 18378:Treaty of Trianon 18373:Treaty of Neuilly 18280:Damascus Protocol 18153: 18152: 18113:Armenian genocide 18070:Allied blockades 18042:Belgian refugees 17825: 17824: 17735:Strategic bombing 17711: 17710: 17696:Franco-Syrian War 17670:Greco-Turkish War 17658:Anglo-Turkish War 17641:Polish–Soviet War 17575:German Revolution 17551:Russian Civil War 17534:Finnish Civil War 17367:Battle of Megiddo 17342:Battle of Goychay 17289:Battle of Cambrai 17249:Battle of Mărăști 17164:Battle of Jutland 17144:Erzurum offensive 16999:Siege of Przemyśl 16979:Siege of Tsingtao 16964:Battle of Galicia 16894:Second Balkan War 16882:Italo-Turkish War 16839:Pre-War conflicts 16825: 16824: 16715:Portuguese Empire 16631: 16630: 16593:German New Guinea 16575:Asian and Pacific 16146: 16136: 16126: 16090:978-0-8476-9645-1 16071:978-0-19-822125-8 16052:978-1-316-60066-5 16025:978-0-7894-9627-0 15989:978-0-7603-1937-6 15962:978-0-213-17961-8 15936:978-1-58544-226-3 15911:978-1-134-81750-4 15880:978-0-8153-3351-7 15851:978-1-85109-420-2 15758:978-0-8047-7924-1 15734:978-0-571-22333-6 15678:978-0-8369-2629-3 15651:978-0-670-03295-2 15629:978-0-19-873526-7 15610:978-0-7181-9795-7 15583:978-0-465-08184-4 15556:978-0-19-820208-0 15534:978-0-19-873049-1 15492:(12): 2561–2567. 15453:Smele, Jonathan. 15412:978-0-297-85608-5 15391:978-0-300-10798-2 15304:978-0-7139-0158-0 15260:978-0-295-95350-2 15146:978-0-7106-0008-0 15106:978-0-7185-1316-0 15079:978-0-674-01696-5 15020:978-0-553-80354-9 14962:978-0-7181-9971-5 14943:978-1-84831-657-7 14893:978-0-517-38555-5 14872:978-0-19-966538-9 14822:978-90-411-1239-2 14803:978-0-8129-9470-4 14796:. Profile Books. 14752:978-0-14-139974-4 14725:978-0-691-01232-2 14690:978-0-309-09504-4 14655:978-0-582-41869-1 14588:978-0-313-33181-7 14569:978-0-7190-1707-0 14550:978-0-09-180178-6 14520:978-0-06-012265-2 14493:978-0-8420-2918-6 14445:978-1-84614-351-9 14397:978-0-88920-508-6 14357:978-0-14-017041-2 14315:978-0-86307-181-2 14288:978-0-313-29880-6 14238:978-0-226-31971-1 14219:978-0-08-033591-9 14197:978-0-521-89802-7 14160:978-1-85728-498-0 14141:978-0-521-86434-3 14109:978-1-85532-157-1 14090:978-0-517-46790-9 14071:978-0-7737-2848-6 14044:978-0-8160-2595-4 14025:978-0-7566-5578-5 14018:. DK Publishing. 14004:978-1-4724-3056-4 13977:978-0-375-41156-4 13958:978-0-8050-0857-9 13913:978-0-460-04519-3 13894:978-1-59420-100-4 13867:978-0-465-05711-5 13836:978-0-393-30564-7 13806:978-1-84342-272-3 13776:978-0-313-31516-9 13757:978-0-06-270056-8 13695:978-0-674-01880-8 13671:978-3-8442-2129-9 13652:978-1-4408-0092-4 13621:978-0-87891-710-5 13592:978-1-55778-382-0 13573:978-0-333-16907-0 13554:978-0-415-05346-4 13535:978-0-09-941522-0 13487:978-0-06-219922-5 13480:. HarperCollins. 13456:on 8 October 2019 13430:978-0-304-35949-3 13411:978-1-896979-18-2 13392:978-0-09-958133-8 13370:978-0-19-873113-9 13336:978-1-57181-801-0 13315:978-84-8371-020-3 13296:978-1-4058-1252-8 13277:978-0-253-00865-7 13221:978-1-4930-3192-4 12950:(2521): 487–488. 12798:978-0-297-00300-7 12761:, pp. 56–57. 12736:978-1-85109-732-6 12717:, pp. 82–86. 12689:978-0-306-81213-2 12634:978-0-307-78857-3 12578:978-0-8020-8707-2 12543:O'Halpin, Eunan, 12518:978-0-19-959058-2 12251:978-0-8108-6604-1 12107:on 5 October 2010 12036:978-0-14-103156-9 11960:978-0-520-90960-1 11888:978-0-415-39056-9 11657:978-0-02-905820-6 11443:978-1-61069-688-3 11367:on 22 April 2008. 11271:978-1-903656-81-5 11181:978-0-295-98296-0 11143:978-0-316-83400-1 11039:www.denix.osd.mil 10676:. 26 April 1916. 10582:"Serbia Restored" 10517:978-963-7395-84-0 10391:978-0-415-20440-8 10370:, pp. 35–36. 10178:978-0-495-90383-3 10153:978-1-4381-0989-3 10045:978-3-529-02636-2 9719:978-0-330-37672-3 9674:978-1-55125-096-0 9521:978-0-7195-5432-2 9306:, pp. 44–46. 9282:, pp. 14–15. 9232:978-0-415-05346-4 9204:, pp. 36–41. 9082:, pp. 24–25. 9052:, pp. 96–98. 8800:, pp. 39–62. 8752:, pp. 30–31. 8688:978-0-691-13452-9 8539:978-1-4411-9478-7 8512:978-0-7613-3421-7 8485:978-0-8021-3936-8 8470:Gettleman, Marvin 8385:978-0-253-35452-5 8328:, pp. 54–55. 8273:978-0-521-83432-2 8254:Chickering, Roger 8077:, pp. 39–47. 7749:, pp. 79–80. 7286:978-1-61673-964-5 7232:978-3-7065-4526-6 7159:978-0-88033-217-0 6940:978-1-315-18640-5 6892:978-0-230-37735-6 6859:, pp. 48–49. 6775:, pp. 66–67. 6715:, pp. 72–73. 6652:, pp. 66–70. 6391:Skagerrakschlacht 6225:during 1917. The 6160:As late as 2007, 6124:Why the war began 6003:François Hollande 5859:Legacy and memory 5811:aircraft carriers 5803:Strategic bombers 5757:), and aircraft. 5644:) after the 1916 5531:Leonida Bissolati 5342:London Conference 5151:Hague Conventions 5098:deny the genocide 5038:Armenian genocide 4713:on 28 June 1919. 4711:League of Nations 4625:Warren G. Harding 4503:second from right 4467:Habsburg monarchy 4461:and accepted the 4433:in a telegram to 4236:Operation Michael 4201:First Transjordan 4036:Nivelle offensive 3622:Timișoara (Banat) 3571:Empress Alexandra 3531:attack on Galicia 3354:Austrian Littoral 3281:years during the 3178:Caucasus campaign 3077:Armenian genocide 2884:Southern theatres 2855:aircraft carriers 2808:submarine warfare 2779:Battle of Jutland 2756:in December. The 2750:Battle of Coronel 2731:merchant shipping 2476:guerrilla warfare 2470:, led by Colonel 2464:South-West Africa 2444:African campaigns 2396:German New Guinea 2372:Siege of Tsingtao 2014:Christopher Clark 1933:On 28 June 1914, 1876:Second Balkan War 1833:Italo-Turkish War 1578:Russo-Turkish War 1568:, which included 1539:Otto von Bismarck 1519:Concert of Europe 1410:League of Nations 1213:Armenian genocide 1143: 1142: 1011:South West Africa 850: 849: 418: 417: 228:Treaty of Trianon 166:siege of Przemyśl 22612: 22360:Global conflicts 22156:Eastern Churches 21900:Hindu philosophy 21522: 21515: 21508: 21499: 21498: 21367:EU Customs Union 20899:Secular humanism 20847:Christian ethics 20797:East–West Schism 20780:Physical culture 20504:Great Divergence 20454:Age of Discovery 20293: 20286: 20279: 20270: 20269: 20186:Spanish–American 20106:Fashoda Incident 19982:Treaty of Björkö 19967:Treaty of Berlin 19901:Open Door Policy 19835:Eastern question 19782:Entente Cordiale 19688: 19681: 19674: 19665: 19664: 19627:Božidar Janković 19622:Stepa Stepanović 19494:Viktor Dousmanis 19343:Macedonian front 19338:Serbian campaign 19268:Treaty of Athens 19217:Southern Dobruja 19160:Treaty of London 18999:First Balkan War 18864: 18857: 18850: 18841: 18840: 18483: 18476: 18469: 18460: 18459: 18383:Treaty of Sèvres 18275:Treaty of London 18166: 18165: 17944:Northeast France 17875: 17874: 17847:Parliamentarians 17780: 17779: 17742:Chemical weapons 17720: 17719: 17481:Senussi campaign 17451:Muscat rebellion 17445:Maritz rebellion 17362:Vardar offensive 17191:Battle of Romani 17159:Battle of Asiago 17149:Battle of Verdun 17113:Kosovo offensive 16888:First Balkan War 16836: 16835: 16735:Russian Republic 16644: 16643: 16438: 16437: 16380:Economic history 16347: 16340: 16333: 16324: 16323: 16167: 16165: 16157: 16156: 16148: 16147: 16138: 16137: 16128: 16127: 16115: 16113: 16107: 16094: 16075: 16056: 16037: 16010: 16001: 15974: 15954: 15940: 15915: 15896: 15894: 15892: 15863: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15813: 15811: 15809: 15803: 15784: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15743:Tomasevich, Jozo 15738: 15719: 15717: 15715: 15682: 15663: 15633: 15614: 15595: 15568: 15543:Stevenson, David 15538: 15519: 15509: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15449: 15432: 15426: 15424: 15395: 15374: 15345: 15316: 15296: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15264: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15230:historyofwar.org 15220: 15218: 15216: 15191: 15158: 15131: 15110: 15091: 15061: 15024: 15013:. Random House. 15003: 14966: 14947: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14905: 14876: 14857: 14826: 14807: 14785: 14783: 14781: 14756: 14737: 14710: 14667: 14637: 14600: 14573: 14554: 14532: 14505: 14478: 14449: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14420: 14413: 14401: 14382: 14361: 14342: 14319: 14300: 14271: 14242: 14223: 14201: 14182: 14172: 14145: 14126: 14113: 14094: 14075: 14056: 14029: 14008: 13989: 13962: 13938: 13917: 13898: 13879: 13849: 13840: 13818: 13788: 13761: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13675: 13656: 13637: 13635: 13633: 13604: 13577: 13558: 13539: 13528:. Random House. 13520: 13518: 13516: 13510: 13503: 13491: 13479: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13452:. Archived from 13434: 13415: 13396: 13374: 13357:Brown, Judith M. 13352: 13350: 13348: 13319: 13300: 13281: 13262: 13250: 13239: 13225: 13187: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13134: 13128: 13127: 13119: 13110: 13104: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13026: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12967: 12965:10.1038/100487b0 12935: 12929: 12928: 12918: 12916:10.1038/100487b0 12887: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12790: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12745: 12739: 12724: 12718: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12673: 12667: 12660: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12586: 12580: 12566: 12560: 12554: 12548: 12547:, (Dublin, 1987) 12541: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12504: 12498: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12463: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12403: 12397: 12390:Denis Mack Smith 12387: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12274: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12235: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12137:on 16 March 2017 12123: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12103:. Archived from 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12067: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12004: 11998: 11989: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11942: 11936: 11935:, p. cxxvi. 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11727: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11649: 11639: 11633: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11572: 11566: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11514: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11472: 11471:, pp. 4–64. 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11360:. Archived from 11359: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11315:. Archived from 11314: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11243:. Archived from 11239:(13 June 2005). 11233: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11174:. pp. 7–9. 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11102: 11092: 11066: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10976: 10952: 10946: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10922: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10750: 10744: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10707:. Archived from 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10664: 10658: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10586: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10561: 10555:. 27 July 1918. 10548: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10451: 10444: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10358:, pp. 8–12. 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10139: 10133: 10124: 10115: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10007: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9973:. Archived from 9963: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9940: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9775:. Archived from 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9666: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9222:R. J. Crampton, 9220: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9118: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8944:Cultural Studies 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8716:, pp. 9–10. 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8563: 8557: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8307: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8153:Sheffield, Garry 8149: 8136: 8135: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7113:Month of Madness 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6835:, pp. 2–23. 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6418: 6404: 6398: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6372: 6362: 6356: 6349:Treaty of Sèvres 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6307:successor states 6300: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6223:Russian Republic 6219: 6085:good versus evil 6067: 6009:together marked 6000: 5984:Liberty Memorial 5981: 5801:were developed. 5799:fighter aircraft 5680:Stephen Hobhouse 5642:O'Connell Street 5622:Bertrand Russell 5555:("Revolutionary 5527:Benito Mussolini 5470:Battle of Segale 5467: 5444:In East Africa, 5435:Arab nationalism 5398:In the Balkans, 5347: 5333:Great Depression 5326: 5303: 5246:Economic effects 5155:prisoners of war 5123:Prisoners of war 5103: 5090:marched to death 5078:ethnic cleansing 4733:stab in the back 4667:Treaty of Sèvres 4622: 4548: 4456: 4359:Vardar offensive 4338:Vardar offensive 4323: 4020:John J. Pershing 3992:battleship group 3968:President Wilson 3932: 3904:Petrograd Soviet 3831:Battle of Verdun 3818:King Ferdinand I 3716: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3646: 3645: 3632: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3575:Grigori Rasputin 3527:Austrian Galicia 3523:Raymond Poincaré 3469: 3390:Treaty of London 3306:Senussi campaign 3280: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3257:Kingdom of Hejaz 3233:Persian campaign 3131:Battle of Romani 3007:Vardar offensive 2957:Battle of Kosovo 2907:Macedonian front 2903:Serbian campaign 2857:in combat, with 2660:Battle of Verdun 2635:Hague Convention 2536:Indian Home Rule 2414:Battle of Penang 2407:Russian cruiser 2200:Serbian campaign 2194:Serbian campaign 2190:against Russia. 2163:Treaty of London 2156: 2152: 2133:Treaty of London 2105: 2090: 2085:Foreign Ministry 1884:Southern Dobruja 1868:Treaty of London 1849:First Balkan War 1634:Entente Cordiale 1610: 1515:balance of power 1504: 1495: 1366: 1342:a separate peace 1267:Austro-Hungarian 1252:a breaking point 1236:balance of power 1197:chemical weapons 887: 876: 869: 862: 853: 852: 742: 731: 727: 725: 724: 713: 711: 710: 700: 698: 697: 690: 686: 684: 683: 664: 654: 650: 648: 647: 637: 633: 631: 630: 621: 617: 615: 614: 603: 602: 601: 590: 586: 584: 583: 575: 571: 569: 568: 557: 555: 554: 544: 542: 541: 534: 530: 528: 527: 519: 515: 513: 512: 501: 500: 499: 489: 487: 486: 477: 464: 460: 458: 457: 449: 445: 443: 442: 235:Treaty of Sèvres 192:11 November 1918 181: 180: 135: 123:Battle of Verdun 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 42: 41: 22620: 22619: 22615: 22614: 22613: 22611: 22610: 22609: 22340: 22339: 22338: 22333: 22206: 22200: 21941: 21910:Jain philosophy 21890:Buddhist ethics 21846: 21668: 21635:Interwar period 21588:Ancient history 21576: 21535: 21526: 21496: 21491: 21457:UKUSA Agreement 21397:Lublin Triangle 21282:Baltic Assembly 21234: 21228: 21146: 20983: 20818: 20688:Eurolinguistics 20557: 20546:Information age 20519:Interwar period 20386: 20306: 20297: 20267: 20262: 20201:Boxer Rebellion 20159: 20023: 19977:Treaty of Paris 19942: 19936: 19869:New Imperialism 19830:Ottoman decline 19813: 19760:Triple Alliance 19748: 19709:Austria-Hungary 19697: 19692: 19662: 19657: 19644: 19442:Radko Dimitriev 19432:Vasil Kutinchev 19390: 19349: 19297: 19288: 19272: 19236: 19187:Kilkis–Lachanas 19175: 19164: 19133: 19002: 18991: 18918:Eastern Rumelia 18873: 18868: 18838: 18833: 18812: 18669:Austria-Hungary 18652: 18581: 18550: 18494: 18487: 18457: 18452: 18435: 18394: 18326: 18319: 18290:Treaty of Darin 18258: 18220: 18176:Austria-Hungary 18162: 18149: 18130:Rape of Belgium 18057: 18029: 17977: 17971:Western Armenia 17966:Eastern Galicia 17899: 17873: 17837: 17836:Civilian impact 17835: 17821: 17778: 17707: 17539: 17469:Ovambo Uprising 17421: 17303: 17205: 17132: 17050:Battle of Łomża 17033: 17029:Christmas truce 17004:Race to the Sea 16937: 16899: 16821: 16792:Austria-Hungary 16768: 16703:Empire of Japan 16640: 16638: 16627: 16611:U-boat campaign 16597: 16569: 16531: 16483: 16429: 16410:Popular culture 16356: 16351: 16308:Wayback Machine 16296:Wayback Machine 16270: 16239:Wayback Machine 16181: 16180: 16169: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16151: 16142: 16132: 16122: 16117: 16111: 16110: 16109:(3 parts, 16108: 16105: 16102: 16097: 16091: 16072: 16053: 16026: 15990: 15963: 15937: 15912: 15890: 15888: 15881: 15852: 15830: 15828: 15827:on 11 June 2010 15807: 15805: 15801: 15782: 15768: 15766: 15759: 15735: 15713: 15711: 15679: 15652: 15630: 15611: 15584: 15557: 15535: 15468: 15466: 15422: 15420: 15413: 15405:. Hachette UK. 15392: 15305: 15279: 15277: 15261: 15239: 15237: 15214: 15212: 15180:10.2307/1986064 15147: 15107: 15080: 15021: 14984:10.2307/3678575 14963: 14944: 14922: 14920: 14894: 14873: 14823: 14804: 14779: 14777: 14753: 14726: 14691: 14656: 14642:Kitchen, Martin 14589: 14570: 14551: 14521: 14494: 14446: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14398: 14358: 14333:(2): 194, 211. 14316: 14289: 14239: 14220: 14198: 14175: 14161: 14142: 14110: 14091: 14072: 14062:First World War 14045: 14026: 14005: 13978: 13959: 13914: 13895: 13868: 13858:The Pity of War 13854:Ferguson, Niall 13848:(2nd ed.). 13837: 13829:. W.W. Norton. 13807: 13777: 13758: 13734: 13732: 13705: 13703: 13696: 13672: 13664:. epubli GmbH. 13653: 13631: 13629: 13622: 13593: 13574: 13555: 13536: 13514: 13512: 13511:on 11 June 2010 13508: 13501: 13488: 13459: 13457: 13431: 13412: 13393: 13371: 13346: 13344: 13337: 13316: 13297: 13278: 13259: 13222: 13202: 13195: 13190: 13184:Wayback Machine 13170: 13166: 13151:(3): 857–878 . 13135: 13131: 13120: 13113: 13105: 13101: 13091: 13089: 13080: 13079: 13075: 13065: 13063: 13054: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13028: 13027: 13023: 13013: 13011: 12998: 12997: 12993: 12983: 12981: 12936: 12932: 12889: 12888: 12884: 12874: 12872: 12859: 12858: 12854: 12844: 12842: 12829: 12828: 12824: 12810: 12806: 12799: 12781: 12777: 12769: 12765: 12757: 12753: 12746: 12742: 12725: 12721: 12713: 12709: 12701: 12697: 12690: 12674: 12670: 12661: 12654: 12644: 12642: 12635: 12619: 12615: 12605: 12603: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12555: 12551: 12542: 12538: 12530: 12526: 12519: 12505: 12501: 12494: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12465: 12464: 12460: 12450: 12448: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12388: 12384: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12357: 12349: 12345: 12337: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12313: 12309: 12305:, p. 1069. 12301: 12297: 12287: 12285: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12261: 12259: 12252: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12212: 12205: 12201:, p. 1189. 12197: 12193: 12185: 12181: 12171: 12169: 12154: 12150: 12140: 12138: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12110: 12108: 12093: 12089: 12079: 12077: 12060: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12037: 12023: 12019: 12011: 12007: 11999: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11961: 11943: 11939: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11915: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11836:10.2307/2144182 11816: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11765: 11761: 11751: 11749: 11696: 11692: 11685: 11669: 11665: 11658: 11640: 11636: 11625: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11585: 11583: 11574: 11573: 11569: 11562:7 July 2015 at 11550: 11546: 11515: 11511: 11505:Havighurst 1985 11503: 11499: 11495:, p. 2733. 11491: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11451: 11444: 11428: 11424: 11393: 11389: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11272: 11256: 11252: 11234: 11227: 11217: 11215: 11200: 11196: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11162: 11158: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11120: 11116: 11067: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11033: 11032: 11028: 11018: 11016: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10953: 10949: 10941:K. von Economo. 10940: 10936: 10885: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10773: 10769: 10751: 10747: 10737:Wayback Machine 10728: 10724: 10714: 10712: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10656:Wayback Machine 10644: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10575: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10504: 10500: 10496:Frucht, p. 356. 10495: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10433: 10420: 10416: 10403: 10399: 10392: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10356:Magliveras 1999 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10302: 10298: 10282: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10242: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10201:. 3 July 1921. 10191: 10190: 10186: 10179: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10140: 10136: 10125: 10118: 10108:Wayback Machine 10099: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10071: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9949: 9938: 9931: 9927: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9832:"1918 Timeline" 9830: 9829: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9675: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9571: 9569: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9508: 9504: 9494: 9492: 9491:on 14 June 2011 9483: 9482: 9478: 9456: 9452: 9433: 9429: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9119: 9110: 9104:Rothschild 1975 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9040:, pp. 7–8. 9036: 9032: 9024: 9017: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8959: 8951:. p. 376. 8939: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8625:Current History 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8598:Hinterhoff 1984 8596: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8564: 8560: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8467: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8428: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8397: 8393: 8386: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8274: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8150: 8139: 8121: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7987:The Independent 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7959:, p. 1042. 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7482:, pp. 4–5. 7478: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7261:Tomasevich 2001 7259: 7255: 7242: 7240: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7200: 7198: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7169: 7167: 7160: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7116:. BBC Radio 4. 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 6997:10.2307/2499359 6977: 6973: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6941: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6900: 6893: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6627:Wayback Machine 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6497:The Independent 6493:"The Great War" 6491: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6253: 6249: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6179: 6158: 6148: 6112:medical science 6068: 6064:Strange Meeting 6058: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6023:Emmanuel Macron 5998: 5979: 5950:Remembrance Day 5892: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5863:Main articles: 5861: 5837: 5831: 5777:field telephone 5728:Royal Air Force 5721: 5715: 5614: 5606:Main articles: 5604: 5579: 5577:Patriotic funds 5533:. However, the 5513:, who promoted 5465: 5384: 5370: 5365: 5345: 5324: 5301: 5268: 5258: 5250:Main articles: 5248: 5236: 5228:Main articles: 5226: 5201: 5179: 5167: 5131: 5125: 5101: 5058: 5048: 5036:Main articles: 5034: 4998: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4945:epidemic typhus 4917:gueules cassées 4897: 4895:Gueules cassées 4887: 4881: 4846:Greater Romania 4829: 4823: 4683: 4620: 4619:was signed on 2 4602:Hall of Mirrors 4590: 4565: 4559: 4546: 4531:sailors' revolt 4492: 4486: 4454: 4407: 4401: 4389:Main articles: 4387: 4344: 4336:Main articles: 4334: 4321: 4282: 4276: 4252:English Channel 4223: 4215:Main articles: 4213: 4106: 4100: 4042: 4032: 3961: 3955: 3930: 3895: 3883:Main articles: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3827: 3774:German 9th Army 3734: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3499: 3497:Initial actions 3494: 3488: 3467: 3434:Strafexpedition 3331: 3319:Main articles: 3317: 3283:siege of Medina 3277: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3249:Battle of Mecca 3147:Sinai Peninsula 3042: 3036: 3030: 2909: 2895:Balkans theatre 2893:Main articles: 2891: 2886: 2784:High Seas Fleet 2709: 2703: 2648: 2622:Race to the Sea 2579: 2574: 2568: 2504: 2490: 2484: 2452: 2446: 2424:on the Chinese 2394:, then part of 2364: 2358: 2291:Alsace-Lorraine 2260:Schlieffen Plan 2248: 2242: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2154: 2150: 2125:Schlieffen Plan 2103: 2088: 2072: 2058: 2052: 2022: 1999:Gavrilo Princip 1967:Vaso Čubrilović 1955:Gavrilo Princip 1951:Cvjetko Popović 1923:Gavrilo Princip 1915: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1755: 1736:and subsequent 1704:blue-water navy 1659: 1625:Leo von Caprivi 1594:Triple Alliance 1570:Austria-Hungary 1531:New Imperialism 1517:, known as the 1509: 1507:Triple Alliance 1502: 1500: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1462:First World War 1447:The Independent 1426: 1414:interwar period 1386:war reparations 1364: 1260:Gavrilo Princip 1211:(including the 1191:and the use of 1161:global conflict 1153:First World War 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 888: 882: 880: 846: 841:further details 808: 803:further details 740: 735: 722: 720: 708: 706: 702:Austria-Hungary 695: 693: 681: 679: 662: 657: 645: 643: 638: 628: 626: 612: 610: 599: 597: 593: 581: 579: 566: 564: 552: 550: 539: 537: 525: 523: 510: 508: 497: 495: 484: 482: 479: 478: 471: 467: 455: 453: 440: 438: 414: 355:German colonies 339: 329: 317: 316: 274: 271: 269: 263: 261: 255: 253: 247: 245: 239: 237: 230: 224: 222: 215: 209: 207: 201: 200: 194: 175: 170:Austria-Hungary 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22618: 22608: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22540:White movement 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22397: 22392: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22335: 22334: 22332: 22331: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22279:Easternization 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22210: 22208: 22202: 22201: 22199: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22191: 22190: 22189: 22184: 22174: 22173: 22172: 22162: 22161: 22160: 22159: 22158: 22153: 22143: 22138: 22133: 22132: 22131: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22089: 22088: 22087: 22082: 22080:Zoroastrianism 22072: 22071: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22035: 22034: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22022: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22006: 22001: 21991: 21990: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21973: 21972: 21951: 21949: 21943: 21942: 21940: 21939: 21938: 21937: 21932: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21902: 21897: 21895:Islamic ethics 21892: 21887: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21856: 21854: 21848: 21847: 21845: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21828: 21827: 21822: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21801: 21800: 21795: 21790: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21769: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21748: 21747: 21746: 21736: 21731: 21730: 21729: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21678: 21676: 21670: 21669: 21667: 21666: 21661: 21660: 21659: 21654: 21653: 21652: 21647: 21637: 21632: 21631: 21630: 21625: 21615: 21610: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21584: 21582: 21578: 21577: 21575: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21549: 21543: 21541: 21537: 21536: 21525: 21524: 21517: 21510: 21502: 21493: 21492: 21490: 21489: 21487:Westernization 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21467:Visegrád Group 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21407:Nordic Council 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21302:Bucharest Nine 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21267:Arctic Council 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21238: 21236: 21230: 21229: 21227: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21215: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21179: 21174: 21173: 21172: 21162: 21156: 21154: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21133: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21111: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21065: 21064: 21063: 21062: 21061: 21051: 21050: 21049: 21044: 21043: 21042: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21020: 21019: 21018: 20993: 20991: 20985: 20984: 20982: 20981: 20980: 20979: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20958: 20957: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20902: 20901: 20896: 20886: 20885: 20884: 20877:Existentialism 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20828: 20826: 20820: 20819: 20817: 20816: 20815: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20789: 20788: 20787: 20777: 20776: 20775: 20770: 20760: 20759: 20758: 20748: 20743: 20742: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20721: 20720: 20719: 20709: 20708: 20707: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20690: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20664: 20663: 20653: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20612: 20607: 20606: 20605: 20595: 20590: 20589: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20567: 20565: 20559: 20558: 20556: 20555: 20554: 20553: 20548: 20538: 20537: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20441: 20436: 20435: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20414: 20413: 20412: 20410:Late antiquity 20402: 20396: 20394: 20388: 20387: 20385: 20384: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20363: 20362: 20361: 20360: 20355: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20325: 20320: 20314: 20312: 20308: 20307: 20296: 20295: 20288: 20281: 20273: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20260: 20255: 20254: 20253: 20252: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20233: 20228: 20218: 20213: 20211:Russo-Japanese 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20176:Anglo-Egyptian 20173: 20167: 20165: 20161: 20160: 20158: 20157: 20152: 20150:Bosnian Crisis 20147: 20146: 20145: 20135: 20134: 20133: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20099:Austro-Italian 20096: 20095: 20094: 20089: 20074: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20031: 20029: 20025: 20024: 20022: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 20000: 19999: 19997:Martens Clause 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19963: 19962: 19952: 19946: 19944: 19938: 19937: 19935: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19911: 19910: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19879:Egyptian Lever 19866: 19864:Pax Britannica 19861: 19860: 19859: 19849: 19848: 19847: 19845:Sovereign debt 19842: 19837: 19827: 19821: 19819: 19815: 19814: 19812: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19772:Triple Entente 19769: 19768: 19767: 19756: 19754: 19750: 19749: 19747: 19746: 19741: 19739:United Kingdom 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19705: 19703: 19699: 19698: 19691: 19690: 19683: 19676: 19668: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19655: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19642: 19631: 19630: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19612:Radomir Putnik 19609: 19604: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19572: 19571: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19553:Ali Rıza Pasha 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19523:Ottoman Empire 19520: 19519: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19456: 19455: 19454: 19452:Georgi Todorov 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19357: 19355: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19347: 19346: 19345: 19340: 19330: 19325: 19316: 19311: 19305: 19303: 19299: 19298: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19286: 19280: 19278: 19274: 19273: 19271: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19244: 19242: 19238: 19237: 19235: 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19183: 19181: 19177: 19176: 19169: 19166: 19165: 19163: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19141: 19139: 19135: 19134: 19132: 19131: 19129:Second Çatalca 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19010: 19008: 19004: 19003: 18996: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18957:Bosnian Crisis 18954: 18949: 18944: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18916:Annexation of 18914: 18909: 18908: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18881: 18879: 18875: 18874: 18867: 18866: 18859: 18852: 18844: 18835: 18834: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18820: 18818: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18810: 18799:United Kingdom 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18749:Ottoman Empire 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18671: 18666: 18660: 18658: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18628:Ottoman Empire 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18589: 18587: 18583: 18582: 18580: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18558: 18556: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18502: 18500: 18496: 18495: 18486: 18485: 18478: 18471: 18463: 18454: 18453: 18451: 18450: 18444: 18441: 18440: 18437: 18436: 18434: 18433: 18426: 18419: 18414: 18406: 18404: 18400: 18399: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18392: 18387: 18386: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18355: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18343: 18335: 18329: 18327: 18325:Peace treaties 18324: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18266: 18264: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18230: 18228: 18222: 18221: 18219: 18218: 18213: 18211:United Kingdom 18208: 18203: 18201:Ottoman Empire 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18172: 18170: 18163: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18151: 18150: 18148: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18105: 18103:Sack of Dinant 18100: 18095: 18090: 18089: 18088: 18083: 18082: 18081: 18067: 18065: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18054: 18053: 18051:United Kingdom 18048: 18039: 18037: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18020: 18011: 18005:POW locations 18003: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17987: 17985: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17973: 17968: 17960: 17955: 17954: 17953: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17921: 17913: 17907: 17905: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17881: 17879: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17869: 17864: 17856: 17851: 17850: 17849: 17840: 17838: 17830: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17819: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17805:United Kingdom 17802: 17800:Ottoman Empire 17797: 17792: 17786: 17784: 17777: 17776: 17774:Trench warfare 17771: 17770: 17769: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17726: 17724: 17717: 17713: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17706: 17705: 17699: 17693: 17687: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17673: 17667: 17661: 17650: 17644: 17638: 17632: 17626: 17620: 17614: 17608: 17602: 17596: 17590: 17584: 17578: 17572: 17566: 17560: 17554: 17547: 17545: 17541: 17540: 17538: 17537: 17531: 17525: 17519: 17513: 17507: 17501: 17495: 17490: 17487:Volta-Bani War 17484: 17478: 17472: 17466: 17460: 17454: 17448: 17442: 17436: 17429: 17427: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17332:Zeebrugge Raid 17329: 17324: 17319: 17313: 17311: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17215: 17213: 17207: 17206: 17204: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17140: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17130: 17125: 17123:Battle of Loos 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17041: 17039: 17035: 17034: 17032: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17014:Black Sea raid 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16945: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16936: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16919: 16918: 16916:Historiography 16907: 16905: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16891: 16885: 16879: 16873: 16870:Bosnian Crisis 16867: 16864:Tangier Crisis 16861: 16855: 16849: 16842: 16840: 16833: 16827: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16797:Ottoman Empire 16794: 16789: 16784: 16778: 16776: 16774:Central Powers 16770: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16760: 16759: 16757:British Empire 16752:United Kingdom 16749: 16744: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16732: 16730:Russian Empire 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16706: 16705: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16652: 16650: 16648:Entente Powers 16641: 16636: 16633: 16632: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16625: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16616:North Atlantic 16607: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16579: 16577: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16541: 16539: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16529: 16527:Central Arabia 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16493: 16491: 16489:Middle Eastern 16485: 16484: 16482: 16481: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16464: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16446: 16444: 16435: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16390:Historiography 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16358: 16357: 16350: 16349: 16342: 16335: 16327: 16321: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16298: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16269: 16268:Library guides 16266: 16265: 16264: 16256: 16247: 16241: 16229: 16224: 16222:end of the war 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16188: 16170: 16159: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16139: 16129: 16118: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100:External links 16098: 16096: 16095: 16089: 16076: 16070: 16057: 16051: 16038: 16024: 16011: 16002: 15988: 15975: 15961: 15941: 15935: 15916: 15910: 15897: 15879: 15864: 15850: 15837: 15814: 15775: 15757: 15739: 15733: 15720: 15683: 15677: 15664: 15650: 15634: 15628: 15615: 15609: 15596: 15582: 15569: 15555: 15539: 15533: 15520: 15475: 15450: 15433: 15411: 15396: 15390: 15375: 15357:(2): 159–195. 15351:War in History 15346: 15322:War in History 15317: 15303: 15297:. Allen Lane. 15286: 15272:. Al Jazeera. 15265: 15259: 15246: 15221: 15192: 15174:(4): 403–434. 15163: 15145: 15132: 15111: 15105: 15092: 15078: 15062: 15036:(1): 153–185. 15025: 15019: 15004: 14967: 14961: 14948: 14942: 14936:. Icon Books. 14929: 14906: 14892: 14877: 14871: 14858: 14840:(3): 231–255. 14827: 14821: 14808: 14802: 14786: 14757: 14751: 14738: 14724: 14711: 14689: 14681:10.17226/11150 14668: 14654: 14638: 14612:(4): 721–766. 14601: 14587: 14574: 14568: 14555: 14549: 14543:. Hutchinson. 14533: 14519: 14506: 14492: 14479: 14461:(3): 441–451. 14450: 14444: 14438:. Allen Lane. 14431: 14402: 14396: 14383: 14373:(2): 161–188. 14367:German History 14362: 14356: 14343: 14326:War in History 14320: 14314: 14301: 14287: 14272: 14243: 14237: 14224: 14218: 14202: 14196: 14183: 14173: 14159: 14146: 14140: 14127: 14114: 14108: 14095: 14089: 14076: 14070: 14057: 14043: 14030: 14024: 14009: 14003: 13990: 13976: 13963: 13957: 13943:Fromkin, David 13939: 13918: 13912: 13899: 13893: 13880: 13866: 13850: 13841: 13835: 13823:Farwell, Byron 13819: 13805: 13789: 13775: 13762: 13756: 13741: 13712: 13694: 13676: 13670: 13657: 13651: 13638: 13620: 13605: 13591: 13578: 13572: 13559: 13553: 13540: 13534: 13521: 13492: 13486: 13466: 13435: 13429: 13416: 13410: 13397: 13391: 13375: 13369: 13353: 13335: 13320: 13314: 13301: 13295: 13282: 13276: 13263: 13257: 13240: 13226: 13220: 13203: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13164: 13129: 13111: 13099: 13073: 13047: 13021: 12991: 12930: 12882: 12852: 12822: 12804: 12797: 12775: 12771:Stevenson 1988 12763: 12751: 12740: 12719: 12707: 12705:, p. 154. 12695: 12688: 12668: 12652: 12633: 12613: 12581: 12568:Brock, Peter, 12561: 12549: 12536: 12534:, p. 584. 12524: 12517: 12499: 12488: 12458: 12428: 12398: 12382: 12380:, p. 826. 12370: 12355: 12353:, p. 209. 12343: 12341:, p. 219. 12331: 12329:, p. 335. 12319: 12317:, p. 884. 12307: 12295: 12269: 12250: 12230: 12228:, p. 117. 12218: 12216:, p. 1001 12203: 12191: 12189:, p. 354. 12179: 12148: 12118: 12087: 12054: 12042: 12035: 12017: 12005: 11990: 11978: 11959: 11937: 11925: 11894: 11887: 11869: 11810: 11779:(4): 621–638. 11759: 11690: 11683: 11663: 11656: 11634: 11619: 11593: 11567: 11544: 11525:(1): 107–129. 11509: 11507:, p. 131. 11497: 11485: 11473: 11461: 11442: 11422: 11387: 11370: 11345: 11333: 11301: 11299:, p. 177. 11289: 11270: 11250: 11225: 11194: 11180: 11156: 11142: 11114: 11083:(4): 611–625. 11056: 11026: 10996: 10967:(7): 663–670. 10947: 10934: 10879: 10867: 10855: 10843: 10831: 10829:, p. 166. 10819: 10810: 10798: 10767: 10745: 10722: 10691: 10659: 10638: 10611: 10573: 10535: 10523: 10516: 10498: 10489: 10463: 10431: 10414: 10397: 10390: 10372: 10368:Northedge 1986 10360: 10348: 10316: 10296: 10276: 10256: 10236: 10216: 10184: 10177: 10159: 10152: 10134: 10116: 10093: 10089:Stevenson 2004 10081: 10079:, p. 383. 10077:Stevenson 2004 10069: 10060:Wette, Wolfram 10051: 10044: 10026: 9992: 9990:, p. 385. 9988:Stevenson 2004 9980: 9958: 9925: 9923:, p. 260. 9913: 9883: 9853: 9820: 9790: 9760: 9748: 9736: 9725: 9718: 9700: 9688: 9673: 9651: 9639: 9627: 9615: 9603: 9601:, p. 104. 9591: 9589:, p. 195. 9579: 9553: 9527: 9520: 9502: 9476: 9450: 9427: 9404: 9402:, p. 163. 9392: 9390:, p. 323. 9380: 9376:Humphries 2007 9368: 9356: 9354:, p. 244. 9344: 9342:, p. 129. 9332: 9330:, p. 124. 9320: 9318:, p. 403. 9316:Stevenson 2012 9308: 9296: 9294:, p. 318. 9292:Stevenson 2012 9284: 9272: 9270:, p. 318. 9260: 9258:, p. 317. 9256:Stevenson 2012 9248: 9244:Stevenson 2012 9236: 9215: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9180:, p. 523. 9170: 9158: 9156:, p. 345. 9146: 9108: 9106:, p. 314. 9096: 9094:, p. 429. 9084: 9072: 9063: 9054: 9042: 9030: 9028:, p. 282. 9015: 9013:, p. 170. 9003: 9001:, p. 171. 8988: 8976: 8957: 8933: 8931:, p. 119. 8921: 8917:Schindler 2003 8909: 8898: 8886: 8884:, p. 715. 8874: 8872:, p. 491. 8862: 8860:, p. 364. 8850: 8848:, p. 484. 8838: 8836:, p. 482. 8826: 8824:, p. 317. 8814: 8812:, p. 163. 8802: 8798:Fornassin 2017 8790: 8788:, p. 108. 8778: 8766: 8764:, p. 166. 8754: 8742: 8730: 8728:, p. 120. 8718: 8706: 8694: 8687: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8611: 8602: 8587: 8585:, p. 119. 8575: 8558: 8545: 8538: 8518: 8511: 8491: 8484: 8461: 8459:, p. 491. 8449: 8422: 8410: 8391: 8384: 8366: 8354: 8352:, p. 102. 8342: 8330: 8318: 8302: 8291: 8272: 8245: 8214: 8202: 8190: 8188:, p. 306. 8178: 8137: 8115: 8103: 8101:, p. 293. 8091: 8079: 8067: 8016: 8014:, p. 271. 8004: 7973: 7971:, p. 276. 7961: 7949: 7937: 7910: 7908:, p. 199. 7906:Goodspeed 1985 7898: 7886: 7874: 7872:, p. 424. 7862: 7844: 7818: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7761:, p. 353. 7751: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7713:, p. 221. 7703: 7691: 7689:, p. 327. 7679: 7667: 7663:Stevenson 2012 7655: 7643: 7639:Stevenson 2004 7631: 7619: 7615:Stevenson 2004 7604: 7574: 7544: 7540:Schindler 2002 7532: 7530:, p. 172. 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7472: 7468:MacMillan 2013 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7410:, p. 335. 7400: 7388: 7386:, p. 326. 7376: 7374:, p. 536. 7372:MacMillan 2013 7364: 7352: 7340: 7338:, p. 532. 7336:MacMillan 2013 7328: 7324:Stevenson 1996 7316: 7314:, p. 141. 7312:Velikonja 2003 7304: 7285: 7265: 7263:, p. 485. 7253: 7231: 7211: 7180: 7158: 7131: 7102: 7090: 7078: 7066: 7064:, p. 103. 7054: 7042: 7040:, p. 247. 7030: 6991:(4): 717–718. 6971: 6939: 6909: 6891: 6861: 6849: 6847:, p. 288. 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6761:Stevenson 2016 6753: 6741: 6737:Stevenson 2016 6729: 6717: 6705: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6650:Medlicott 1945 6642: 6630: 6608: 6606:, p. 117. 6596: 6584: 6582:, p. 329. 6572: 6542: 6510: 6484: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6453: 6441: 6437:German attempt 6428: 6419: 6399: 6382: 6373: 6357: 6340: 6328: 6311: 6295: 6293:December 1917. 6278: 6269: 6260: 6247: 6231:separate peace 6213: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6175: 6147: 6144: 6136:trench warfare 6104:radicalisation 6096:historiography 6073:modern warfare 6056: 6049: 6037:Main article: 6034: 6033:Historiography 6031: 5888:Main article: 5885: 5882: 5860: 5857: 5833:Main article: 5830: 5827: 5819:Sopwith Camels 5787:reconnaissance 5714: 5711: 5620:in the US and 5603: 5600: 5578: 5575: 5539:general strike 5496:class conflict 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5338:David Andelman 5247: 5244: 5225: 5222: 5178: 5175: 5166: 5163: 5127:Main article: 5124: 5121: 5046:Greek genocide 5033: 5030: 4994:Main article: 4991: 4988: 4983:Main article: 4980: 4977: 4959:Eight million 4883:Main article: 4880: 4877: 4822: 4819: 4682: 4679: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4589: 4586: 4561:Main article: 4558: 4555: 4499:Ferdinand Foch 4488:Main article: 4485: 4482: 4386: 4383: 4333: 4330: 4275: 4272: 4212: 4209: 4180:in Palestine, 4138:Edmund Allenby 4102:Main article: 4099: 4096: 4080:Canadian Corps 4061:Robert Nivelle 4051:troops at the 4049:Canadian Corps 4031: 4028: 4004:National Guard 3957:Main article: 3954: 3951: 3949:with Romania. 3938:Russian Empire 3923:Vladimir Lenin 3880: 3877: 3872:Main article: 3869: 3866: 3861:Lloyd George's 3857:Woodrow Wilson 3826: 3823: 3726: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3540:Masurian Lakes 3498: 3495: 3490:Main article: 3487: 3484: 3470:November, the 3316: 3313: 3253:Sharif Hussein 3245:Foreign Office 3155:Battle of Rafa 3087:respectively. 3081:Greek genocide 3032:Main article: 3029: 3028:Ottoman Empire 3026: 3022:Central Powers 2935:, Croatia and 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2866:Sopwith Camels 2837:, escorted by 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2647: 2644: 2592:, France, 1915 2578: 2575: 2570:Main article: 2567: 2564: 2560:Mahatma Gandhi 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2448:Main article: 2445: 2442: 2360:Main article: 2357: 2354: 2320:(BEF), was in 2299:Richard Holmes 2278:, head of the 2244:Main article: 2241: 2238: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2170: 2167: 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2032:, 29 June 1914 2021: 2018: 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1813:Bosnian Crisis 1754: 1751: 1658: 1655: 1639:Triple Entente 1501: 1498:Triple Entente 1492: 1484: 1481: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1438:or simply the 1425: 1422: 1402:Czechoslovakia 1363:Kaiser Wilhelm 1340:, followed by 1283:United Kingdom 1265:, heir to the 1189:trench warfare 1169:Central Powers 1141: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1098:Naval theatres 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 997:Central Arabia 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 958: 957: 951: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 928: 923: 922: 921: 916: 906: 900: 899: 893: 890: 889: 879: 878: 871: 864: 856: 848: 847: 845: 844: 836: 835:Over 8,000,000 833: 828: 827:Over 3,700,000 825: 823:Civilian dead: 820: 819:Over 4,386,000 817: 815:Military dead: 811: 809: 807: 806: 798: 797:Over 9,000,000 795: 790: 789:Over 4,000,000 787: 785:Civilian dead: 782: 781:Over 5,525,000 779: 777:Military dead: 773: 770: 769: 765: 764: 758: 751: 750: 746: 745: 734: 733: 717: 715:Ottoman Empire 704: 691: 675: 671:Central Powers 667: 656: 655: 640: 623: 607: 594: 592: 591: 576: 561: 548: 535: 520: 505: 493: 470: 469: 468: 466: 465: 462:United Kingdom 450: 434: 425: 424: 420: 419: 416: 415: 413: 412: 398:Czechoslovakia 370:Weimar Germany 358: 353:, transfer of 343: 341: 335: 334: 323: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 282: 280: 276: 275: 273: 272: 264: 256: 248: 240: 232: 225: 217: 210: 199:Peace treaties 198: 197: 196: 185: 177: 176: 174: 173: 162: 155: 148: 141:Sopwith Camels 137: 126: 118: 103: 102: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22617: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22347: 22345: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22209: 22203: 22195: 22192: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22175: 22171: 22168: 22167: 22166: 22163: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22148: 22147: 22144: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22125: 22122: 22121: 22120: 22117: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22103: 22100: 22099: 22098: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22090: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22076: 22073: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22036: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21995: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21971: 21968: 21967: 21966: 21963: 21962: 21961: 21958: 21957: 21956: 21953: 21952: 21950: 21948: 21944: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21927: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21906: 21903: 21901: 21898: 21896: 21893: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21857: 21855: 21853: 21849: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21817: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21753: 21752: 21749: 21745: 21742: 21741: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21728: 21725: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21684: 21683: 21680: 21679: 21677: 21675: 21671: 21665: 21662: 21658: 21655: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21642: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21620: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21605: 21604: 21603:Modern period 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21585: 21583: 21579: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21544: 21542: 21538: 21534: 21530: 21529:Eastern world 21523: 21518: 21516: 21511: 21509: 21504: 21503: 21500: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21432:PROSUR/PROSUL 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21327:Craiova Group 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21242:ABCANZ Armies 21240: 21239: 21237: 21231: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21184: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21153: 21149: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21090: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21070: 21069: 21066: 21060: 21057: 21056: 21055: 21052: 21048: 21047:Protestantism 21045: 21041: 21038: 21037: 21036: 21033: 21029: 21026: 21025: 21024: 21021: 21017: 21013: 21010: 21009: 21008: 21005: 21004: 21003: 21000: 20999: 20998: 20995: 20994: 20992: 20990: 20986: 20978: 20975: 20974: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20967:Sovereigntism 20965: 20963: 20960: 20956: 20955: 20951: 20950: 20949: 20946: 20942: 20939: 20938: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20891: 20890: 20887: 20883: 20880: 20879: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20862:Scholasticism 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20829: 20827: 20825: 20821: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20782: 20781: 20778: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20764: 20761: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20726: 20725: 20722: 20718: 20715: 20714: 20713: 20710: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20698: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20640: 20637: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20628: 20625: 20621: 20618: 20617: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20573: 20572: 20569: 20568: 20566: 20564: 20560: 20552: 20551:War on terror 20549: 20547: 20544: 20543: 20542: 20539: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20446: 20445: 20444:Modern period 20442: 20440: 20437: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20419: 20418: 20415: 20411: 20408: 20407: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20393: 20389: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20350: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20315: 20313: 20309: 20305: 20301: 20300:Western world 20294: 20289: 20287: 20282: 20280: 20275: 20274: 20271: 20259: 20256: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20236: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20216:Italo-Turkish 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20171:Russo-Turkish 20169: 20168: 20166: 20162: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20144: 20143:Treaty of Fes 20141: 20140: 20139: 20138:Agadir Crisis 20136: 20132: 20129: 20128: 20127: 20124: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20100: 20097: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20087: 20083: 20082: 20081: 20078: 20077: 20075: 20073: 20072: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20026: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 19998: 19995: 19994: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19945: 19939: 19931: 19928: 19927: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19884: 19880: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19858: 19855: 19854: 19853: 19850: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19832: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19822: 19820: 19816: 19810: 19809:Balkan League 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19774: 19773: 19770: 19766: 19765:Dual Alliance 19763: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19751: 19745: 19744:United States 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19700: 19696: 19689: 19684: 19682: 19677: 19675: 19670: 19669: 19666: 19654: 19651: 19650: 19647: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19617:Petar Bojović 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19595: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19525: 19524: 19521: 19517: 19516:Janko Vukotić 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19502: 19499: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19469:Constantine I 19467: 19465: 19462: 19461: 19460: 19457: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19437:Nikola Ivanov 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19403: 19400: 19399: 19397: 19393: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19335: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19306: 19304: 19300: 19296: 19291: 19285: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19275: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19245: 19243: 19239: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19173: 19167: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19142: 19140: 19136: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19079:First Çatalca 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19024:Pente Pigadia 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19011: 19009: 19005: 19001: 19000: 18994: 18988: 18987:Balkan League 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18882: 18880: 18876: 18872: 18865: 18860: 18858: 18853: 18851: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18815: 18808: 18804: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18729:Liechtenstein 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18675: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18659: 18655: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18590: 18588: 18584: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18572:United States 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18559: 18557: 18553: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18503: 18501: 18497: 18492: 18484: 18479: 18477: 18472: 18470: 18465: 18464: 18461: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18442: 18432: 18431: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18412: 18408: 18407: 18405: 18401: 18391: 18388: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18330: 18328: 18322: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18261: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18231: 18229: 18227: 18223: 18217: 18216:United States 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18173: 18171: 18167: 18164: 18161: 18156: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18080: 18077: 18076: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18068: 18066: 18064: 18060: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18043: 18041: 18040: 18038: 18036: 18032: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17988: 17986: 17984: 17980: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17952: 17951: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17902: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17876: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17841: 17839: 17833: 17828: 17818: 17817:United States 17815: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17781: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17767:Convoy system 17765: 17764: 17763: 17762:Naval warfare 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17721: 17718: 17714: 17703: 17700: 17697: 17694: 17691: 17688: 17685: 17682: 17677: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17665: 17662: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17654: 17651: 17648: 17645: 17642: 17639: 17636: 17633: 17630: 17627: 17624: 17621: 17618: 17615: 17612: 17609: 17606: 17603: 17600: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17588: 17585: 17582: 17579: 17576: 17573: 17570: 17567: 17564: 17561: 17558: 17555: 17552: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17542: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17522:Kaocen revolt 17520: 17517: 17516:Easter Rising 17514: 17511: 17508: 17505: 17502: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17482: 17479: 17476: 17473: 17470: 17467: 17464: 17461: 17458: 17455: 17452: 17449: 17446: 17443: 17440: 17437: 17434: 17431: 17430: 17428: 17424: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17310: 17306: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17208: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17175: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17088:Great Retreat 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17040: 17036: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16959:Battle of Cer 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16940: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16917: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16902: 16895: 16892: 16889: 16886: 16883: 16880: 16877: 16876:Agadir Crisis 16874: 16871: 16868: 16865: 16862: 16859: 16856: 16853: 16850: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16765: 16764:United States 16762: 16758: 16755: 16754: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16681:French Empire 16679: 16678: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16634: 16624: 16623:Mediterranean 16621: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16603:Naval warfare 16600: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16576: 16572: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16490: 16486: 16480: 16479:Italian Front 16477: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16467:Eastern Front 16465: 16463: 16462:Western Front 16460: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16443: 16439: 16436: 16432: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16420:Puppet states 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16359: 16355: 16348: 16343: 16341: 16336: 16334: 16329: 16328: 16325: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16293: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16263: 16262: 16257: 16255: 16251: 16248: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16192: 16189: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16140: 16130: 16120: 16119: 16092: 16086: 16082: 16077: 16073: 16067: 16063: 16058: 16054: 16048: 16044: 16039: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16021: 16017: 16012: 16008: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15985: 15981: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15958: 15953: 15952: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15923: 15917: 15913: 15907: 15904:. Routledge. 15903: 15898: 15886: 15882: 15876: 15872: 15871: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15847: 15843: 15838: 15826: 15822: 15821: 15815: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15781: 15776: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15730: 15726: 15721: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15684: 15680: 15674: 15670: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15643: 15639: 15638:Strachan, Hew 15635: 15631: 15625: 15621: 15616: 15612: 15606: 15602: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15579: 15575: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15530: 15526: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15487: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15434: 15431: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15397: 15393: 15387: 15383: 15382: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15352: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15295: 15294: 15287: 15275: 15271: 15266: 15262: 15256: 15252: 15247: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15222: 15210: 15206: 15202: 15200: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15164: 15162: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15142: 15138: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15112: 15108: 15102: 15098: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15071: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15026: 15022: 15016: 15012: 15011: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14945: 14939: 14935: 14930: 14918: 14914: 14913: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14889: 14885: 14884: 14878: 14874: 14868: 14864: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14834: 14828: 14824: 14818: 14814: 14809: 14805: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14748: 14744: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14584: 14580: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14561: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14489: 14485: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14437: 14432: 14417: 14410: 14409: 14403: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14368: 14363: 14359: 14353: 14349: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14327: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14284: 14280: 14279: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14254:(1): 68–105. 14253: 14249: 14244: 14240: 14234: 14230: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14189: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14156: 14152: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14101: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14082: 14077: 14073: 14067: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14040: 14036: 14031: 14027: 14021: 14017: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13997:. Routledge. 13996: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13973: 13969: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13896: 13890: 13886: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13748: 13742: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13713: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13663: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13606: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13588: 13584: 13579: 13575: 13569: 13565: 13560: 13556: 13550: 13547:. Routledge. 13546: 13541: 13537: 13531: 13527: 13522: 13507: 13500: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13478: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13442: 13436: 13432: 13426: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13404:. CEF Books. 13403: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13328: 13327: 13321: 13317: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13288: 13287:The Great War 13283: 13279: 13273: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13258:0-520-08010-6 13254: 13249: 13248: 13241: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13208:Axelrod, Alan 13205: 13204: 13200: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13177:free download 13174: 13168: 13159: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13140: 13133: 13125: 13118: 13116: 13108: 13103: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13009: 13005: 13004:kclibrary.org 13001: 12995: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12940:"John McCrae" 12934: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12891:"John McCrae" 12886: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12856: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12818: 12817: 12808: 12800: 12794: 12789: 12788: 12779: 12772: 12767: 12760: 12755: 12749: 12744: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12716: 12711: 12704: 12699: 12691: 12685: 12681: 12680: 12672: 12665: 12659: 12657: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12626: 12625: 12617: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12559:, p. 62. 12558: 12553: 12546: 12540: 12533: 12528: 12520: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12497: 12492: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12395: 12391: 12386: 12379: 12374: 12368:, p. 596 12367: 12362: 12360: 12352: 12347: 12340: 12335: 12328: 12323: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12299: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12234: 12227: 12222: 12215: 12210: 12208: 12200: 12195: 12188: 12183: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12152: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12075: 12071: 12070:The Telegraph 12066: 12058: 12052:, p. 233 12051: 12046: 12038: 12032: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12009: 12003:, p. 237 12002: 11997: 11995: 11987: 11982: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11934: 11929: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11873: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11684:9780060528423 11680: 11676: 11675: 11667: 11659: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11638: 11631: 11630: 11623: 11607: 11604:. CBC. 2001. 11603: 11597: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11565: 11564:archive.today 11561: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11501: 11494: 11489: 11482: 11481:Ferguson 1999 11477: 11470: 11465: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11435: 11434: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11391: 11383: 11382: 11374: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11337: 11318: 11311: 11305: 11298: 11297:Ferguson 2006 11293: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11183: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11126: 11118: 11110: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11065: 11063: 11061: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10930: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10871: 10864: 10859: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10835: 10828: 10823: 10814: 10808:, p. 22. 10807: 10802: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10726: 10711:on 1 May 2008 10710: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10642: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10583: 10577: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10545: 10539: 10532: 10527: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10493: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10448: 10441: 10435: 10427: 10426: 10418: 10410: 10409: 10401: 10393: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10333: 10326: 10320: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10292: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10240: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10163: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10097: 10091:, Chapter 17. 10090: 10085: 10078: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10055: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10011: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9984: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9917: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9756:Christie 1997 9752: 9746:, p. 49. 9745: 9740: 9734: 9729: 9721: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9665: 9664: 9655: 9648: 9643: 9637:, p. 86. 9636: 9631: 9624: 9623:Westwell 2004 9619: 9612: 9607: 9600: 9595: 9588: 9587:Erickson 2001 9583: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9400:Erickson 2001 9396: 9389: 9384: 9378:, p. 66. 9377: 9372: 9365: 9360: 9353: 9352:Strachan 2003 9348: 9341: 9336: 9329: 9324: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9191: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9150: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9080:Crampton 1994 9076: 9067: 9058: 9051: 9046: 9039: 9034: 9027: 9022: 9020: 9012: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8984:Jelavich 1992 8980: 8964: 8960: 8958:9781449637286 8954: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8937: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8858:Thompson 2009 8854: 8847: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8810:Thompson 2009 8806: 8799: 8794: 8787: 8782: 8776:, p. 57. 8775: 8774:Thompson 2009 8770: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8750:Thompson 2009 8746: 8740:, p. 14. 8739: 8738:Thompson 2009 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8714:Thompson 2009 8710: 8704:, p. 13. 8703: 8702:Thompson 2009 8698: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8571: 8570: 8562: 8555: 8549: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8522: 8514: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8395: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8322: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8295: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8212:, p. 80. 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8187: 8182: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8133: 8129: 8128:Naval History 8125: 8119: 8113:, p. 50. 8112: 8107: 8100: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8008: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7896:, p. 99. 7895: 7890: 7883: 7882:Raudzens 1990 7878: 7871: 7870:Raudzens 1990 7866: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7736: 7731: 7725:, p. 79. 7724: 7719: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7677:, p. 55. 7676: 7671: 7665:, p. 54. 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7641:, p. 23. 7640: 7635: 7629:, p. 22. 7628: 7623: 7617:, p. 22. 7616: 7611: 7609: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7516:Strachan 2003 7512: 7505: 7500: 7494:, p. 29. 7493: 7492:Willmott 2003 7488: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7458:, p. 29. 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7434:, p. 45. 7433: 7428: 7422:, p. 27. 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7350:, p. 27. 7349: 7348:Willmott 2003 7344: 7337: 7332: 7326:, p. 12. 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7250: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7100:, p. 26. 7099: 7098:Willmott 2003 7094: 7088:, p. 16. 7087: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6985:Slavic Review 6982: 6975: 6967: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6925:, Routledge, 6924: 6920: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6833:Willmott 2003 6829: 6823:, p. 73. 6822: 6821:McMeekin 2015 6817: 6811:, p. 69. 6810: 6809:McMeekin 2015 6805: 6798: 6793: 6787:, p. 86. 6786: 6781: 6774: 6773:McMeekin 2015 6769: 6763:, p. 42. 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6739:, p. 45. 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6703:, p. 21. 6702: 6701:Willmott 2003 6697: 6695: 6687: 6682: 6676:, p. 15. 6675: 6674:Willmott 2003 6670: 6664:, p. 20. 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6640:, p. 52. 6639: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6408:Joseph Stalin 6403: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6347:Although the 6344: 6337: 6332: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6243:Western Front 6240: 6239:Eastern Front 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120:mental health 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106:of politics, 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081:metanarrative 6078: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6027:Angela Merkel 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6007:Joachim Gauck 6004: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5791:ground attack 5788: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773:indirect fire 5766: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5755:Little Willie 5752: 5748: 5747:armoured cars 5744: 5740: 5732: 5731:Sopwith Camel 5729: 5725: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5660:Easter Rising 5656: 5647: 5646:Easter Rising 5643: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5523:Paolo Boselli 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:Dervish state 5451: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424:Transylvanian 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309:Albert Kitson 5305: 5299: 5296:States $ 4.4 5294: 5293:US government 5290: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5117:Pontic Greeks 5114: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5068:, written by 5067: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5002: 4997: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869:Mustafa Kemal 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854:British Crown 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4678: 4675: 4674:war memorials 4668: 4664: 4659: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4606:William Orpen 4603: 4599: 4594: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Hohenzollerns 4571: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535:Wilhelmshaven 4532: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459:flag of truce 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:final assault 4298: 4295: 4286: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240:Saint-Quentin 4237: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197:Jordan Valley 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088:21st Division 4085: 4082:' capture of 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065:spring attack 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3875: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855:US president 3850: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3596: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3493: 3486:Eastern Front 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418:Luigi Cadorna 3415: 3411: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315:Italian Front 3312: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302:guerrilla war 3299: 3298:British Egypt 3295: 3294:Italian Libya 3291: 3286: 3284: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3236:Mesopotamia. 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102:(ANZACs). In 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2847:depth charges 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:cruiser rules 2817: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:stationed at 2743: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2718:Hochseeflotte 2713: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549:In 1914, the 2547: 2545: 2541: 2540:Edwin Montagu 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2428:peninsula at 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262:, 80% of the 2261: 2252: 2247: 2246:Great Retreat 2237: 2235: 2231: 2230:ground-to-air 2227: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2208:Serbian Army 2206: 2201: 2191: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2148: 2143: 2142:Joseph Joffre 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2031: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:Bosnian Serbs 1968: 1964: 1963:Trifko Grabež 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:Balkan League 1834: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742:Balkan powers 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1727:Rüstungswende 1724: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1651:Agadir Crisis 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:Dual Alliance 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:German Empire 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1466:Ernst Haeckel 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:Baltic states 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:Soviet Russia 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:Eastern Front 1292: 1291:Western Front 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 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Church 21002:Christianity 20952: 20911:Conservatism 20756:contemporary 20593:Architecture 20529:World War II 20513: 20489:Emancipation 20484:Abolitionism 20372:Romanization 20367:Roman legacy 20348:Roman Empire 20257: 20084: 20080:Anglo-German 20069: 19941:Treaties and 19702:Great powers 19639:Ismail Kemal 19422:Mihail Savov 19417:Stoyan Danev 19395:Participants 19322: 19294: 19212:Kresna Gorge 19170: 19039:Kirk Kilisse 18997: 18933:Cretan State 18536:South Africa 18490: 18428: 18421: 18409: 18016: / 17948: 17783:Conscription 17747:Cryptography 17684:Iraqi Revolt 17118:Siege of Kut 17061: 16639:participants 16588:German Samoa 16522:South Arabia 16353: 16260: 16080: 16061: 16042: 16015: 16009:. 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Retrieved 6496: 6487: 6482:, p. 8. 6480:Braybon 2004 6475: 6456: 6444: 6431: 6422: 6402: 6390: 6385: 6376: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6343: 6331: 6314: 6298: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6250: 6217: 6203:World War II 6159: 6156:Iron harvest 6093: 6077:World War II 6070: 6063: 6060:Wilfred Owen 6050: 5988: 5970: 5965:war memorial 5954:Memorial Day 5943: 5937: 5925:unidentified 5905: 5898:The Italian 5849: 5814: 5781: 5770: 5736: 5692: 5673: 5651: 5633:unpatriotic. 5615: 5580: 5570: 5560: 5552: 5546: 5505: 5500:syndicalists 5493: 5443: 5432: 5416:Czechoslovak 5404:Ante Trumbić 5397: 5353:Billy Hughes 5350: 5329: 5321: 5306: 5300:of World War 5285: 5269: 5237: 5218: 5214: 5177:Conscription 5168: 5159: 5144: 5106: 5075: 5065: 5007: 4958: 4942: 4933:Camp Funston 4931:pandemic in 4915: 4909: 4862: 4850: 4830: 4796: 4752: 4738: 4729: 4715: 4696: 4671: 4665:signing the 4633:concerning: 4628: 4610: 4566: 4524: 4520: 4502: 4479: 4451: 4424: 4356: 4299: 4291: 4232: 4190: 4178:Ottoman Army 4174:Djevad Pasha 4123: 4114:Mount Scopus 4073: 4058: 4016: 3981: 3977: 3935: 3920: 3896: 3854: 3845: 3828: 3790: 3758:Hypothesis Z 3747: 3743:Transylvania 3741:-controlled 3735: 3564: 3552: 3520: 3480:Adriatic Sea 3451:Armando Diaz 3432: 3426: 3420:, undertook 3406: 3370: 3342: 3310: 3287: 3261:Fakhri Pasha 3238: 3210: 3175: 3124: 3108:siege of Kut 3089: 3054: 3015: 3004: 2981: 2966: 2949: 2926: 2860: 2852: 2832: 2814: 2801: 2794: 2776: 2769: 2759: 2736: 2724: 2717: 2691:trench fever 2675:British Army 2664: 2657: 2615: 2595: 2548: 2525:, while the 2520: 2453: 2435: 2422:Treaty ports 2408: 2401: 2377: 2342: 2338:East Prussia 2331: 2322:full retreat 2315: 2284: 2257: 2215: 2212:"Oluj", 1915 2188: 2130: 2113: 2100:mobilization 2097: 2081: 2041: 2035: 2010:Zbyněk Zeman 2007: 1991: 1983:Young Bosnia 1932: 1865: 1830: 1821:had occupied 1810: 1779: 1731: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1632: 1614: 1563: 1512: 1461: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430:World War II 1427: 1418:World War II 1375: 1338:an armistice 1315: 1256:Bosnian Serb 1244:great powers 1221: 1185:Asia-Pacific 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1091:Central Asia 1064:Asia-Pacific 1038:North Africa 1016:South Africa 992:South Arabia 884: 883:Theatres of 840: 830: 822: 814: 802: 792: 784: 776: 737: 669: 659: 588:South Africa 546:Newfoundland 428: 423:Belligerents 374:Soviet Union 188:28 July 1914 114: 37: 22350:World War I 22224:Arab League 22207:integration 22146:Catholicism 22004:Vaishnavism 21778:Esotericism 21645:Pacific War 21618:World War I 21562:Indic world 21557:Sinic world 21540:Foundations 21417:Open Balkan 21235:integration 21165:Rule of law 21160:Natural law 21137:Agnosticism 21115:Hellenistic 21093:Anglo-Saxon 21023:Catholicism 20962:Atlanticism 20867:Rationalism 20673:Immigration 20656:Esotericism 20514:World War I 20479:Romanticism 20459:Reformation 20439:Renaissance 20417:Middle Ages 20382:Christendom 20311:Foundations 20258:World War I 20221:Balkan Wars 20206:Second Boer 20191:Banana Wars 20155:July Crisis 20086:Dreadnought 20071:Weltpolitik 19915:Pan-Slavism 19533:Nazim Pasha 19427:Ivan Fichev 19412:Ivan Geshov 19407:Ferdinand I 19323:World War I 19049:Lule Burgas 19014:Sarantaporo 18871:Balkan Wars 18829:New Zealand 18789:Switzerland 18739:Netherlands 18511:East Africa 18491:World War I 18489:History of 18046:Netherlands 18023:Switzerland 17904:Occupations 17895:Spanish flu 17672:(1919–1922) 17666:(1918–1921) 17660:(1918–1923) 17649:(1919–1921) 17643:(1919–1921) 17637:(1919–1920) 17613:(1918–1920) 17607:(1918–1920) 17601:(1918–1920) 17583:(1918–1920) 17565:(1918–1920) 17559:(1917–1921) 17553:(1917–1921) 17500:(1916-1918) 17498:Arab Revolt 17489:(1915–1917) 17483:(1915–1917) 17471:(1914-1917) 17465:(1914–1917) 17459:(1914–1921) 17453:(1913–1920) 17441:(1910–1920) 17435:(1900–1920) 16933:July Crisis 16854:(1880–1914) 16517:Mesopotamia 16395:Home fronts 16354:World War I 16016:World War I 15831:12 November 15603:. Penguin. 15469:12 November 15161:hydrophones 14780:20 November 14745:. Penguin. 14579:World War I 14278:World War I 13423:. Cassell. 13289:. Longman. 13040:28 February 12773:, p. . 12288:28 February 12262:28 February 12187:Souter 2000 11971:11 December 11586:15 December 11551:J.M. Main, 11454:11 November 11403:(1): 7–14. 10827:Howard 1993 10791:23 February 10741:Der Spiegel 10645:Cas Mudde. 10305:"No. 32964" 10285:"No. 32421" 10265:"No. 13627" 10245:"No. 31991" 10225:"No. 31773" 10019:23 November 9906:21 November 9876:21 November 9846:20 November 9813:21 November 9783:21 November 9611:Heyman 1997 9364:Inglis 1995 9234:, pp. 24–25 9190:Winter 2014 9166:Kernek 1970 9154:Keegan 1998 9139:11 November 9038:Torrie 1978 8929:Tucker 2002 8650:Sachar 1970 8635:9 September 8430:Korsun, N. 8284:12 November 8171:11 November 8134:(3): 16–21. 8111:Zieger 2001 8075:Taylor 2007 8060:29 February 8012:Harris 2008 7837:12 December 7735:Keegan 1998 7687:Lieven 2016 7651:Holmes 2014 7408:Martel 2014 7384:Lieven 2016 7297:12 November 7243:1 September 7170:12 November 6857:Keegan 1998 6713:Herwig 1988 6662:Keenan 1986 6638:Keegan 1998 6604:Zeldin 1977 6565:15 December 6326:April 1917. 5940:John McCrae 5664:martial law 5618:Eugene Debs 5462:Addis Ababa 5418:, Italian, 5289:Wall Street 5171:conscripted 5010:Fritz Haber 4949:Spanish flu 4929:Spanish flu 4891:Spanish flu 4719:Article 231 4417:during the 4367:Dojran Lake 3786:surrendered 3507:Nicholas II 3455:Piave River 3401:Ortler Alps 3346:nationalist 3241:Arab Revolt 3182:Enver Pasha 3172:, 1914–1915 3104:Mesopotamia 3094:(1915) and 2872:hangars at 2695:Spanish flu 2693:, and the ' 2679:trench foot 2671:opening day 2607:gas warfare 2599:barbed wire 2474:, fought a 2392:New Britain 2268:Netherlands 2264:German Army 2056:July Crisis 2050:July Crisis 2043:Schutzkorps 1819:, which it 1718:Dreadnought 1680:Dreadnought 1547:consolidate 1350:German Army 1246:and in the 1240:imperialism 1217:Spanish flu 1177:Middle East 1149:World War I 1033:East Africa 977:Mesopotamia 955:Middle East 885:World War I 831:Total dead: 793:Total dead: 732:(from 1915) 639:(from 1917) 622:(from 1915) 559:New Zealand 338:Territorial 292:Middle East 143:during the 45:World War I 22355:World Wars 22344:Categories 21935:Philippine 21852:Philosophy 21837:Philosophy 21810:Literature 21437:Rio Treaty 20948:Relativism 20906:Liberalism 20872:Empiricism 20824:Philosophy 20812:Secularism 20763:Philosophy 20700:Literature 20494:Capitalism 19943:agreements 19891:Great Game 19857:Revanchism 19543:Esad Pasha 19538:Zeki Pasha 19506:Nicholas I 19501:Montenegro 19354:Atrocities 19197:Bregalnica 19059:Adrianople 18972:Goudi coup 18878:Background 18734:Luxembourg 18263:Agreements 18063:War crimes 17939:Luxembourg 17832:Casualties 16710:Montenegro 16545:South West 16425:Technology 16415:Propaganda 16405:Opposition 16173:Audio help 16164:2006-06-24 15769:4 December 15215:6 February 14923:26 October 14902:1028047398 14766:Sabretache 14102:. Osprey. 13923:Population 13460:6 November 12759:Cross 1991 12748:Cross 1991 12606:7 February 12072:. Berlin. 12050:Marks 1978 12013:Marks 1978 12001:Marks 1978 11986:Marks 1978 11933:Green 1938 11132:. p. 10905:: 99–106. 10839:Saadi 2009 10531:Clark 1927 10482:11 January 10456:27 October 10129:, p. 9599:Ayers 1919 9445:1113542987 9388:Horne 1964 8894:Meyer 2006 8402:". p. 28. 8312:, p. 8299:Price 1980 8210:Jones 2001 8087:Keene 2006 7969:Grant 2005 7957:Dupuy 1993 7783:Brown 1994 7771:Brown 1994 7747:Falls 1960 7723:Donko 2012 7711:Horne 1964 7627:Horne 1964 7504:Clark 2013 7480:Crowe 2001 7444:Clark 2013 7396:Clark 2013 7201:7 December 7050:Smith 2010 6845:Clark 2013 6797:Clark 2013 6785:Clark 2013 6749:Crisp 1976 6592:Clark 2013 6468:References 6152:Zone rouge 6140:home front 6126:; why the 5817:launching 5717:See also: 5713:Technology 5707:anarchists 5602:Opposition 5488:Guedecourt 5317:Gold Coast 5086:Tehcir Law 5050:See also: 4979:War crimes 4879:Casualties 4788:Ruthenians 4768:Hungarians 4580:, and the 4431:Wilhelm II 4363:Dobro Pole 4278:See also: 4142:XXth Corps 4084:Vimy Ridge 3996:Scapa Flow 3947:Bessarabia 3908:State Duma 3814:Parliament 3810:Bessarabia 3536:Tannenberg 3382:Dodecanese 3188:. General 3127:Suez Canal 3061:Suez Canal 3038:See also: 2864:launching 2843:hydrophone 2839:destroyers 2616:After the 2210:Blériot XI 2060:See also: 1987:Black Hand 1977:(from the 1941:, visited 1927:this photo 1841:Montenegro 1792:and other 1782:Pan-Slavic 1696:Royal Navy 1621:Chancellor 1617:Wilhelm II 1472:Background 1406:Yugoslavia 1326:Bolsheviks 1281:, and the 1130:Baltic Sea 1081:New Guinea 1050:Somaliland 738:and others 660:and others 472: and 366:Yugoslavia 22092:Abrahamic 21987:Vajrayana 21977:Theravada 21832:Mythology 21805:Languages 21593:Silk Road 21552:Old World 21382:Five Eyes 21377:EU–UK TCA 21219:Democracy 21108:Old Norse 20997:Abrahamic 20954:Peritrope 20936:Tolerance 20916:Socialism 20746:Mythology 20734:Classical 20683:Languages 20661:Astrology 20509:Modernism 20323:Old World 19906:Meiji era 19753:Alliances 19563:Enver Bey 19302:Aftermath 19207:Kalimanci 19202:Knjaževac 19019:Kardzhali 18895:Bulgarian 18824:Australia 18633:Palestine 18603:Hong Kong 18577:Venezuela 18160:Diplomacy 17867:Olympians 17790:Australia 17757:Logistics 17690:Vlora War 17619:(1918–19) 17595:(1918–19) 17589:(1918–19) 17577:(1918–19) 17524:(1916–17) 17506:(1916–17) 17457:Zaian War 17447:(1914–15) 17174:first day 17062:Lusitania 16890:(1912–13) 16884:(1911–12) 16872:(1908–09) 16866:(1905–06) 16848:(1870–71) 16637:Principal 16497:Gallipoli 16400:Memorials 16385:Geography 16375:Aftermath 15971:164543865 15704:0899-3718 15446:222801639 15371:145488166 15342:143618581 15313:153103197 15280:14 August 15122:: 47–64. 15058:155405415 15000:154285570 14978:: 61–83. 14854:144072556 14664:247285240 14644:(2000) . 14634:159979098 14339:1477-0385 13815:460327352 13450:150789848 12496:Karp 1979 11844:0032-3195 11793:0707-5332 11734:1748-538X 11725:10059/294 11629:The Times 11612:14 August 11539:162360809 11019:8 January 10341:4 January 10066:. Boyens. 10000:K. Kuhl. 9971:Compiègne 9635:Gray 1991 9422:156767391 9092:Béla 1998 8050:1080-6040 7945:Love 1996 7005:0037-6779 6395:Skagerrak 6227:Bolshevik 6209:Footnotes 6198:World war 5938:In 1915, 5884:Memorials 5829:Diplomacy 5825:in 1918. 5807:Zeppelins 5695:Petrograd 5648:in Dublin 5408:Yugoslavs 5313:manganese 5209:Uncle Sam 5147:POW camps 5113:Anatolian 4858:Anzac Day 4811:Lithuania 4776:Romanians 4749:after war 4578:Habsburgs 4557:Aftermath 4515:armistice 4511:Compiègne 4471:Innsbruck 4369:. In the 4365:and near 4314:Champagne 4162:Jerusalem 4146:XXI Corps 4069:Champagne 3936:With the 3900:Petrograd 3801:Mărășești 3782:Bucharest 3739:Hungarian 3706:Mărășești 3608:Bucharest 3447:Caporetto 3414:Dolomites 3325:White War 3251:, led by 3092:Gallipoli 3057:Caucasian 2859:HMS 2828:sea lanes 2815:Lusitania 2735:SMS 2701:Naval war 2603:artillery 2434:SMS 2405:sank the 2400:SMS 2326:von Kluck 2295:Plan XVII 2093:ultimatum 1925:(right), 1880:Macedonia 1716:HMS 1668:Rheinland 1666:SMS 1657:Arms race 1453:Maclean's 1441:World War 1435:Great War 1420:in 1939. 1193:artillery 1157:Great War 1125:Black Sea 1110:North Sea 967:Gallipoli 941:Macedonia 491:Australia 378:Lithuania 130:gas masks 22085:Yazidism 22068:Tengrism 22019:Smartism 22014:Shaktism 22009:Shaivism 21994:Hinduism 21982:Mahayana 21960:Buddhism 21947:Religion 21930:Japanese 21842:Religion 21793:Japanese 21783:Folklore 21761:Buddhist 21751:Calendar 21722:Cyrillic 21682:Alphabet 21657:Cold War 21572:Islamdom 21442:Schengen 21372:Eurozone 21212:Property 21207:Religion 21098:Frankish 21088:Germanic 21068:Paganism 20989:Religion 20977:European 20889:Humanism 20792:Religion 20751:Painting 20717:Internet 20668:Folklore 20639:Clothing 20610:Calendar 20586:Cyrillic 20571:Alphabet 20534:Cold War 19653:Category 19528:Mehmed V 19464:George I 19402:Bulgaria 19089:Merhamli 19084:Kaliakra 19074:Monastir 19034:Kumanovo 19029:Sorovich 18890:Albanian 18759:Portugal 18679:Bulgaria 18593:Caucasus 18555:Americas 18521:Ethiopia 18448:Category 18035:Refugees 18001:Italians 17990:Germans 17950:Ober Ost 17730:Aviation 16831:Timeline 16802:Bulgaria 16583:Tsingtao 16560:Togoland 16507:Caucasus 16442:European 16434:Theatres 16304:Archived 16292:Archived 16235:Archived 16220:and the 16175: · 16034:52541937 15998:57533366 15947:(1969). 15885:Archived 15860:61247250 15808:12 April 15799:Archived 15763:Archived 15745:(2001). 15708:Archived 15660:53075929 15640:(2003). 15592:54001282 15565:33079190 15545:(1996). 15516:30202996 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1806:Anatolia 1802:Bulgaria 1798:Bosporus 1786:Orthodox 1765:in 1908. 1746:Ottomans 1303:Bulgaria 1250:reached 1209:genocide 1183:and the 1175:and the 1159:, was a 1115:Atlantic 1071:Tsingtao 1055:Ethiopia 1028:Cameroon 1023:Togoland 962:Caucasus 729:Bulgaria 328:victory 307:Atlantic 279:Location 139:British 22249:BIMSTEC 22170:Culture 22165:Judaism 22129:Eastern 22124:Culture 22102:Culture 22075:Iranian 22053:Shenism 22031:Jainism 22026:Sikhism 21999:Culture 21965:Culture 21955:Dharmic 21788:Chinese 21773:Cuisine 21756:Chinese 21744:History 21712:Brahmic 21674:Culture 21581:History 21533:culture 21287:Benelux 21192:Thought 21142:Atheism 21083:Finnish 21059:Culture 21054:Judaism 21016:Eastern 21012:Western 21007:Culture 20941:Paradox 20807:Decline 20768:Science 20644:History 20632:Studies 20615:Cuisine 20603:Periods 20563:Culture 20392:History 20358:Eastern 20353:Western 20304:culture 19886:In Asia 19719:Germany 19635:Albania 19602:Peter I 19580:Carol I 19575:Romania 19295:General 19180:Battles 19104:Korytsa 19094:Driskos 19054:Yenidje 19044:Scutari 19007:Battles 18905:Serbian 18817:Oceania 18807:Ireland 18794:Ukraine 18764:Romania 18719:Ireland 18714:Hungary 18704:Germany 18694:Estonia 18689:Denmark 18684:Croatia 18674:Belgium 18664:Albania 18643:Vietnam 18531:Morocco 18526:Liberia 18186:Germany 18086:Germany 18014:Germany 17934:Belgium 17919:Albania 17878:Disease 17858:Sports 17810:Ireland 17723:Warfare 17716:Aspects 16911:Origins 16904:Prelude 16807:Senussi 16787:Germany 16782:Leaders 16720:Romania 16661:Belgium 16656:Leaders 16555:Kamerun 16537:African 16472:Romania 16450:Balkans 16365:Outline 16162: ( 16114:minutes 15797:: 7–8. 15507:7314216 15461:. BBC. 15188:1986064 14992:3678575 14865:. OUP. 14626:2637713 14529:4593327 14425:23 July 13175:(2020) 12974:4275807 12952:Bibcode 12925:4275807 12903:Bibcode 12875:1 March 12845:1 March 12738:p. 444. 12645:30 July 12481:16 June 12451:16 June 12421:16 June 11862:10 June 11852:2144182 11803:10 June 11752:10 June 11555:(1970) 11149:20 June 11100:2376985 11049:1 March 10920:4634693 10851:Tschanz 10684:25 July 10604:12 June 10566:12 June 8969:30 July 8228:Hansard 8163:. BBC. 7997:23 July 7567:16 July 7023:10 June 7013:2499359 6951:10 June 6903:10 June 6416:Moldova 6410:as the 6336:Hungary 6303:Austria 5982:I. The 5815:Furious 5739:tactics 5567:Ansaldo 5541:called 5446:Iyasu V 5368:Support 5298:billion 5141:in 1917 5012:at the 4969:donkeys 4963:mostly 4961:equines 4905:Sirkeci 4803:Finland 4799:Estonia 4790:, 2.5% 4786:, 2.5% 4784:Germans 4780:Slovaks 4764:Trianon 4689:Map of 4600:in the 4316:at the 4120:, 1917. 4116:in the 4000:US Army 3990:sent a 3988:US Navy 3970:asking 3797:Mărăști 3766:Giurgiu 3762:Dobruja 3692:Hungary 3476:Trieste 3439:Albania 3431:in the 3386:Tunisia 3290:Senussi 3276:⁄ 3225:Kurdish 3219:around 3133:by the 3116:Kurdish 3112:Baghdad 2953:Albania 2874:Tondern 2861:Furious 2835:convoys 2804:U-boats 2802:German 2760:Dresden 2746:Qingdao 2637:) used 2626:Channel 2558:led by 2460:Kamerun 2412:in the 2272:Belgium 2137:Asquith 1994:grenade 1895:Prelude 1872:Albania 1857:Galicia 1710:and an 1586:Germany 1582:Balkans 1535:Prussia 1428:Before 1394:Finland 1336:signed 1307:Romania 1248:Balkans 1228:Germany 1151:or the 931:Balkans 919:Finland 914:Romania 688:Germany 394:Hungary 390:Austria 382:Estonia 340:changes 302:Pacific 22187:Baháʼí 22177:Bábism 22058:Shinto 22043:Taoism 21925:Values 21798:Korean 21717:Arabic 21702:Hangul 21307:CANZUK 21197:Speech 21125:Slavic 21103:Gothic 21078:Celtic 21073:Baltic 20972:Values 20773:Values 20333:Greece 20244:Second 20231:Second 20028:Events 19818:Trends 19734:Russia 19714:France 19597:Serbia 19459:Greece 19192:Doiran 19124:Bizani 19119:Şarköy 19114:Bulair 19109:Lemnos 19069:Himara 19064:Prilep 18940:& 18784:Sweden 18774:Serbia 18769:Russia 18754:Poland 18744:Norway 18709:Greece 18699:France 18657:Europe 18567:Canada 18562:Brazil 18506:Angola 18499:Africa 18206:Russia 18181:France 18009:Canada 17924:Serbia 17795:Canada 17752:Horses 17704:(1921) 17698:(1920) 17692:(1920) 17686:(1920) 17678:(1920) 17631:(1919) 17625:(1919) 17571:(1918) 17536:(1918) 17530:(1917) 17518:(1916) 17512:(1916) 17477:(1915) 16896:(1913) 16878:(1911) 16860:(1905) 16817:Darfur 16742:Serbia 16725:Russia 16688:Greece 16676:France 16666:Brazil 16512:Persia 16455:Serbia 16087: 16068: 16049: 16032: 16022: 15996: 15986: 15969: 15959: 15933: 15908: 15891:6 June 15877: 15858: 15848: 15755: 15731: 15714:5 July 15702: 15675: 15658: 15648: 15626: 15607: 15590: 15580: 15563: 15553: 15531: 15514: 15504: 15444: 15423:5 July 15409: 15388: 15369: 15340: 15311: 15301: 15257: 15186: 15153: 15143: 15126: 15103: 15086: 15076: 15056: 15050:173938 15048: 15017: 14998: 14990: 14959: 14940: 14900: 14890: 14869: 14852: 14819: 14800: 14749: 14732: 14722: 14705: 14697: 14687: 14662: 14652: 14632: 14624: 14595: 14585: 14566: 14547: 14527: 14517: 14500: 14490: 14473: 14442: 14394: 14354: 14337: 14312: 14295: 14285: 14266: 14235: 14216: 14194: 14167: 14157: 14138: 14106: 14087: 14068: 14051: 14041: 14022: 14001: 13984: 13974: 13955: 13910: 13891: 13874: 13864: 13833: 13813: 13803: 13783: 13773: 13754: 13706:5 July 13692: 13668: 13649: 13632:5 July 13618: 13599: 13589: 13570: 13551: 13532: 13484: 13448: 13427: 13408: 13389: 13367: 13347:5 July 13333: 13312: 13293: 13274: 13255: 13218: 13014:23 May 12984:8 June 12972: 12944:Nature 12923: 12895:Nature 12795: 12734: 12686: 12631: 12576: 12515: 12248: 12111:1 July 12033: 11957: 11885: 11850: 11842: 11791: 11740: 11732: 11681: 11654: 11537: 11440: 11415: 11282:14 May 11268: 11218:6 June 11187:5 July 11178: 11140: 11107: 11097: 10989: 10981: 10927: 10917: 10631:27 May 10514: 10388: 10175: 10150: 10042: 9716: 9681: 9671: 9572:13 May 9546:13 May 9518: 9495:13 May 9469: 9443: 9420: 9230: 8955: 8685: 8536: 8509: 8482: 8382: 8270: 8048: 7930:5 July 7557:rts.rs 7283: 7229: 7156: 7011: 7003: 6937: 6889: 6503:17 May 6324: 6291: 6166:Verdun 6128:Allies 6116:gender 6089:tropes 6066:, 1918 5999: 5997:. 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The 1404:, and 1396:, the 1390:Poland 1365: 1311:Greece 1279:France 1275:Russia 1271:Serbia 1258:named 1181:Africa 1173:Europe 1165:Allies 1105:U-boat 1004:Africa 982:Persia 946:Greece 936:Serbia 897:Europe 741: 726: 712: 699: 685: 663: 649: 632: 616: 605:Russia 585: 570: 556: 543: 529: 517:Ceylon 514: 503:Canada 488: 474:Empire 459: 447:France 444: 408:, and 402:Turkey 386:Latvia 372:, the 362:Poland 322:Result 297:Africa 287:Europe 172:, 1915 161:, 1916 154:, 1916 147:, 1918 125:, 1916 27:, 23:, 22324:SEATO 22314:SAARC 22269:CPTPP 22254:CAREC 22229:ASEAN 22194:Druze 22182:Azali 22107:Sunni 22097:Islam 22063:Muism 22038:Taoic 21820:Chant 21815:Music 21766:Hindu 21727:Latin 21707:Hanja 21692:Kanji 21687:Hanzi 21462:USMCA 21317:CEFTA 21272:AUKUS 21262:ANZUS 21257:ANZUK 21202:Press 21120:Roman 20785:Sport 20729:Chant 20724:Music 20712:Media 20705:Canon 20651:Dance 20581:Latin 20576:Greek 20422:early 20249:Third 20239:First 20226:First 19729:Japan 19724:Italy 19277:Other 19232:Pirot 19227:Vidin 18900:Greek 18803:Wales 18779:Spain 18724:Italy 18648:Yemen 18623:Japan 18608:India 18598:China 18516:Egypt 18403:Other 18196:Japan 18191:Italy 18018:camps 17862:Rugby 16698:Japan 16693:Italy 16671:China 16565:North 15802:(PDF) 15793:(4). 15783:(PDF) 15430:Behr. 15367:S2CID 15338:S2CID 15184:JSTOR 15054:S2CID 15046:JSTOR 14996:S2CID 14988:JSTOR 14850:S2CID 14772:(4). 14630:S2CID 14622:JSTOR 14471:JSTOR 14419:(PDF) 14412:(PDF) 14264:JSTOR 13509:(PDF) 13502:(PDF) 12970:S2CID 12921:S2CID 11848:JSTOR 11535:S2CID 11413:S2CID 11365:(PDF) 11358:(PDF) 11320:(PDF) 11313:(PDF) 10987:S2CID 10903:Wiley 10901:(3). 10715:2 May 10598:(PDF) 10585:(PDF) 10560:(PDF) 10547:(PDF) 10450:(PDF) 10443:(PDF) 10335:(PDF) 10328:(PDF) 10013:(PDF) 10006:(PDF) 9950:(PDF) 9939:(PDF) 8906:Smele 7009:JSTOR 6170:Somme 5751:tanks 5703:Milan 5701:. In 5557:Fasci 5042:Sayfo 4973:mules 4842:unite 4792:Serbs 4672:Some 4475:Tyrol 4264:Reims 4126:First 4076:Arras 3793:Oituz 3750:Banat 3720:Oituz 3378:Libya 3229:Azeri 3159:Sinai 3085:Sayfo 3069:Greek 2795:U-155 2737:Emden 2402:Emden 2384:Samoa 2382:(now 2102:on 25 1424:Names 1299:Italy 1076:Samoa 1043:Libya 926:Italy 652:Japan 619:Italy 573:India 532:Egypt 410:Yemen 406:Hejaz 22309:RCEP 22284:EAEU 22264:CSTO 22214:APEC 22112:Shia 21825:Folk 21697:Kana 21531:and 21422:OSCE 21402:NATO 21347:EFTA 21312:CBSS 21297:BSEC 21187:Life 20739:Folk 20620:Diet 20432:late 20427:high 20343:Rome 20302:and 20164:Wars 19321:and 19099:Elli 18938:IMRO 18638:Siam 18618:Iraq 18613:Iran 18586:Asia 17983:POWs 17309:1918 17211:1917 17137:1916 17038:1915 16942:1914 16747:Siam 16550:East 16261:Link 16085:ISBN 16066:ISBN 16047:ISBN 16030:OCLC 16020:ISBN 15994:OCLC 15984:ISBN 15967:OCLC 15957:ISBN 15931:ISBN 15906:ISBN 15893:2020 15875:ISBN 15856:OCLC 15846:ISBN 15833:2009 15810:2022 15771:2013 15753:ISBN 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