986:
1208:
1085:
716:
736:
disputes regarding breaches of charter, including ship's masters seeking compensation for unpaid freight and merchants suing for damage to goods or unexpected port fees. Cases reflected
Scotland's principal marine industries including the transshipment of sugar and tobacco and the export of dried fish, coal and grains. A smaller number of cases related to smuggling, principally brandy, and to salvage rights for ships wrecked on Scottish shores. The court ceased operation in 1832 and its functions were subsumed into the
1013:. The date of the London oar is uncertain: it is depicted on the tomb of David Lewis, Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1559 until 1584, there is some evidence that it may date from the beginnings of the court in the fourteenth century, though one of several assay marks suggests that it was remade three centuries later (based on the earlier pattern). Local courts and vice-admiralty courts had their own silver oars; early examples survive from colonial courts in
1930:
1942:
33:
735:
The
Scottish court's workload was small until the mid-eighteenth century, with judges hearing no more than four matters in each sitting. After the 1750s the volume of cases rose until by 1790 it was necessary to maintain a daily log of decisions. The growth in caseload was related to increasing
1137:
To expedite the administration of maritime law, British colonies were routinely granted subsidiary jurisdiction through independent vice-admiralty courts. These were civil courts with the power to interpret colonial legislation, provided these did not conflict with
Admiralty Court decisions or
1005:. An antique silver oar is still placed before the bench when the High Court sits in London on matters relating to its admiralty court functions; in past times it was borne by the marshal in procession, not only in court but on occasions of arrest of persons or vessels, and also on the way to
1308:
c. 27 (UK)). That act provided for the abolition of the imperial courts of admiralty and replace them with local courts to be called colonial courts of admiralty. It was widely considered unsatisfactory that the imperial court should exist separately to the colonial courts, yet use the same
1056:
In addition to representing the court in session, from the nineteenth century the silver oar has been the insignia of the
Admiralty Marshal - an official responsible for serving writs of the court, and carrying out the sale of any vessels seized and disposed of by court decision.
723:
The
Scottish court's earliest records, held in West Register House in Edinburgh, indicate that sittings were a regular event by at least 1556. Judges were styled "Judge Admiral" and received appointment at the hands of the Scottish High Admiral to hear matters affecting the
1513:
the Court of
Session shall hold and exercise original jurisdiction in all maritime civil causes and proceedings of the same nature and extent in all respects as that held and exercised in regard to such causes by the High Court of Admiralty before the passing of this
1048:
possess examples relating to their former local admiralty jurisdiction. In recent times, new silver oars have been made for admiralty courts in Canada, Australia and New
Zealand; in 2014 the Admiralty Court presented a replica silver oar mace to the
1102:
An Act to facilitate the
Appointment of Vice Admirals and of Officers in Vice Admiralty Courts in Her Majesty's Possessions abroad, and to confirm the past Proceedings, to extend the Jurisdiction, and to amend the Practice of those
580:
804:
practice, the registrar can (and here does) act as deputy to the judge. Unless the judge finds a conflict of interest in the registrar's work their main task is to co-invest each successive
997:, the symbol of authority for a British admiralty court has been a silver oar, placed before the judge when the court is in session. In this respect the silver oar is the equivalent of a
1407:
591:
760:
who holds the appointment of
Admiralty Judge. The jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports extends in an area with boundaries running from the
1426:
Other than a brief interregnum from 1689 to 1702, during which the position of
Admiral was suspended and its functions administered by a board of commissioners.
599:
1325:
under the provisions of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890 (UK) to deal jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions. With Ceylon gaining
1180:
who received a percentage of the confiscated goods if the defendants were found guilty; therefore, defendants were more than likely to be found guilty.
1728:
1529:
The beauties of England and Wales; or, Delineations... of each county, by J. Britton and E. W. Brayley [and others]. 18 vols. [in 21]
547:
1543:
1225:
An Act to amend the Law respecting the exercise of Admiralty Jurisdiction in Her Majesty's Dominions and elsewhere out of the United Kingdom.
732:
disputes. From 1702 the judge of the court was also authorised to appoint deputies to hear lesser matters or to deputise during his absence.
1746:
969:
472:
102:
1410:
summarized their finding to this argument with, "Unfortunately for Defendant Greenstreet, decor is not a determinant for jurisdiction."
985:
220:
1802:
1053:
on the occasion of its 500th anniversary, acknowledging the work of its brethren in advising the court over much of its history.
1002:
809:
656:
630:
1230:
1142:
1108:
585:
1777:
1150:
1632:
989:
Cartoon showing the Duke of Wellington; King George IV and George's brother William holding the Silver Oar of the Admiralty
757:
620:
575:
541:
422:
1383:
1369:
896:
1871:
1709:
1724:
1212:
1154:
1089:
705:
1656:
625:
805:
70:
1395:
1291:
1909:
1890:
1274:
1269:
1843:
902:
1365:
1334:
1050:
1808:
916:
800:, and the Galloper Sands off the coast of Essex. The last full sitting was in 1914. According to general
649:
1920:
1387:
536:
462:
1284:
1972:
1391:
345:
1568:
1348:, having had the jurisdiction transferred to it from the Supreme Court under the provisions of the
801:
558:
274:
1828:
1967:
1754:
1345:
1330:
1044:
had a silver oar of early date, but it was stolen in the 1960s and replaced with a replica. Some
715:
61:
1962:
1675:
1527:
642:
1220:
1173:
1097:
435:
289:
1018:
948:
785:
748:
The sole survivor of the independent courts of admiralty is the Court of Admiralty for the
505:
251:
54:
8:
1734:
C A Ying, "Colonial and Federal Admiralty Jurisdiction" (1981) 12 Federal Law Review 241.
1633:"Notes on the silver oar of the Admiralty. Court sent to judge Woolsey in December. 1941"
840:
198:
1295:
877:
314:
183:
114:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1705:
1176:. From 1763 to 1765, when American smugglers were caught, they were tried by corrupt
1145:
was established in the colony of New South Wales in 1788. The first Vice-Admiral was
1030:
958:
868:
851:
604:
521:
410:
355:
210:
165:
119:
47:
1618:
1614:
1493:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1305:
1235:
1113:
885:
881:
873:
737:
725:
719:
Edinburgh's West Register House houses the records of the Scottish Admiralty Court.
565:
372:
230:
215:
172:
97:
81:
1373:
1639:
1544:"Tour Through the Eastern Counties of England, by Daniel Defoe; Beginning Page 6"
1045:
998:
994:
835:
531:
445:
440:
400:
193:
1318:
1146:
1006:
777:
429:
405:
365:
360:
279:
188:
155:
1956:
1946:
1660:
1361:
1294:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1022:
769:
681:
526:
338:
304:
269:
264:
160:
145:
107:
76:
24:
816:
Judge Official and Commissary of the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports
1399:
1248:
1126:
1041:
793:
773:
749:
677:
570:
255:
138:
133:
1161:
729:
417:
294:
284:
240:
1934:
761:
753:
467:
178:
150:
1941:
1380:
1341:
1329:
in 1948, jurisdiction over admiralty matters were transferred to the
1304:
1890 saw the enactment of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890 (
1169:
1165:
954:
781:
484:
457:
452:
377:
320:
299:
235:
203:
1929:
1326:
1034:
684:
1902:
The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice Since 1800
1480:
Mowat, Susan (1997). "Shipping and Trade in Scotland 1556-1830".
1453:
Mowat, Susan (1997). "Shipping and Trade in Scotland 1556-1830".
1026:
1014:
384:
350:
328:
309:
32:
1883:
Office-holders in Modern Britain: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870
1368:
have jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions; see
1010:
864:
797:
792:. It covers all the sea from Seaford to a point five miles off
789:
477:
225:
1177:
765:
128:
123:
688:
333:
1402:. Courts have repeatedly dismissed this as frivolous. In
772:, then to Shoe Beacon (or Shore Beacon), (to the east of
694:
1355:
1337:(UK) made provisions of the Admiralty Act inapplicable.
1832:, 209 F.3d 1227, 1233–1235, fn. 2 (9th Cir. 2000)
1605:
Senior, W. (1924). "The Mace of the Admiralty Court".
1918:
1317:
A colonial court of admiralty was established in the
1157:
was granted the admiralty jurisdiction of the court.
752:, which is presided over by the early-merged role of
1866:(4th ed.). London: Informa Law & Finance.
1344:today, admiralty jurisdiction is exercised by the
1001:, representing the authority of the Crown and the
1778:"Structure of Courts under the 1978 Constitution"
1309:facilities and personnel of the colonial courts.
1292:Text of the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890
1954:
1398:is in fact an "admiralty court" and thus has no
808:. Appeal from the court's decisions lies to the
784:, Kent, and around the coast to Redcliffe, near
1683:Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal
1183:
740:, Scotland's supreme court for civil disputes.
1525:
1861:
1673:
650:
1804:The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar
1509:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
706:King's Bench Division § Admiralty Court
1153:. The court was abolished in 1911 when the
1009:for the last journey of those convicted of
1511:, vol. 69, p. 21, 23 June 1830,
1160:A vice-admiralty court was also formed in
657:
643:
1753:. Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from
1729:The Development of Admiralty Jurisdiction
1702:The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1674:Myburgh, Paul; Sutton, Jennifer (2003).
1591:
1589:
1390:is that an American court displaying an
1060:
984:
728:as well as mercantile, privateering and
714:
1899:
1847:, 912 F. Supp 224 (N.D. Tex. 1996)
1003:Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
810:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
631:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
1955:
1880:
1604:
1473:
1439:
695:Admiralty courts in the United Kingdom
586:International Convention on Load Lines
1862:Meeson, Nigel; Kimbell, John (2011).
1586:
1479:
1452:
1356:Admiralty courts in the United States
1285:Text of statute as originally enacted
1195:Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act 1890
1775:
1699:
1323:Ceylon Courts of Admiralty Ordinance
961:, Barrister-at-Law, Queen's Counsel
905:, Queen's Counsel, Privy Councillor
756:. This office is normally held by a
699:
1864:Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice
621:International Maritime Organization
576:Ballast Water Management Convention
542:International Convention on Salvage
423:The captain goes down with the ship
13:
940:Barrister-at-Law, Queen's Counsel
776:, Essex), across the mouth of the
14:
1984:
1676:"The New Zealand Silver Oar Mace"
1595:Meeson & Kimbell 2011, pp9-11
1143:vice-admiralty court in Australia
16:Courts with maritime jurisdiction
1940:
1928:
1725:Australian Law Reform Commission
1213:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1206:
1155:Supreme Court of New South Wales
1090:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1083:
980:
31:
1855:
1837:
1822:
1795:
1769:
1739:
1718:
1693:
1667:
1649:
1625:
1526:England; Britton, John (1808).
806:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
743:
71:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
1904:. Cambridge University Press.
1619:10.1080/00253359.1924.10655256
1598:
1561:
1536:
1519:
1500:
1494:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656626
1467:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656626
1420:
1275:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998
1270:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986
1072:Vice Admiralty Courts Act 1863
970:Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony
1:
1507:"Court of Session Act 1830",
1433:
903:Fellow of the British Academy
754:Judge Official and Commissary
626:Comité Maritime International
592:International Regulations for
548:United Nations Convention on
1845:United States v. Greenstreet
1404:United States v. Greenstreet
1335:Ceylon Independence Act 1947
1184:Colonial courts of admiralty
1051:Corporation of Trinity House
594:Preventing Collisions at Sea
7:
1809:Southern Poverty Law Center
1704:. Oxford University Press.
1350:Judicature Act No.2 of 1978
1040:The Admiralty Court of the
917:Order of the British Empire
710:
613:International organizations
10:
1989:
1830:United States v. Mackovich
1188:United Kingdom legislation
1065:United Kingdom legislation
703:
691:, injuries, and offenses.
537:Maritime Labour Convention
1885:. London: Athlone Press.
1700:Kemp, Peter, ed. (1993).
1312:
1290:
1283:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1229:
1219:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1125:
1120:
1107:
1096:
1082:
1077:
1070:
514:International conventions
1747:"ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION"
1413:
1149:and the first judge was
676:, are courts exercising
559:International piracy law
550:the Law of the Sea
1900:Wiswall, F. L. (1970).
1731:, Report 33, Chapter 2
1569:"Cinque Ports Act 1821"
1548:www.pagebypagebooks.com
1366:federal district courts
1331:Supreme Court of Ceylon
876:, Doctor of Civil Law,
581:Anti-fouling Convention
1573:www.legislation.gov.uk
1138:British maritime law.
990:
720:
1881:Sainty, J.C. (1975).
1346:High Court of Colombo
1174:British North America
1061:Vice admiralty courts
988:
718:
1663:on 10 February 2015.
1657:"Historical summary"
1607:The Mariner's Mirror
1482:The Mariner's Mirror
1455:The Mariner's Mirror
949:Lieutenant-Commander
506:Vice admiralty court
252:Contract of carriage
55:Corpus Juris Civilis
1645:on 9 February 2015.
1384:conspiracy argument
1379:In recent years, a
1172:of 1764 throughout
1168:and to enforce the
841:Doctor of Civil Law
817:
768:along the shore to
1776:De Silva, Sarath.
1388:sovereign citizens
1321:in 1891 under the
1296:legislation.gov.uk
991:
937:Sir Henry Barnard
926:N. L. C. Macaskie
901:Barrister-at-Law,
815:
721:
115:Maritime transport
1757:on 29 August 2019
1306:53 & 54 Vict.
1302:
1301:
1258:Other legislation
1236:53 & 54 Vict.
1201:Act of Parliament
1135:
1134:
1114:26 & 27 Vict.
1078:Act of Parliament
1046:local authorities
1031:Cape of Good Hope
995:Elizabethan times
978:
977:
959:Deputy Lieutenant
897:Frederick Pollock
869:Robert Phillimore
852:Joseph Phillimore
700:England and Wales
667:
666:
605:Athens Convention
571:MARPOL Convention
522:Hague-Visby Rules
411:Freight forwarder
356:Proof of delivery
211:Maritime security
48:Code of Hammurabi
1980:
1973:Admiralty courts
1945:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1659:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1638:. Archived from
1637:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1427:
1424:
1386:used notably by
1210:
1209:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1067:
929:Queen's Counsel
886:Barrister-at-Law
882:Privy Councillor
874:Bachelor of Arts
818:
814:
796:on the coast of
758:High Court Judge
738:Court of Session
726:Royal Scots Navy
672:, also known as
670:Admiralty courts
659:
652:
645:
566:SOLAS Convention
553:
418:Captain (Master)
216:Letter of marque
173:Marine insurance
82:Hanseatic League
35:
21:
20:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1893:
1874:
1858:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1811:, 1 August 2010
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1532:. p. 1012.
1524:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1474:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1358:
1315:
1279:
1215:
1207:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1092:
1084:
1071:
1066:
1063:
999:ceremonial mace
983:
951:Gerald Darling
878:Queen's Counsel
836:French Laurence
827:Qualifications
746:
713:
708:
702:
697:
674:maritime courts
663:
596:
593:
555:
551:
549:
532:Rotterdam Rules
501:Admiralty court
441:Freight company
432:
194:General average
175:
146:Merchant marine
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:Courts by type
1965:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1836:
1821:
1794:
1768:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1717:
1710:
1692:
1666:
1648:
1624:
1597:
1585:
1560:
1535:
1518:
1499:
1472:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1370:28 U.S.C.
1357:
1354:
1319:British Ceylon
1314:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1147:Arthur Phillip
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1007:Execution Dock
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
967:
963:
962:
952:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
914:
913:R. E. Knocker
911:
907:
906:
899:
893:
889:
888:
871:
862:
858:
857:
854:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
829:
828:
825:
822:
778:Thames Estuary
745:
742:
712:
709:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
696:
693:
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
615:
614:
610:
609:
608:
607:
602:
600:SAR Convention
597:
590:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
562:
561:
546:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
495:
494:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
481:
480:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
427:
426:
425:
415:
414:
413:
408:
395:
394:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
381:
380:
370:
369:
368:
358:
353:
348:
343:
342:
341:
331:
326:
325:
324:
317:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
280:Bill of lading
277:
272:
267:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
241:Wartime prizes
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
156:Passenger ship
153:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
112:
111:
110:
105:
92:
91:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
74:
67:
66:
65:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Admiralty law
1961:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:9781843119432
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1756:
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1640:the original
1627:
1613:(1): 49–50.
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1551:. Retrieved
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1488:(1): 18–19.
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1400:jurisdiction
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1253:25 July 1890
1249:Royal assent
1159:
1140:
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1127:Royal assent
1055:
1042:Cinque Ports
1039:
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794:Cape Grisnez
774:Shoeburyness
750:Cinque Ports
747:
744:Cinque Ports
734:
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678:jurisdiction
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669:
668:
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351:Packing list
319:
256:Charterparty
166:Registration
139:Shipbuilding
69:
60:
53:
18:
1396:gold fringe
1381:pseudolegal
1374:§ 1333
1162:Nova Scotia
1151:Robert Ross
1131:8 June 1863
1033:(1806) and
1025:(c. 1725),
895:Rt Hon Sir
730:prize money
493:Judiciaries
295:Consignment
1957:Categories
1911:0521077516
1892:0485171449
1815:20 January
1782:Daily News
1434:References
1263:Amended by
1221:Long title
1141:The first
1098:Long title
945:1979–1996
934:1967–1979
923:1961–1967
910:1936–1961
892:1914–1936
861:1855–1875
847:1809–1855
832:1791–1809
762:Naze Tower
315:Commercial
290:Chartering
204:Total loss
179:Act of God
151:Cargo ship
1787:29 August
1761:29 August
1578:24 August
1553:24 August
1342:Sri Lanka
1327:self rule
1170:Sugar Act
1166:smugglers
955:MA (Oxon)
821:In office
782:Shellness
685:contracts
680:over all
485:Stevedore
463:Principal
458:Consignor
453:Consignee
436:Charterer
321:Pro forma
300:Demurrage
285:Brokerage
236:Smuggling
231:Pollution
189:Collision
1231:Citation
1109:Citation
1035:Calcutta
1029:(1801),
1021:(1725),
1017:(1701),
802:civilian
711:Scotland
682:maritime
552:(UNCLOS)
346:Manifest
339:Maritime
275:Barratry
161:Mortgage
120:Shipping
90:Features
1921:Portals
1394:with a
1360:In the
1333:as the
1164:to try
1103:Courts.
1027:Colombo
1015:Bermuda
786:Seaford
446:Manager
430:Carrier
393:Parties
385:Waybill
361:Salvage
329:Laytime
310:Invoice
134:Freight
103:Illegal
98:Fishing
62:Digesta
40:History
1947:Oceans
1908:
1889:
1870:
1708:
1406:, the
1372:
1364:, the
1313:Ceylon
1178:judges
1019:Boston
1011:piracy
993:Since
865:Rt Hon
798:France
790:Sussex
478:Mutiny
473:Seaman
406:Factor
270:Agency
226:Piracy
1679:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1414:Notes
1408:court
1243:Dates
1238:c. 27
1121:Dates
1116:c. 24
766:Essex
689:torts
468:Owner
401:Agent
373:Terms
221:Drugs
184:Cargo
129:Cargo
124:Ferry
1906:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1817:2022
1789:2019
1763:2019
1706:ISBN
1580:2019
1555:2019
867:Sir
850:Sir
824:Name
334:Lien
1935:Law
1615:doi
1514:Act
1490:doi
1463:doi
1340:In
780:to
366:Law
1959::
1807:,
1780:.
1749:.
1727:,
1687:17
1685:.
1681:.
1611:10
1609:.
1588:^
1571:.
1546:.
1486:83
1484:.
1459:83
1457:.
1441:^
1376:.
1352:.
1037:.
974:—
957:,
884:,
880:,
856:—
812:.
788:,
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1923::
1914:.
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1465::
1298:.
658:e
651:t
644:v
254:/
122:/
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