Admiralty law - Knowledge

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boarding a ship which is on fire, raising a ship or boat which has already sunk, or towing a ship which is in the surf away from the shore. Low-order salvage occurs where the salvor is exposed to little or no personal risk. Examples of low-order salvage include towing another vessel in calm seas, supplying a vessel with fuel, or pulling a vessel off a sand bar. Salvors performing high-order salvage receive substantially greater salvage award than those performing low-order salvage.

942: 4565: 2319: 4579: 2333: 1740: 31: 1482:. Whilst Pakistan now has its own statute, the Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980 (Ordinance XLII of 1980), it also follows English case law. One reason for this is that the 1980 Ordinance is partly modelled on old English admiralty law, namely the Administration of Justice Act 1956. The current statute dealing with the Admiralty jurisdiction of the England and Wales High Court is the 1264:(International Maritime Committee or CMI). Founded in 1897, the CMI drafted numerous international conventions, including the Hague Rules (International Convention on Bills of Lading), the Visby Amendments (amending the Hague Rules), the Salvage Convention, and many others. While the CMI continues to function in an advisory capacity, many of its functions have been taken over by the 1831:. This replacement was done in 2001 to handle the constantly upgrading modern shipping industry. The purpose of the Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 is to provide a strategy and rules under which the government authorities will function in dealing with stuff related to the shipping industry. This law also handles duties internationally required under the ILO ( 1080:

three years, suits against cruise lines may need to be brought within one year because of limitations contained in the passenger ticket. Notice requirements in the ticket may require a formal notice to be brought within six months of the injury. Most U.S. cruise line passenger tickets also have provisions requiring that suit to be brought in either

1019:. Admiralty law also covers land-based commercial activities that are maritime in character, such as marine insurance. Some lawyers prefer to reserve the term "admiralty law" for "wet law" (e.g. salvage, collisions, ship arrest, towage, liens and limitation), and use "maritime law" only for "dry law" (e.g. carriage of goods and people, 1636:

The common element of those cases are that they require the court to exercise jurisdiction over maritime property. For example, in a petitory and possession action, a vessel whose title is in dispute, usually between co-owners, will be put in the possession of the court until the title dispute can be

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Admiralty courts assume jurisdiction by virtue of the presence of the vessel in its territorial jurisdiction irrespective of whether the vessel is national or not and whether registered or not, and wherever the residence or domicile or their owners may be. A vessel is usually arrested by the court to

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Pure salvage claims are divided into "high-order" and "low-order" salvage. In high-order salvage, the salvor exposes himself and his crew to the risk of injury and loss or damage to his equipment to salvage the damaged ship. Examples of high-order salvage are boarding a sinking ship in heavy weather,

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The obligation of "maintenance" requires the shipowner to provide a seaman with his basic living expenses while he is convalescing. Once a seaman is able to work, he is expected to maintain himself. Consequently, a seaman can lose his right to maintenance, while the obligation to provide cure is

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In both high-order and low-order salvage the amount of the salvage award is based first upon the value of the property saved. If nothing is saved, or if additional damage is done, there will be no award. The other factors to be considered are the skills of the salvor, the peril to which the salvaged

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Canada has adopted an expansive definition of its maritime law, which goes beyond traditional admiralty law. The original English admiralty jurisdiction was called "wet", as it concerned itself with things done at sea, including collisions, salvage and the work of mariners, and contracts and torts

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In pure salvage, there is no contract between the owner of the goods and the salvor. The relationship is one which is implied by law. The salvor of property under pure salvage must bring his claim for salvage in court, which will award salvage based upon the "merit" of the service and the value of

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to passengers. Consequently, passengers who are injured aboard ships may bring suit as if they had been injured ashore through the negligence of a third party. The passenger bears the burden of proving that the shipowner was negligent. While personal injury cases must generally be pursued within

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governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime matters, the international nature of the topic and the need for uniformity has, since 1900, led to considerable international

1221:) – have all been the subject of treasure salvage awards. Due to refinements in side-scanning sonars, many ships which were previously missing are now being located and treasure salvage is now a less risky endeavor than it was in the past, although it is still highly speculative and expensive. 1172:

A pure or merit salvage award will seldom exceed 50 percent of the value of the property salved. The exception to that rule is in the case of treasure salvage. Because sunken treasure has generally been lost for hundreds of years, while the original owner (or insurer, if the vessel was insured)

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There are two types of salvage: contract salvage and pure salvage, which is sometimes referred to as "merit salvage". In contract salvage the owner of the property and salvor enter into a salvage contract prior to the commencement of salvage operations and the amount that the salvor is paid is

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injured in the service of the ship, until the seaman has reached "maximum medical cure". The concept of "maximum medical cure" is more extensive than the concept "maximum medical improvement". The obligation to "cure" a seaman includes the obligation to provide him with medications and medical

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of 1873–1875 abolished the Admiralty Court as such, and it became conflated in the new Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division of the High Court. However, when the PDA was abolished and replaced by a new Family Division, admiralty jurisdiction passed to a so-called Admiralty Court which was

1807:. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. 1125:

against the ship to guarantee payment. To enforce the lien, the ship must be arrested or seized. In the United States, an action to enforce a lien against a U.S. ship must be brought in federal court and cannot be done in state court, except for under the reverse

1710:(COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a shipowner is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook", meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an " 1406:) are advised to implement self-protective measures, in accordance with most recent best management practices agreed upon by the members of the merchant industry and endorsed by the NATO Shipping Centre, and the Maritime Security Centre Horn-of-Africa (MSCHOA). 1044:

devices which improve his ability to function, even if they do not "improve" his actual condition. They may include long-term treatments that permit him to continue to function well. Common examples include prostheses, wheelchairs, and pain medications.

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Aside from those five types of cases, all other maritime cases, such as claims for personal injuries, cargo damage, collisions, maritime products liability, and recreational boating accidents may be brought in either federal or state court.

868:. For example, the phrase in the Declaration of Independence "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury" refers to the practice of the UK Parliament giving the Admiralty Courts jurisdiction to enforce the 915:

proposing that the U.S. Constitution, then under consideration by the States, be amended to include "trial by jury in all matters of fact triable by the laws of the land and not by the laws of Nations". The result was the

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award on the salvaged property. There is no "life salvage": all mariners have a duty to save the lives of others in peril without expectation of reward. Consequently, salvage law applies only to the saving of property.

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Seaborne transport was one of the earliest channels of commerce, and rules for resolving disputes involving maritime trade were developed early in recorded history. Early historical records of these laws include the

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Maritime law is governed by a uniform three-year statute of limitations for personal injury and wrongful death cases. Cargo cases must be brought within two years (extended from the one-year allowance under the

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any colonist of its violation. The Admiralty Court, which has never had trial by jury, was thus given jurisdiction so a colonist charged with breaching the Stamp Act could be more easily convicted by the Crown.

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also form part of the body of conventions in international waters. Other commercial conventions include the "International Convention relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-Going Ships",

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which stated that a person missing at sea shall be assumed to be dead after seven years; conspiracy theorists claim that the government uses this Act to secretly enslave people, by assuming any person to be

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noted further that admiralty law was also used as an alternative to the common law in Norman England, which previously required voluntary submission to it by entering a plea seeking judgment from the court.

1233:" is then used to mean the striking of a stationary object, while "collision" is used to mean the striking of a moving object. Thus, when two vessels run against each other, courts typically use the term 1252:

While there is no great difference between the two terms and often they are even used interchangeably, determining the difference helps clarify the circumstances of emergencies and adapt accordingly.

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doctrine" requires state courts hearing admiralty cases to apply substantive federal admiralty law. However, state courts are allowed to apply state procedural law. This change can be significant.

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The origin of the maritime law conspiracy theory is unknown, though it may stem from a misunderstanding of some nautical-sounding words in common usage in the English-language judiciary such as

1486:, ss. 20–24, 37. The provisions in those sections are, in turn, based on the International Arrest Convention 1952. Other countries which do not follow the English statute and case laws, such as 1672:

A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law, even if it conflicts with the law of the state, under a doctrine known as the "reverse-

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over admiralty and maritime matters; however, that jurisdiction is not exclusive, and most maritime cases can be heard in either state or federal courts under the "saving to suitors" clause.

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in the case of piracy, which means that any nation may pursue pirates on the high seas, including pursuing them into a country's territorial waters. Most nations have signed onto the 1982

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From a tactical standpoint it is important to consider that in federal courts in the United States, there is generally no right to trial by jury in admiralty cases, although the 1920

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In maritime law, it is occasionally desirable to distinguish between the situation of a vessel striking a moving object and that of it striking a stationary object. The word "

1055:, 369 U.S. 527 (1962). If a shipowner's breach of its obligation to provide maintenance and cure is willful and wanton, the shipowner may be subject to punitive damages. See 2982: 3180: 1828: 924:

in an admiralty case in colonial Boston involving seizure of one of Hancock's ships for violations of customs regulations. In the more modern era, Supreme Court Justice

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took hold and English maritime commerce burgeoned, the Admiralty Court became a proactive source of innovative legal ideas and provisions to meet the new situation. The

1284: 589: 1953: 733:), of which no primary written specimen has survived, but which is alluded to in other legal texts (Roman and Byzantine legal codes), and later the customs of the 1260:

Before the mid-1970s, most international conventions concerning maritime trade and commerce originated in a private organization of maritime lawyers known as the

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Healy, Sharpe and Sharpe, Cases and Materials on Admiralty, Thomson West, pp.502-510 (maintenance and cure); pp.510-20 (Jones Act); pp.520-25 (unseaworthiness).

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property was exposed, the value of the property which was risked in effecting the salvage, the amount of time and money expended in the salvage operation, etc.

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then clarified the admiralty jurisdiction of the Queen's Bench, so England and Wales once again has a distinct Admiralty Court (albeit no longer based in the

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was a development of continental civil law, the Admiralty Court of England and Wales was a common law court, albeit somewhat distanced from the mainstream

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Banks which loan money to purchase ships, vendors who supply ships with necessaries like fuel and stores, seamen who are due wages, and many others have a

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There are several universities that offer maritime law programs. What follows is a partial list of universities offering postgraduate maritime courses:

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resolved. In a limitation action, the shipowner will post a bond reflecting the value of the vessel and her pending freight. A sixth category, that of

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continues to have an interest in it, the salvor or finder will generally get the majority of the value of the property. While sunken ships from the

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collision—vessel struck or was struck by another vessel on the water surface, or struck a stationary object, not another ship (an allision)

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injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the

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The Convention on the Law of the Sea has not been ratified by 29 United Nations member and observer states, most notably the United States. See

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has made it unlawful to exclude liability for death or personal injury caused by one's negligence. (Since then, however, the so-called "

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Talley, Wayne K. (January 1995). "Safety Investments and Operating Conditions: Determinants of Accident Passenger-Vessel Damage Cost".

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in 1789. Many American lawyers who were prominent in the American Revolution were admiralty and maritime lawyers. Those included are

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that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and

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https://web.archive.org/web/20150721223230/http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Carchive-date=21

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allowed a shipping line to escape liability when a bosun's negligence resulted in a passenger being injured. Since then, the

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Canadian jurisdiction was originally consolidated in 1891, with subsequent expansions in 1934 following the passage of the

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promulgated in about 1160 A.D. The obligation to "cure" requires a shipowner to provide medical care free of charge to a

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has tended to expand the maritime law power, thus overriding prior provincial laws based on the provinces' power over

3972: 3530: 3429: 3365: 2477: 2459: 2202: 1985:– LL.M. in Business, Corporate, and Maritime Law; Master of Science (M.Sc.) In Maritime Economics and Logistics (MEL) 1832: 1787: 1057: 982: 1769: 1726:, it must be established that the goods were placed in the carrier's possession and control for immediate carriage. 1478:

countries) follow English statute and case law. India still follows many Victorian-era British statutes such as the

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Once adopted, most international conventions are enforced by the individual signatory nations, either through their

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The striking by a vessel of a fixed object such as a bridge, technically termed 'allision' rather than 'collision'

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A seaman who is required to sue a shipowner to recover maintenance and cure may also recover his attorneys fees.

744: 68: 2269: 4048: 3682: 3067: 2057: 1880: 1765: 1761: 1100: 3326: 4790: 3401: 2185: 2034:– LL.M in maritime law (Graduate Diploma in Maritime Law and Arbitration International Maritime Organization) 1076: 2505:"Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" 2303:. This theory is entirely devoid of merit: when invoked by litigants, it has been consistently dismissed as 4208: 3687: 2508: 2381: 2237: 2196: 1982: 1707: 1520:

performed at sea. Canadian law has added "dry" jurisdiction to this field, which includes such matters as:

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Healy, Nicholas J.; Sweeney, Joseph C. (July–October 1991). "Basic Principles of the Law of Collision".

1490:, also have established well-known maritime courts which decide international cases on a regular basis. 1179: 4785: 4684: 4178: 3677: 3286: 2346: 2233: 1598: 1024: 885: 534: 460: 4739: 4261: 2782:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017. 2166: 2148: 2086: 1939: 1572: 925: 343: 1683:" requires that federal courts hearing state actions must apply substantive state law, the "reverse- 4624: 4056: 4038: 2529: 2361: 2284:

from the age of seven and thereafter considering their person and/or property as its possessions.

2179: 2160: 1750: 1479: 1456: 1452: 1364: 846: 811: 556: 272: 4390: 3311: 2133:– BSc & MSc in Maritime, Transport & Logistics (MTL) (with embedded maritime law elements) 1275:

The IMO has prepared numerous international conventions concerning maritime safety, including the

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court that was initially somewhat distanced from other English courts. After around 1750, as the

3154: 2940: 2822:"Why the Full Extent of the Admiralty Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts has yet to be explored" 2791: 2772: 2588: 59: 4780: 4486: 4471: 2564: 2304: 2199:– LL.M in admiralty and JD with a Certificate of Specialization in Admiralty & Maritime Law 2124: 1896: 1513: 1483: 1380: 1040: 850: 640: 3046: 2854:"Admiralty Jurisdiction and Canadian Maritime Law in the Federal Courts: The next forty years" 872:

in the American colonies. The Stamp Act was unpopular in America, so a colonial jury would be

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on the American flags displayed in courtrooms is evidence of maritime law being in effect.

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movements, asserts that at some point maritime law, which they consider to be the law of

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When property is lost at sea and rescued by another, the rescuer is entitled to claim a

702:, jurisdiction over coastal waters, and the maritime relationships between nations. The 4689: 4281: 3940: 3794: 3779: 3757: 3501: 3481: 3434: 3424: 2708: 2669: 2145:(Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law) – LLM in International Maritime Law 2142: 2118: 2005: 1995: 1602: 1444: 1320: 1211: 1188: 1004: 964: 960: 889: 873: 312: 181: 112: 2625: 2169:

School of Law (Institute of Maritime Law) – LLB (Maritime Law) and LLM in Maritime Law

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whereas when one vessel runs against a stationary object, they typically use the term

1036: 920:. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were both admiralty lawyers and Adams represented 788: 4266: 4188: 4026: 3769: 3764: 3717: 3642: 3636: 3476: 3394: 2639: 2473: 2455: 2419: 2229: 2112: 1856: 1657: 1424: 1300: 1299:(UNCLOS) defined a treaty regarding protection of the marine environment and various 1016: 996: 881: 803: 695: 602: 519: 408: 353: 208: 163: 117: 45: 3355: 2550:

Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3 c. 12), 22 March 1765. D. Pickering,

4714: 4674: 4271: 4238: 3737: 3601: 3596: 3561: 2920: 2885: 2700: 2661: 2415: 2261: 2060:– Master in Maritime Business and Maritime Law (ICADE – Spanish Maritime Institute) 1909: 1664:. Most major cruise ship passenger tickets have a one-year statute of limitations. 1530: 1020: 908: 893: 760: 738: 679: 563: 370: 228: 213: 170: 95: 79: 2909: 4520: 4493: 4481: 4461: 4395: 4373: 4353: 4348: 4328: 4193: 4173: 4168: 4071: 4031: 3742: 3667: 3591: 3576: 3496: 3074: 2948: 2928: 2798: 2779: 2376: 2351: 2076: 1706:

Claims for damage to cargo shipped in international commerce are governed by the

1661: 1436: 1246: 1196: 1104: 807: 684: 529: 498: 443: 438: 398: 191: 4609: 3043:"Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas – Droit maritime (1230) – programme de cours" 3027: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4669: 4664: 4597: 4405: 4323: 3912: 3878: 3829: 3814: 3586: 3491: 3471: 3461: 3138:

http://www.law.tulane.edu/tlsAcademicPrograms/index.aspx?id=1726%7Ctitle=Tulane

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Canadian jurisdiction in the area of navigation and shipping is vested in the

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One variation of this theory is based on a misinterpretation of the English

1718:, and management of the ship. The basis of liability for the shipowner is a 1230: 4659: 4583: 4333: 4301: 4256: 3994: 3989: 3960: 3873: 3851: 3819: 3752: 3732: 3626: 3566: 3556: 3508: 3466: 3444: 3387: 2554:, Vol. XXVI, p. 179ff. (Section LVII relates to jurisdiction in admiralty.) 2265: 2039: 1820: 1543: 1440: 1391: 1200: 1184: 1174: 921: 568: 253: 136: 131: 3088:"University of Oslo (UiO) - Maritime & North Sea Energy Law Education" 1608:

There are five types of cases which can only be brought in federal court:

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determined by the contract. The most common salvage contract is called a "

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retain jurisdiction. State-owned vessels are usually immune from arrest.

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Merchant vessels transiting areas of increased pirate activity (i.e. the

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in Nantes – Master of Laws and Safety of maritime and oceanic activities

1871:– LL.M in international, business or private law with marine law courses 1339:. By contrast, disputes involving the Law of the Sea may be resolved at 864:

English Admiralty courts were a prominent feature in the prelude to the

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The doctrine of maintenance and cure is rooted in Article VI of the

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over people. Sovereign citizens notably claim that the presence of

2094: 1934: 1899:

in Le Havre – Master of Laws in Maritime & Ports Activities Law

1816: 1719: 1463: 1414: 1309: 2963:. Hornbook Series. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 439 2248:" system as part of a broader conspiracy which secretly replaced 1927:

Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

1323:, or through their national courts. Cases within the ambit of the 4749: 4679: 4415: 4363: 4343: 4291: 4103: 4021: 3837: 3799: 3747: 2411: 2013: 1917: 1904: 1399: 1379:

normally has jurisdiction over a ship on the high seas, there is

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Master of Science in Maritime Affairs (Maritime Law and Policy)

2071: 1990: 1863: 1847: 1487: 1432: 1360: 1288: 1242: 1008: 792: 475: 223: 3155:"University of Hawaii - Ocean Engineering & Law Education" 2232:

of American origin, notably present among the anti-government

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in 1958 but did not become truly effective until about 1974.

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A leading sponsor of admiralty law in Europe was the French

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Law School Academics|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=

2615:. vol. 2: 1864–1957. United States: Vintage Books. 1387:

which dictates the legal requirements for pursuing pirates.

4744: 4734: 4338: 4286: 4142: 3540: 3456: 2066:– Master in Maritime Enterprise Management and Maritime Law 1280: 1122: 331: 2448:

The title of Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard's book changed from

1835:) conventions as Pakistan is an active member of the ILO. 1285:

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

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through admiralty cases arising after the adoption of the

783:. Eleanor then established admiralty law on the island of 3410: 810:

handles all admiralty cases. Despite early reliance upon

799:, Eleanor instituted admiralty law into England as well. 675: 3114:"Charleston School of Law, An ABA-Accredited Law School" 995:

Matters dealt by admiralty law include marine commerce,

771:. Eleanor had learned about admiralty law whilst on the 928:

was an admiralty lawyer before ascending to the bench.

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and the expanding definition of Canadian maritime law"

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International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

1293:

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue

1277:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

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grants a jury trial to seamen suing their employers.

791:. Some time later, while she was in London acting as 3077:. Formations.univ-brest.fr. Retrieved on 2013-08-02. 2851: 2819: 2314: 2211:

University of Hawaii – LL.M. in Ocean Law and Policy

3068:

Master Droit des Espaces et des Activités Maritimes

1564:, and in 1971 with the extension to "dry" matters. 1557:This list is not exhaustive of the subject matter. 3182:Without Prejudice: What Sovereign Citizens Believe 2467: 2449: 1064: 4639: 3014:"New shipping law to meet modern day requirement" 1690: 4772: 1415:Great Britain and certain Commonwealth countries 1303:. Restrictions on international fishing such as 2392:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2115:– LLM in Maritime Law and LLM in Law of the Sea 1714:", the inherent nature of the goods, errors in 1385:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1369:Throughout history, piracy has been defined as 1347:, provided that the parties are signatories to 1297:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1133: 1110: 704:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3188:, George Washington University, archived from 2961:Handbook of Admiralty Law in the United States 1729: 683:maritime law developments, including numerous 4625: 3395: 3269:, Southern Poverty Law Center, August 1, 2010 949:The examples and perspective in this section 648: 3266:The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 2810:NATO Shipping Centre (www.shipping.nato.int) 2729: 2437:United States non-ratification of the UNCLOS 2244:, substituted for the original, legitimate " 1462:Most of the common law countries (including 1314:International Convention for Safe Containers 1255: 1130:whereby state courts can apply federal law. 690:Admiralty law may be distinguished from the 2613:Great Issues in American History: 1765–1865 2188:– LL.M. in Logistics and Transportation Law 1768:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 815: 742: 4632: 4618: 3402: 3388: 3040: 967:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 706:has been adopted by 167 countries and the 655: 641: 3205: 1788:Learn how and when to remove this message 1375:, or the enemy of all mankind. While the 983:Learn how and when to remove this message 4547:History of the American legal profession 3228: 1722:and if the carrier is to be liable as a 3370:Roger Williams University School of Law 3330:, 912 F. Supp 224 (N.D. Tex. 1996) 3259: 3257: 2182:– LL.M. in Admirality and Maritime Law 1950:Netherlands Maritime University College 1912:- Master of Science in Maritime Science 1409: 1030: 880:Admiralty law gradually became part of 629:London Maritime Arbitrators Association 4773: 3178: 2690: 2000:Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law 1877:– LL.M in marine and environmental law 584:International Convention on Load Lines 4613: 3383: 3172: 2876:Christopher J. Giaschi (2000-10-03). 2532:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae 3254: 2878:"The Constitutional implications of 2732:Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 2217: 1966:International Maritime Law Institute 1838: 1766:adding citations to reliable sources 1733: 1612:limitation of shipowner's liability, 1268:(IMO), which was established by the 935: 849:sitting to hear nautical cases. The 3225:, Issue 57, February 2012, pp 18–19 3028:"International Labour Organization" 2527: 2497: 2209:William S. Richardson School of Law 2192:St. Thomas University School of Law 2139:– LLM in International Shipping Law 1875:University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 1660:), pursuant to the adoption of the 1266:International Maritime Organization 1061:, 557 U.S. 404 (2009) (J. Thomas). 826:, the English Admiralty Court is a 757:were in effect from an early date. 710:, and disputes are resolved at the 619:International Maritime Organization 574:Ballast Water Management Convention 540:International Convention on Salvage 421:The captain goes down with the ship 13: 2983:"Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001" 2468:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2014). 2450:Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2007). 2102:– LL.M. in international trade law 1946:in Legal Aspects of Marine Affairs 1295:(SAR Convention) and others. The 1210:), and sunken merchant ships (the 1155:Lloyd's Open Form Salvage Contract 698:dealing with navigational rights, 14: 4802: 3531:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3339: 2660:(3): 554 footnote 1. March 1963. 2611:Hofstadter, Richard (1958). 2203:University of Miami School of Law 1833:International Labour Organization 1667: 1058:Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend 4578: 4577: 4563: 3351:Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide 2331: 2317: 2137:Queen Mary, University of London 2131:Liverpool John Moores University 2032:National University of Singapore 2021:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 2008:– Master of Laws in Maritime Law 1825:Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 1738: 1632:petitory and possession actions. 1601:grants original jurisdiction to 1578: 940: 787:, where it was published as the 29: 4542:History of the legal profession 3320: 3305: 3279: 3147: 3130: 3106: 3080: 3061: 3034: 3020: 3006: 2975: 2966: 2953: 2933: 2921:Rotterdam Rules: Interpretation 2914: 2899: 2869: 2852:John G. O'Connor (2011-10-28). 2845: 2820:John G. O'Connor (2004-11-05). 2813: 2804: 2785: 2766: 2742: 2723: 2684: 2645: 2632: 2618: 2205:– LL.M in Ocean and Coastal Law 2019:Ovidius University of Constanța 1695: 1589: 1065:Personal injuries to passengers 745:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 69:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris 16:Law of the oceans and their use 2959:Robinson, Gustavus H. (1939). 2605: 2581: 2557: 2544: 2521: 2442: 2429: 2404: 2058:Comillas Pontifical University 1881:University of Western Brittany 1691:Features of U.S. admiralty law 1512:by virtue of s. 91(10) of the 1241:. The fixed object could be a 1101:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 1097:Adler v Dickson (The Himalaya) 1015:by sea of both passengers and 1: 4640:Seamanship (seafaring) topics 2754:response.restoration.noaa.gov 2642:". Accessed November 7, 2014. 2490: 2186:Florida Coastal School of Law 1972:in International Maritime Law 1439:(civil law) that prevails in 1262:Comité Maritime International 779:with her first husband, King 624:Comité Maritime International 590:International Regulations for 546:United Nations Convention on 3361:Law of the Sea at the UN web 3328:United States v. Greenstreet 2509:United Nations Treaty Series 2382:Maritime environmental crime 2197:Tulane University Law School 1983:Erasmus University Rotterdam 1708:Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1567:Recent jurisprudence at the 1134:Salvage and treasure salvage 1111:Maritime liens and mortgages 918:United States Bill of Rights 729: 592:Preventing Collisions at Sea 7: 4705:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer 3356:LII: Law about... Admiralty 3293:Conway Hall Ethical Society 3242:Southern Poverty Law Center 3237:Sovereign Citizens Movement 3144:July 2015|url-status=dead}} 2472:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 2454:(2nd ed.). Cavendish. 2310: 2155:University of Hertfordshire 1810: 1730:Personal injuries to seamen 1585:United States admiralty law 1562:Statute of Westminster 1931 1224: 963:, discuss the issue on the 931: 611:International organizations 10: 4807: 4209:International legal theory 3688:International slavery laws 3683:International human rights 3678:International criminal law 3313:United States v. Mackovich 2939:Joseph R. Oliveri (2008). 2221: 1829:Merchant Shipping Act 1923 1699: 1599:United States Constitution 1582: 1501: 1358: 1137: 1114: 1068: 1025:Maritime Labour Convention 814:concepts derived from the 769:Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine 717: 535:Maritime Labour Convention 4740:Man overboard rescue turn 4645: 4557: 4534: 4424: 4262:Administration of justice 4247: 4156: 4047: 3926: 3828: 3549: 3417: 2693:Southern Economic Journal 2301:birth (berth) certificate 2167:University of Southampton 2149:University College London 2087:World Maritime University 2047:– Masters in Maritime Law 1940:Universiti Teknologi Mara 1869:Panthéon-Assas University 1573:property and civil rights 1497: 1354: 1256:International conventions 680:private international law 512:International conventions 4039:Basic structure doctrine 3889:Natural and legal rights 3770:Public international law 3366:Marine Affairs Institute 3179:Berger, JM (June 2016), 3118:Charleston School of Law 2397: 2362:Barratry (admiralty law) 2180:Charleston School of Law 2161:University of Nottingham 2002:) – LL.M in maritime law 1480:Admiralty Court Act 1861 1365:International piracy law 1180:Nuestra Señora de Atocha 741:. In southern Italy the 696:public international law 557:International piracy law 548:the Law of the Sea 4219:Principle of typicality 3693:International trade law 3409: 3288:Freeloaders on the Land 3219:"Nonsense or loophole?" 2277:Cestui Que Vie Act 1666 2045:University of Cape Town 1954:Diploma in Maritime law 1569:Supreme Court of Canada 1476:Commonwealth of Nations 1453:English Admiralty court 1312:, 10 October 1957. and 1161:the salvaged property. 1077:duty of reasonable care 855:Royal Courts of Justice 579:Anti-fouling Convention 3346:Jones Act Law Resource 2947:June 13, 2010, at the 2927:March 9, 2012, at the 2638:merriam-webster.com, " 2242:international commerce 2125:City University London 1897:University of Le Havre 1819:is also classified as 1676:doctrine". While the " 1595:Article III, Section 2 1539:and security services, 1514:Constitution Act, 1867 1484:Senior Courts Act 1981 1447:, which trace back to 1381:universal jurisdiction 851:Senior Courts Act 1981 816: 743: 730:Nomos Rhodion Nautikos 4214:Principle of legality 3973:Delegated legislation 3673:Intellectual property 3375:The Maritime Law Blog 2540:. Harvard Law School. 2372:Declaration of London 2163:– LLM in Maritime Law 2157:– LLM in Maritime Law 2151:– LLM in Maritime Law 2127:– LLM in Maritime Law 2121:– LLM in Shipping Law 1929:– PhD in maritime law 1923:University of Hamburg 1855:– LL.M in marine and 1700:Further information: 1504:Canadian maritime law 1404:Bab-el-Mandeb straits 1372:hostis humani generis 926:Oliver Wendell Holmes 838:Industrial Revolution 777:eastern Mediterranean 714:tribunal in Hamburg. 694:, which is a body of 4791:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4432:Barristers' chambers 4374:Legal representation 4312:Justice of the peace 3658:Financial regulation 2629:2 LLR 267, 1 QB 158 2452:Modern Admiralty Law 2367:Consulate of the Sea 2100:Thammasat University 2064:University of Deusto 1891:University of Nantes 1887:– LL.M in marine law 1853:Dalhousie Law School 1762:improve this section 1510:Parliament of Canada 1429:Northern Ireland law 1410:Individual countries 1331:may be heard by the 1031:Maintenance and cure 961:improve this section 951:may not represent a 818:Corpus Juris Civilis 797:Richard I of England 735:Consulate of the Sea 504:Vice admiralty court 250:Contract of carriage 53:Corpus Juris Civilis 4467:Election commission 4179:Expressive function 3708:Landlord–tenant law 3607:Consumer protection 2699:(3): 823, note 11. 2654:Columbia Law Review 2470:Modern Maritime Law 2238:freeman on the land 1603:U.S. federal courts 1301:maritime boundaries 1095:, the 1954 case of 1053:Vaughan v. Atkinson 874:unlikely to convict 866:American Revolution 781:Louis VII of France 4690:Naval architecture 4425:Legal institutions 4292:Lawsuit/Litigation 4282:Dispute resolution 4087:Catholic canon law 3795:State of emergency 3758:Will and testament 3482:Law of obligations 3435:Constitutional law 3425:Administrative law 3094:. 25 November 2017 3073:2012-06-24 at the 3016:. 12 October 2001. 2797:2017-04-15 at the 2778:2017-04-15 at the 2143:Swansea University 2119:Cardiff University 2006:University of Oslo 1996:University of Oslo 1629:salvage cases, and 1445:continental Europe 1435:, contrast to the 1321:Port State Control 1189:American Civil War 1005:maritime pollution 890:Alexander Hamilton 795:for her son, King 113:Maritime transport 4786:International law 4768: 4767: 4607: 4606: 4267:Constitutionalism 4189:Law and economics 4027:Act of parliament 3765:Product liability 3718:Legal archaeology 3643:Environmental law 3637:Entertainment law 3477:International law 2552:Statutes at Large 2420:Hague-Visby Rules 2234:sovereign citizen 2230:conspiracy theory 2218:Conspiracy theory 2113:Bangor University 1857:environmental law 1839:Academic programs 1827:has replaced the 1815:Admiralty law in 1798: 1797: 1790: 1658:Hague-Visby Rules 1622:property arrests 1474:, and many other 1425:England and Wales 1075:Shipowners owe a 1009:seafarers' rights 997:marine navigation 993: 992: 985: 886:U.S. Constitution 882:United States law 804:England and Wales 665: 664: 603:Athens Convention 569:MARPOL Convention 520:Hague-Visby Rules 409:Freight forwarder 354:Proof of delivery 209:Maritime security 46:Code of Hammurabi 4798: 4715:Passage planning 4675:Maritime studies 4634: 4627: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4568: 4567: 4391:Question of fact 4272:Criminal justice 3602:Construction law 3597:Conflict of laws 3562:Agricultural law 3404: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3216: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045:. Archived from 3041:Nathalie Mouly. 3038: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2988:. Archived from 2987: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2884:. Archived from 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2827:. Archived from 2826: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2501: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2408: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2262:admiralty courts 1910:Ghent University 1793: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1742: 1734: 1531:marine insurance 1021:marine insurance 988: 981: 977: 974: 968: 944: 943: 936: 909:Thomas Jefferson 845:effectively the 821: 748: 739:Hanseatic League 732: 657: 650: 643: 564:SOLAS Convention 551: 416:Captain (Master) 214:Letter of marque 171:Marine insurance 80:Hanseatic League 33: 19: 18: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4641: 4638: 4608: 4603: 4576: 4562: 4553: 4530: 4521:Political party 4494:Legal education 4482:Law enforcement 4462:Court of equity 4420: 4396:Question of law 4349:Practice of law 4329:Judicial review 4243: 4194:Legal formalism 4174:Comparative law 4169:Contract theory 4152: 4072:Legal pluralism 4043: 4032:Act of Congress 3956:Executive order 3922: 3824: 3743:Nationality law 3668:Immigration law 3592:Competition law 3545: 3413: 3408: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3321: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3296: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3206: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3159:EduMaritime.net 3153: 3152: 3148: 3136:{{cite web|url= 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3092:EduMaritime.net 3086: 3085: 3081: 3075:Wayback Machine 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3049:on 4 March 2016 3039: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2949:Wayback Machine 2938: 2934: 2929:Wayback Machine 2919: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2799:Wayback Machine 2790: 2786: 2780:Wayback Machine 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2728: 2724: 2705:10.2307/1061000 2689: 2685: 2666:10.2307/1120603 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2626:Adler v Dickson 2623: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2589:"Trial By Jury" 2587: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2538:Ames Foundation 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2462: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2377:General average 2352:Admiralty court 2337: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2264:with no actual 2226: 2220: 2083:in maritime law 2077:Lund University 1841: 1823:. The Pakistan 1813: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1759: 1743: 1732: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1670: 1662:Rotterdam Rules 1615:vessel arrests 1592: 1587: 1581: 1506: 1500: 1451:. Although the 1437:continental law 1417: 1412: 1367: 1357: 1258: 1227: 1214:Central America 1197:St. Johns River 1191:ships (the USS 1142: 1136: 1119: 1113: 1105:Himalaya clause 1073: 1067: 1037:Rolls of Oléron 1033: 989: 978: 972: 969: 958: 945: 941: 934: 842:Judicature Acts 808:Admiralty Court 789:Rolls of Oléron 720: 661: 594: 591: 553: 549: 547: 530:Rotterdam Rules 499:Admiralty court 439:Freight company 430: 192:General average 173: 144:Merchant marine 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4804: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4710:Propeller walk 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Ship stability 4692: 4687: 4685:Nautical terms 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Ice navigation 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4573: 4570:Law portal 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:Trial advocacy 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3943: 3938: 3936:Ballot measure 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3913:Legal treatise 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3879:Letters patent 3876: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3830:Sources of law 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3815:Unenforced law 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3587:Commercial law 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3340:External links 3338: 3335: 3334: 3319: 3304: 3278: 3253: 3227: 3204: 3171: 3146: 3129: 3105: 3079: 3060: 3033: 3019: 3005: 2974: 2965: 2952: 2932: 2913: 2906:28 U.S.C. 2898: 2880:Ordon v. Grail 2868: 2844: 2812: 2803: 2784: 2765: 2741: 2722: 2683: 2644: 2631: 2617: 2604: 2580: 2556: 2543: 2520: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2460: 2441: 2428: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2312: 2309: 2228:A pseudolegal 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2108:United Kingdom 2105: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1947: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1878: 1872: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1840: 1837: 1812: 1809: 1796: 1795: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1724:common carrier 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1669: 1668:Applicable law 1666: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1591: 1588: 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1356: 1353: 1325:European Union 1270:United Nations 1257: 1254: 1226: 1223: 1208:Chesapeake Bay 1140:Marine salvage 1135: 1132: 1112: 1109: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1032: 1029: 991: 990: 973:September 2010 955:of the subject 953:worldwide view 948: 946: 939: 933: 930: 870:Stamp Act 1765 859:Rolls Building 773:Second Crusade 719: 716: 708:European Union 700:mineral rights 692:law of the sea 663: 662: 660: 659: 652: 645: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631: 626: 621: 613: 612: 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 598:SAR Convention 595: 588: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 560: 559: 544: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 514: 513: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 493: 492: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 478: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 447: 446: 441: 436: 425: 424: 423: 413: 412: 411: 406: 393: 392: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 379: 378: 368: 367: 366: 356: 351: 346: 341: 340: 339: 329: 324: 323: 322: 315: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 278:Bill of lading 275: 270: 265: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 239:Wartime prizes 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 206: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 154:Passenger ship 151: 141: 140: 139: 134: 129: 124: 110: 109: 108: 103: 90: 89: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 65: 64: 63: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4803: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781:Admiralty law 4779: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700:Hydrodynamics 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Civil society 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Trier of fact 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Legal opinion 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Court-martial 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4249:Jurisprudence 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:Statutory law 4136: 4134: 4133:Socialist law 4131: 4127: 4126:Byzantine law 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4077:Religious law 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4049:Legal systems 4046: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4017:Statutory law 4015: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847:Statutory law 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805:Transport law 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3723:Legal fiction 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653:Financial law 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612:Corporate law 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3536:Statutory law 3534: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418:Core subjects 3416: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3308: 3295:, 3 June 2014 3294: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3195:on 2022-02-04 3191: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3009: 2995:on 2021-04-15 2991: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2888:on 2011-03-19 2887: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2855: 2848: 2834:on 2012-04-24 2830: 2823: 2816: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2481: 2479:9780415843201 2475: 2471: 2463: 2461:9781843141969 2457: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2357:Amalfian Laws 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2339:Oceans portal 2334: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260:hence became 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175:United States 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1781: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1747:This section 1745: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1702:Freight claim 1688: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1579:United States 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1549:contracts of 1548: 1545: 1542:contracts of 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 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