323:, who had done much to eliminate the barriers between the bulk of the Egyptian populace and the ruling elite, who were drawn largely from the military castes that had ruled Egypt for centuries. Isma'il abolished the exclusive access to the Egyptian and Sudanese military ranks by Egyptians of Balkan, Circassian, and Turkish origin. Isma'il conscripted soldiers and recruited students from throughout Egypt and Sudan regardless of class and ethnic backgrounds in order to form a "modern" and "national" Egyptian military and bureaucratic elite class. Without these reforms, ʻUrabi's rise through the ranks of the military would likely have been far more restricted.
1538:
1546:
1530:
392:
1522:
168:
42:
1385:
1554:
375:, then made under-secretary of war, and ultimately a member of the cabinet. Plans were developed to create a parliamentary assembly. During the last months of the revolt (July to September 1882), it was claimed that ʻUrabi held the office of Prime Minister of the hastily created common law government based on popular sovereignty. Feeling threatened, Khedive Tewfik requested assistance against ʻUrabi from the
627:, he consciously linked this 20th century revolution to 'Urabi's revolt against the Egyptian monarch seven decades earlier, reciting 'Urabi's words to Khedive Tewfik that the people of Egypt were "no longer inheritable" by any ruler. The new revolutionary government mimicked 'Urabi in declaring that Ismailia Square, the main public plaza in Cairo, henceforth be
343:
went to meet him, he found the entrance of ʻUrabi's house was blocked with supplicants. When
Khedive Tewfik issued a new law preventing peasants from becoming officers, ʻUrabi led the group protesting the preference shown to aristocratic officers (again, largely Egyptians of foreign descent). ʻUrabi
457:
galloping at full tilt into enemy rifle fire. Their ranks were whittled down from the saddle, but still they charged headlong, ever forward. Sir Baker
Russell commanded 7th on the right; whereas the Household was led by Colonel Ewart, c/o of the Life Guards. They captured 11 Egyptian guns. Despite
344:
repeatedly condemned severe prevalent racial discrimination of ethnic
Egyptians in the army. He and his followers, who included most of the army, were successful and the law was repealed. In 1879 they formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party in the hopes of fostering a stronger national identity.
522:
and the
Khedive Tewfik he had still responded in a manner allowed under Egyptian law and with the hopes that the khedivate remain after his intervention, thus demonstrating loyalty to the Egyptian people as required by his duties. In accordance with an understanding made with the British
748:, the second Caliph of Islam) and the Muslim governor was proven to be wrong. Umar told the non-Muslim to punish the governor in same fashion, after it Umar said: Since when have you considered people as your slaves? Although their mothers gave birth to them as free living people.
330:(1874-1876) in a support role on the Egyptian Army's lines of communication. He is said to have returned from the war - which Egypt lost - "incensed at the way in which it had been mismanaged", and the experience turned him towards politics and decisively against the Khedive.
465:
On
September 9, Urabi seized what he considered his last chance to attack the British position. A fierce battle ensued on the railway line at 7 am. General Willis sallied out from emplacements to drive back the Egyptians, who at 12 pm returned to their trenches. Thereupon
338:
He was a galvanizing speaker. Because of his peasant origins, he was at the time, and is still today, viewed as an authentic voice of the
Egyptian people. Indeed, he was known by his followers as 'El Wahid' (the Only One), and when the British poet and explorer
470:
arrived with the main force, while the
Household Cavalry guarded his flank from a force at Salanieh. A total force of 634 officers and 16,767 NCOs and men were stationed at Kassassin before they marched on September 13, 1882, towards the main objective at
458:
only half a dozen casualties, Wolseley was so concerned about the quality of his men that he wrote
Cambridge for reforms to recruiting. Nonetheless, these were the elite of the British army and, these skirmishes were costly. Legend and a poem "At
567:
While the
British intervention was meant to be a temporary state of affairs, British forces continued to occupy Egypt for decades afterwards. In 1914, fearing that the nationalist Khedive Abbas II would form an alliance with the
309:. ʻUrabi was the son of a village leader and one of the wealthier members of the community, which allowed him to receive a decent education. After completing elementary education in his home village, he enrolled at
359:. The Arab-Egyptian deputies demanded a constitution that granted the state parliamentary power. The revolt then spread to express resentment of the undue influence of foreigners, including the predominantly Turko-
351:, was primarily inspired by his desire for social justice for the Egyptians based on equal standing before the law. With the support of the peasants as well, he launched a broader effort to try to wrest Egypt and
313:
to complete his schooling in 1849. He entered the army and moved up quickly through the ranks, reaching lieutenant colonel by age 20. The modern education and military service of ʻUrabi, from a
708:, was named in honour of 'Urabi as the residents of the suburb felt a sense of solidarity with him due to the fact that they were a part of New Orleans which sought to separate from the city.
639:, who led the Revolution with Naguib and succeeded him as Prime Minister and later President, ʻUrabi would to be hailed as an Egyptian patriot and a national hero. He also inspired
1069:
2116:
527:, ʻUrabi pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death, but the sentence was immediately commuted to one of banishment for life. He left Egypt on 28 December 1882 for
406:. Therefore, they and the French dispatched warships to Egypt to prevent such an eventuality from occurring. Tewfik fled to their protection, moving his court to
1218:
559:, and remained deeply opposed to British influence in Egypt. ʻUrabi returned on 1 October 1901, and remained in Egypt until his death on 21 September 1911.
543:) is now the Orabi Pasha Cultural Center. During his time in Ceylon, ʻUrabi worked to improve the quality of education amongst the Muslims in the country.
1373:
1351:
494:. From there, the British force advanced on Cairo which surrendered without a shot being fired, as did ʻUrabi and the other nationalist leaders.
355:
from foreign control, and also to end the absolutist regime of the
Khedive, who was himself subject to European influence under the rules of the
2096:
2041:
752:"Allah has created us free, and did not make us into heritage or estate. So by Allah, the only god, we shall be bequeathed or enslaved no more"
438:
251:
895:
402:
The British were especially concerned that ʻUrabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the
2111:
2091:
1002:
555:, Tewfik's son and successor permitted ʻUrabi to return to Egypt. Abbas was a nationalist in the vein of his grandfather, Khedive
1061:
1366:
1252:
611:, with some historians noting that the 1881-1882 revolution laid the foundation for mass politics in Egypt. In July 1952, when
467:
744:. The reference is: Once, a governor of Egypt punished a non-Muslim wrongly. The case was brought to the caliph of time (i.e.
426:
warships in the harbor opened fire on the city's artillery emplacements after the Egyptians ignored an ultimatum from Admiral
427:
415:
347:
He and his allies in the army joined with the reformers in February 1882 to demand change. This revolt, also known as the
2081:
2056:
2051:
1764:
1744:
1709:
592:. Five years later, nationalist opposition to the United Kingdom's continued dominance of Egyptian affairs sparked the
278:
1215:
2071:
1359:
1181:
1130:
1397:
1381:
1307:
599:ʻUrabi's revolt had a profound and long-lasting impact on Egypt, surpassing even the efforts of resistance hero
2061:
1120:
764:
827:
1282:
Huffaker, Shauna. "Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882."
236:, was an Egyptian military officer. He was the first political and military leader in Egypt to rise from the
2076:
2046:
839:
806:
1044:
Thompson, Elizabeth. "Ahmad Urabi and Nazem al- Islam Kermani: Constitutional Justice in Egypt and Iran,"
1679:
1619:
1589:
616:
593:
544:
445:
and the cultivated Delta. Both attacks were repulsed. The Household Cavalry under the command of General
356:
258:
2066:
511:
411:
189:
518:, ʻUrabi's defense stressed the idea that despite the fact that he had been illegally incarcerated by
482:
In September a British army landed in Alexandria but failed to reach Cairo after being checked at the
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274:
270:
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880:
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214:
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1333:
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548:
547:, Sri Lanka's first school for Muslims was established on 15 November 1884 and after eight years
491:
476:
319:, or peasant background, would not have been possible without the modernising reforms of Khedive
1769:
1759:
1451:
1154:
885:
596:, prompting the British to formally recognise Egypt as an independent sovereign state in 1922.
577:
327:
965:
Buzpinar, S. Tufan. "The Repercussions of the British Occupation of Egypt on Syria, 1882–83".
1829:
1694:
1654:
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255:
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2004:
1879:
1574:
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441:
force was attacked by the Egyptians, led by 'Urabi. They needed to carve a passage through
410:. The strong naval presence spurred fears of an imminent invasion (as had been the case in
352:
99:
584:
that had been destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517 was re-established, with Hussein Kamel as
8:
1624:
1306:
American University in Cairo, Rare Books and Special Collections Library (July 6, 1882),
1092:
745:
487:
310:
302:
1010:
800:
1834:
1814:
1804:
1704:
1634:
1579:
1564:
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1406:
947:
688:
636:
581:
515:
503:
490:, landed in the Canal Zone and on 13 September 1882 they defeated ʻUrabi's army at the
450:
262:
197:
151:
1994:
headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term
1889:
1824:
1719:
1300:
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939:
768:
684:
552:
434:
179:
1545:
1537:
1949:
1934:
1884:
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1689:
1664:
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1649:
1639:
1604:
1594:
931:
855:
701:
608:
556:
540:
446:
396:
320:
1169:
Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East
901:
Among the mutinous soldiers on that occasion was a fellah officer calling himself
348:
243:
193:
1774:
1754:
1699:
1684:
1222:
624:
585:
1296:
1939:
1924:
1899:
1864:
1809:
1799:
1779:
985:
831:
612:
569:
551:, was established on 22 August 1892 under his patronage. In May 1901, Khedive
528:
454:
376:
282:
247:
2020:
1944:
1929:
1874:
1859:
1839:
1629:
1584:
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340:
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1529:
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1914:
1729:
1669:
1456:
1436:
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665:
391:
87:
75:
576:, the British administration in Egypt deposed him in favour of his uncle,
242:(peasantry). Urabi participated in an 1879 mutiny that developed into the
1909:
1869:
1849:
1491:
1466:
1416:
1122:
A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919: Volume 3: 1872-1898, Volume 3
705:
674:
600:
573:
507:
360:
899:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
506:
for rebellion on 3 December 1882. He was defended by British solicitor
281:. ʻUrabi and his allies were sentenced by Tewfik into exile far away in
277:
which led to the capture of ʻUrabi and his allies and the imposition of
1904:
1894:
1844:
1521:
1486:
1471:
1441:
951:
919:
712:
661:
519:
423:
419:
407:
403:
286:
266:
167:
41:
884:
1819:
1056:
1054:
777:
722:
644:
532:
459:
935:
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on 12 June 1882. The French fleet was recalled to France, while the
640:
580:. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was terminated, and the
442:
238:
1084:
1051:
771:
and have an important role in the cultural life of Ireland – was
718:
680:
298:
265:'s military and civil administrations, but the demonstrations in
127:
1553:
742:"How can you enslave people when their mothers bore them free?"
315:
219:
1789:
1393:
1384:
728:
670:
536:
306:
147:
1305:
379:, to whom Egypt and Sudan still owed technical fealty. The
261:. He was promoted to Tewfik's cabinet and began reforms of
588:. No longer an Ottoman vassal state, Egypt was declared a
297:
He was born in 1841 in the village of Hirriyat Razna near
372:
731:, Sri Lanka, is home to the Orabi Pasha Cultural Centre.
987:
The Secret History of the English Occupation in Egypt
673:'s Al Mohandessin district has a main street and its
1171:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. 69.
725:, has an Orabi Pasha Street in its central district.
363:
aristocracy from other parts of the Ottoman Empire.
228:; 31 March 1841 – 21 September 1911), also known as
1254:
That exile from Egypt who inspired many Sri Lankans
2117:Prisoners sentenced to death by the United Kingdom
1257:, Kandy Times, March 2008. Accessed 17 June 2021.
2018:
462:", say the battle began as it was getting dark.
1309:Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album
607:. It would later play a very important role in
1190:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. p. 336.
449:led the "Moonlight Charge", consisting of the
305:, approximately 80 kilometres to the north of
1367:
920:"The Conflict of East and West in Egypt. II"
805:. London: Hurst and Blackett, Ltd. pp.
715:has a coastal road named Ahmed Orabi Street.
619:, addressed crowds of supporters in Cairo's
223:
879:
775:(1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to
1374:
1360:
834:, from album showing Alexandria after the
615:, one of the two principal leaders of the
433:The Battle of Kassassin was fought at the
40:
1236:"That exile from Egypt who inspired many"
1114:
1112:
1097:. London,: A. Constable. pp. 676–679
333:
1233:
1118:
792:
603:in its significance as an expression of
390:
383:hesitated in responding to the request.
67:1 July 1882 – 13 September 1882
1062:"The Battle of Kassassin, Egyptian War"
1000:
386:
2019:
1987:
1180:
1174:
1109:
1090:
572:against the United Kingdom during the
366:
250:, which was under the influence of an
213:
2097:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to death
2042:19th-century prime ministers of Egypt
1355:
1205:. Karunaratne & Sons. p. 34.
1119:Anglesey, Lord (September 14, 1993).
1072:from the original on October 25, 2016
1040:
1038:
1036:
983:
917:
836:British naval bombardment of the city
798:
475:where another battle was fought, the
1965:
1200:
964:
850:
848:
1234:Udumbara, Udugama (March 2, 2008).
1125:. Pen and Sword. pp. 283–307.
497:
224:
13:
1989:
1975:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1276:
1094:The story of the Household Cavalry
1033:
802:The Egyptian Campaigns (1882–1885)
14:
2128:
1290:
845:
605:nationalistic sentiments in Egypt
502:ʻUrabi was tried by the restored
1997:
1967:
1383:
781:newspaper) in support of ʻUrabi.
166:
2112:Egyptian independence activists
2092:People from Sharqia Governorate
1260:
1246:
1227:
1209:
1194:
1161:
1146:
842:website, accessed 27 June 2021.
763:The earliest published work of
535:). His home in Halloluwa Road,
437:, when on August 28, 1882, the
1977:
1017:
994:
977:
958:
911:
873:
821:
765:Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory
246:against the administration of
16:Prime Minister of Egypt (1882)
1:
1001:McGrath, Cam (October 2004).
785:
539:(formerly owned by Mudaliyar
371:ʻUrabi was first promoted to
292:
1999:
1284:Victorian Periodicals Review
1269:, Volume No. 4, Page No. 455
1152:Obituary for Richard Eve in
990:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
840:American University in Cairo
7:
1203:The Desoyas of Alfred House
1091:Arthur, Sir George (1909).
924:Political Science Quarterly
691:'s emblem bears his picture
683:'s main square contains an
650:
617:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
594:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
545:Hameed Al Husseinie College
357:Caisse de la Dette Publique
10:
2133:
2082:People of the Urabi revolt
2057:Defence ministers of Egypt
2052:Al-Azhar University alumni
984:Blunt, Wilfred S. (1922).
918:Bowen, John Eliot (1886).
828:Portrait of "'Uraby Pasha"
512:Alexander Meyrick Broadley
1958:
1788:
1603:
1563:
1518:
1405:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1318:
883:; Cana, Frank R. (1911).
735:
695:
562:
326:ʻUrabi served during the
203:
185:
175:
162:
157:
137:
114:
109:
105:
93:
81:
71:
60:
55:
51:
39:
30:
23:
2072:Egyptian revolutionaries
860:Encyclopaedia Britannica
757:
655:
635:). During the tenure of
623:on the toppling of King
484:Battle of Kafr El Dawwar
279:British control in Egypt
215:[ˈæħmædʕoˈɾɑːbi]
31:
1334:Prime Minister of Egypt
1216:Egypt state information
1066:UK National Army Museum
1048:(Harvard, 2013), 61–88.
896:Encyclopædia Britannica
886:"Egypt § History"
799:Royle, Charles (1900).
773:Arabi and His Household
557:Isma'il the Magnificent
492:Battle of Tell El Kebir
486:. Another army, led by
477:Battle of Tell El Kebir
56:Prime Minister of Egypt
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
967:Middle Eastern Studies
399:
334:Protest against Tewfik
328:Ethiopian-Egyptian War
190:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
2062:Egyptian nationalists
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1344:Muhammad Sharif Pasha
1286:45.4 (2012): 375-405.
1221:May 25, 2007, at the
1167:Thompson, Elizabeth.
1158:, 11 July 1900, pg 93
395:ʻUrabi surrenders to
394:
1327:Isma'il Raghib Pasha
1297:Works by Ahmed Urabi
590:British protectorate
416:anti-Christian riots
387:British intervention
100:Mohamed Sherif Pasha
2077:People from Zagazig
2047:19th-century rebels
1046:Justice Interrupted
1013:on January 8, 2011.
767:– later to embrace
746:Umar ibn ul Khattab
675:underground station
641:political activists
488:Sir Garnet Wolseley
468:Sir Garnet Wolseley
367:Parliament planning
311:Al-Azhar University
303:Sharqia Governorate
271:British bombardment
269:of 1882 prompted a
1565:Sultanate of Egypt
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1407:Khedivate of Egypt
1319:Political offices
881:Wallace, Donald M.
637:Gamal Abdel Nasser
582:Sultanate of Egypt
516:Elizabeth Thompson
451:Royal Horse Guards
400:
198:Anglo-Egyptian War
152:Khedivate of Egypt
141:September 21, 1911
25:Ahmed ʻUrabi Pasha
2067:Egyptian soldiers
2014:
2013:
1790:Republic of Egypt
1350:
1349:
1341:Succeeded by
1301:Project Gutenberg
769:Irish Nationalism
685:equestrian statue
633:Liberation Square
435:Sweet Water Canal
430:to remove them.
207:
206:
180:Brigadier general
2124:
2037:Egyptian Muslims
2003:
1993:
1981:
1971:
1605:Kingdom of Egypt
1388:
1387:
1376:
1369:
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1324:Preceded by
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1201:de Soysa, Rupa.
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1009:. Archived from
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702:Arabi, Louisiana
677:named after him.
609:Egyptian history
541:Jeronis de Soysa
523:representative,
498:Exile and return
447:Drury Drury-Lowe
418:to break out in
397:Drury Drury-Lowe
227:
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158:Military service
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110:Personal details
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34:
21:
20:
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2107:Egyptian rebels
2102:Egyptian pashas
2087:Egyptian exiles
2017:
2016:
2015:
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1880:A. F. Mohieddin
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1390:Prime ministers
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1338:(in rebellion)
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1277:Further reading
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687:of ʻUrabi, and
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621:Ismailia Square
574:First World War
565:
514:. According to
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412:Tunisia in 1881
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336:
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285:, as a form of
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1793:(1953–present)
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1025:Secret History
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1003:"Far and Away"
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930:(3): 449–490.
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856:"ʿUrābī Pasha"
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613:Mohamed Naguib
570:Ottoman Empire
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455:Dragoon Guards
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1187:Modern Egypt
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1138:November 21,
1136:. Retrieved
1121:
1101:November 21,
1099:. Retrieved
1093:
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1076:November 21,
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1045:
1024:
1019:
1011:the original
1006:
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966:
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927:
923:
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902:
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894:
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863:. Retrieved
859:
823:
811:. Retrieved
801:
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776:
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741:
666:Orabi Square
632:
598:
566:
501:
481:
464:
432:
401:
370:
346:
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314:
296:
237:
233:
230:Ahmed Ourabi
229:
209:
208:
186:Battles/wars
143:(1911-09-21)
95:Succeeded by
88:Raghib Pasha
76:Tewfik Pasha
62:
18:
2032:1911 deaths
2027:1841 births
1720:Ahmad Maher
1608:(1922–1953)
1568:(1914–1922)
1410:(1878–1914)
1240:Kandy Times
1007:Egypt Today
706:New Orleans
601:Omar Makram
520:Riyad Pasha
508:Richard Eve
234:Orabi Pasha
210:Ahmed Urabi
83:Preceded by
2021:Categories
1625:Y. Ibrahim
1155:The Sphere
786:References
713:Gaza Strip
662:Alexandria
643:living in
424:Royal Navy
420:Alexandria
414:) causing
408:Alexandria
404:Suez Canal
361:Circassian
293:Early life
287:punishment
267:Alexandria
259:consortium
225:أحمد عرابي
163:Allegiance
121:1841-03-31
33:أحمد عرابي
1775:Aly Maher
1755:Aly Maher
1700:Aly Maher
1685:Aly Maher
1452:Elbaroudi
944:0032-3195
778:The Times
723:Sri Lanka
533:Sri Lanka
504:Khedivate
460:Kassassin
63:In office
1950:Madbouly
1925:Ganzouri
1900:Ganzouri
1845:A. Sedky
1820:A. Sabry
1735:Nokrashy
1725:Nokrashy
1705:H. Sabry
1675:A. Yahya
1630:Zaghloul
1219:Archived
1184:(1908).
1070:Archived
838:(1882).
813:June 27,
651:Tributes
553:Abbas II
453:and 7th
443:Ismailia
275:invasion
239:fellahin
1972:interim
1935:Beblawi
1875:Mubarak
1830:Soliman
1695:Mahmoud
1655:Mahmoud
1422:Isma'il
1023:Blunt,
952:2139362
893:(ed.).
865:June 9,
719:Colombo
681:Zagazig
439:British
428:Seymour
321:Isma'il
301:in the
299:Zagazig
128:Zagazig
72:Monarch
2007:period
1945:Ismail
1940:Mahlab
1930:Qandil
1920:Sharaf
1915:Shafik
1865:Khalil
1855:Hegazy
1835:Nasser
1815:Nasser
1810:Naguib
1805:Nasser
1800:Naguib
1780:Naguib
1770:Hilaly
1760:Hilaly
1680:Naseem
1645:Sarwat
1635:Zeiwar
1620:Naseem
1615:Sarwat
1590:Naseem
1575:Roshdy
1512:Roshdy
1482:Fakhry
1462:Sherif
1457:Raghib
1447:Sherif
1437:Tewfik
1432:Sherif
1427:Tewfik
1129:
950:
942:
736:Quotes
696:Abroad
645:Ceylon
625:Farouk
586:Sultan
563:Legacy
529:Ceylon
316:fellah
256:French
220:Arabic
1983:Urabi
1962:Notes
1910:Nazif
1905:Ebeid
1890:Lotfy
1870:Sadat
1860:Salem
1850:Sadat
1840:Fawzi
1765:Sirri
1750:Nahas
1745:Sirri
1730:Sidky
1715:Nahas
1710:Sirri
1690:Nahas
1670:Sidky
1665:Nahas
1660:Yakan
1650:Nahas
1640:Yakan
1595:Yakan
1585:Wahba
1502:Ghaly
1497:Fahmi
1492:Nobar
1477:Fahmi
1467:Nobar
1417:Nobar
1394:Egypt
1029:p.101
948:JSTOR
889:. In
758:Notes
729:Kandy
721:'a ,
671:Cairo
656:Egypt
537:Kandy
531:(now
353:Sudan
307:Cairo
263:Egypt
252:Anglo
171:Egypt
148:Cairo
1740:Hady
1580:Said
1507:Said
1487:Riaz
1472:Riaz
1442:Riaz
1398:List
1140:2016
1127:ISBN
1103:2016
1078:2016
940:ISSN
867:2020
815:2021
711:The
510:and
273:and
176:Rank
138:Died
115:Born
2005:UAR
1885:Aly
1392:of
1299:at
932:doi
830:by
807:601
664:'s
373:Bey
232:or
2023::
2000:^4
1990:^3
1978:^2
1968:^1
1238:.
1111:^
1068:.
1064:.
1053:^
1035:^
1027:,
1005:.
971:36
969:.
946:.
938:.
926:.
922:.
858:.
847:^
647:.
479:.
289:.
222::
218:;
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1396:(
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1105:.
1080:.
973:.
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928:1
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869:.
817:.
809:)
631:(
254:-
212:(
123:)
119:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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