1458:
54:
1506:, McNamara argues: "Although it was originally touted as being more precise, than the previous A1-A5 system, it is now clear the new wave system only brought more confusion to the rating process". In practice, aid-climbing authors use a "composite" of the two systems (original and "new wave"), going from A0 to A6, and focused on the number of "bodyweight placements" (i.e. "tenuous" aid placements that can only hold a static bodyweight) as opposed to "bombproof placements" (belay-like aid placements that can hold a falling body) on a pitch, as a guide to the consequences of any leader fall.
1336:
1376:
1569:
1321:
1405:
use the placements of earlier teams. On advanced aid routes (i.e. A-grade above A3+), the act of hammering in fixed placements can be enough to shake the climber off the existing tenuous placements, so care and skill are required. Clean aid climbing avoids using any hammers, and thus the placements are effectively those of a traditional climber (although hooks are also used). Aid climbers generally try to make placements as high above their current position as possible to move efficiently.
812:
678:
1357:
4814:
1114:
4802:
1100:
1423:
by loading their body weight onto them while using the lower placement as a backup in case the new placement fails. Excessive bounce-testing can make the extraction of the placements by the second climber difficult (i.e. the placements become really wedged into the cracks) and can result in longer timelines, damaged rock (where hammers are used to extract the placement), or having to leave placements on the route.
4838:
1130:
4826:
1646:
1144:
22:
1587:
In the 1990s, Yosemite aid climbers created the "new wave" aid grading system that expanded the range of the original system to A6, introduced an intermediate (+) grade from A2 onwards for specific strenuous sections, and gave detailed definitions for each level. As with the original system, the main
1413:
Once a new placement is made, the aid climber will clip their daisy chain and an aider into the latest placement above their head and then bounce-test it; on passing that test, they then fully step into the aider attached to this new placement while clipping in the rope into the lower placement. Once
1422:
Free climbers will only know if their protection placements can carry the weight of a fall if it happens; some will pull on their placements as a simple test, but placing their body weight on the placement would be a form of aid. In contrast, aid climbers continuously "bounce test" their placements
1479:
The grading of aid climbs is regarded as being complex and in a state of flux. Aid grades can change materially over time due to improvements in aid equipment and the impact of repeated ascents that subsequent aid climbing teams make to a route. Climbing author Chris McNamara outlines in his 2011
1404:
Aid climbing relies on the climber making placements onto the rock into which they attach aiders and ascend. Traditional aid climbing involved hammering in fixed placements (e.g. pitons, bolts, copperheads), a practice that made traditional aid climbing routes easier over time as later teams could
1439:
while taking out any removable placements on the way. Even the leader may also jumar back up the rope after having retrieved lower pieces of equipment that are needed again. This is in contrast to traditional climbing where the second (or belayer) will normally climb the route (albeit on a
1277:
Various types of rock climbing use hooks as temporary placements, but they feature most commonly in aid climbing where on more difficult aid-climbing routes (e.g. grades above A2+), the aid climber is expected to be able to use placements that can only handle their static bodyweight (but may
948:
using siege tactics (600 pitons and 125 bolts) over 47 days; while the ascent got worldwide recognition it was controversial due to the excessive use of aid. Robbins' ethos of minimizing the use of aid prevailed over that of
Harding, and his legacy of partially-aided ascents including the
1628:
When the original or the "new wave" aid climbs can be ascended without the use of a hammer (for pitons or copperheads) the "A" suffix is replaced by a "C" to denote "clean climbing". In
Yosemite, an "F" suffix is placed after the "C" if fixed gear (e.g. bolts) is still required.
759:) for placements; these are then removed by the second climber as they make their own ascent. This method therefore avoids the damage that repeated hammering of metal does to aid routes, and has been advocated as useful training and building up of experience in the placing of
619:
is complex as successive repeats can substantially change the nature of the challenge through hammering and also the build-up of large amounts of in-situ fixed placements. It is not untypical for a new A5-graded aid-climbing route, to migrate to an A3-graded route over time.
1066:: "But without the old piton scars, without fixed protection, without her big-wall aid climbing experience, without the extraordinary free-climbing ability she gained from bolted sport climbs and indoor gyms and competitions, would there have ever been a such a free ascent?"
1414:
completed, they release the lower daisy chain and its aider from the lower placement and climb up the new aider. These steps must be done in sequence to avoid a position where the climber comes free of any placement, or becomes temporarily dependent on a weak position.
1491:
A4. Teams 6 to 20 ascend: Half the copperheads are now fixed, pin placements are solid (from repeated hammering), bolts have replaced pulled or broken rock features; some 'chicken bolts' (i.e. excess bolting) are added at cruxes, and fully bolted belay anchors in
778:
climbs where it is possible to find specific sections that are considerably above the difficulty level of the rest of the route. For such sections, aid climbing techniques are accepted, even by free climbers. For example, the renowned big wall climbing route
980:. Maestri drilled an extreme amount of bolts into the famous headwall using a 300-pound air compressor drill; in one section, he drilled across a blank 90-metre face to avoid the wind. Maestri's excessive use of aid was condemned. In 1971,
1514:
Original aid climbing grades go from A0 to A5 and focus on the number of "bodyweight placements" as opposed to "bombproof placements" on a given pitch. They are less concerned with the physical demands of an aid route. In
Yosemite, the
996:, appealed for clean aid climbing techniques to avoid the damage incurred by pitons and hammers. Messner's and Chouinard's essays marked the end of the excessive aid techniques. The 1970s saw new big wall aid climbing pioneers such as
1810:); was the hardest big wall aid-climb in the world at the time, with its infamous "Hook or Book" pitch, the first "you fall, you die" pitch on El Capitan and even decades later is still A4+; considered Bridwell's greatest route.
2406:
These included the hardest routes in the world at the time: first the
Pacific Ocean Wall, and then later Sea of Dreams with its notorious A5 Hook or Book pitch—the first "if you fall, you die" rope length on the famed big
1591:"New wave" grades are described by the American Alpine Club (republished in 2013) as: "Newer routes put-up by big-wall aficionados often are given a "New Wave" aid rating using the same symbols with new definitions":
2849:
1035:
on El
Capitan at 5.14a. Aid climbing continued to be a skill set for big wall and alpine climbers in both being able to complete routes that would otherwise be almost impossible to most climbers (e.g.
1774:
of El
Capitan in 45 days with 31-pitches, 5.8 A3, 600 pitons and 125 aid bolts; climb gets worldwide recognition but is controversial among climbers for its excessive use of aid climbing techniques.
1761:
in 5 days with 25-pitches, 5.7 A3, 275 pitons and 20 aid bolts. Birth of modern US big wall climbing; historians split the climbing history of
Yosemite into: "before and after Half Dome".
1795:
on El
Capitan in 6 days with 35-pitches, 5.9 A4, 484 pitons, and only 13 aid bolts; one of the hardest big wall aid-climbs in the world at the time, and completed without fixed ropes.
1498:
A3+. Teams +41 ascend: The route now "reaches equilibrium"; all copperheads are in place and the cruxes fixed; piton placements so beat out that they now easily take hammerless gear.
747:
into the rock as they ascended. These placements remained permanently fixed on the route (and in such cases, the second (or belayer) didn't have to take any placement out and just
1523:" suffixes of the American YDS free climbing system are added for routes with dangers of falls onto ledges or ramps or the risk of cutting the rope on an edge, such as pitch 13 on
1686:
4723:
1817:
on El
Capitan in 21-pitches, VI 5.7 A5, considered at the time as one of the hardest aid climbing routes on El Capitan (and the world), and still remains an A5/4+-graded route.
3036:
The aid route with hard and dangerous technical climbing is Warren
Hollinger and Grant Gardner's 1998 Nightmare on California Street (A5), unrepeated despite strong attempts.
1488:
A5. First 5 teams to ascend: The new route has very little installed or fixed in-situ equipment (e.g. copperheads, pitons, bolts), and the rock is weak and fragile in places.
1261:
material, and come in various styles including adjustable strap-aiders, and stirrup-style "etriers". These aiders are attached to the aid climber via a matching dual set of
4718:
615:
into a more detailed "new wave" system, and with the development and growth in clean aid climbing, the A-grade became the C-grading system. The grading of aid-climbing
1534:
as follows: "In general, older routes, routes with little aid, and those put up by climbers without extensive big-wall experience use the original aid rating system":
1495:
A3/A4. Teams 21 to 40 ascend: Almost all the copperheads are fixed; all of the weak and loose rock is gone; more belay bolts and "chicken bolts" have been installed.
1396:, relying almost exclusively on mechanical devices for upward momentum. A number of specific techniques are important in aid climbing, which include the following:
963:(1968) cemented Yosemite, and the granite walls of El Capitan, as the world's most important big wall aid climbing venue, and Robbins' place in climbing history.
2759:
920:
in 1947 with Ax Nelson. Salathé's new aid climbing equipment (including the skyhook), led to a "golden age" in big wall aid climbing. In 1957, a team led by
4770:
3737:
4782:
1697:
881:, further developed aid climbing techniques. The legacy of the Dolomites as the birthplace of big-wall and modern aid climbing was cemented by pioneer
766:
While the sport of aid climbing has waned as the free climbing movement has grown, elements of aid climbing are still a regular feature of many major
988:
on the trend of excessive aid saying: "Today's climber ... carries his courage in his rucksack". Another famous essay in 1972, by big wall pioneers
3049:
1715:
2296:
3725:
3105:
631:
routes to overcome sections of extreme difficulty that are beyond the difficulties of the rest of the route. A famous big wall climb such as
569:, into which the aiders are clipped, but there is also 'clean aid climbing' which avoids any hammering, and only uses removable placements.
2215:
3710:
871:
79:
2702:
4764:
4733:
1681:
in 21-days with 44-pitches, VI 5.12d A3; considered the "crown jewel" of the Torres del Paine. It was only freed in 2024 at a grade of
517:
3759:
3754:
1889:
1824:
on El Capitan, with 17-pitches, VI 5.10 A5, often considered El Capitan's hardest aid climb (alongside the controversial 1982 route,
103:
1023:
in the late 1980s saw a dramatic rise in rock climbing standards. Many big wall aid climbs were freed, with the most notable being
3185:
2019:
2357:
1040:
on El Capitan) and in creating "next generation" big wall and alpine routes that are not capable of being fully freed (e.g. the
834:
Aid climbing traces its origins to the start of all climbing, with ladders used on historic ascents such as the 1492 ascent of
2789:
2665:
720:, but not to assist in upward momentum. Like traditional and sport climbing, aid climbing is typically done in pairs with a
2958:
1015:
Bridwell and others pushed big wall aid climbing standards into the 1980s and 1990s with ever-harder A5-graded routes like
1604:
A3: "Hard aid. Many tenuous placements in a row, 15-metre fall potential, could require several hours for a single pitch".
3720:
2822:
1753:
1588:
focus is still on discerning the number of "bodyweight placements" on a route, and therefore the consequences of a fall.
926:
3369:
3306:
3280:
3254:
3235:
3216:
3194:
3170:
2914:
2644:
2598:
2568:
2509:
2484:
2272:
2028:
893:, then the world's hardest big wall aid route. Comici's aid techniques were used by the leading European big wall and
3705:
3690:
2329:
69:
2172:
1012:(1978), with its famous A5-graded "Hook or Book" pitch, the first "if you fall, you die" rope length on El Capitan.
4869:
1691:
572:
While aid climbing traces its origins to the start of all climbing when ladders and pitons were common, its use in
2878:
728:) are clipped, thus enabling them to ascend. After the lead climber has reached the top, the second climber (or
649: (8b+) grade as a free climbed route. Aid is also used to develop "next generation" big wall routes (e.g.
4842:
4703:
2144:
510:
1538:
A0: "Occasional aid moves are often done without aiders (etriers) or climbed on fixed gear; sometimes called
1475:; the route was then graded 5.9 A4 (original A-grade), but is now graded 5.8 C2+ R (post "new-wave" C-grade).
889:(or ladder). In 1933, Comici used these aid climbing techniques to climb the overhanging north face of the
4633:
4010:
2734:
1516:
1175:
756:
755:). Clean aid climbing avoids any hammering and uses the temporary protection of traditional climbing (e.g.
3132:
2388:
1613:
A4+:"Even more serious, with even greater fall potential, where each pitch could take many hours to lead".
1520:
1457:
4864:
4005:
3771:
1959:
1472:
115:
3018:
1920:
1806:
on El Capitan in 27-pitches, VI 5.9 A4+ (it started at A5), and with minimal bolts and pitons (mostly
1559:
A5: "Enough body-weight placements in a row that one failure results in a fall of at least 20 metres".
4830:
4693:
4055:
2424:
2306:
1278:
otherwise fail in the case of a dynamic fall); the range of hook types used in aid climbing includes
1159:
1071:
588:
developed the early tools and techniques. Aid climbing's "golden age" was in the 1960s and 1970s on
503:
1973:
climbing that employs mechanical devices (aids) to accomplish difficult maneuvers (artificial moves)
1954:
4608:
4603:
3749:
1884:
1765:
935:
806:
597:
461:
98:
2930:
1652:
in Pakistan has the world's longest 'vertical' rock climbing route, which is the aid climb called
704:
that uses mechanical devices and equipment for upward momentum. It is considered the opposite of
4738:
4533:
4508:
4399:
4392:
3797:
3700:
3655:
3298:
3180:
2707:
2014:
1682:
1637:
The following are some of the most notable milestones in the development of aid climbing routes:
1084:
794:
790:
646:
642:
353:
2984:
2419:
1923:
1502:
While different aid grading systems have been devised to address this (e.g. the "new wave"), in
581:
4648:
4558:
4201:
3954:
3810:
3742:
3362:
2854:
1294:
Aid climbing, and particularly for the belayer following the lead aid climbing, usually employ
1262:
1183:
1119:
413:
91:
4708:
797: (8b+), which is beyond the skills of all but a very small group of elite free climbers.
53:
4683:
4598:
4100:
3966:
1770:
1238:
940:
859:
781:
633:
573:
3077:
2525:
4713:
4698:
4688:
3939:
3905:
3685:
3459:
3437:
3430:
3418:
2062:
1540:
1531:
1393:
1214:
890:
775:
760:
744:
709:
558:
546:
187:
165:
158:
146:
1568:
1392:
Aid climbing, for both "clean" and "traditional", is a very different type of climbing to
8:
4588:
4406:
4385:
4288:
4230:
4225:
4184:
4159:
4082:
3988:
3910:
3822:
3563:
3264:
2989:
2935:
2883:
2827:
2794:
2670:
2453:
2393:
2362:
2334:
2301:
2177:
2149:
2122:
2067:
1912:
1702:
1299:
1050:
717:
554:
423:
401:
1335:
4728:
4310:
4278:
3949:
3932:
3788:
3766:
3732:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3110:
2905:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Stories: Great Trango Tower and The Grand Voyage".
2220:
1279:
1149:
966:
1970 saw one of the most infamous events in big wall aid climbing with the creation of
909:
483:
428:
209:
204:
199:
86:
2559:
Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures, Grades & Ratings".
576:
waned in the early 20th century with the rise of free climbing. At the same time, the
4818:
4801:
4743:
4538:
4466:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4235:
4137:
4037:
3817:
3488:
3413:
3355:
3302:
3276:
3250:
3231:
3212:
3190:
3166:
2910:
2640:
2594:
2564:
2505:
2480:
2268:
2024:
1221:
hammered into cracks being a common placement (and the various piton types including
1179:
1028:
767:
624:
456:
446:
216:
141:
37:
908:
developed a piton made from high-carbon chrome-vanadium (salvaged from the axles of
4678:
4613:
4593:
4568:
4553:
4320:
4298:
4174:
3917:
3553:
3204:
3054:
2799:
1867:
1737:
is the world's longest 'vertical' rock climbing route, and at a very high altitude.
1720:
1678:
1662:
1577:
981:
972:
917:
863:
690:
654:
488:
468:
264:
254:
108:
2675:
1375:
4806:
4673:
4618:
4573:
4548:
4518:
4303:
4273:
4196:
4191:
4050:
3998:
3922:
3883:
3856:
3541:
3514:
3337:
3331:
3268:
2263:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. A Brief History of Aid Climbing".
2110:
1711:
1302:
being the most common devices, to reduce the effort on long big wall aid climbs.
1242:
1226:
1059:
898:
894:
850:. By the start of the 20th century, the widespread use of aid (e.g. ladders and
771:
628:
616:
566:
478:
237:
3322:
2448:
1791:
1610:
A4: "Serious aid. 30-metre ledge-fall potential from continuously tenuous gear".
1178:) that are needed for clean aid climbing. Where aid climbing is done as part of
951:
905:
827:
4665:
4638:
4543:
4513:
4378:
4325:
4268:
4263:
4213:
4154:
4090:
3961:
3944:
3861:
3695:
3660:
3625:
3620:
3575:
3533:
3504:
3454:
3442:
1230:
1167:
1163:
1020:
989:
967:
713:
665:). Extreme C5-graded aid-only routes are also still being established, such as
605:
550:
473:
418:
363:
323:
318:
242:
227:
182:
170:
74:
1733:
in 16-days with 33-pitches, VII 5.10 A4+ WI3; at over 1,340 metres in length,
846:, and with drilled bolts on historic ascents such as the 1875 first ascent of
4858:
4628:
4528:
4473:
4434:
4333:
4283:
4258:
4169:
4022:
3878:
3844:
3665:
3640:
3519:
3509:
3466:
3449:
3393:
3023:
3014:
2823:"Interview: 'Riders on the Storm' in Patagonia Finally Freed After 30 Years!"
2589:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. Aid Climbing Rating Systems".
1845:
1778:
1748:
1730:
1649:
1616:
A5: "Extreme aid. Nothing on the entire pitch can be trusted to hold a fall".
1320:
1253:
The equipment used to ascend via the hammered in placements are dual sets of
1045:
934:, ushering in modern American big wall aid climbing. In 1958, a team led by
921:
882:
855:
835:
815:
811:
739:
Traditional aid climbing relied on fixed placements, which were mainly metal
705:
701:
662:
593:
585:
542:
534:
396:
368:
358:
338:
194:
177:
126:
4142:
1837:
A few notable films have been made focused on aid wall climbing including:
4748:
4643:
4523:
4459:
4338:
4293:
3900:
3888:
3849:
3834:
3645:
3570:
3558:
2879:"Why Go Up When You Could Go Sideways? Here Are 4 Massive Girdle Traverses"
1863:
1799:
1670:
1601:
A2+: "10-metre fall potential from tenuous placements, but without danger".
1484:, how the grade of a typical "new A5 route" in Yosemite evolves over time:
1465:
1283:
997:
876:
843:
823:
721:
601:
451:
343:
271:
259:
3327:
677:
4583:
4578:
4315:
4208:
4107:
3893:
3827:
3650:
3630:
3592:
3580:
3546:
2114:
1782:
1666:
1366:
1000:
pushing standards in Yosemite using less intrusive aid (e.g. Chouinard's
977:
348:
328:
288:
276:
247:
1162:
and particularly the protection equipment of traditional climbing (e.g.
4164:
4045:
3978:
3839:
3610:
3587:
3425:
3290:
2785:
1927:
1911:
The world's longest continuous rock climbing route is the 'horizontal'
1871:
1853:
1581:
1556:
A4: "Many placements in a row that hold nothing more than body weight".
1461:
1436:
1356:
1327:
1295:
1234:
1222:
1195:
1191:
945:
839:
786:
752:
694:
638:
308:
283:
153:
1265:(which can be loop-style or adjustable), and the aid climber will use
793: (5c) C2, but as a fully free climb with no aid, it is graded VI
4487:
4480:
4348:
4343:
4253:
4218:
4132:
4077:
3983:
3927:
3866:
3615:
1786:
1266:
1205:
A number of unique items of equipment are also used in aid climbing:
1199:
1113:
1024:
993:
867:
847:
577:
386:
313:
3328:
Explanation of the A1 to A5 grading system for aid- climbing pitches
4563:
4413:
4149:
4112:
4070:
4060:
3378:
3082:
1931:
1758:
1619:
A6: "A5 climbing with belay anchors that won't hold a fall either".
1441:
1432:
1362:
1187:
931:
913:
748:
733:
612:
589:
541:(or ladders), for upward momentum. Aid climbing is contrasted with
408:
391:
45:
641:
is accessible to strong climbers as a partial-aid route graded VI
557:, but not to assist in upward momentum. Aid climbing can involve
4179:
4065:
4015:
3871:
3635:
3050:"10 Climbs on El Capitan That Are As Impressive As the Dawn Wall"
1258:
1158:
Modern aid climbing typically uses most of the equipment used in
729:
553:
free climbing formats), which only uses mechanical equipment for
333:
2500:
Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures".
1707:, and Drew Smith, who said conditions makes it feel like a 5.14.
1553:
A3: "Many difficult, insecure placements, but with little risk".
1099:
912:
cars), which enabled him to overcome the hard granite cracks of
4027:
3993:
1245:
where there are no suitable cracks for pitons while ascending.
1241:(or heads); aid climbers may also use bolt kits to place fixed
1213:
Before the introduction of clean aid climbing, placements were
1171:
611:
In the 1990s, the traditional A-grading system was expanded at
21:
2173:"Climb Long Routes Faster With This Simple Aid Climbing Trick"
1645:
1598:
A2: "Moderate aid. Solid gear that's more difficult to place".
1289:
1129:
4776:
4623:
4095:
3973:
3805:
1342:
1254:
1218:
1135:
1105:
886:
851:
819:
789:
is a 31-pitch 870-metre graded partial clean aid climb at VI
740:
725:
682:
562:
538:
26:
4777:
Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes
1182:– which is normally its most common format – then even more
3347:
1813:
1995. Steve Gerberding, Lori Reddel, and Scott Stowe climb
1807:
1019:(1995) on the blank south faces of El Capitan. The arrival
1001:
3163:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2907:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2635:
McNamara, Chris; Van Leuven, Chris (2011). "Aid Ratings".
2591:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2265:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
1326:
The second retrieving placements (including cam hooks) on
1143:
716:), which only uses mechanical devices and equipment for
604:, and was also where Robbins' ethos of minimal-aid, and
2297:"Rock climbing: from ancient practice to Olympic sport"
2216:"The 25 Greatest Moments in Yosemite Climbing History"
2145:"Want to Get Better at Trad Climbing? Go Aid Climbing"
2023:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 276–317.
1530:
The original aid climbing grades are described by the
645: (5c) C2, but only a tiny handful can handle its
4719:
Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
2504:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 94–140.
2330:"Royal Robbins: The Kingpin of Yosemite's Golden Age"
2063:"Everything You Need to Know for Your First Big Wall"
1768:
George Whitmore and Wayne Merry climb the 3,000-foot
724:
making the "placements" into which ladders (known as
4771:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
4724:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
2563:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 59–60.
2479:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 16–56.
1550:
A2: "Good placements, but sometimes tricky to find".
1269:
to manage the effective length of the daisy chains.
537:
that uses mechanical devices and equipment, such as
4783:
Union of International Mountain Leader Associations
3295:
Big Wall Climbing: Development, Techniques And AIDS
2420:"New words List September 2012 : Aid Climbing"
2634:
2017:(2018). "Chapter 15. Aid and Big Wall Climbing".
1248:
608:'s ethos of clean aid climbing, became dominant.
4856:
2475:Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 1: Fundamentals".
2013:
1848:'s 2011 repeat of the controversial 1982 route,
1217:by the aid climber as they ascended, with metal
2389:"Obituary: Jim "The Bird" Bridwell (1944-2018)"
1820:1998. Warren Hollinger and Grant Gardner climb
1640:
1595:A1: "Easy aid. No risk of a piece pulling out".
3078:"These are the 10 hardest climbs in the world"
2909:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 53–60.
2593:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 71–87.
2267:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 25–52.
3363:
2959:"Sea of Dreams: A4 Solo for Andy Kirkpatrick"
1751:, Jerry Gallwas, and Mike Sherrick climb the
592:'s granite big walls led by pioneers such as
511:
2630:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
1208:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2639:(3rd ed.). SuperTopo. pp. 18–19.
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
1431:The second climber in aid climbing usually
1290:Ascenders and fixed rope jumaring equipment
901:on famous routes across the European Alps.
4765:International Federation of Sport Climbing
3370:
3356:
2904:
2735:"Great Trango Tower: The Biggest Big Wall"
2588:
2386:
2327:
2262:
2109:
1452:
1426:
1313:Aid climbing techniques on big wall climbs
1004:) to put up groundbreaking routes such as
518:
504:
2778:
2294:
2213:
2192:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1890:List of grade milestones in rock climbing
1673:, Norbert Bätz, and Peter Dittrich climb
3186:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
3106:"The 20 Best Climbing Films of All Time"
3103:
2982:
2653:
2607:
2020:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1644:
1607:A3+: "A3 with dangerous fall potential".
1567:
1547:A1: "All placements are solid and easy".
1456:
810:
676:
20:
3047:
3013:
2728:
2726:
2446:
2382:
2380:
2142:
4857:
3323:Big Wall Bible: Aid Climbing Big Walls
3009:
3007:
2703:"International Grade Comparison Chart"
2697:
2695:
2693:
2666:"International Grade Comparison Chart"
2584:
2582:
2580:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2387:Van Leuven, Chris (16 February 2018).
2258:
2170:
2060:
924:used Salathé's aid tools to climb the
862:. While the use of aid diminished on
732:) then removes the placements as they
3351:
3104:Bisharat, Andrew (6 September 2022).
2956:
2876:
2820:
2784:
2732:
2558:
2499:
2474:
2355:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2105:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1978:
1907:
1905:
1862:, a 2018 short documentary film from
1802:, Dale Bard and Dave Diegelman climb
1062:, said of that Hill's achievement on
4825:
3249:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books.
3189:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing.
3075:
2752:
2723:
2440:
2377:
2295:Wilkinson, Freddie (14 March 2019).
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1563:
1509:
1399:
1272:
685:while ascending aid climbing route,
623:Aid climbing is still used on large
4837:
3209:Higher Education: A Big Wall Manual
3161:Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019).
3004:
2690:
2577:
2543:
2493:
2468:
2447:Ellison, Julie (16 December 2013).
2328:Van Leuven, Chris (21 March 2017).
1828:); still remains unrepeated (2023).
1058:, big wall aid climber and author,
13:
3338:How to Aid Climb: Big Wall Leading
3247:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
3154:
3048:Leonard, Brian (4 December 2017).
3019:"El Cap's Hardest: Wings of Steel"
2983:McDonald, Dougald (26 July 2006).
2561:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2502:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2477:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2235:
2037:
1902:
14:
4881:
4734:South African Climbing Federation
3316:
3133:"The Inner Wall: Reel Rock S4 E2"
2281:
2143:Chapman, Jeff (28 October 2022).
2082:
2061:Synott, Mark (23 February 2022).
1623:
1417:
1257:, which are like ladders made of
866:routes, big wall climbers in the
580:became the birthplace of modern "
4836:
4824:
4813:
4812:
4800:
3706:IFSC World Championships winners
2985:"Reticent Wall in a Single Push"
2821:Walsh, Anthony (21 March 2024).
1741:
1656:(1,340 metres, VII 5.10 A4+ WI3)
1374:
1355:
1334:
1319:
1142:
1128:
1112:
1098:
984:wrote a now-famous essay titled
52:
3275:(1st ed.). Falcon Guides.
3125:
3097:
3069:
3041:
2976:
2957:Berry, Nathalie (8 July 2015).
2950:
2923:
2898:
2870:
2842:
2814:
2733:Lucas, James (16 August 2016).
2518:
2412:
2349:
2321:
1408:
1075:added the term "aid climbing".
667:Nightmare on California Street
4704:British Mountaineering Council
3165:(1st ed.). Versante Sud.
3076:Gray, Will (9 December 2021).
2877:Leavy, Michael (1 July 2022).
2356:Franz, Derek (10 March 2023).
2171:Synott, Mark (2 August 2021).
2164:
2136:
1947:
1822:Nightmare on California Street
1249:Aiders and daisy chain systems
774:routes. These routes are long
672:
1:
2358:"Between safety and boldness"
1941:
1844:, a 2013 documentary film of
1685: (7c+) by Siebe Vanhee,
1632:
1385:(VI, 5.8, A3+), on El Capitan
1305:
1176:spring-loaded camming devices
885:who developed the multi-step
757:spring-loaded camming devices
3377:
1641:High altitude and expedition
1186:is required (e.g. including
1078:
986:The Murder of the Impossible
822:during the 3rd pitch of the
7:
3230:(1st ed.). SuperTopo.
1919:(4,500 metres, 75-pitches,
1878:
1754:Northwest Face of Half Dome
927:Northwest Face of Half Dome
29:(or ladders) on an overhang
10:
4886:
2766:. planetmountain.com. 2022
2115:"The Mechanical Advantage"
1960:Collins English Dictionary
1917:El Capitan Girdle Traverse
1870:rope solo aid climbing on
1832:
1687:Sean Villanueva O'Driscoll
1447:
1381:Using aiders on the route
1298:ascending equipment, with
1082:
804:
800:
700:Aid climbing is a form of
4796:
4757:
4694:Appalachian Mountain Club
4664:
4657:
4501:
4451:
4370:
4363:
4246:
4125:
4036:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3678:
3603:
3532:
3497:
3401:
3392:
3385:
2425:Oxford English Dictionary
2214:Editorial (1 June 2016).
1866:(Season 4, Episode 2) on
1209:Fixed placement equipment
1072:Oxford English Dictionary
4609:Mountain Safety Research
4604:Mountain Equipment Co-op
3226:McNamara, Chris (2012).
2850:"Longest climbing route"
1895:
1885:History of rock climbing
1056:The Mechanical Advantage
854:) was challenged by the
842:, or the 1893 ascent of
807:History of rock climbing
4870:Types of mountaineering
4739:South Tyrol Alpine Club
4534:Eastern Mountain Sports
4400:Canadian Alpine Journal
4393:American Alpine Journal
3656:Roof and tunnel hacking
3299:Oxford University Press
3273:How to Climb: Big Walls
2708:American Alpine Journal
2526:"Exhibit A (5.8 C2+ R)"
1453:Issues with aid grading
1427:Jumaring on fixed ropes
1085:Rock-climbing equipment
584:", where pioneers like
4559:Holubar Mountaineering
4371:Magazines and journals
3701:IFSC World Cup winners
2855:Guinness World Records
1657:
1584:
1476:
1237:), but also including
1190:, hauling pulleys and
1092:Aid climbing equipment
1048:). In a 1999 essay in
831:
743:that the lead climber
697:
30:
4684:Alpine Club of Canada
4594:Marmot Mountain Works
4549:GERRY Mountain Sports
3340:, by Neil Chelton of
3245:Ogden, Jared (2005).
3228:How to Big Wall Climb
2760:"Riders on the Storm"
1842:Assault on El Capitan
1648:
1571:
1460:
916:and climb the iconic
838:, the 1786 ascent of
814:
680:
582:big wall aid climbing
574:single-pitch climbing
24:
16:Type of rock climbing
4714:Club Alpino Italiano
4699:Austrian Alpine Club
4689:American Alpine Club
3297:(Reprint ed.).
3211:(1st ed.). AK.
2798:(11). Archived from
1729:on the East Face of
1532:American Alpine Club
1394:traditional climbing
1160:traditional climbing
761:traditional climbing
710:traditional climbing
681:Climber standing in
4709:Club Alpin Français
4083:Mountaineering boot
3696:Piolet d'Or winners
2302:National Geographic
1675:Riders on the Storm
1572:Climbers aiding on
957:North American Wall
718:climbing protection
651:Riders on the Storm
75:Piolet d'Or winners
4729:German Alpine Club
2802:on 17 October 2021
2637:Yosemite Big Walls
1731:Great Trango Tower
1658:
1650:Great Trango Tower
1585:
1504:Yosemite Big Walls
1482:Yosemite Big Walls
1477:
1006:Pacific Ocean Wall
832:
698:
31:
25:Aid climber using
4865:Types of climbing
4852:
4851:
4792:
4791:
4744:Swiss Alpine Club
4497:
4496:
4452:Non-fiction films
4428:Planinski Vestnik
4421:Himalayan Journal
4359:
4358:
4121:
4120:
3750:Historical events
3721:Eight-thousanders
3674:
3673:
3528:
3527:
3205:Kirkpatrick, Andy
3017:(December 2011).
2931:"Bird's Eye View"
2309:on March 27, 2021
1564:New wave A-grades
1510:Original A-grades
1400:Making placements
1273:Hooks and hangers
1180:big wall climbing
768:big wall climbing
708:(whether done as
625:big wall climbing
528:
527:
109:Eight-thousanders
99:Historical events
4877:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4827:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4662:
4661:
4614:Outdoor Research
4368:
4367:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3755:Grade milestones
3564:Expedition style
3399:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3312:
3286:
3269:Middendorf, John
3260:
3241:
3222:
3200:
3181:The Mountaineers
3176:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2678:on 30 March 2021
2674:. Archived from
2662:
2651:
2650:
2632:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:Mountain Project
2522:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2305:. Archived from
2292:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2211:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2111:Middendorf, John
2107:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2058:
2035:
2034:
2015:The Mountaineers
2011:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1935:
1909:
1868:Andy Kirkpatrick
1735:The Grand Voyage
1727:The Grand Voyage
1724:
1706:
1698:Nicolas Favresse
1695:
1679:Cordillera Paine
1663:Wolfgang Gullich
1654:The Grand Voyage
1378:
1359:
1338:
1323:
1282:, cam hooks and
1146:
1132:
1116:
1102:
982:Reinhold Messner
973:Compressor Route
959:(1964), and the
918:Lost Arrow Spire
880:
858:movement led by
655:Cordillera Paine
520:
513:
506:
265:Expedition style
104:Grade milestones
56:
33:
32:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4788:
4753:
4653:
4519:Cascade Designs
4493:
4447:
4355:
4242:
4117:
4051:Abalakov thread
4032:
3776:
3670:
3599:
3524:
3493:
3477:Deep-water solo
3381:
3376:
3332:John Middendorf
3319:
3309:
3289:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3203:
3197:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3157:
3155:Further reading
3152:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2788:(1 July 2005).
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2731:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2633:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2557:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2399:
2397:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2212:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2119:Ascent Magazine
2108:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2059:
2038:
2031:
2012:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1926:), which is on
1910:
1903:
1898:
1881:
1835:
1744:
1718:
1712:John Middendorf
1700:
1689:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1566:
1512:
1473:Eldarado Canyon
1455:
1450:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1345:on the roof of
1339:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1292:
1275:
1251:
1211:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1060:John Middendorf
899:Riccardo Cassin
895:alpine climbers
874:
818:resting on his
809:
803:
772:alpine climbing
675:
669:on El Capitan.
629:alpine climbing
524:
495:
433:
373:
295:
221:
205:Deep-water solo
120:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:The North Face
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Sierra Designs
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Frostline Kits
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4435:Rock & Ice
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4379:Alpine Journal
4374:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4269:Climbing route
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4214:Simul-climbing
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Front pointing
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Avalanche cord
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4056:Bottled oxygen
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:IFSC victories
3708:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3538:
3536:
3534:Mountaineering
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:VDiff Climbing
3335:
3325:
3318:
3317:External links
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:978-0195202700
3307:
3287:
3282:978-0934641630
3281:
3261:
3256:978-0898867480
3255:
3242:
3237:978-0983322511
3236:
3223:
3218:978-1999700591
3217:
3201:
3196:978-1846892622
3195:
3177:
3172:978-8885475809
3171:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3124:
3096:
3068:
3040:
3024:Rock & Ice
3015:McNeely, Ammon
3003:
2975:
2949:
2922:
2916:978-8885475809
2915:
2897:
2869:
2841:
2813:
2790:"Trango Tower"
2777:
2764:PlanetMountain
2751:
2722:
2689:
2652:
2646:978-0983322504
2645:
2606:
2600:978-8885475809
2599:
2576:
2570:978-0898867480
2569:
2542:
2517:
2511:978-0898867480
2510:
2492:
2486:978-0898867480
2485:
2467:
2449:"Big Wall Kit"
2439:
2411:
2376:
2348:
2320:
2280:
2274:978-8885475809
2273:
2234:
2191:
2163:
2135:
2081:
2036:
2030:978-1846892622
2029:
1977:
1955:"Aid Climbing"
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1860:The Inner Wall
1857:
1850:Wings of Steel
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:Wings of Steel
1818:
1811:
1796:
1775:
1766:Warren Harding
1762:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1708:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:Clean C-grades
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1511:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:Bounce testing
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1250:
1247:
1210:
1207:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1021:sport climbing
990:Yvon Chouinard
968:Cesare Maestri
936:Warren Harding
802:
799:
714:sport climbing
674:
671:
606:Yvon Chouinard
598:Warren Harding
526:
525:
523:
522:
515:
508:
500:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
471:
466:
465:
464:
459:
449:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
419:Simul climbing
416:
411:
406:
405:
404:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
375:
374:
372:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
292:
291:
281:
280:
279:
269:
268:
267:
262:
252:
251:
250:
245:
234:
231:
230:
228:mountaineering
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
192:
191:
190:
185:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
151:
150:
149:
139:
133:
130:
129:
122:
121:
119:
118:
113:
112:
111:
106:
96:
95:
94:
84:
83:
82:
80:IFSC victories
77:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:International
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:Organizations
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Early Winters
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Black Diamond
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:The Dawn Wall
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Bachar ladder
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Climbing wall
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Approach shoe
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:Climbing rope
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3760:First ascents
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Rock climbing
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3057:
3056:
3055:Men's Journal
3051:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Ammon McNeely
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:Reticent Wall
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:Sea of Dreams
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:Royal Robbins
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:Royal Robbins
1746:
1745:
1742:North America
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1716:Xaver Bongard
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1525:Reticent Wall
1522:
1518:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1284:rivet hangers
1281:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:In 2012, the
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:Trango Towers
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Reticent Wall
1013:
1011:
1010:Sea of Dreams
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
922:Royal Robbins
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Emilio Comici
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:free climbing
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Mont Aiguille
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Royal Robbins
813:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
736:up the rope.
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:free climbing
703:
702:rock climbing
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
670:
668:
664:
663:Trango Towers
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Royal Robbins
591:
587:
586:Emilio Comici
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
561:in permanent
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:(in both its
544:
543:free climbing
540:
536:
535:rock climbing
533:is a form of
532:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
501:
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498:
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417:
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414:Self rescuing
412:
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127:rock climbing
124:
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44:
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39:
35:
34:
28:
23:
19:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4749:USA Climbing
4649:Wild Country
4644:Therm-a-Rest
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4460:The Alpinist
4458:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4339:Campus board
4294:First ascent
4038:Ice and snow
3835:Belay device
3686:Alpine clubs
3646:Ropes course
3559:Alpine style
3408:
3341:
3294:
3272:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3184:
3162:
3141:. Retrieved
3136:
3127:
3117:28 September
3115:. Retrieved
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3081:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3053:
3043:
3035:
3028:. Retrieved
3022:
2994:. Retrieved
2988:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2906:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2882:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2826:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2793:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2763:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:
2713:. Retrieved
2706:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2669:
2636:
2590:
2560:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2501:
2495:
2476:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2405:
2398:. Retrieved
2392:
2367:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2300:
2264:
2225:. Retrieved
2219:
2182:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2148:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2118:
2072:. Retrieved
2066:
2018:
1972:
1965:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1916:
1859:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1800:Jim Bridwell
1792:Salathé Wall
1790:
1789:, climb the
1769:
1752:
1734:
1726:
1674:
1671:Bernd Arnold
1653:
1636:
1627:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:first ascent
1430:
1421:
1412:
1409:Using aiders
1403:
1391:
1382:
1346:
1293:
1276:
1263:daisy chains
1252:
1212:
1204:
1157:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1042:Grand Voyage
1041:
1037:
1032:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
998:Jim Bridwell
985:
971:
965:
960:
956:
955:(1961), the
952:Salathé Wall
950:
939:
938:aid climbed
925:
906:John Salathé
903:
864:single-pitch
844:Devils Tower
833:
828:Salathé Wall
780:
765:
763:protection.
738:
722:lead climber
699:
686:
666:
659:Grand Voyage
658:
650:
632:
622:
610:
602:Jim Bridwell
600:, and later
571:
531:Aid climbing
530:
529:
452:First ascent
354:Roof hacking
344:Rock hopping
260:Alpine style
136:
18:
4843:WikiProject
4679:Alpine Club
4674:Access Fund
4584:Lowe Alpine
4579:La Sportiva
4316:Fall factor
4209:Self-arrest
4185:Redpointing
4108:Snow anchor
3862:Boulder mat
3811:Daisy chain
3781:Terminology
3772:Terminology
3651:Rooftopping
3593:Hillwalking
3581:Dry-tooling
3547:Via ferrata
3460:Traditional
3438:Competition
3419:Multi-pitch
3402:Disciplines
3291:Scott, Doug
2786:Child, Greg
2770:30 November
1915:route, the
1783:Chuck Pratt
1719: [
1701: [
1690: [
1667:Kurt Albert
1541:French free
1383:Tribal Rite
1367:Cerro Torre
1239:copperheads
1235:knifeblades
1223:Lost Arrows
1215:hammered-in
1196:portaledges
1192:trail ropes
1168:hexcentrics
1120:Daisy chain
1008:(1975) and
978:Cerro Torre
891:Cima Grande
875: [
860:Paul Preuss
830:(VI 5.9 C2)
776:multi-pitch
673:Description
547:traditional
402:Redpointing
378:Key actions
349:Rooftopping
300:Other types
289:Hillwalking
277:Dry-tooling
248:Via ferrata
188:Traditional
166:Competition
147:Multi-pitch
116:Terminology
4859:Categories
4467:El Capitan
4231:Traversing
4180:Onsighting
4160:Glissading
4143:Dülfersitz
4138:Australian
4101:Transeiver
4046:Alpenstock
3979:Portaledge
3967:Copperhead
3906:Descenders
3840:Auto belay
3631:Commercial
3611:Buildering
3588:Scrambling
3498:Rock types
3489:Top roping
3426:Bouldering
3265:Long, John
2963:UKClimbing
2806:1 December
2341:4 December
2227:4 December
1942:References
1928:El Capitan
1872:El Capitan
1854:El Capitan
1633:Milestones
1582:El Capitan
1578:VI 5.8 A2+
1462:Layton Kor
1437:fixed rope
1328:El Capitan
1306:Techniques
1296:fixed rope
1267:fifi hooks
1200:poop tubes
1083:See also:
1029:free climb
946:El Capitan
870:, such as
840:Mont Blanc
805:See also:
787:El Capitan
753:fixed rope
695:El Capitan
687:The Shield
639:El Capitan
555:protection
429:Techniques
424:Traversing
329:Commercial
309:Buildering
284:Scrambling
217:Top roping
154:Bouldering
4619:Patagonia
4502:Companies
4488:Hard Grit
4481:Free Solo
4349:MoonBoard
4344:Hangboard
4330:Training
4279:Guidebook
4254:Ape index
4219:Rope team
4133:Abseiling
4078:Ice screw
3984:Quickdraw
3867:Carabiner
3789:Equipment
3767:Technique
3733:Equipment
3616:Canyoning
3554:Himalayan
3482:Rope solo
3472:Free solo
1967:3 October
1864:Reel Rock
1787:Tom Frost
1470:Exhibit A
1347:Peter Pan
1300:ascenders
1188:haul bags
1184:equipment
1079:Equipment
1025:Lynn Hill
994:Tom Frost
961:Muir Wall
904:In 1946,
872:Tita Piaz
868:Dolomites
848:Half Dome
691:VI 5.7 A3
657:, or the
578:Dolomites
559:hammering
438:Key terms
387:Abseiling
314:Canyoning
255:Himalayan
226:Types of
210:Rope solo
200:Free solo
125:Types of
87:Equipment
4819:Category
4666:National
4564:JanSport
4539:Five Ten
4414:Desnivel
4407:Climbing
4386:Alpinist
4311:Exposure
4289:Chipping
4236:Tyrolean
4226:Spotting
4197:Crevasse
4175:Flashing
4165:Jumaring
4150:Belaying
4113:Snowshoe
4071:Ice tool
4061:Crampons
3911:Figure-8
3823:Ascender
3691:Climbers
3431:Highball
3414:Big wall
3379:Climbing
3293:(1981).
3271:(1994).
3207:(2018).
3183:(2018).
3137:Red Bull
3083:Red Bull
2990:Climbing
2936:Alpinist
2884:Climbing
2828:Climbing
2795:Alpinist
2739:Climbing
2671:Alpinist
2454:Climbing
2394:Climbing
2363:Alpinist
2335:Climbing
2178:Climbing
2150:Climbing
2123:Climbing
2113:(1999).
2068:Climbing
1932:Yosemite
1913:traverse
1879:See also
1771:The Nose
1759:Yosemite
1527:at A4R.
1442:top rope
1435:up on a
1369:headwall
1363:Jumaring
1280:skyhooks
1064:The Nose
1038:The Nose
1033:The Nose
1027:'s 1993
941:The Nose
932:Yosemite
914:Yosemite
897:such as
782:The Nose
751:up on a
745:hammered
634:The Nose
613:Yosemite
590:Yosemite
409:Jumaring
392:Belaying
159:Highball
142:Big wall
70:Climbers
46:Climbing
38:a series
36:Part of
4831:Commons
4785:(UIMLA)
4779:(UIAGM)
4170:Leading
4087:Rescue
4066:Ice axe
4016:Camalot
3950:Lanyard
3933:Skyhook
3918:Harness
3889:Dynamic
3872:Maillon
3845:Glasses
3726:Everest
3717:Deaths
3636:Parkour
3334:(1999).
3143:19 June
3111:Outside
2221:Outside
1833:In film
1798:1978.
1777:1961.
1677:on the
1519:" and "
1492:places.
1464:on the
1448:Grading
1259:webbing
1172:tricams
1150:Skyhook
1054:titled
826:of the
801:History
749:jumared
730:belayer
397:Leading
334:Parkour
4807:Portal
4773:(UIAA)
4767:(IFSC)
4599:Millet
4589:Mammut
4554:Grivel
4524:Deuter
4442:Summit
4326:Guides
4321:Grades
4192:Rescue
4126:Action
4028:Tricam
3994:Grigri
3940:Hammer
3894:Static
3850:Gloves
3818:Anchor
3738:Brands
3542:Alpine
3344:(2023)
3305:
3279:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3193:
3169:
3139:. 2018
3089:30 May
3061:30 May
3030:30 May
2996:25 May
2968:25 May
2942:25 May
2913:
2890:15 May
2862:15 May
2858:. 2024
2834:22 May
2744:18 May
2711:. 2013
2643:
2597:
2567:
2535:25 May
2508:
2483:
2460:18 May
2432:1 June
2428:. 2012
2400:26 May
2369:25 May
2313:25 May
2271:
2184:25 May
2156:25 May
2128:18 May
2074:16 May
2027:
1963:. 2023
1785:, and
1764:1958.
1747:1957.
1725:climb
1710:1992.
1661:1991.
1580:), on
1574:Zodiac
1433:jumars
1343:aiders
1341:Using
1255:aiders
1231:angles
1219:pitons
1198:, and
1174:, and
1051:Ascent
852:pitons
820:aiders
741:pitons
726:aiders
693:), on
683:aiders
617:routes
563:pitons
539:aiders
447:Anchor
238:Alpine
27:aiders
4624:Petzl
4574:Kelty
4364:Media
4299:Pitch
4264:Clean
4247:Other
4096:RECCO
4023:Shoes
4011:SLCDs
4006:Sling
3974:Piton
3923:Hooks
3901:Chalk
3828:Croll
3806:Aider
3743:Knots
3679:Lists
3661:Slide
3626:Grass
3621:Crane
3604:Other
3576:Mixed
3505:Crack
3455:Sport
3443:Speed
3386:Types
3330:, by
2715:1 May
2682:1 May
2407:wall.
1896:Notes
1852:, on
1808:RURPs
1723:]
1705:]
1694:]
1683:5.13a
1480:book
1243:bolts
1227:bongs
1136:Piton
1106:Aider
1002:RURPs
887:aider
879:]
795:5.14a
734:jumar
647:5.14a
567:bolts
551:sport
489:Pitch
484:Guide
474:Route
469:Grade
364:Slide
324:Grass
319:Crane
243:Mixed
183:Sport
171:Speed
92:Knots
61:Lists
4514:CAMP
4304:Topo
4274:Beta
4202:Self
3999:Revo
3989:SLDs
3928:Fifi
3884:Cord
3857:Bolt
3798:Rock
3666:Tree
3641:Pole
3520:Slab
3515:Roof
3510:Face
3467:Solo
3450:Free
3303:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3145:2024
3119:2023
3091:2023
3063:2023
3032:2023
2998:2023
2970:2023
2944:2023
2911:ISBN
2892:2024
2864:2024
2836:2024
2808:2022
2772:2022
2746:2023
2717:2023
2684:2023
2641:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2537:2023
2506:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2462:2023
2434:2023
2402:2023
2371:2023
2343:2022
2315:2023
2269:ISBN
2229:2022
2186:2023
2158:2023
2130:2023
2076:2023
2025:ISBN
1969:2023
1921:5.10
1714:and
1233:and
1170:and
1164:nuts
992:and
910:Ford
770:and
627:and
596:and
565:and
479:Beta
462:FFFA
369:Tree
359:Rope
339:Pole
195:Solo
178:Free
4634:REI
4629:Rab
3962:Nut
3955:PAC
3945:Hex
3571:Ice
3409:Aid
1930:in
1757:in
1543:'".
1468:of
1444:).
1365:on
1202:).
1044:on
1031:of
976:on
970:'s
944:on
930:in
791:5.9
785:on
712:or
661:on
653:on
643:5.9
637:on
549:or
457:FFA
272:Ice
137:Aid
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3034:.
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2117:.
2084:^
2065:.
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1980:^
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1957:.
1924:A4
1904:^
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1229:,
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