75:
27:
787:
772:
2914:
818:
804:
2902:
2938:
2926:
832:
Free climbing means using no form of artificial or mechanical aid to help progression in ascending a route. Even the act of pulling on the climbing protection equipment as employed in 'French free climbing' (either placed by the climber while climbing or already in situ with pre-placed
1037:
1047:
674:(V+/A1), in the Frankenjura, signifying he had "free climbed" it as a redpoint (i.e. after many failed attempts); the redpoint became the accepted definition of what constituted a "
637:" and proposed 6 rules of free climbing including the important rule 4: "The piton is an emergency aid and not the basis of a system of mountaineering". In 1913, German climber
2823:
924:, i.e. that you must always climb the route first try. Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing also uses the 'redpoint' as a definition of a first free ascent.
753:
Despite the name, 'French free climbing' is not considered 'free climbing' per se, and a climber that uses the technique could not claim a 'first free ascent' of a new route.
2818:
990:
the sport of climbing on rocks, up mountains, or up walls or buildings using no equipment to help you to climb, only ropes or other safety devices that prevent falling
932:; however, clean climbing does not support bolted sport climbing routes on natural rock, and thus external redpointed first free ascents are not advocated.
2870:
1837:
2882:
1176:
656:
to protect the soft sandstone rock. The rules said that only natural holds were allowed, and these "rules for free climbing" are in still use today.
653:
1825:
881:, as no forms of additional mechanical devices are employed in free soloing, it is, almost by definition, the purest form of free climbing.
898:, i.e. that you must always be alone and without any partner. Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing uses a supporting
1810:
100:
1150:
2864:
2833:
538:
1859:
1854:
859:
equipment is used (placed by the climber as they ascend the route), but not for any form of aid in progression on the climbing route.
707:
574:
to help overcome the obstacles encountered while ascending a route. The development of free climbing was an important moment in the
124:
1412:
1021:
climbing without using pitons, Ă©triers, etc, as direct aids to ascent, but using ropes, belays, etc, at discretion for security
1254:
618:
1133:
726:, refers to the French lead climbing technique of "pulling upward" on pieces of in-situ climbing protection equipment (e.g.
913:
equipment. Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing uses climbing protection (but not to aid progression).
1820:
750:
routes where it is important that the climber(s) progress efficiently and not get overly delayed on a specific section.
1469:
1421:
1397:
1805:
1790:
90:
1313:
1202:
1114:. Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2021).
2942:
2803:
585:
Free climbing can be performed in several formats depending on the type of climbing protection used, including
531:
738:
on traditional climbing routes), as a source of aid in ascending the climbing route. It is equivalent to an
2733:
2110:
869:
are used for climbing protection, but again, not for any form of aid in progression on the climbing route.
627:
dispute"), by advocating for a transition to "free climbing" via a series of essays and articles in the
2964:
2105:
1871:
1007:
136:
890:
Free climbing has been called "rock climbing's most commonly mistaken term", with problems including:
2930:
2793:
2155:
1002:
524:
971:
2708:
2703:
1849:
875:, as no forms of additional devices are employed in bouldering, it is by definition, free climbing.
711:
610:
575:
482:
119:
35:
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2499:
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1897:
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1755:
1407:
1107:
559:
374:
842:
739:
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1462:
434:
112:
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1227:
74:
26:
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614:
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2039:
2005:
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208:
186:
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43:
8:
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2010:
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1381:
1259:
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910:
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703:
664:
563:
444:
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47:
848:
Free climbing can be performed in a variety of types of climbing, and most importantly:
2828:
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20:
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58:
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2017:
1653:
1119:
1073:
928:
Free climbing is related to, but separate from, the broader climbing topic area of
921:
699:
509:
489:
285:
275:
129:
2906:
2773:
2718:
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2618:
2403:
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2150:
2098:
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1983:
1956:
1641:
1614:
1069:
866:
834:
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731:
638:
567:
499:
258:
1124:
2765:
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191:
95:
771:
2958:
2728:
2628:
2573:
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2383:
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2122:
1978:
1944:
1765:
1740:
1619:
1609:
1566:
1493:
951:
895:
555:
417:
389:
379:
359:
215:
147:
2242:
1177:"Remembering Kurt Albert, German climbing legend and father of the redpoint"
2848:
2743:
2623:
2559:
2438:
2393:
2000:
1988:
1949:
1934:
1745:
1670:
1658:
1508:
906:
838:
668:
634:
571:
472:
364:
292:
280:
157:
570:. Free climbing, therefore, cannot use any of the tools that are used in
2683:
2678:
2415:
2308:
2207:
1993:
1927:
1750:
1730:
1692:
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660:
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349:
309:
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268:
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1710:
1687:
1525:
872:
823:
691:
594:
329:
304:
174:
1352:"What Is Free Climbing? – Rock Climbing's Most Commonly Mistaken Term"
817:
803:
2587:
2580:
2448:
2443:
2353:
2318:
2232:
2177:
2083:
2027:
1966:
1715:
727:
706:(i.e. completed after a first failed attempt). FFAs that create new
407:
334:
2663:
2513:
2249:
2212:
2170:
2160:
1478:
429:
412:
66:
39:
2279:
2165:
2115:
1971:
1735:
917:
899:
695:
354:
2127:
2093:
609:
The free climbing movement was an important development in the
1255:"Who Did It First? Style, Grades and Dispute in First Ascents"
2876:
2723:
2195:
2073:
1905:
1228:"What Is A Redpoint In Climbing? – Climbing Jargon Explained"
1112:
Advances in Social
Science, Education and Humanities Research
624:
2877:
578:, including the concept and definition of what determined a
1447:
735:
686:
The first "free climb" of a climbing route is known as the
566:
but not as an artificial aid to help them in ascending the
1203:"Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean?"
694:. They also chronicle whether the "free climb" was done
1074:"The Mechanical Advantage: Tools for the Wild Vertical"
1038:"Rock climbing: from ancient practice to Olympic sport"
916:
Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means
905:
Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means
894:
Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means
742:
aid climbing technique and is typically used on longer
1106:
Zhu, Beifeng; Chen, Ruizhi; Li, Yuan (9 August 2021).
2819:
Federación Española de
Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
1314:"Climb Long Routes Faster With This Simple Aid Trick"
690:, or FFA, and is chronicled by climbing journals and
2871:
International
Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
2824:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
2883:
1151:"Kurt Albert is dead. Goodbye to a climbing legend"
19:For climbing without protection or a partner, see
1108:"The Origin and Early Evolution of Rock Climbing"
593:(uses permanently fixed in-situ protection), and
2956:
1406:
698:(i.e. first try without any prior information),
1463:
532:
702:(i.e. first try with prior information), or
1438:Free Climbing vs Free Solo vs Solo Climbing
2865:International Federation of Sport Climbing
1470:
1456:
1380:
1068:
652:), which included the first binding rules
643:Der Bergsteiger in der Sächsischen Schweiz
539:
525:
1123:
1105:
1035:
1413:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
1252:
1101:
1099:
1031:
1029:
25:
1311:
1062:
717:
589:(uses temporary removable protection),
2957:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1175:Hobley, Nicholas (28 September 2020).
1174:
1148:
1451:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1200:
1096:
1026:
841:and carries an aid climbing grade of
2925:
1416:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing.
1149:Hobley, Nicholas (29 October 2010).
1036:Wilkinson, Freddie (14 March 2019).
885:
681:
2937:
1274:
1253:Sanzarro, Francis (22 March 2022).
909:, i.e. that you must never use any
16:Climbing without using aid climbing
13:
1374:
1331:
1220:
1194:
582:(or FFA) of a route by a climber.
558:in which the climber can only use
14:
2976:
2834:South African Climbing Federation
1431:
663:painted his first "Rotpunkt" (or
617:started what became known as the
601:(uses no protection whatsoever).
2936:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2900:
1806:IFSC World Championships winners
1201:Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022).
816:
802:
785:
770:
641:published the second edition of
73:
1312:Synnott, Mark (2 August 2021).
1305:
1246:
2804:British Mountaineering Council
1287:"What is French free climbing"
1168:
1142:
995:
964:
764:Various forms of free climbing
1:
1384:; Gaines, Bob (August 2022).
957:
1477:
613:. In 1911, Austrian climber
7:
1125:10.2991/assehr.k.210806.124
1118:. Atlantis Press: 662–667.
935:
10:
2981:
1008:Collins English Dictionary
604:
18:
2896:
2857:
2794:Appalachian Mountain Club
2764:
2757:
2601:
2551:
2470:
2463:
2346:
2225:
2136:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1778:
1703:
1632:
1597:
1501:
1492:
1485:
865:, where pre-placed fixed
2709:Mountain Safety Research
2704:Mountain Equipment Co-op
756:
710:are important events in
659:In 1975, German climber
654:for climbing in the area
611:history of rock climbing
576:history of rock climbing
2839:South Tyrol Alpine Club
2634:Eastern Mountain Sports
2500:Canadian Alpine Journal
2493:American Alpine Journal
1756:Roof and tunnel hacking
2659:Holubar Mountaineering
2471:Magazines and journals
1801:IFSC World Cup winners
51:
30:Climber free climbing
2784:Alpine Club of Canada
2694:Marmot Mountain Works
2649:GERRY Mountain Sports
667:) on the base of the
630:German Alpine Journal
29:
2814:Club Alpino Italiano
2799:Austrian Alpine Club
2789:American Alpine Club
977:Cambridge Dictionary
853:Traditional climbing
724:French free climbing
718:French free climbing
587:traditional climbing
44:traditional climbing
2809:Club Alpin Français
2183:Mountaineering boot
1796:Piolet d'Or winners
1043:National Geographic
911:climbing protection
857:climbing protection
672:Adolf Rott Ged.-Weg
564:climbing protection
96:Piolet d'Or winners
48:climbing protection
2829:German Alpine Club
947:Rope solo climbing
942:Free solo climbing
879:Free solo climbing
855:, where temporary
810:Free solo climbing
633:where he defined "
599:free solo climbing
560:climbing equipment
52:
32:Sugar Cane Country
21:Free solo climbing
2965:Types of climbing
2952:
2951:
2892:
2891:
2844:Swiss Alpine Club
2597:
2596:
2552:Non-fiction films
2528:Planinski Vestnik
2521:Himalayan Journal
2459:
2458:
2221:
2220:
1850:Historical events
1821:Eight-thousanders
1774:
1773:
1628:
1627:
1386:How to Rock Climb
1135:978-94-6239-414-8
1050:on March 27, 2021
886:Misunderstandings
794:traditional climb
744:big wall climbing
722:The derived term
688:first free ascent
682:First free ascent
676:first free ascent
649:Saxon Switzerland
580:first free ascent
549:
548:
130:Eight-thousanders
120:Historical events
46:style (i.e. with
2972:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2762:
2761:
2714:Outdoor Research
2468:
2467:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1855:Grade milestones
1664:Expedition style
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1427:
1408:The Mountaineers
1403:
1388:(6th ed.).
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:. 2 October 2020
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:Gripped Magazine
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:Middendorf, John
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:. Archived from
1033:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:
999:
993:
992:
987:
985:
968:
837:) is considered
820:
806:
789:
774:
712:climbing history
708:grade milestones
620:Mauerhakenstreit
541:
534:
527:
286:Expedition style
125:Grade milestones
77:
54:
53:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2888:
2853:
2753:
2619:Cascade Designs
2593:
2547:
2455:
2342:
2217:
2151:Abalakov thread
2132:
1876:
1770:
1699:
1624:
1593:
1577:Deep-water solo
1481:
1476:
1434:
1424:
1400:
1377:
1375:Further reading
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1358:. 11 April 2021
1350:
1349:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1293:. 12 April 2021
1285:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1104:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1034:
1027:
1014:
1012:
1003:"Free climbing"
1001:
1000:
996:
983:
981:
972:"Free climbing"
970:
969:
965:
960:
938:
888:
830:
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
813:
812:
807:
798:
797:
796:
790:
782:
781:
775:
766:
765:
759:
748:alpine climbing
720:
684:
647:The Climber in
639:Rudolf Fehrmann
607:
545:
516:
454:
394:
316:
242:
226:Deep-water solo
141:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:The North Face
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Sierra Designs
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Frostline Kits
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2535:Rock & Ice
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:Alpine Journal
2474:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2369:Climbing route
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:Simul-climbing
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Front pointing
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:Avalanche cord
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2156:Bottled oxygen
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:IFSC victories
1808:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1634:Mountaineering
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
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1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
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2849:USA Climbing
2749:Wild Country
2744:Therm-a-Rest
2586:
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2560:The Alpinist
2558:
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2477:
2439:Campus board
2394:First ascent
2138:Ice and snow
1935:Belay device
1786:Alpine clubs
1746:Ropes course
1659:Alpine style
1549:
1441:
1411:
1385:
1360:. Retrieved
1355:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1290:
1264:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1231:
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1210:. Retrieved
1206:
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1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1115:
1111:
1086:. Retrieved
1077:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1041:
1020:
1013:. Retrieved
1006:
997:
989:
984:25 September
982:. Retrieved
975:
966:
927:
907:free soloing
889:
847:
839:aid climbing
831:
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723:
721:
685:
671:
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646:
642:
628:
619:
608:
584:
572:aid climbing
551:
550:
473:First ascent
375:Roof hacking
365:Rock hopping
281:Alpine style
198:
31:
2943:WikiProject
2779:Alpine Club
2774:Access Fund
2684:Lowe Alpine
2679:La Sportiva
2416:Fall factor
2309:Self-arrest
2285:Redpointing
2208:Snow anchor
1962:Boulder mat
1911:Daisy chain
1881:Terminology
1872:Terminology
1751:Rooftopping
1693:Hillwalking
1681:Dry-tooling
1647:Via ferrata
1560:Traditional
1538:Competition
1519:Multi-pitch
1502:Disciplines
1212:21 December
1186:21 December
1160:21 December
1088:21 December
1082:Sierra Club
1054:26 November
779:sport climb
692:guide books
661:Kurt Albert
615:Paul Preuss
423:Redpointing
399:Key actions
370:Rooftopping
321:Other types
310:Hillwalking
298:Dry-tooling
269:Via ferrata
209:Traditional
187:Competition
168:Multi-pitch
137:Terminology
50:equipment).
2567:El Capitan
2331:Traversing
2280:Onsighting
2260:Glissading
2243:DĂĽlfersitz
2238:Australian
2201:Transeiver
2146:Alpenstock
2079:Portaledge
2067:Copperhead
2006:Descenders
1940:Auto belay
1731:Commercial
1711:Buildering
1688:Scrambling
1598:Rock types
1589:Top roping
1526:Bouldering
1442:HardClimbs
1382:Long, John
1362:8 February
1323:9 February
1266:8 February
958:References
918:onsighting
873:Bouldering
824:Bouldering
792:Leading a
777:Leading a
734:routes or
728:quickdraws
704:redpointed
595:bouldering
450:Techniques
445:Traversing
350:Commercial
330:Buildering
305:Scrambling
238:Top roping
175:Bouldering
2719:Patagonia
2602:Companies
2588:Hard Grit
2581:Free Solo
2449:MoonBoard
2444:Hangboard
2430:Training
2379:Guidebook
2354:Ape index
2319:Rope team
2233:Abseiling
2178:Ice screw
2084:Quickdraw
1967:Carabiner
1889:Equipment
1867:Technique
1833:Equipment
1716:Canyoning
1654:Himalayan
1582:Rope solo
1572:Free solo
1238:1 January
1084:: 149–173
1015:2 October
740:A0-graded
669:aid climb
459:Key terms
408:Abseiling
335:Canyoning
276:Himalayan
247:Types of
231:Rope solo
221:Free solo
146:Types of
108:Equipment
38:, in the
2959:Category
2919:Category
2766:National
2664:JanSport
2639:Five Ten
2514:Desnivel
2507:Climbing
2486:Alpinist
2411:Exposure
2389:Chipping
2336:Tyrolean
2326:Spotting
2297:Crevasse
2275:Flashing
2265:Jumaring
2250:Belaying
2213:Snowshoe
2171:Ice tool
2161:Crampons
2011:Figure-8
1923:Ascender
1791:Climbers
1531:Highball
1514:Big wall
1479:Climbing
1410:(2018).
1318:Climbing
1260:Climbing
1072:(1999).
936:See also
922:flashing
665:redpoint
430:Jumaring
413:Belaying
180:Highball
163:Big wall
91:Climbers
67:Climbing
59:a series
57:Part of
40:Hebrides
2931:Commons
2885:(UIMLA)
2879:(UIAGM)
2270:Leading
2187:Rescue
2166:Ice axe
2116:Camalot
2050:Lanyard
2033:Skyhook
2018:Harness
1989:Dynamic
1972:Maillon
1945:Glasses
1826:Everest
1817:Deaths
1736:Parkour
1356:Climber
1297:5 March
1291:Climber
1232:Climber
900:belayer
700:flashed
696:onsight
605:History
418:Leading
355:Parkour
2907:Portal
2873:(UIAA)
2867:(IFSC)
2699:Millet
2689:Mammut
2654:Grivel
2624:Deuter
2542:Summit
2426:Guides
2421:Grades
2292:Rescue
2226:Action
2128:Tricam
2094:Grigri
2040:Hammer
1994:Static
1950:Gloves
1918:Anchor
1838:Brands
1642:Alpine
1444:(2023)
1420:
1396:
1132:
1078:Ascent
1011:. 2023
980:. 2023
732:bolted
468:Anchor
259:Alpine
2724:Petzl
2674:Kelty
2464:Media
2399:Pitch
2364:Clean
2347:Other
2196:RECCO
2123:Shoes
2111:SLCDs
2106:Sling
2074:Piton
2023:Hooks
2001:Chalk
1928:Croll
1906:Aider
1843:Knots
1779:Lists
1761:Slide
1726:Grass
1721:Crane
1704:Other
1676:Mixed
1605:Crack
1555:Sport
1543:Speed
1486:Types
867:bolts
835:bolts
757:Types
736:SCLDs
625:piton
623:(or "
568:route
510:Pitch
505:Guide
495:Route
490:Grade
385:Slide
345:Grass
340:Crane
264:Mixed
204:Sport
192:Speed
113:Knots
82:Lists
42:) in
36:E4 6a
2614:CAMP
2404:Topo
2374:Beta
2302:Self
2099:Revo
2089:SLDs
2028:Fifi
1984:Cord
1957:Bolt
1898:Rock
1766:Tree
1741:Pole
1620:Slab
1615:Roof
1610:Face
1567:Solo
1550:Free
1418:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1364:2023
1325:2023
1299:2023
1268:2023
1240:2022
1214:2022
1188:2022
1162:2022
1130:ISBN
1090:2022
1056:2022
1017:2023
986:2023
645:(or
597:and
562:for
500:Beta
483:FFFA
390:Tree
380:Rope
360:Pole
216:Solo
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