2938:
Indeed, as in so many other areas of
Andalusi culture and society, Jews have played an important role in the evolution and preservation of the musical heritage of al-Andalus throughout its history. From the very beginning, one of Ziryāb's colleagues at the court of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II was a fine musician Manṣūr al-Yahūdī ("Mansur the Jew"). The scholars Avraham Elam-Amzallag and Edwin Seroussi further highlight the important role played by Jews in the history of Andalusi music, pointing out that not only have many important North African Andalusi musicians been Jews, but also Moroccan Jewish communities today in Israel preserve Andalusi melodies and even song texts in their religious music.
3696:(d. 1126), whose father had fought in the siege and sack of Barbastro in 1064 and brought back at least one female slave singer. It is likely that young William's taste in music and poetry was thus influenced by al-Andalus. George T. Beech observes that while the sources of William's inspirations are uncertain, he did have Spanish individuals within his extended family, and he may have been friendly with some Europeans who could speak Arabic. Regardless of William's involvement in the tradition's creation,
58:
4477:
2978:"), which probably dates to the middle of the 15th century and seems to be linked to the Andalusi music of Tlemcen in Algeria. By far the best-documented Andalusi tradition is that of Morocco, with the first surviving anthology having been produced by Muḥammad al-Būʿiṣāmī (d. ca. 1738). But the most important collection was
3684:
believes that there is no firm evidence on the origins of the notation, and therefore the
Arabian origin theory and the hymnal origin theories are equally credible. Although the philosopher al-Kindī (d. 259/874) and the author Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 355/967) both mention music writing systems,
2937:
on the musical traditions in Jewish societies of North Africa, Haïm
Zafrani writes: "In the Maghreb, the Muslims and Jews have piously preserved the Spanish-Arabic music .... In Spain and Maghreb, Jews were ardent maintainers of Andalusi music and the zealous guardians of its old traditions ...."
2924:
which may have originated in
Islamic Iberia, but took on many different forms in the new environments. Moreover, these migrants from the 13th century on encountered ethnic Andalusi communities that had migrated earlier to North Africa, which helped this refined music to take root and spread among
2850:
works were apparently composed directly as songs, at least early on. In a cryptic passage, al-Tifāshī attributes the emergence of a new style to Ibn Bajja, one that combined "the songs of the
Christians with those of the East, thereby inventing a style found only in Andalus, toward which the
2988:
2993:
3700:
states that
Andalusi poetry was likely one of several influences on European "courtly love poetry". J. B. Trend has also asserted that the poetry of troubadours was connected to Andalusi poetry.
1268:
3685:
they were descriptive and based on lute fingerings, and thus complicated to use. No practical, indigenous system of music writing existed in the
Islamic world before the colonial era.
3680:("Separated Pearls"). However, there is no documentary evidence for this theory, and no Arabian musical manuscripts employing sequences from the Arabic alphabet are known to exist.
2946:
A number of old manuscripts preserve song texts and elements of
Andalusi musical philosophy. The oldest surviving collection of these texts is found in two chapters from
141:
2910:, further expanded the reach of Andalusi music, though not without changes. In North Africa, the Andalusi music traditions all feature a suite known as a
3668:
musical notation system had its origins in a Latin hymn, but others suggest that it may have had
Andalusi origins instead. According to Meninski in his
3347:
2680:
is said to have combined the style of Ziryâb with
Western approaches to produce a wholly new style that spread across Iberia and North Africa.
4281:
Beech, George T. (1992). "Troubadour Contacts with Muslim Spain and Knowledge of Arabic: New Evidence Concerning William IX of Aquitaine".
3001:
Each of the modern nations of North Africa has at least one style of Andalusi music. In Morocco the secular instrumental version is called
4537:
4481:
1944:
17:
4333:
Veldeman, Marie-Christine (2001). "Egypt, or the quest for syncretism and spiritual wholeness in Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet".
3804:
2851:
temperament of its people inclined, so that they rejected all others," but the nature and details of this new tradition are unclear.
256:
30:
This article is about the style of music practiced in North Africa and the former al-Andalus. For the music of Andalusia, Spain, see
3838:
2532:
1919:
3771:(1968). M. al-Ṭanjī (ed.). "al-Ṭarāʾiq wa-l-ʾalḥān al-mūsīqiyya fī ʾIfrīqyā wa-l-Andalus. Mutʿat al-ʾismāʿ fī ʿilm al-samāʿ".
4396:
4372:
4317:
4112:
4058:
3913:
3886:
3816:
2683:
By the 10th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of musical instruments. These spread gradually to
4542:
1308:
1924:
1686:
850:
1283:
1929:
4517:
4512:
3944:
Seroussi, Edwin (1990). "La música arábigo-andaluza en las baqqashot judeo-marroquíes: Estudio histórico y musical".
1959:
1273:
3354:
4465:, edited by Raymond Schiendlin, Maria Rosa Menocal and Michael Sells. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–82.
1785:
470:
3366:, a religious a cappella style that makes use of very similar melodic, rhythmic and textual materials as Al-Ala.
4532:
4527:
1366:
480:
3991:
Reynolds, Dwight (2012). "Lost Virgins Found: The Arabic Songbook Genre and an Early North African Exemplar".
1661:
3431:
2525:
2206:
67:
2094:
1852:
1847:
1790:
1361:
2883:
to fill out the melodic line—a practice that survives to the present with relevant sections labeled as
1976:
1857:
924:
181:
3359:, meaning "instrumental music", as opposed to religious music which is primarily vocal is predominant.
4507:
3811:, The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 60–82,
2800:
2637:
2621:
1909:
1904:
1371:
1278:
517:
411:
4010:
Davila, Carl (2019). "Al-Ḥāʾik's Notebook, Part I: Annotated Annals of the Anthologies of Al-Āla".
2629:
1775:
855:
642:
2171:
4522:
3693:
3631:
2672:
in Cordoba, is sometimes credited with its invention. Later, the poet, composer, and philosopher
2518:
2411:
586:
512:
465:
2854:
2558:
2024:
1939:
1842:
1780:
1651:
1601:
1250:
1238:
820:
88:
3903:
1186:
4502:
4497:
4177:
4100:
4046:
3803:
Reynolds, Dwight (2000), Menocal, María Rosa; Sells, Michael; Scheindlin, Raymond P. (eds.),
1989:
1914:
1591:
83:
41:
3191:
Andalusi classical music orchestras are spread across the Maghreb, including the cities of:
3123:), each with a corresponding rhythm. The rhythms occur in the following order in a complete
3837:
P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs, eds. (2012-04-24),
3617:
3290:
3223:
2628:) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems derive from famous authors such as
1376:
500:
495:
383:
108:
103:
98:
93:
78:
3672:(1680), Solfège syllables may have been derived from the syllables of an Arabic (Moorish)
8:
4382:
3681:
3523:
2134:
2124:
2049:
1738:
1681:
1671:
1641:
1606:
1586:
400:
206:
176:
113:
2727:, although some Arabic terms (qithara, for example) had been derived in their turn from
892:
4252:
4244:
4027:
3724:
3479:
2998:
in 1886 (numerous copies are found in libraries in Morocco, Madrid, London and Paris).
2064:
1999:
1984:
1954:
1753:
1748:
1733:
1626:
1621:
1315:
1288:
887:
475:
445:
431:
31:
4437:
24, No. 3, Early Music from Around the World (August 1996): 423–426, 428–431, 433–437.
4392:
4368:
4313:
4256:
4197:
4108:
4054:
4031:
3909:
3882:
3812:
3729:
3109:
structures vary considerably among the various national traditions. In Morocco, each
2653:
2625:
2240:
2221:
1767:
1728:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1631:
1616:
1579:
1210:
594:
338:
3235:
1465:
4342:
4290:
4236:
4227:
Miller, Samuel D. (Autumn 1973), "Guido d'Arezzo: Medieval Musician and Educator",
4189:
4019:
3768:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3719:
3522:
Al-Andalus was probably the main route of transmission of a number of Near Eastern
2947:
2742:
2736:
2669:
2569:
2211:
2196:
2181:
2129:
2034:
1934:
1837:
1800:
1743:
1723:
1718:
1691:
1611:
1470:
1233:
1141:
1031:
1026:
810:
715:
653:
618:
610:
460:
450:
353:
186:
3692:
tradition was brought to France from al-Andalus by the first recorded troubadour,
2251:
4386:
3661:
3634:
3592:
2980:
2796:
2549:
2488:
2361:
2216:
2144:
2109:
2009:
1899:
1805:
1646:
1450:
1176:
1041:
907:
897:
860:
626:
293:
236:
226:
3836:
2256:
1171:
1136:
3749:
3714:
3490:). More recently, other instruments have been added to the ensemble, including
3408:
3063:
2912:
2732:
2401:
2186:
2161:
1832:
1713:
1705:
1505:
1435:
1151:
1126:
979:
929:
877:
815:
760:
663:
527:
485:
348:
333:
241:
216:
161:
151:
57:
4023:
1131:
4491:
4201:
3540:
3439:
3340:
3275:
2984:(the first of several versions is dated 1202/1788), which was revised by the
2903:
2840:
2834:
2641:
2443:
2281:
2226:
2004:
1530:
1512:
1021:
683:
602:
557:
490:
416:
4346:
4294:
4193:
4047:"Le système musical de la Sana'a ou le paradigm de la norme at de la marge"
3908:. Références Maisonneuve et Larose. Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 228.
3621:
3467:
3082:
2921:
2880:
2728:
2473:
2396:
2286:
2191:
2074:
1867:
1255:
1228:
1146:
1076:
1056:
845:
805:
794:
579:
542:
308:
49:
2692:
1525:
1517:
1396:
3697:
3673:
3495:
3336:
2907:
2633:
2483:
2438:
2336:
2176:
1540:
1161:
1116:
1051:
959:
882:
735:
730:
537:
455:
426:
421:
276:
3067:, is the basis of al-āla. Though it has roots in al-Andalus, the modern
4248:
3689:
3654:
3475:
3251:
3231:
3012:
2766:
2720:
2688:
2673:
2657:
2609:
2585:
2448:
2376:
2356:
2351:
1949:
1815:
1636:
1445:
1223:
1156:
1103:
969:
872:
755:
522:
378:
313:
201:
146:
4421:
The Ma'luf in Contemporary Libya: An Arab-Andalusian Musical Tradition
3665:
298:
4365:
Nūbat Ramal al-Māya in Cultural Context: The Pen, the Voice, the Text
3605:
3507:
3422:
3286:
3207:
2782:
2458:
2428:
2291:
2119:
2084:
2059:
1862:
1820:
1810:
1460:
984:
745:
693:
658:
368:
171:
136:
4463:
Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: The Literature of al-Andalus
4240:
3970:, edited by Robert Assaraf and Michel Abitbol. Statvit. pp. 295–302.
3931:
al-Sifr al-thānī min Kitāb al-Muqtabis (edited by Maḥmūd ʿAlī Makkī)
211:
3511:
3463:
3398:
3370:
3332:
3264:
2684:
2677:
2493:
2406:
2386:
2371:
2166:
2139:
1495:
1455:
1401:
989:
770:
725:
678:
668:
552:
271:
266:
261:
251:
221:
3879:
The Andalusian Music of Morocco: Al-Āla: History, Society and Text
3243:
3049:) in the East. The Tunisian and Libyan traditions are also called
2326:
2321:
2266:
1535:
3649:
3587:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3471:
3414:
3394:
3386:
3374:
3304:
3279:
3268:
3257:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3098:
3094:
3090:
2899:
2876:
2756:
2724:
2708:
2617:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2596:. It then spread and influenced many different styles across the
2589:
2498:
2468:
2423:
2391:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2276:
2271:
2201:
2156:
2114:
1994:
1596:
1423:
1298:
1293:
974:
934:
902:
720:
688:
328:
3320:
2867:), wrote the most detailed surviving musical description of the
1337:
4476:
3709:
3579:
3545:
3487:
3483:
3435:
3316:
3312:
3294:
3227:
3215:
2704:
2665:
2478:
2463:
2453:
2306:
2261:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2069:
2019:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1440:
1406:
1354:
1347:
1332:
1327:
1263:
1217:
1191:
1181:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1046:
1036:
1011:
999:
994:
964:
954:
949:
840:
825:
765:
750:
698:
673:
562:
547:
532:
373:
343:
323:
318:
303:
281:
2813:- a composition combining vocal and instrumental elements). A
2695:
and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. The English words
1196:
1016:
912:
3601:
3569:
3535:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3459:
3455:
3418:
3404:
3390:
3378:
3328:
3324:
3247:
3219:
2773:
2747:
Faṣl al-khiṭāb fī madārik al-ḥ awāss al-khams li-ʾūlī l-albāb
2716:
2700:
2605:
2593:
2503:
2433:
2366:
2316:
2311:
2296:
2079:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2014:
1882:
1872:
1795:
1545:
1480:
1322:
1303:
1166:
1121:
1111:
1086:
1071:
944:
835:
780:
775:
740:
710:
363:
358:
231:
196:
156:
131:
126:
3968:
Relations Judéo-Musulmanes au Maroc: Perceptions et Réalités
3105:
in Morocco incorporate more than one mode—24 modes in all).
4442:
Ma'lūf: Reflections on the Arab-Andalusian Music of Tunisia
3527:
3451:
3239:
2696:
2661:
2381:
2301:
2054:
1887:
1877:
1391:
1342:
939:
830:
246:
191:
166:
4414:
al-Mūsīqā l-andalusiyya "al-Āla": al-maṣādir wa al-madāris
2906:
from Córdoba, Seville, Valencia, and Granada, fleeing the
2755:) divided the Andalusi musical tradition into four types:
4157:
4107:. Toulouse: Presses Universitaire du Mirail. p. 25.
4053:. Toulouse: Presses Universitaire du Mirail. p. 24.
3574:
3447:
3308:
2712:
4433:
Davis, Ruth (1996). "Arab-Andalusian Music in Tunisia".
4449:
The Lost Paradise: Andalusi Music in Urban North Africa
4262:
4208:
2941:
4103:. In Samrakandi, Mohammed Habib; Aous, Rachid (eds.).
4049:. In Samrakandi, Mohammed Habib; Aous, Rachid (eds.).
2875:
had lyrics that fit their melodies (sometimes through
4145:
4133:
3928:
2928:
3966:
andalouse chez les Juifs et les Arabes du Maroc" in
3638:
3625:
3434:, that plays classical Andalusi music together with
2563:
4121:
2962:
al-ʿAdharā al-māyisāt fī-l-ʾazjāl wa-l-muwashshaḥāt
2624:. It originated in the music of al-Andalus (Muslim
4388:Historical Facts for the Arabian Musical Influence
4101:"Chante et musique de la nawba ou nûba algérienne"
4077:La Musique arabo-andalouse: l'empreinte du Maghreb
4038:
2960:) (ca. 1253). More recent is a document entitled,
2839:(poetry) and were later set to music, whereas the
2833:, in the classical tradition, circulated first as
4489:
3881:. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. pp. 133–147.
3260:, three main styles or schools are to be found:
4098:
3085:. It is said that there used to be twenty-four
4178:"The History and Uses of the Sol-fa Syllables"
2752:فصل الخطاب في مدارك الحواس الخمس لاولي الالباب
2584:, is a genre of music originally developed in
4044:
3933:. Riyad: Markaz al-Malik Faysal. p. 308.
3077:) is probably a North African creation. Each
2668:(d. 857), who later became court musician of
2526:
3901:
3568:. Further terms fell into disuse in Europe:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3138:
3118:
3072:
3044:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2965:
2955:
2888:
2862:
2808:
2790:
2750:
4092:
4456:Madkhal ilā tārīkh al-mūsīqā l-maghribiyya
4307:
4220:
4105:Horizons Maghrebins: Le droit à la mémoire
4051:Horizons Maghrebins: Le droit à la mémoire
2916:(colloquial Arabic from the formal Arabic
2533:
2519:
1945:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
2920:: a "turn" or opportunity to perform), a
2817:was also a classical monorhyme poem with
2660:) in the 9th century. Born and raised in
2652:Andalusi music was allegedly born in the
4454:Ibn ʿAbd al-Jalīl, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (2000)
4332:
4175:
3990:
3979:
3943:
3802:
3767:
4428:Pasado y presente de la música andalusí
4074:
3688:Some scholars have speculated that the
3089:linked to each hour of the day, but in
14:
4490:
4381:
4362:
4268:
4229:Journal of Research in Music Education
4226:
4214:
4182:Proceedings of the Musical Association
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4009:
3876:
3861:
3843:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3101:, eleven have survived (although some
3025:). In Algeria there are three styles:
1920:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4280:
3864:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition
2967:العذارى المايسات في الأزجال والموشحات
2859:Dār aṭ-ṭirāz fī ʿamal al-muwashshaḥāt
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3289:style in the east of the country in
3131:is never performed in one sitting):
3039:) in the region around Algiers, and
3029:(referring to Granada) in the West,
2942:Lyrical song texts of Andalusi music
4461:Reynolds, Dwight (2000) "Music" in
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3139:
3119:
3073:
3045:
3035:
3021:
3007:
2966:
2956:
2889:
2863:
2809:
2791:
2751:
2745:(d. 1253) in his encyclopedic work
2553:
1925:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1580:National literatures of Arab States
24:
4538:Classical and art music traditions
4406:
3962:Elam-Amzallag, Avraham (1997) "La
3430:Outside of the Maghreb exists the
3113:is divided into five parts called
2929:Andalusi music in Jewish societies
1930:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
25:
4554:
4469:
4308:Bogin, Magda; Bogin, Meg (1995).
3783:
2952:Mutʿat al-ʾismāʿ fī ʿilm al-samāʿ
2935:Jews of Andalusia and the Maghreb
2592:population of the region and the
4475:
4188:. Novello, Ewer and Co.: 35–51.
3905:Juifs d'Andalousie et du Maghreb
3862:Davila, Carl (2020). ""Nawba"".
2989:Muhammad Ibn al-'Arabi al-Jāmi'i
56:
4326:
4301:
4274:
4169:
4083:
4068:
4003:
3984:
3973:
3446:They use instruments including
4451:. University of Chicago Press.
4426:Cortés-García, Manuela (1993)
4412:Benmoussa, Abdelfattah (2003)
3956:
3937:
3929:Ibn Ḥayyān al-Qurṭubī (2003).
3922:
3895:
3870:
3855:
3830:
3761:
3670:Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalum
13:
1:
4312:. WW Norton. pp. 46–47.
3755:
2881:improvised nonsense syllables
2799:, probably with instrumental
4458:. Maṭbaʿa al-Najāh al-Jadīd.
3809:The Literature of Al-Andalus
3526:used in European music: the
3517:
3432:Israeli Andalusian Orchestra
7:
4543:Maqam-based music tradition
3769:al-Tīfāshī, Aḥmad Ibn Yūsuf
3703:
3660:Most scholars believe that
3639:
3626:
3377:is also played, mainly, in
2970:, "The Virgins Swaying for
2564:
2095:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
4559:
4482:Andalusian classical music
2957:متعة الإسماع في علم السماع
2864:دار الطراز في عمل الموشحات
2647:
1858:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
925:Andalusian classical music
851:Arabic musical instruments
182:Islamic geometric patterns
29:
18:Andalusian classical music
4447:Glasser, Jonathan (2016)
4089:See Davila (2013) p. 325.
4075:Guettat, Mahmoud (2000).
4024:10.1163/18115586-67010002
3514:, though these are rare.
2821:, but it did not include
2735:and other languages like
2622:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1905:The Theology of Aristotle
1372:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1269:Love in Arabic literature
518:Arabic geometric patterns
481:Islamic hardstone carving
412:Ancient South Arabian art
4518:Algerian styles of music
4513:Moroccan styles of music
4176:McNaught, W. G. (1893).
4099:Guerbas, Rachid (2002).
3093:there are only sixteen,
3056:
2546:Andalusi classical music
1274:Arabic erotic literature
471:Palestinian wood carving
4419:Ciantar, Philip (2012)
4347:10.3406/equiv.2001.1233
3993:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
3694:William IX of Aquitaine
3011:), while the religious
2711:derive from the Arabic
1781:Islamic Aristotelianism
1776:Early Arabic Philosophy
4295:10.3406/roma.1992.2180
4045:Marouf, Nadir (2002).
3438:from the tradition of
2898:Mass resettlements of
2795:- a precomposed vocal
2573:
2418:South Arabian deities
1940:Theologus Autodidactus
821:Rhythm in Arabic music
4533:Culture of al-Andalus
4528:Music of North Africa
4430:. Fundación El Monte.
4363:Davila, Carl (2016).
4310:The Women Troubadours
3902:Haïm Zafrani (2002).
3877:Davila, Carl (2013).
2893:'work') in songbooks.
2857:(d. 1211), author of
2687:, influencing French
2630:al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
2582:Arab-Andalusian music
2247:North Arabian deities
2151:Fictional Arab people
1990:Atlantis of the Sands
1915:The Book of the Apple
496:Islamic ivory carving
4484:at Wikimedia Commons
4383:Farmer, Henry George
4194:10.1093/jrma/19.1.35
3097:only twelve, and in
3081:is dominated by one
2879:), while others had
1377:Modern Arabic poetry
1052:Gnawa (North Africa)
893:Classical Arab music
4440:Davis, Ruth (2004)
4416:. Maṭbaʿat al-Afaq.
4391:. Ayer Publishing.
4166:, pp. 140–141.
4079:. Éditions el-Ouns.
3839:"Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk"
3779:(1–3). Beirut: 115.
3682:Henry George Farmer
3524:musical instruments
3364:al-samāʿ wa-l-madīḥ
3017:al-samāʿ wa-l-madīḥ
2785:poem consisting of
2050:Iram of the Pillars
1309:Mirrors for princes
856:Great Book of Music
589:(Arabian Peninsula)
177:Islamic calligraphy
3725:Abdessadeq Cheqara
3425:is the main style.
3127:(though an entire
2654:Emirate of Cordoba
2172:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2000:Beast of the Earth
1955:Sicilian Questions
1786:Islamic Platonism
1739:Arabic mathematics
1289:Arabic short story
1284:Literary_criticism
476:Islamic embroidery
446:Arabic calligraphy
32:Music of Andalusia
4480:Media related to
4398:978-0-405-08496-6
4374:978-90-04-29451-6
4319:978-0-393-00965-1
4271:, pp. 81–82.
4217:, pp. 76–77.
4114:978-2-85816-657-2
4060:978-2-85816-657-2
3915:978-2-7068-1629-1
3888:978-3-89500-913-6
3818:978-0-521-47159-6
3730:Mohamed Bajeddoub
3622:sonajas de azófar
3373:of the school of
3278:of the region of
3267:of the region of
2925:wider audiences.
2855:Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk
2562:
2543:
2542:
1843:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1754:Arabic technology
1749:Arabic psychology
1734:Arabic Golden Age
501:Islamic Metalwork
257:Stucco decoration
16:(Redirected from
4550:
4508:Music of Algeria
4479:
4402:
4378:
4351:
4350:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3946:Annuario Musical
3941:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3800:
3781:
3780:
3765:
3745:Music of Tunisia
3740:Music of Morocco
3735:Music of Algeria
3720:Mohammed al-Haik
3678:Durar Mufaṣṣalāt
3642:
3635:wind instruments
3629:
3486:), and kamanja (
3358:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3122:
3121:
3076:
3075:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3015:style is called
3010:
3009:
2997:
2981:Kunnāsh al-Ḥāʾik
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2948:Aḥmad al-Tīfāshī
2892:
2891:
2866:
2865:
2812:
2811:
2794:
2793:
2754:
2753:
2743:Aḥmad al-Tifāshī
2670:Abd al-Rahman II
2567:
2557:
2555:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2212:Princess Jasmine
2197:Layla and Majnun
2182:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2130:She-Camel of God
2125:Shams al-Ma'arif
1935:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1801:Sufi metaphysics
1729:Arabic geography
1724:Arabic astronomy
1719:Arabic astrology
1714:Arabic chemistry
1279:Arabic grimoires
1259:
1032:Chaabi (Morocco)
1027:Chaabi (Algeria)
811:Arab tone system
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
461:Arabic miniature
187:Islamic ornament
60:
37:
36:
21:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4488:
4487:
4472:
4409:
4407:Further reading
4399:
4375:
4354:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4306:
4302:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4241:10.2307/3345093
4225:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4043:
4039:
4008:
4004:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3942:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3801:
3784:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3706:
3662:Guido of Arezzo
3612:, atambal from
3596:, exabeba from
3520:
3352:
3059:
2991:
2944:
2931:
2650:
2576:), also called
2574:música andalusí
2565:ṭarab ʾandalusī
2539:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2412:Isāf and Nā'ila
2243:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2145:Zarqa al Yamama
2010:Book of Wonders
1979:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1900:Liber de Causis
1806:Sufi philosophy
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1744:Arabic medicine
1708:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1257:
1251:Epic literature
1213:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1042:Fann at-Tanbura
861:Kitab al-Aghani
797:
787:
786:
785:
645:
635:
634:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
582:
572:
571:
570:
568:
451:Arabic graffiti
403:
393:
392:
391:
389:
294:Albarrana tower
237:Reflecting pool
227:Nagash painting
119:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Music of Libya
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4486:
4485:
4471:
4470:External links
4468:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4379:
4373:
4353:
4352:
4325:
4318:
4300:
4289:(449): 14–26.
4273:
4261:
4235:(3): 239–245,
4219:
4207:
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 140.
4144:
4142:, p. 137.
4132:
4120:
4113:
4091:
4082:
4067:
4059:
4037:
4002:
3983:
3972:
3955:
3936:
3921:
3914:
3894:
3887:
3869:
3854:
3829:
3817:
3782:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:Music of Libya
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Andalusi nubah
3712:
3705:
3702:
3519:
3516:
3444:
3443:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3402:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3367:
3360:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3283:
3272:
3236:Sidi Bel Abbès
3189:
3188:
3177:
3166:
3155:
3144:
3064:Andalusi nubah
3061:A suite form,
3058:
3055:
3022:السماع والمديح
2943:
2940:
2930:
2927:
2781:was classical
2649:
2646:
2578:Andalusi music
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Kara Ben Nemsi
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Abdul Alhazred
2159:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1960:Fusus al-Hikam
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:Al-aql al-faal
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1506:Arabic prosody
1502:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1258:(ryhmed prose)
1253:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
980:Qudud Halabiya
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
930:Andalusi nubah
927:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Arabic hip hop
875:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Algerian scale
813:
808:
799:
798:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Robe of honour
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
702:
701:
696:
694:Tarboush (fez)
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
647:
646:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:(North Africa)
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
583:
578:
577:
574:
573:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
528:Damascus steel
525:
520:
515:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Islamic garden
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Arabic pottery
463:
458:
453:
448:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
419:
414:
405:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Medina quarter
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Multifoil arch
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Horseshoe arch
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
72:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Arabic culture
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4555:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4344:
4341:(2): 87–100.
4340:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4078:
4071:
4065:(footnote 12)
4062:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3980:al-Ṭanjī 1968
3976:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3627:sunuj al-sufr
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:Maghreb rebab
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3440:Sephardi Jews
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3148:
3147:qâ'im wa niṣf
3145:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3054:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2936:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:Sephardi Jews
2901:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2676:(d. 1139) of
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2642:Ibn al-Khatib
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:Talia al Ghul
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Book of Idols
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Islamic Logic
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Egyptian folk
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
796:
791:
790:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
644:
639:
638:
631:
627:Arab Maghreb
625:
623:
617:
615:
609:
607:
605:(Mesopotamia)
601:
599:
595:Arab Mashriq
593:
591:
585:
584:
581:
576:
575:
569:
564:
561:
559:
558:Pseudo-Arabic
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Islamic glass
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
417:Nabataean art
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
402:
397:
396:
390:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
69:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4503:Arabic music
4498:Arab culture
4462:
4455:
4448:
4444:. Scarecrow.
4441:
4434:
4427:
4423:. Routledge.
4420:
4413:
4387:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4338:
4335:Equivalences
4334:
4328:
4309:
4303:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4264:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4210:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4130:, p. 4.
4123:
4104:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4070:
4050:
4040:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3904:
3897:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3847:, retrieved
3842:
3832:
3822:, retrieved
3808:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3687:
3677:
3669:
3659:
3655:musical pipe
3648:
3644:
3632:conical bore
3613:
3609:
3597:
3591:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3531:
3521:
3468:goblet drums
3445:
3363:
3348:tarab al-āla
3346:
3190:
3187:(3/4 or 6/8)
3179:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3086:
3083:musical mode
3078:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2934:
2933:In his book
2932:
2922:musical form
2917:
2911:
2897:
2894:
2884:
2873:muwashshaḥāt
2872:
2871:Some of the
2868:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2746:
2741:
2729:Vulgar Latin
2682:
2651:
2638:al-Shushtari
2620:) after the
2581:
2577:
2545:
2544:
2474:Dhul Khalasa
2417:
2416:
2246:
2241:Spirituality
2217:Ra's al Ghul
2192:King Marsile
2150:
2149:
2075:Magic carpet
1964:
1893:
1892:
1826:
1825:
1662:Saudi Arabia
1578:
1577:
1504:
1503:
1429:
1428:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1352:
1314:
1313:
1244:
1243:
1216:
1091:
1017:Algerian Raï
1005:
1004:
918:
917:
866:
865:
846:Quarter tone
806:Arabic maqam
800:
704:
703:
648:
567:
543:Hedwig glass
506:
505:
439:
438:
406:
388:
309:Caravanserai
287:
286:
120:
118:
73:
68:Architecture
4435:Early Music
4269:Farmer 1978
4215:Farmer 1978
4164:Farmer 1978
4152:Farmer 1978
4140:Farmer 1978
4128:Davila 2016
3698:Magda Bogin
3674:solmization
3604:), atabal (
3598:al-shabbaba
3502:, and even
3496:Double bass
3353: [
3337:Chefchaouen
3291:Constantine
3224:Constantine
3027:al-Gharnāṭī
2992: [
2976:Muwashshaḥs
2908:Reconquista
2869:muwashshaḥ.
2825:. Works of
2689:troubadours
2634:Ibn Khafaja
2177:Battal Gazi
1362:Anthologies
1162:Raqs Sharqi
1117:Belly dance
960:Iraqi maqam
888:Arabic jazz
883:Arabic rock
736:Fouta towel
538:Girih tiles
456:Arab carpet
427:Fatimid art
422:Islamic art
277:Windcatcher
142:Arabic dome
27:Music genre
4492:Categories
3952:: 297–315.
3849:2023-04-21
3824:2023-04-21
3756:References
3690:troubadour
3653:(flute or
3637:, and the
3558:, and the
3552:and Greek
3508:saxophones
3476:tambourine
3252:Mostaganem
3232:Souk Ahras
3013:a cappella
2844:muwashshaḥ
2768:muwashshaḥ
2674:Ibn Bajjah
2658:Al-Andalus
2610:Mauritania
2586:al-Andalus
2554:طرب أندلسي
2449:Dhat-Badan
2377:Theandrios
2357:Baalshamin
2352:Atarsamain
2207:Palamedes
1950:Muqaddimah
1910:Al-isharat
1816:Avicennism
1768:Philosophy
1637:Mauritania
1446:Muwashshah
1411:Khamriyyah
1211:Literature
1157:Ouled Nail
970:Muwashshah
873:Arabic pop
432:Mamluk art
379:Well house
314:Bimaristan
202:Mashrabiya
4367:. Brill.
4257:143833782
4202:0958-8442
4032:216703431
4012:Al-Abhath
3999:: 69–105.
3773:Al-Abhath
3643:from the
3614:al-tinbal
3606:bass drum
3562:from the
3538:from the
3530:from the
3518:Influence
3512:clarinets
3208:Cherchell
3151:قائم ونصف
3051:al-maʾlūf
3041:al-maʾlūf
2783:monorhyme
2693:trouvères
2678:Saragossa
2559:romanized
2292:Al-Kutbay
2120:Shadhavar
2085:Mount Qaf
2060:Karkadann
1977:Mythology
1863:Asabiyyah
1821:Averroism
1652:Palestine
1574:Mutadārik
1571:Mutaqārib
1562:Mujtathth
1414:Tardiyyah
1234:Classical
1177:Schikhatt
1142:Khaleegy
919:Art music
746:Jellabiya
659:Battoulah
513:Arabesque
507:Features
369:Shadirvan
172:Hypostyle
137:Arabesque
121:Features
89:Nabataean
4385:(1978).
4018:: 1–38.
3704:See also
3593:an-nafir
3464:darbouka
3436:piyyutim
3399:Kairouan
3371:Gharnati
3333:Tangiers
3265:Gharnati
3031:al-ṣanʿa
2841:strophic
2823:istihlal
2801:response
2787:istihlal
2685:Provence
2407:Yarhibol
2387:Malakbel
2257:Al-‘Uzzá
2167:Ali Baba
2140:Zulfiqar
1827:Concepts
1811:Farabism
1602:Djibouti
1559:Muqtaḍab
1553:Munsariħ
1496:Ghinnawa
1471:Riddles
1456:Mathnawi
1218:Language
1172:Shamadan
1137:Hagallah
990:Tahmilah
771:Takchita
731:Durra'ah
726:Djellaba
705:Clothing
679:Madhalla
669:Keffiyeh
649:Headwear
603:Mashriq
597:(Levant)
553:Muqarnas
272:Voussoir
267:Vaulting
262:Tadelakt
252:Socarrat
222:Muqarnas
42:a series
40:Part of
4357:Sources
4283:Romania
4249:3345093
3845:, Brill
3805:"Music"
3676:system
3666:Solfège
3650:fistula
3618:balaban
3610:al-tabl
3608:) from
3575:al-duff
3565:naqareh
3555:kithara
3472:ṭaʿrīja
3415:Tunisia
3409:Tripoli
3395:Testour
3387:Tunisia
3375:Tlemcen
3350:
3305:Morocco
3280:Algiers
3269:Tlemcen
3258:Algeria
3212:Algiers
3204:Nedroma
3200:Tlemcen
3196:Algeria
3099:Morocco
3095:Tunisia
3091:Algeria
3046:المألوف
2900:Muslims
2877:melisma
2797:prelude
2792:استهلال
2737:Persian
2725:naqareh
2721:qithara
2648:History
2618:Tunisia
2614:Morocco
2602:Algeria
2598:Maghreb
2588:by the
2570:Spanish
2561::
2499:Yaghūth
2469:Basamum
2424:Almaqah
2392:Orotalt
2347:Al-Qaum
2342:Aglibol
2277:Chaabou
2272:Dushara
2222:Sindbad
2202:Othello
2157:Aladdin
2115:Shaddad
1995:Bahamut
1706:Science
1682:Tunisia
1667:Somalia
1642:Morocco
1627:Lebanon
1597:Comoros
1592:Bahrain
1587:Algeria
1565:Muḍāriʿ
1500:Humayni
1424:Hamasah
1316:Islamic
1299:Tezkire
1294:Tabaqat
1187:Tanoura
1127:Deheyeh
1022:Bedouin
975:Qasidah
935:Bashraf
908:Khaliji
903:Al Jeel
756:Macawis
721:Burnous
689:Tantour
684:Taqiyah
621:(Sudan)
619:Mawset
613:(Egypt)
611:Mawset
587:Khalij
580:Cuisine
523:Banna'i
329:Madrasa
299:Alcázar
152:Gardens
147:Banna'i
109:Moorish
104:Fatimid
99:Abbasid
94:Umayyad
79:Islamic
4395:
4371:
4316:
4255:
4247:
4200:
4111:
4057:
4030:
3912:
3885:
3815:
3710:Malhun
3645:sulami
3640:xelami
3630:, the
3616:, the
3588:añafil
3584:al-buq
3580:alboka
3550:qitara
3546:guitar
3544:, the
3510:, and
3504:banjos
3488:violin
3484:zither
3423:Maʾlūf
3421:, the
3397:, and
3317:Tetuan
3313:Meknes
3295:Annaba
3287:Ma'luf
3276:Sana'a
3228:Annaba
3216:Bejaia
3180:quddâm
3162:بطايحي
3158:btâyhî
3036:الصنعة
3003:al-Āla
2972:Zajals
2885:shughl
2827:nashīd
2803:) and
2779:nashīd
2771:, and
2758:nashīd
2707:, and
2705:guitar
2666:Ziryâb
2640:, and
2626:Iberia
2590:Muslim
2550:Arabic
2479:Haukim
2464:Qaynan
2459:Ta'lab
2454:Haubas
2444:Salman
2439:Athtar
2307:Azizos
2262:Al-Lat
2135:Wāḳwāḳ
2105:Qutrub
2100:Qareen
2090:Nasnas
2070:Luqman
2065:Kujata
2020:Dandan
1985:Ababil
1687:U.A.E.
1622:Kuwait
1617:Jordan
1556:Khafīf
1546:Rajaz
1491:Nabati
1486:Mawwal
1476:Kharja
1466:Nasīb
1461:Ruba'i
1451:Urjūza
1441:Qasida
1436:Diwan
1417:Khawal
1407:Ghazal
1397:Rithā'
1383:Genres
1355:Poetry
1348:Aqidah
1333:Hadith
1328:Tafsir
1264:Maqama
1239:Modern
1192:Yowlah
1182:Tahtib
1152:Mizmar
1132:Guedra
1082:Shaabi
1067:Mezwed
1062:Mawwal
1047:Fijiri
1012:Ataaba
1000:Waslah
995:Taqsim
985:Sama'i
965:Mawwal
955:Malhun
950:Layali
867:Genres
841:Teslim
826:Taqsim
801:Theory
766:Sirwal
751:Kaftan
699:Turban
674:Litham
563:Zellij
548:Kiswah
533:Damask
407:Styles
384:Zawiya
374:Tekyeh
344:Mosque
324:Kasbah
319:Hammam
304:Bazaar
282:Zellij
212:Mosaic
114:Mamluk
84:Yemeni
74:Styles
4253:S2CID
4245:JSTOR
4028:S2CID
3624:from
3602:flute
3590:from
3582:from
3572:from
3570:adufe
3560:naker
3548:from
3536:rebec
3500:cello
3492:piano
3480:qanún
3460:rebec
3456:rabab
3419:Libya
3405:Libya
3391:Tunis
3379:Oujda
3357:]
3329:Rabat
3325:Oujda
3248:Blida
3244:Koléa
3220:Blida
3176:(4/4)
3165:(8/4)
3154:(8/4)
3143:(6/4)
3136:basît
3120:ميزان
3115:mîzân
3103:nūbāt
3087:nūbāt
3057:Today
3008:الآلة
2996:]
2986:wazīr
2918:nawba
2848:zajal
2836:shiʿr
2819:ʿamal
2805:ʿamal
2774:zajal
2733:Greek
2717:rabab
2709:naker
2701:rebec
2606:Libya
2594:Moors
2504:Yatha
2494:Ya'uq
2434:Anbay
2372:Suwa'
2367:Hubal
2337:Abgal
2327:Manāt
2322:Manāt
2317:Quzah
2312:Bajir
2297:Asira
2282:Manaf
2267:Manāt
2252:Allah
2080:Marid
2045:Ifrit
2040:Houri
2030:Ghoul
2025:Falak
2015:Buraq
1894:Texts
1883:Qadar
1873:Irfan
1853:Peace
1848:Dhati
1796:Kalam
1692:Yemen
1677:Syria
1672:Sudan
1657:Qatar
1632:Libya
1607:Egypt
1568:Sarīʿ
1550:Ramal
1541:Hazaj
1536:Wāfir
1531:Kamil
1526:Basīṭ
1522:Madīd
1518:Ṭawīl
1481:Zajal
1430:Forms
1420:Fakhr
1388:Madih
1367:Poets
1323:Quran
1304:Rihla
1245:Prose
1229:Paleo
1167:Samri
1122:Dabke
1112:Ardah
1104:Dance
1087:Zajal
1072:Samri
945:Dulab
898:Opera
836:Lazma
795:Music
781:Tiraz
776:Thawb
741:Izaar
716:Bisht
711:Abaya
643:Dress
440:Types
364:Sabil
359:Ribat
354:Qalat
339:Mazar
334:Maqam
288:Types
242:Riwaq
232:Qadad
197:Liwan
157:Girih
132:Alfiz
127:Ablaq
4393:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4198:ISSN
4109:ISBN
4055:ISBN
3910:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3528:lute
3452:lute
3417:and
3369:The
3362:The
3345:The
3341:Safi
3321:Salé
3293:and
3285:The
3274:The
3263:The
3240:Oran
3184:قدام
3169:darj
3140:بسيط
3129:nūba
3125:nūba
3111:nūba
3107:Nūba
3079:nūba
3074:نوبة
3069:nūba
2974:and
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2902:and
2890:شُغل
2846:and
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2829:and
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2035:Hinn
1888:Qalb
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1147:Liwa
1077:Sawt
1057:Liwa
1006:Folk
940:Dawr
831:Jins
664:Haik
654:Agal
247:Sahn
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192:Iwan
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