3156:
3457:
3442:
3487:
2936:
3306:
3562:
3574:
2876:
3228:
3363:
light… When all the windows are open this system allows the free circulation of air during the hot weather, but enables secrets whispered in one room to be heard in all the rest. The windows overlooking the street are overhanging, supported on brackets, and carrying a settee all round. The upper part of the windows is ornamented with coloured glass, introduced in small pieces in a pierced wood pattern, which is painted black or a dark colour. The inhabitants of
Baghdad are extremely proud of this form of ornamentation, which they consider belongs entirely to themselves, though its origin is no doubt Persian.
3204:
3216:
3240:
3502:
3330:
2948:
3586:
3168:
57:
3318:
3472:
2888:
2912:
2900:
22:
2924:
3192:
3180:
3517:
3598:
2869:
open and not lined with glass; the mashrabiya functions as a balcony and the space enclosed is independent of the upper floor rooms and accessed through those rooms with windows opening towards it. Sometimes the woodwork is reduced making the mashrabiya resemble a regular roofed balcony; this type of mashrabiya is mostly used if the house is facing an open landscape such as a river, a cliff below or simply a farm, rather than other houses.
4965:
5877:
5890:
3375:(1926–1964), describes his lover, al-Chalabi's daughter, coming into view from behind the shanashil or mashrabiya. The poem includes references to the social status of the lover's family who reside in the town's largest house complete with sophisticated mashrabiyas. The mashrabiya, with its concept of secluding women from public view, played into the erotic fantasies of European male audiences.
2989:
rain or sun. The shade in normally narrow streets will cool the air in the street and increase the pressure as opposed to the air in the sahn, which is open to the sun making it more likely that air would flow towards the sahn through the rooms of the house; the mashrabiya also provides protection and shade for the ground floor windows that are flat and usually unprotected.
2660:(meaning to drink) because the space was used for a small wooden shelf where the drinking water pots were stored. The shelf was enclosed by wood and located at the window in order to keep the water cool. Later on, this shelf evolved until it became part of the room with a full enclosure and retained the name despite the radical change in use.
3358:
years later remarked that homes resembled "prisons". Carsten
Neibihr, the Danish cartographer, who travelled the route in the 1760s, noted that, in hot countries, glazed windows were a rarity; instead latticed window openings provided ventilation and light. Tristam Ellis, writing in 1881, provided a detailed account of shanshil in Baghdad:
3346:
Caravan Route, leaving behind journals of their journeys. Their accounts often include commentary on local architecture encountered, including window treatments and mashrabiya. Some of these writers include: the
Portuguese explorer, Pedro Teixeira (who travelled in the 1580s), the Danish explorer and cartographer,
3055:) are quite common, especially in dense urban areas. They are usually made from wood and include glass windows, but there are also variations made from stone or aluminium. They could possibly originate from around the tenth century during the Arab occupation of the islands. The modern word for it in the
2820:
in the form of a small latticed opening encasing the second or higher floors of a building and typically overlooking an internal courtyard. They are usually cantilevered to add more square footage to the upper floors, as well as providing shade to the first-floor windows. The lattice work ranges from
3362:
It is always on the hareem that the greatest efforts of ornamentation are expended. The walls from the floor to the ceiling, as well as the ceiling itself, are covered with every colour of the rainbow in elaborate arabesque patterns…windows appearing above this for the purpose of introducing air and
2980:
The wooden screen with openable windows gives shade and protection from the hot summer sun, while allowing the cool air from the street to flow through. The designs of the latticework usually have smaller openings in the bottom part and larger openings in the higher parts, hence causing the draft to
2971:
The mashrabiya was an integral part of Arab lifestyle. Typically, people did not sleep in any assigned room, rather they would take their mattresses and move to areas that offered the greatest comfort according to the seasons: to the mashrabiya (or shanashil) in winter, to the courtyard in spring or
2997:
One of the major architectural benefits is correcting the footprint shape of the land. Due to winding and irregular streets, plots of land are also commonly irregular in shape, while the house designs are regular squares and rectangles. This would result in irregular shapes of some rooms and create
2988:
The projection of the mashrabiya achieves several purposes: it allows air from three sides to enter, even if the wind outside is blowing parallel to the house façade; it serves the street, and in turn the neighborhood, as a row of projected mashrabiyas provides shelter for those in the streets from
2868:
Most mashrabiyas are closed where the latticework is lined with stained glass and part of the mashrabiya is designed to be opened like a window, often sliding windows to save space; in this case the area contained is part of the upper floor rooms hence enlarging the floor plan. Some mashrabiyas are
3426:
were prompted to document mashrabiyas for very different reasons. They feared that traditional architectural elements were in danger of being lost to "modernity" and sought to document them for posterity. The
British artist, Lorna Selim, who married an Iraqi sculptor, was fascinated by vernacular
3357:
The absence of ground floor windows at street level was a theme taken up in many travellers' accounts. William Beawes who travelled the route in 1745 considered the absence of street facing windows to be "very disagreeable to
Europeans", while John Jackson, who travelled the same territory thirty
3345:
As a distinctive element in vernacular architecture with symbolic associations, the mashrabiya has inspired many poets, artists and writers. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Western travellers and adventurers, travelled overland from Aleppo to Basra, along the route known as the Great Desert
3543:
In the second half of the 20th century, the use of vernacular architecture, including mashrabiya and badgir (windcatcher), have undergone a revival. Contemporary architects have recognised the environmental value of traditional designs as a means of providing natural and efficient solutions to
3539:
Use of the mashrabiya became widespread during the
Ottoman period (1517-1805). However, by the late 19th century its use was in decline. The reasons for its decline are complex, including both cultural and practical considerations such as the emergence of modernism and the availability of new
2803:
and his father, Kamil, photographed structures and monuments across Iraq and the Saudi region, and published a book of photographs. Such initiatives have contributed to a renewed interest in traditional practices as a means of building sustainable residences in harsh climatic conditions.
2981:
be fast above the head and slow in lower parts. This provides a significant amount of air moving in the room without causing it to be uncomfortable. The air-conditioning properties of the window is typically enhanced by placing jars of water in the area, allowing air to be cooled by
4541:
On a Raft, and
Through the Desert: The Narrative of an Artist’s Journey through Northern Syria and Kurdistan, by the Tigris to Mosul and Baghdad, and of a Return Journey across the Desert by the Euphrates and Palmyra to Damascus, over the anti-Lebanon to Baalbek and to
3155:
3456:
2794:
Mashrabiyas, along with other distinct features of historic
Islamic architecture, were being demolished as part of a modernisation program across the Arab world from the first decades of the 20th century. In Baghdad, members of the arts community feared that
2621:, reached a peak during the Ottoman period, but fell into decline in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. However, interest in sustainable architecture has contributed to a revival of the mashrabiya and other elements of
3009:
Mashrabiyas were mostly used in houses and palaces although sometimes in public buildings such as hospitals, inns, schools and government buildings. They tend to be associated with houses of the urban elite classes. They are found mostly in the
4381:
3059:
is "gallarija", which is of Italic origin. Recognised as being the predecessors of the iconic closed balcony, or "gallarija", in 2016 Maltese authorities scheduled a total of 36 ancient mashrabiyas as Grade 2 protected properties.
4640:
Almerbati, N., Ford, P., Taki, . Li-Onel, D., “From
Vernacular to Personalised and Sustainable: The Value of Additively Manufactured Window Screens in Middle-Eastern Dwellings,” in: F. Madeo and M. A. Schnabel (eds.),
2998:
dead corners. The projection allows the shapes of the rooms on the upper floors to be corrected, and thus the entire plot of land to be utilised. It also increases the usable space without increasing the plot size.
4002:
Pieri, C., "Baghdad 1921-1958. Reflections on
History as a ”strategy of vigilance”," Mona Deeb, World Congress for Middle-Eastern Studies, June, 2005, Amman, Jordan. Al-Nashra, vol. 8, no 1-2, pp.69-93,
2968:
One of the major purposes of the mashrabiya is privacy, an essential aspect of Arab and Muslim culture. From the mashrabiya window, occupants can obtain a good view of the street without being seen.
4618:
Akbar, S., “The Diminishing Role of Windows from Traditional to Modern”, in: "Proceeding of the International Conference on the Role of Windows in Saudi Arabia", Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994, pp 16-21
4385:
3305:
3441:
2935:
1267:
4479:, Hakluyt Society, Hurmuz, Iran, 1802, p. 65; William Beawes, "Remarks and Occurrences in a Journey from Aleppo to Bassora, by the Way of the Desert", in: Douglas Carruthers (ed),
2875:
4161:
4515:
Journey from India, towards England in the year 1797: By a Route Commonly Called Over-land, through Countries not much Frequented, and Many of them Hitherto Unknown to Europeans
4485:
Journey from India, towards England in the year 1797: By a Route Commonly Called Over-land, through Countries not much Frequented, and Many of them Hitherto Unknown to Europeans
3486:
4662:
4312:
4596:
Pieri, C., "Baghdad 1921–1958: Reflections on History as a “strategy of vigilance”, Mona Deeb, World Congress for Middle-Eastern Studies, Jun 2005, Amman, Jordan,
3227:
3561:
3215:
5045:
140:
3431:, the city underwent a period of "modernisation," during which many traditional houses were being demolished. The architect, Rifat Chadirji and his father,
4359:
3573:
3317:
2947:
3555:(1926-2020), both of whom championed the integration of traditional materials and designs and worked to reconcile tradition with contemporary needs.
3350:(1733–1815), the English traveller, John Jackson (d. 1807), the German architectural historian, Oskar Reuther (1880–1954) and the English artist,
3203:
3001:
On the street side, in addition to their ornamental advantage, mashrabiyas served to provide enclosure to the street and a stronger human scale.
2732:
4701:
2671:, meaning to overlook or to observe. During the centuries, the name slowly changed because of sound change and the influence of other languages.
4755:
3950:
4248:
3809:
2772:
The origins of mashrabiya are uncertain; however, the earliest evidence of the mashrabiya, in its current form, dates to the 12th century in
2821:
simple geometric shapes through to ornate patterns. Architecturally, they are designed to satisfy one or more of the following functions:
5847:
4574:, Beirut, 1965 (2nd ed.), p.7. Note that the poem's title is sometimes translated into English as the "Balcony of al-Chalabi’s Daughter".
4458:Özsavaş Akçay, A., & Alotman, H., A Theoretical Framework for the Evaluation from the Traditional Mashrabiya to Modern Mashrabiya”,
4169:
4500:
William Beawes, "Remarks and Occurrences in a Journey from Aleppo to Bassora, by the Way of the Desert", in: Douglas Carruthers (ed),
1943:
4502:
The Desert Route to India: Being the Journals of Four Travellers by the Great Desert Caravan Route Between Aleppo and Basra, 1745–1751
4481:
The Desert Route to India: Being the Journals of Four Travellers by the Great Desert Caravan Route Between Aleppo and Basra, 1745–1751
4276:
5275:
255:
3501:
3239:
4609:
Al-Khalil, S. and Makiya, K., The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq, University of California Press, 1991, p. 95
3167:
2531:
5791:
2865:
Effective ventilation and passive cooling could be enhanced by adding a water jar, also known as a qullah, inside the mashrabiya.
5919:
4199:
Vakilinezhad, R., Mofidi, M and Mehdizadeh, S., "Shanashil: A sustainable element to balance light, view, and thermal comfort,"
3787:
3042:) to the extent that Basra is often called "the city of Shanashil." Some 400 traditional buildings are still standing in Basra.
4627:
Reem, A., & Park, J.-H., “The Evolving Transformation of Mashrabiya as a Traditional Middle Eastern Architecture Element”,
4445:
Reem, A., & Park, J.-H., “The Evolving Transformation of Mashrabiya as a Traditional Middle Eastern Architecture Element”,
1918:
5852:
5491:
4823:
4140:
3909:
3882:
3714:
3540:
technologies and materials, the high cost of the labour-intensive work of producing lattice and concerns about fire danger.
3471:
3179:
4290:
3585:
2923:
1307:
4643:
Across: Architectural Research through to Practice: 48th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association
3597:
5786:
3635:
1923:
1685:
849:
4557:
Fahad Zahir al-Asadi, S. (2009). Flames of concern in the al-Sayyab's poem “Shanashil Ibnati al-Chalabi”: A case study,
4407:
3899:
3547:
The revival of vernacular architecture in the Middle East is due, in large part, to the work of the Egyptian architect,
1282:
4748:
4214:
Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture: Analytical Therapy for the Next Generation of Passive Sustainable Architecture,
3329:
1928:
2858:
Sahrigi (Cistern turnery) large balusters in a wide mesh, and it is typically used in the upper part of the Mashrabiya
4412:
Inhabitat - Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building | Green design & innovation for a better world
3726:
3697:
3516:
2861:
Other – a variety of complex patterns using amalgamation of existing designs and repetition, used by skilled artisans
1958:
1272:
4677:
4840:
3191:
2911:
2887:
5944:
5760:
2899:
1784:
469:
5939:
5857:
5538:
4706:
3934:
1365:
479:
2592:. It is most commonly used on the street side of the building; however, it may also be used internally on the
5949:
5929:
5837:
5832:
5827:
4783:
4741:
3110:
in Cairo – urban palace first built in the 15th century during the Mamluk era, featuring multiple mashrabiyas
1660:
5969:
5924:
5842:
5822:
5817:
5796:
5669:
5057:
4901:
4793:
3662:
2524:
2205:
66:
4545:
4059:
4818:
2093:
1851:
1846:
1789:
1360:
5220:
4056:
Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates
1975:
1856:
923:
180:
2726:
Other terms also exist to describe variants of this architectural feature beyond the Arabic world. In
5934:
4813:
4803:
3273:, France – a contemporary building, completed in 1987, inspired by the façades of Arabic architecture
1908:
1903:
1370:
1277:
516:
410:
5025:
4844:
5964:
5959:
5770:
5053:
4979:
3142:
3014:– i.e. the eastern part of the Arab world, but some types of similar windows are also found in the
1774:
854:
641:
4259:
3901:
Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Four: Concepts, Approaches, and (Self-)Representations
3828:
3408:
2170:
5128:
4828:
3872:
3657:
3266:
3064:
2813:
2796:
2622:
2517:
2410:
585:
511:
464:
3746:
5317:
4869:
3614:
3435:, used the camera to document traditional architecture across Iraq and Syria in the mid-1950s.
3256:
2023:
1938:
1841:
1779:
1650:
1600:
1249:
1237:
819:
87:
4788:
3689:
3683:
3295:
in Abu Dhabi – twin towers that use the principles of mashrabiya for effective thermal control
2838:
Latticework designs differ from region to region, however the commonly used patterns include:
1185:
5954:
5523:
4926:
4884:
4864:
4645:, 2014, The Architectural Science Association & Genova University Press, 2014 pp. 479–490
3372:
3116:
3107:
1988:
1913:
1590:
82:
40:
4337:
3311:
Institut du Monde Arabe – a contemporary building inspired by traditional mashrabiya façades
2881:
One of the mashrabiya at Hasht Behesht Palace in Isfahan showing a hexagonal lattice pattern
5869:
5623:
4921:
4916:
4906:
4891:
4874:
4859:
4849:
4798:
4778:
4764:
3898:
Daskalov, Roumen Dontchev; Mishkova, Diana; Marinov, Tchavdar; Vezenkov, Alexander (2017).
3630:
3376:
2852:
Maymoni – mesh with rounded balusters in some sections and squared balusters in other areas
2565:
1375:
499:
494:
382:
107:
102:
97:
92:
77:
3649:- architect who sought to integrate traditional Iraqi elements into modern building design
2783:
In Iraq during the 1920s and 1930s, the designs of the latticework were influenced by the
8:
5881:
5639:
5481:
5411:
5383:
5322:
5215:
4896:
4879:
4854:
4833:
4721:
3965:
Merchants, Mamluks and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth Century Basra
3400:
3068:
2982:
2589:
2133:
2123:
2048:
1737:
1680:
1670:
1640:
1605:
1585:
399:
205:
175:
112:
891:
4808:
4230:
Jameel, K., "In 'city of shanasheel', Iraqi heritage crumbles from budgetary neglect,"
3944:
2063:
1998:
1983:
1953:
1752:
1747:
1732:
1625:
1620:
1314:
1287:
886:
474:
444:
430:
4236:
3289:, United Arab Emirates – the dome of the museum was inspired by traditional mashrabiya
2652:, which generally denotes drinking or absorbing. There are two theories for its name:
5578:
4990:
4136:
3930:
3905:
3878:
3820:
3765:
3722:
3693:
2777:
2239:
2220:
1766:
1727:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1630:
1615:
1578:
1209:
593:
337:
4727:
4487:, T. Cadell, Jun., and W. Davies, London, 1799, p. 32, p. 91 and p.93; Niebuhr, C.,
1464:
5914:
5735:
5543:
5421:
5265:
5255:
5178:
4985:
4715:
3395:, (1876). Other paintings that feature mashrabiya include Walter Charles Horsley's
3282:
3056:
2737:
2727:
2210:
2195:
2180:
2128:
2033:
1933:
1836:
1799:
1742:
1722:
1717:
1690:
1610:
1469:
1232:
1140:
1030:
1025:
809:
714:
652:
617:
609:
459:
449:
352:
185:
4585:
Intimate Outsiders: The Harem in Ottoman and Orientalist Art and Travel Literature
2250:
5710:
5528:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5240:
5000:
4130:
3347:
3089:
3018:(the western part of the Arab world). They are very prevalent in Iraq, Iran, the
2855:
Cross – the short round balusters assembled diagonally, vertical and horizontally
2585:
2557:
2487:
2360:
2215:
2143:
2108:
2008:
1898:
1804:
1645:
1449:
1175:
1040:
906:
896:
859:
625:
292:
235:
225:
2255:
1170:
1135:
5684:
5679:
5568:
5470:
5358:
5327:
5005:
4995:
4132:
Veiling Architecture: Decoration of Domestic Buildings in Upper Egypt 1672-1950
4117:
Veiling Architecture: Decoration of Domestic Buildings in Upper Egypt 1672–1950
3652:
3646:
3552:
3432:
3423:
3379:
painted both interiors and exterior views of the mashrabiya in works such as:
3351:
3292:
3113:
House of Ali Effendi Labib in Cairo – originally built in the late 12th century
2800:
2741:
2400:
2185:
2160:
1831:
1712:
1704:
1504:
1434:
1150:
1125:
978:
928:
876:
814:
759:
662:
526:
484:
347:
332:
240:
215:
160:
150:
56:
3427:
architecture, especially that along the Tigris. Not long after her arrival in
1130:
5908:
5363:
5348:
4463:
4027:
The Photographs of Kamil Chadirji: Social Life in the Middle East, 1920-1940,
3824:
3122:
3101:
3095:
2649:
2641:
2577:
2442:
2280:
2225:
2003:
1529:
1511:
1020:
682:
601:
556:
489:
415:
5894:
5649:
4911:
4051:
3625:
3548:
3136:
2817:
2638:
2569:
2472:
2395:
2285:
2190:
2073:
1866:
1254:
1227:
1145:
1075:
1055:
844:
804:
793:
578:
541:
307:
48:
21:
5015:
4102:
Ashraf, S., “Elrawashin of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Passive and low energy”,
3323:
The Louvre Museum in Abu Dhabi, showing the dome and its geometric pattern
2799:
would be lost permanently and took steps to preserve them. The architect,
2656:
The more common theory is that the term was derived from the Arabic word,
1524:
1516:
1395:
5496:
5230:
5210:
3640:
3526:
3419:
3260:
3072:
2953:
A water jar or qullah might be placed in a mashrabiya for passive cooling
2941:
Mashrabiya lattice in Cairo showing a mix of hexagonal and other patterns
2784:
2618:
2581:
2573:
2482:
2437:
2335:
2175:
1539:
1160:
1115:
1050:
958:
881:
734:
729:
536:
454:
425:
420:
275:
4570:
The poem, written in Arabic, is included in the Bdr Shakir’s collection
5694:
5654:
5200:
5113:
5049:
4733:
4546:
https://archive.org/details/onaraftandthrou01elligoog/page/n34/mode/2up
4060:
https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E07.htm#Openings
3977:
3276:
3132:
2842:
Hexagonal – a simple geometric design with repeating hexagonal patterns
2604:
2447:
2375:
2355:
2350:
1948:
1814:
1635:
1444:
1222:
1155:
1102:
968:
871:
754:
521:
377:
312:
145:
5801:
5715:
5553:
4338:"Planning Authority Schedules Properties Having Rare Muxrabja Feature"
297:
5486:
5444:
5426:
5195:
5118:
5063:
5010:
3367:
An elaborate mashrabiya could signal wealth and status. In the poem,
3286:
3233:
Traditional house in Jeddah, (Al-Balad District), Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
3221:
Traditional house in Jeddah, (Al-Balad District), Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
3051:
2760:
2564:) is an architectural element which is characteristic of traditional
2457:
2427:
2290:
2118:
2083:
2058:
1861:
1819:
1809:
1459:
983:
744:
692:
657:
367:
170:
135:
4517:, T. Cadell Jun., and W. Davies, London, 1799, p. 32, p. 91 and p.93
4382:"Facades with a "muxrabija" listed as Grade 2 by Planning Authority"
3279:
in Doha, Qatar – a contemporary structure that references mashrabiya
210:
5455:
5416:
5353:
5296:
5270:
5235:
5133:
4954:
3619:
2846:
2788:
2746:
2675:
The mashrabiya is known by different labels across the Arab world;
2602:
is sometimes used of similar lattices elsewhere, for instance in a
2576:
located on the upper floors of a building, sometimes enhanced with
2492:
2405:
2385:
2370:
2165:
2138:
1494:
1454:
1400:
988:
769:
724:
677:
667:
551:
270:
265:
260:
250:
220:
5618:
4964:
4277:"Mysteries of the Maltese 'gallarija' (1) - the Malta Independent"
4186:
Syracuse University Press, 1995, p. 8; Tabbaa, Y. and Mervin, S.,
3119:
in Cairo – originally built in 1631, now the Gayer-Anderson Museum
2325:
2320:
2265:
1534:
5765:
5588:
5573:
5563:
5548:
5401:
5245:
5143:
5073:
5020:
4408:"Jean Nouvel's Stunning Museum Façade Dilates to Let in Daylight"
3643:- artist who produced hundreds of sketches of Baghdadi mashrabiya
3428:
3263:, Jerusalem – a modern reinterpretation of a traditional building
3126:
3015:
3011:
2773:
2755:
2497:
2467:
2422:
2390:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2275:
2270:
2200:
2155:
2113:
1993:
1595:
1422:
1297:
1292:
973:
933:
901:
719:
687:
327:
30:
3092:
in Cairo, Egypt – Ottoman house, built 1648 and expanded in 1796
1336:
5725:
5674:
5664:
5659:
5644:
5612:
5583:
5558:
5533:
5460:
5406:
5332:
5280:
5260:
5148:
5138:
5123:
5108:
3897:
3019:
2700:
2477:
2462:
2452:
2305:
2260:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2068:
2018:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1405:
1353:
1346:
1331:
1326:
1262:
1216:
1190:
1180:
1080:
1065:
1060:
1045:
1035:
1010:
998:
993:
963:
953:
948:
839:
824:
764:
749:
697:
672:
561:
546:
531:
372:
342:
322:
317:
302:
280:
5876:
4629:
International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering
4447:
International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering
1195:
1015:
911:
5740:
5720:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5311:
5301:
5250:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5158:
5153:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5068:
4949:
4475:
See, for instance, Pedro Teixeira (trans. William Sinclair),
4069:
4067:
3270:
3046:
3031:
3027:
3023:
2751:
2502:
2432:
2365:
2315:
2310:
2295:
2078:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2013:
1881:
1871:
1794:
1544:
1479:
1321:
1302:
1165:
1120:
1110:
1085:
1070:
943:
834:
779:
774:
739:
709:
362:
357:
230:
195:
155:
130:
125:
5730:
5689:
5475:
5449:
5306:
5225:
5041:
4676:(1). Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor. Archived from
4258:. DIN L-ART ÓELWA (National Trust of Malta). Archived from
2696:
2645:
2610:
2594:
2380:
2300:
2053:
1886:
1876:
1390:
1341:
938:
829:
245:
190:
165:
4064:
3766:"The Traditional Arts and Crafts of Turnery or Mashrabiya"
2588:. Jars and basins of water could be placed in it to cause
4702:
Glossary and Useful Terms in Islamic art and architecture
4483:, Asian Educational Services, 1996, p. 108; Jackson, J.,
4014:
The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq,
3579:
Street scene in Valletta, Malta showing mashrabiya, 1967
3418:
Certain 20th century artists and photographers, such as
4360:"Properties featuring rare muxrabija feature scheduled"
4038:
Edwards, B., Sibley, M., Land, P. and Hakmi, M. (eds),
2663:
The less common theory is that the name was originally
4216:
Springer Science & Business Media, 2010, pp 241-42
4201:
International Journal of Environmental Sustainability,
4073:
Spencer, J., “Mashrabiya an architectural language “,
3463:
The Courtyard of the Coptic Patriarch's House in Cairo
3381:
The Courtyard of the Coptic Patriarch's House in Cairo
3209:
Bayt al-Kritliya, now the Gayer-Anderson Museum, Cairo
4434:
Islamic Monuments in Cairo : The Practical Guide
4291:"Architectural Icon: The Traditional Maltese Balcony"
4184:
Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World,
4384:. Television Malta. 30 November 2016. Archived from
3788:"How India's lattice buildings cool without air con"
3603:
In Iraq, the balcony window is known as a shanasheel
4544:, Vol. 2, Field & Tuer, London, 1881, pp 11–12
4119:, American University in Cairo Press, 2012, pp 6–10
3567:
Cairo Streetscape, showing prevalence of mashrabiya
3185:
Mashrabiya interior at Bayt al Razzaz, Cairo, Egypt
3173:
Mashrabiya exterior at Bayt al-Razzaz, Cairo, Egypt
3034:, where they are very prevalent, they are known as
4528:Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres Pays Circonvoisins
4489:Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres Pays Circonvoisins
4436:, American University in Cairo Press, 2002, p. 68
2929:Complex lattice pattern used in a temple at Luxor
5906:
4663:"Il-Muxrabija, wirt l-Iżlam fil-Gżejjer Maltin"
4122:
4104:International Journal of Architectural Research
4530:, Chez S J Baalde, Amsterdam, 1776, pp 118–119
4491:, Chez S J Baalde, Amsterdam, 1776, pp 118–119
4093:, Al Baath University Press, Homs, Syria, 2010
3300:Contemporary interpretations of the mashrabiya
4749:
4135:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
4085:
4083:
2525:
4587:, Duke University Press, Durham, 2007, p. 11
4432:Richard Bordeaux Parker, Caroline Williams,
4040:Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future,
3715:"Islamic Architectural Heritage: Mashrabiya"
3712:
3245:Al-Naseef House, Jeddah, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
2718:
2708:
4460:Journal of History Culture and Art Research
4128:
4016:University of California Press, 1991, p. 95
3877:(in French). Presses du CNRS. p. 277.
3803:
3801:
4756:
4742:
4504:, Asian Educational Services, 1996, p. 108
4080:
4058:, United Nations University, 1986 Online:
3949:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3751:Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture
3591:Street scene in Basra, Iraq in the 1950s.
3145:in Cairo – built in the early 20th century
2532:
2518:
1944:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
4660:
4464:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.962
4246:
3924:
3870:
3807:
3786:Azmi, Feza Tabassum (20 September 2022).
2828:reduce the temperature of the air current
4763:
4156:
4154:
4152:
3819:(41). Valletta: Din l-Art Helwa: 26–33.
3798:
3719:Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II
3681:
3340:
3197:House of Ali Effendi Labib, Cairo, Egypt
3104:in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - built in 1872.
2831:increase the humidity of the air current
20:
4318:. Government of Malta. 18 November 2016
3844:Feeney, J., "The Magic of Mashrabiya",
3775:. In partial fulfillment of M.A.: 1–33.
3763:
3740:
3738:
2568:and beyond. It is a type of projecting
5907:
4722:Mashrabiya, A Day of Art and Adventure
4075:Journal of Art & The Islamic World
3861:University of Texas Press, 2016, p. 23
3757:
3098:in Taif, Saudi Arabia - built in 1858.
2628:
1919:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4737:
4340:. Planning Authority. 2 December 2016
4249:"A survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet"
4149:
3874:La médina de Tunis: espace historique
3810:"A Survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet"
3551:(1900-1989) and the Iraqi architect,
3369:The Shanasil of al-Chalabi’s Daughter
2917:Sahrigi pattern as used in mashrabiya
2893:Maymoni pattern as used in mashrabiya
4091:Theories and History of Architecture
3785:
3735:
4689:A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
4247:Azzopardi, Joe (15 November 2015).
4168:. 30 September 2015. Archived from
3636:List of Historic Monuments in Cairo
3078:
2905:Cross pattern as used in mashrabiya
2719:
2709:
2561:
1924:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1579:National literatures of Arab States
13:
5792:Influences on Western architecture
4654:
4462:, vol. 6, no. 3, 2017, pp 107-121
4362:. Times of Malta. 30 November 2016
4293:. Planning Authority. 6 March 2019
4042:Taylor & Francis, 2006, p. 242
3927:Ir-Razzett - The Maltese Farmhouse
3685:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
3544:cooling problems in hot climates.
1929:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
14:
5981:
4695:
3747:"The wind factor in air movement"
3744:
3534:
3397:Women and an Old Man in the Harem
3143:Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik Palace
2814:vernacular architectural elements
2566:architecture in the Islamic world
5888:
5875:
4963:
4600:, vol. 8, no 1–2, pp.69–93, 2006
4561:, vol. 34, no. 1, 2009, pp 45–62
4449:, vol. 17, no.1, 2017, pp 15-20,
4077:, vol. 18, no. 1, 1990, pp 49-52
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3515:
3500:
3485:
3470:
3455:
3440:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
2972:to vaulted basements in summer.
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2845:Kanaysi or Church – long narrow
55:
5761:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
4634:
4631:, vol. 17, no.1, 2017, pp 15-20
4621:
4612:
4603:
4590:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4494:
4469:
4452:
4439:
4426:
4400:
4374:
4352:
4330:
4305:
4283:
4269:
4240:
4219:
4206:
4193:
4176:
4109:
4096:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3996:
3970:
3957:
3918:
3891:
3721:. WIT Press. pp. 245–254.
3495:by John Frederick Lewis, (1876)
3480:by John Frederick Lewis, (1875)
3450:by John Frederick Lewis, (1873)
3250:
2992:
2807:
2580:. It was traditionally used to
5920:Islamic architectural elements
4313:"The Malta Government Gazette"
4162:"Looking at the world outside"
4106:, vol. 1, no. 1, 1983, pp 9-12
4012:Al-Khalil, S. and Makiya, K.,
3963:Abdullah, R.J. and Abadi, E.,
3864:
3851:
3838:
3779:
3706:
3675:
3465:by John Frederick Lewis (1864)
3083:
3004:
2975:
2849:which are assembled vertically
1:
4477:The Travels of Pedro Teixeira
3808:Azzopardi, Joe (April 2012).
3688:. London: Routledge. p.
3668:
3161:Bayt al-Suhaymi, Cairo, Egypt
16:Islamic architectural element
5853:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
4718:. (Encyclopædia Britannica).
4709:The magic of the mashrabiyas
4687:Ching, Francis D. K. (1995)
3713:Fathy Ashour, Ayman (2018).
3663:Terraced houses in Australia
3335:Doha Tower, Doha, Qatar, UAE
3075:are inspired by Mashrabiya.
2985:as it passes over the jars.
2958:
7:
4129:Abdel-Gawad, Ahmed (2012).
3608:
3510:by Jean-Léon Gérôme, (1867)
2617:It has been used since the
2598:(courtyard) side. The term
2094:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
5986:
5221:Islamic geometric patterns
4711:, 1974, Saudi Aramco World
4572:Shanashil Ibnat al-Chalabi
4188:Najaf, the Gate of Wisdom,
3871:Abdelkafi, Jellal (1989).
3717:. In Passerini, G. (ed.).
2767:
2608:. It is similar to Indian
2572:enclosed with carved wood
1857:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
924:Andalusian classical music
850:Arabic musical instruments
181:Islamic geometric patterns
5866:
5810:
5779:
5753:
5703:
5655:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
5632:
5516:
5509:
5435:
5392:
5341:
5289:
5167:
5083:
5034:
4972:
4961:
4942:
4935:
4771:
4691:Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY
4661:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002).
4029:London, I.B. Tauris, 1995
3967:, SUNY Press, 2001, p. 23
3925:Jaccarini, C. J. (1998).
2963:
1904:The Theology of Aristotle
1371:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1268:Love in Arabic literature
517:Arabic geometric patterns
480:Islamic hardstone carving
411:Ancient South Arabian art
5771:Museum with No Frontiers
4559:Journal of Basra Studies
3848:, 25(4), 1974, pp 32-36.
3049:, mashrabiyas (known as
2754:, they are known by the
2667:, derived from the verb
1273:Arabic erotic literature
470:Palestinian wood carving
5882:Architecture portal
3764:Mohamed, Jehan (2015).
3658:Vernacular architecture
3267:Institut du Monde Arabe
3150:Traditional mashrabiyas
3065:Institut du Monde Arabe
2816:; a type of balcony or
2797:vernacular architecture
2791:movements of the time.
2623:vernacular architecture
1780:Islamic Aristotelianism
1775:Early Arabic Philosophy
5945:Architectural elements
5787:Indo-Saracenic Revival
5187:(multicoloured ashlar)
3904:. Brill. p. 534.
3615:Al-Mashrabiya Building
2417:South Arabian deities
1939:Theologus Autodidactus
820:Rhythm in Arabic music
33:
5940:Architecture in Egypt
5524:Congregational mosque
4982:(four-arch structure)
3978:"'Baghdad Arts Deco'"
3929:. Malta. p. 94.
3523:Street Scene in Cairo
3341:In literature and art
3108:Bayt al-Razzaz palace
2246:North Arabian deities
2150:Fictional Arab people
1989:Atlantis of the Sands
1914:The Book of the Apple
495:Islamic ivory carving
24:
5950:Architecture in Iraq
5930:Islamic architecture
5848:Ottoman architecture
5838:Moorish architecture
5833:Islamic architecture
5828:Iranian architecture
5251:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
5105:(or müezzin mahfili)
4765:Islamic architecture
4265:on 15 November 2015.
3846:Journal of AL Riyadh
3834:on 15 November 2015.
3682:Petersen, A (1996).
3631:Arab World Institute
3377:John Frederick Lewis
3123:Hasht Behesht Palace
2703:. It is also called
2637:is derived from the
1376:Modern Arabic poetry
1051:Gnawa (North Africa)
892:Classical Arab music
5970:Passive ventilation
5925:Arabic architecture
5885: •
5872: •
5858:Yemeni architecture
5843:Mughal architecture
5823:Berber architecture
5818:Arabic architecture
5482:Salsabil (fountain)
5216:Islamic calligraphy
4414:. 17 September 2010
4190:UNESCO, 2014, p. 69
3401:Arthur von Ferraris
3373:Badr Shaker Alsyyab
3069:Architecture-Studio
2983:evaporative cooling
2629:Names and etymology
2590:evaporative cooling
2049:Iram of the Pillars
1308:Mirrors for princes
855:Great Book of Music
588:(Arabian Peninsula)
176:Islamic calligraphy
5559:Kuttab (or maktab)
4730:of Bayt Al-Suhaymi
4172:on 1 October 2015.
3859:A Portal in Space,
3371:, the Iraqi poet,
2171:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
1999:Beast of the Earth
1954:Sicilian Questions
1785:Islamic Platonism
1738:Arabic mathematics
1288:Arabic short story
1283:Literary_criticism
475:Islamic embroidery
445:Arabic calligraphy
34:
5902:
5901:
5749:
5748:
5505:
5504:
5492:Shading Umbrellas
5276:Stucco decoration
5176:For overview, see
4991:Four-centred arch
4683:on 18 April 2016.
4142:978-977-416-487-3
4115:Abdel-Gawad, A.,
3911:978-90-04-33782-4
3884:978-9973-716-17-0
2542:
2541:
1842:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1753:Arabic technology
1748:Arabic psychology
1733:Arabic Golden Age
500:Islamic Metalwork
256:Stucco decoration
5977:
5935:Culture of Egypt
5895:Islam portal
5893:
5892:
5891:
5880:
5879:
5514:
5513:
5179:Islamic ornament
5058:South Asian dome
4986:Discharging arch
4967:
4940:
4939:
4784:Anatolian Seljuk
4758:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4728:“3D Visual Tour”
4724:. touregypt.net.
4684:
4682:
4667:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4388:on 12 April 2019
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4253:
4244:
4231:
4226:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4158:
4147:
4146:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4049:
4043:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3827:. Archived from
3814:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3679:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3519:
3508:The Horse Market
3504:
3489:
3474:
3459:
3444:
3413:The Horse Market
3409:Jean-Léon Gérôme
3405:The Coffee House
3332:
3320:
3308:
3283:Louvre Abu Dhabi
3257:Mashrabiya House
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3117:Bayt al-Kritliya
3079:Notable examples
3057:Maltese language
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2825:control air flow
2722:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2563:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2211:Princess Jasmine
2196:Layla and Majnun
2181:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2129:She-Camel of God
2124:Shams al-Ma'arif
1934:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1800:Sufi metaphysics
1728:Arabic geography
1723:Arabic astronomy
1718:Arabic astrology
1713:Arabic chemistry
1278:Arabic grimoires
1258:
1031:Chaabi (Morocco)
1026:Chaabi (Algeria)
810:Arab tone system
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
460:Arabic miniature
186:Islamic ornament
59:
36:
35:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5965:Passive cooling
5960:Arab inventions
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5889:
5887:
5874:
5862:
5806:
5797:Moorish Revival
5775:
5745:
5711:Albarrana tower
5699:
5628:
5615:in modern Iran)
5529:Dar al-Muwaqqit
5501:
5452:(fountain type)
5437:
5431:
5394:
5388:
5379:Reflecting pool
5374:Persian gardens
5369:Paradise garden
5337:
5314:(entrance hall)
5285:
5241:Nagash painting
5163:
5085:
5079:
5030:
5001:Lambrequin arch
4968:
4959:
4931:
4902:Sudano-Sahelian
4767:
4762:
4698:
4680:
4665:
4657:
4655:Further reading
4650:
4649:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4582:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4474:
4470:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4065:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4020:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3745:Fathy, Hassan.
3743:
3736:
3729:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3622:(stone version)
3611:
3604:
3601:
3592:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3568:
3565:
3537:
3530:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3481:
3478:The Midday Meal
3475:
3466:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3389:The Midday Meal
3348:Carsten Niebuhr
3343:
3336:
3333:
3324:
3321:
3312:
3309:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3234:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3210:
3207:
3198:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3174:
3171:
3162:
3159:
3090:Bayt al-Suhaymi
3086:
3081:
3007:
2995:
2978:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2918:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2834:provide privacy
2812:Mashrabiya are
2810:
2770:
2740:, adopted into
2639:triliteral root
2631:
2586:passive cooling
2538:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2411:Isāf and Nā'ila
2242:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2144:Zarqa al Yamama
2009:Book of Wonders
1978:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1899:Liber de Causis
1805:Sufi philosophy
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1743:Arabic medicine
1707:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1256:
1250:Epic literature
1212:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1041:Fann at-Tanbura
860:Kitab al-Aghani
796:
786:
785:
784:
644:
634:
633:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
581:
571:
570:
569:
567:
450:Arabic graffiti
402:
392:
391:
390:
388:
293:Albarrana tower
236:Reflecting pool
226:Nagash painting
118:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5983:
5973:
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5855:
5850:
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5840:
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5830:
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5820:
5814:
5812:
5811:Category pages
5808:
5807:
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5685:Medina quarter
5682:
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5471:Riwaq (arcade)
5468:
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5439:
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5359:Islamic garden
5356:
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5013:
5008:
5006:Multifoil arch
5003:
4998:
4996:Horseshoe arch
4993:
4988:
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4976:
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4962:
4960:
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4704:
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4696:External links
4694:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4672:(in Maltese).
4656:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4633:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4589:
4583:Mary Roberts,
4576:
4563:
4550:
4539:Ellis, T. J.,
4532:
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4239:
4235:27 March 2018
4218:
4212:Almusaed, A.,
4205:
4192:
4175:
4166:Times of Malta
4148:
4141:
4121:
4108:
4095:
4079:
4063:
4044:
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4025:Chadirji, R.,
4018:
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3969:
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3653:Samta Benyahia
3650:
3647:Rifat Chadirji
3644:
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3553:Rifat Chadirji
3536:
3535:Current status
3533:
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3521:
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3512:
3506:
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3439:
3433:Kamil Chadirji
3424:Rifat Chadirji
3365:
3364:
3352:Tristram Ellis
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3315:
3313:
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3303:
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3293:Al Bahr Towers
3290:
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3105:
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3077:
3063:The facade of
3006:
3003:
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2801:Rifat Chadirji
2769:
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2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Kara Ben Nemsi
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Abdul Alhazred
2158:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
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2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1959:Fusus al-Hikam
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
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1854:
1849:
1844:
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1834:
1832:Al-aql al-faal
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
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1777:
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1505:Arabic prosody
1501:
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1257:(ryhmed prose)
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979:Qudud Halabiya
976:
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931:
929:Andalusi nubah
926:
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904:
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894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Arabic hip hop
874:
863:
862:
857:
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847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
815:Algerian scale
812:
807:
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791:
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787:
783:
782:
777:
772:
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760:Robe of honour
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712:
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695:
693:Tarboush (fez)
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680:
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655:
646:
645:
640:
639:
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628:(North Africa)
623:
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582:
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527:Damascus steel
524:
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497:
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485:Islamic garden
482:
477:
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467:
465:Arabic pottery
462:
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428:
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403:
398:
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386:
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375:
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365:
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348:Medina quarter
345:
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335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
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258:
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243:
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228:
223:
218:
216:Multifoil arch
213:
208:
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188:
183:
178:
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168:
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161:Horseshoe arch
158:
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128:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
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71:
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61:
60:
52:
51:
49:Arabic culture
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5982:
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5865:
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5846:
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5841:
5839:
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5816:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
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5798:
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5778:
5772:
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5752:
5742:
5739:
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5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Hasht-Bihisht
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
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5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Jama'at Khana
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Mughal garden
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
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5222:
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5209:
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5199:
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5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
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4923:
4920:
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4915:
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4908:
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4903:
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4898:
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4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4707:John Feeney,
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4599:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4526:Niebuhr, C.,
4523:
4516:
4513:Jackson, J.,
4510:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4361:
4355:
4339:
4333:
4314:
4308:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4009:
3999:
3984:. 8 June 2011
3983:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3728:9781784662516
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3699:0-415-06084-2
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3448:The Reception
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:The Reception
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:(1844–1922).
3353:
3349:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:Nasseef House
3100:
3097:
3096:Shubra Palace
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3002:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:it is called
2729:
2724:
2716:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2584:wind and for
2583:
2579:
2578:stained glass
2575:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:Talia al Ghul
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Book of Idols
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Islamic Logic
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Egyptian folk
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
795:
790:
789:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
643:
638:
637:
630:
626:Arab Maghreb
624:
622:
616:
614:
608:
606:
604:(Mesopotamia)
600:
598:
594:Arab Mashriq
592:
590:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
568:
563:
560:
558:
557:Pseudo-Arabic
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Islamic glass
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
416:Nabataean art
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
401:
396:
395:
389:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
23:
19:
5955:Arab culture
5886:
5873:
5870:Islamic arts
5650:Caravanserai
5465:
5175:
5129:Loudspeakers
5054:Persian dome
5016:Pointed arch
4814:Indo-Islamic
4804:Great Seljuk
4716:"Moucharaby"
4708:
4688:
4678:the original
4673:
4669:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4411:
4402:
4390:. Retrieved
4386:the original
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4332:
4320:. Retrieved
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4285:
4271:
4260:the original
4255:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4208:
4203:vol. 8, 2013
4200:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4182:Viorst, M.,
4178:
4170:the original
4165:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4074:
4055:
4052:Hassan Fathy
4047:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3981:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3926:
3920:
3900:
3893:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3829:the original
3816:
3791:
3781:
3772:
3759:
3750:
3718:
3708:
3684:
3677:
3626:Brise soleil
3549:Hassan Fathy
3546:
3542:
3538:
3522:
3507:
3492:
3477:
3462:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3391:(1875), and
3388:
3384:
3380:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3344:
3251:Contemporary
3133:Amber Palace
3067:in Paris by
3062:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2993:Architecture
2987:
2979:
2970:
2967:
2867:
2864:
2837:
2818:oriel window
2811:
2808:Construction
2793:
2782:
2771:
2759:
2745:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2634:
2632:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2570:oriel window
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2473:Dhul Khalasa
2416:
2415:
2245:
2240:Spirituality
2216:Ra's al Ghul
2191:King Marsile
2149:
2148:
2074:Magic carpet
1963:
1892:
1891:
1825:
1824:
1661:Saudi Arabia
1577:
1576:
1503:
1502:
1428:
1427:
1381:
1380:
1352:
1351:
1313:
1312:
1243:
1242:
1215:
1090:
1016:Algerian Raï
1004:
1003:
917:
916:
865:
864:
845:Quarter tone
805:Arabic maqam
799:
703:
702:
647:
566:
542:Hedwig glass
505:
504:
438:
437:
405:
387:
308:Caravanserai
286:
285:
200:
119:
117:
72:
67:Architecture
26:
18:
5497:Windcatcher
5478:(courtyard)
5231:Mosque lamp
5211:Girih tiles
5168:Decorations
5046:Arabic dome
3857:Saeed, M.,
3792:www.bbc.com
3641:Lorna Selim
3527:Tony Binder
3420:Lorna Selim
3407:(1888) and
3261:Beit Safafa
3084:Traditional
3073:Jean Nouvel
3005:Occurrences
2976:Environment
2785:Art Nouveau
2776:during the
2619:Middle Ages
2574:latticework
2553:mashrabiyya
2176:Battal Gazi
1361:Anthologies
1161:Raqs Sharqi
1116:Belly dance
959:Iraqi maqam
887:Arabic jazz
882:Arabic rock
735:Fouta towel
537:Girih tiles
455:Arab carpet
426:Fatimid art
421:Islamic art
276:Windcatcher
141:Arabic dome
5909:Categories
5780:Influences
5695:Well house
5466:Mashrabiya
5114:Hussainiya
5050:Onion dome
4841:Indonesian
4829:Qutb Shahi
4089:Ashi, A.,
3936:9990968691
3669:References
3493:The Siesta
3415:, (1867).
3393:The Siesta
3277:Doha Tower
3036:shanasheel
2687:in Tunis,
2679:in Yemen;
2665:mashrafiya
2635:mashrabiya
2605:takhtabush
2600:mashrabiya
2547:mashrabiya
2448:Dhat-Badan
2376:Theandrios
2356:Baalshamin
2351:Atarsamain
2206:Palamedes
1949:Muqaddimah
1909:Al-isharat
1815:Avicennism
1767:Philosophy
1636:Mauritania
1445:Muwashshah
1410:Khamriyyah
1210:Literature
1156:Ouled Nail
969:Muwashshah
872:Arabic pop
431:Mamluk art
378:Well house
313:Bimaristan
201:Mashrabiya
27:mashrabiya
5754:Resources
5517:Religious
5487:Shabestan
5445:Hypostyle
5427:Shadirvan
5196:Arabesque
5119:Imamzadeh
5084:Religious
5064:Semi-dome
5011:Ogee arch
4980:Chahartaq
4943:Materials
4870:Almoravid
4845:Malaysian
4598:Al-Nashra
3982:Arab News
3945:cite book
3825:1026-132X
3287:Abu Dhabi
3052:muxrabija
3040:shanashil
2959:Functions
2847:balusters
2761:muxrabija
2689:shanashil
2685:gannariya
2633:The term
2291:Al-Kutbay
2119:Shadhavar
2084:Mount Qaf
2059:Karkadann
1976:Mythology
1862:Asabiyyah
1820:Averroism
1651:Palestine
1573:Mutadārik
1570:Mutaqārib
1561:Mujtathth
1413:Tardiyyah
1233:Classical
1176:Schikhatt
1141:Khaleegy
918:Art music
745:Jellabiya
658:Battoulah
512:Arabesque
506:Features
368:Shadirvan
171:Hypostyle
136:Arabesque
120:Features
88:Nabataean
5868:Part of
5704:Military
5640:Baradari
5633:Civilian
5456:Jharokha
5417:Mechouar
5354:Charbagh
5297:Andaruni
5271:Socarrat
5236:Muqarnas
5134:Maqsurah
5026:Vaulting
4955:Tadelakt
4936:Elements
4885:Zayyanid
4865:Aghlabid
4670:L-Imnara
4392:12 April
4366:12 April
4344:12 April
4322:12 April
4297:12 April
3620:Jharokha
3609:See also
3529:, (1912)
3399:(1883),
3387:(1873),
3383:(1864);
2789:Art Deco
2780:period.
2747:sachnisi
2733:şahnişin
2705:shanshūl
2681:barmaqli
2677:takhrima
2406:Yarhibol
2386:Malakbel
2256:Al-‘Uzzá
2166:Ali Baba
2139:Zulfiqar
1826:Concepts
1810:Farabism
1601:Djibouti
1558:Muqtaḍab
1552:Munsariħ
1495:Ghinnawa
1470:Riddles
1455:Mathnawi
1217:Language
1171:Shamadan
1136:Hagallah
989:Tahmilah
770:Takchita
730:Durra'ah
725:Djellaba
704:Clothing
678:Madhalla
668:Keffiyeh
648:Headwear
602:Mashriq
596:(Levant)
552:Muqarnas
271:Voussoir
266:Vaulting
261:Tadelakt
251:Socarrat
221:Muqarnas
41:a series
39:Part of
5915:Windows
5802:Mudéjar
5766:ArchNet
5716:Alcázar
5589:Musalla
5574:Maqbara
5564:Madrasa
5554:Külliye
5549:Khanqah
5539:Gongbei
5438:cooling
5436:Passive
5402:Chhatri
5395:objects
5393:Outdoor
5342:Gardens
5318:Mirador
5256:Shabaka
5246:Qashani
5201:Banna'i
5144:Minaret
5086:objects
5076:(eaves)
5074:Chhajja
5021:Squinch
4922:Umayyad
4917:Timurid
4907:Swahili
4892:Ottoman
4875:Almohad
4860:Moorish
4850:Iranian
4819:Bengali
4799:Fatimid
4794:Chinese
4789:Ayyubid
4779:Abbasid
4548:Online:
4542:Beyrout
4466:Online:
4237:Online:
3988:28 July
3773:Rutgers
3690:177-178
3429:Baghdad
3139:, India
3127:Isfahan
3016:Maghreb
3012:Mashriq
2778:Abbasid
2774:Baghdad
2768:History
2756:cognate
2738:Persian
2736:, from
2728:Turkish
2693:rowshin
2658:sharaba
2498:Yaghūth
2468:Basamum
2423:Almaqah
2391:Orotalt
2346:Al-Qaum
2341:Aglibol
2276:Chaabou
2271:Dushara
2221:Sindbad
2201:Othello
2156:Aladdin
2114:Shaddad
1994:Bahamut
1705:Science
1681:Tunisia
1666:Somalia
1641:Morocco
1626:Lebanon
1596:Comoros
1591:Bahrain
1586:Algeria
1564:Muḍāriʿ
1499:Humayni
1423:Hamasah
1315:Islamic
1298:Tezkire
1293:Tabaqat
1186:Tanoura
1126:Deheyeh
1021:Bedouin
974:Qasidah
934:Bashraf
907:Khaliji
902:Al Jeel
755:Macawis
720:Burnous
688:Tantour
683:Taqiyah
620:(Sudan)
618:Mawset
612:(Egypt)
610:Mawset
586:Khalij
579:Cuisine
522:Banna'i
328:Madrasa
298:Alcázar
151:Gardens
146:Banna'i
108:Moorish
103:Fatimid
98:Abbasid
93:Umayyad
78:Islamic
31:Tunisia
5726:Kasbah
5675:Kasbah
5665:Hammam
5660:Ghorfa
5645:Bazaar
5624:Zawiya
5613:takyeh
5584:Mosque
5534:Dargah
5461:Kucheh
5407:Eidgah
5333:Zenana
5281:Zellij
5266:Sitara
5261:Shamsa
5149:Minbar
5139:Mihrab
5124:Kiswah
5109:Gonbad
4973:Arches
4927:Yemeni
4897:Somali
4880:Hafsid
4855:Mamluk
4834:Mughal
4824:Deccan
4772:Styles
4256:Vigilo
4233:Ruwah,
4139:
3933:
3908:
3881:
3823:
3817:Vigilo
3725:
3696:
3129:, Iran
3020:Levant
2964:Social
2715:rōshān
2701:Jeddah
2669:shrafa
2562:مشربية
2558:Arabic
2478:Haukim
2463:Qaynan
2458:Ta'lab
2453:Haubas
2443:Salman
2438:Athtar
2306:Azizos
2261:Al-Lat
2134:Wāḳwāḳ
2104:Qutrub
2099:Qareen
2089:Nasnas
2069:Luqman
2064:Kujata
2019:Dandan
1984:Ababil
1686:U.A.E.
1621:Kuwait
1616:Jordan
1555:Khafīf
1545:Rajaz
1490:Nabati
1485:Mawwal
1475:Kharja
1465:Nasīb
1460:Ruba'i
1450:Urjūza
1440:Qasida
1435:Diwan
1416:Khawal
1406:Ghazal
1396:Rithā'
1382:Genres
1354:Poetry
1347:Aqidah
1332:Hadith
1327:Tafsir
1263:Maqama
1238:Modern
1191:Yowlah
1181:Tahtib
1151:Mizmar
1131:Guedra
1081:Shaabi
1066:Mezwed
1061:Mawwal
1046:Fijiri
1011:Ataaba
999:Waslah
994:Taqsim
984:Sama'i
964:Mawwal
954:Malhun
949:Layali
866:Genres
840:Teslim
825:Taqsim
800:Theory
765:Sirwal
750:Kaftan
698:Turban
673:Litham
562:Zellij
547:Kiswah
532:Damask
406:Styles
383:Zawiya
373:Tekyeh
343:Mosque
323:Kasbah
318:Hammam
303:Bazaar
281:Zellij
211:Mosaic
113:Mamluk
83:Yemeni
73:Styles
5741:Ribat
5736:Qalat
5721:Amsar
5680:Mahal
5619:Türbe
5609:Takya
5604:Surau
5599:Rauza
5594:Qubba
5579:Mazar
5569:Maqam
5510:Types
5422:Sebil
5312:Liwan
5302:Harem
5290:Rooms
5206:Girih
5191:Alfiz
5185:Ablaq
5159:Zarih
5154:Qibla
5103:Dikka
5098:Bedug
5093:Anaza
5069:Tajug
5035:Roofs
4950:Qadad
4912:Tatar
4809:Hausa
4681:(PDF)
4666:(PDF)
4418:5 May
4316:(PDF)
4263:(PDF)
4252:(PDF)
3832:(PDF)
3813:(PDF)
3769:(PDF)
3271:Paris
3047:Malta
3032:Basra
3030:. In
3028:Egypt
3024:Hejaz
2758:term
2752:Malta
2750:. In
2742:Greek
2720:روشان
2713:) or
2710:شنشول
2582:catch
2503:Yatha
2493:Ya'uq
2433:Anbay
2371:Suwa'
2366:Hubal
2336:Abgal
2326:Manāt
2321:Manāt
2316:Quzah
2311:Bajir
2296:Asira
2281:Manaf
2266:Manāt
2251:Allah
2079:Marid
2044:Ifrit
2039:Houri
2029:Ghoul
2024:Falak
2014:Buraq
1893:Texts
1882:Qadar
1872:Irfan
1852:Peace
1847:Dhati
1795:Kalam
1691:Yemen
1676:Syria
1671:Sudan
1656:Qatar
1631:Libya
1606:Egypt
1567:Sarīʿ
1549:Ramal
1540:Hazaj
1535:Wāfir
1530:Kamil
1525:Basīṭ
1521:Madīd
1517:Ṭawīl
1480:Zajal
1429:Forms
1419:Fakhr
1387:Madih
1366:Poets
1322:Quran
1303:Rihla
1244:Prose
1228:Paleo
1166:Samri
1121:Dabke
1111:Ardah
1103:Dance
1086:Zajal
1071:Samri
944:Dulab
897:Opera
835:Lazma
794:Music
780:Tiraz
775:Thawb
740:Izaar
715:Bisht
710:Abaya
642:Dress
439:Types
363:Sabil
358:Ribat
353:Qalat
338:Mazar
333:Maqam
287:Types
241:Riwaq
231:Qadad
196:Liwan
156:Girih
131:Alfiz
126:Ablaq
5731:Ksar
5690:Souq
5611:(or
5476:Sahn
5450:Howz
5412:Fina
5384:Riad
5349:Bagh
5328:Qa’a
5323:Hosh
5307:Iwan
5226:Jali
5042:Dome
4420:2022
4394:2019
4368:2019
4346:2019
4324:2019
4299:2019
4137:ISBN
4003:2006
3990:2024
3951:link
3931:ISBN
3906:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3821:ISSN
3723:ISBN
3694:ISBN
3422:and
3137:Amer
3071:and
3038:(or
3026:and
2787:and
2699:and
2697:Iraq
2611:jali
2595:sahn
2483:Nasr
2401:Sa'd
2396:Ruda
2381:Wadd
2331:A'ra
2301:Awal
2286:Nuha
2109:Roc
2054:Jinn
2034:Hinn
1887:Qalb
1877:Nafs
1646:Oman
1611:Iraq
1512:Bayt
1401:Waṣf
1391:Hija
1342:Fiqh
1337:Sīra
1255:Saj
1223:Old
1146:Liwa
1076:Sawt
1056:Liwa
1005:Folk
939:Dawr
830:Jins
663:Haik
653:Agal
246:Sahn
206:Riad
191:Iwan
166:Howz
3525:by
3411:'s
3285:in
3269:in
3259:in
3135:in
3125:in
3045:In
2744:as
2723:).
2695:in
2691:or
2683:or
2550:or
2488:Sīn
2428:Amm
2361:Bēl
1867:Hal
1196:Zār
912:Raï
400:Art
29:in
5911::
5056:/
5052:/
5048:/
4843:/
4668:.
4410:.
4254:.
4164:.
4151:^
4082:^
4066:^
4054:,
3980:.
3947:}}
3943:{{
3815:.
3800:^
3790:.
3771:.
3749:.
3737:^
3692:.
3403:’
3022:,
2764:.
2625:.
2614:.
2560::
2544:A
43:on
25:A
5181:)
5174:(
5060:)
5044:(
4757:e
4750:t
4743:v
4674:7
4422:.
4396:.
4370:.
4348:.
4326:.
4301:.
4279:.
4221:'
4145:.
3992:.
3953:)
3939:.
3914:.
3887:.
3794:.
3753:.
3731:.
3702:.
2717:(
2707:(
2650:B
2648:-
2646:R
2644:-
2642:Š
2556:(
2533:e
2526:t
2519:v
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