189:
fierce fighting, and negotiations, a peace agreement was agreed on in 1649, and
Milayan and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing and were given ranks as members of the Qing military. When other Ming loyalists in southern China made a resurgence and the Qing were forced to withdraw their forces from Gansu to fight them, Milayan and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled against the Qing. The Muslim Ming loyalists were then crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay killed in battle.
348:, with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The Qing then crushed the rebels in a battle on April 20, 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy.
402:
554:
200 years of their rule. Du invited the fellow Hui Muslim leader Ma Rulong to join him in driving the Manchu Qing out and "recover China". For his war against Manchu "oppression", Du "became a Muslim hero", while Ma Rulong defected to the Qing. On multiple occasions
Kunming was attacked and sacked by Du Wenxiu's forces. His capital was Dali. The revolt ended in 1873. Du Wenxiu is regarded as a hero by the present day government of China.
153:
31:
2056:
432:
581:
553:
declared his intention of overthrowing the Qing and driving the
Manchus out of China. The rebellion started after massacres of Hui perpetrated by the Manchu authorities. Du used anti-Manchu rhetoric in his rebellion against the Qing, calling for Han to join the Hui to overthrow the Manchu Qing after
644:
sided with the Qing and prepared to attack the anti-Qing revolutionaries of Xi'an city. Only a few wealthy
Manchus were held for ransom and some Manchu females survived. Wealthy Han Chinese seized Manchu girls to become their slaves and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women to be their
188:
in order to drive the Qing out and restore the Ming Prince of
Yanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Hami's Sultan Sa'id Baba and his son Prince Turumtay. The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by Tibetans and Han Chinese in the revolt. After
335:
surrendered to the Qing in 1636 and was given the title of Prince (Qin Wang, 親王), and Inner
Mongolian nobility became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with
286:
The
Manchus invaded Korea twice, in 1627 and 1636, eventually forcing Joseon to sever its ties with the Ming and instead to become a tributary of the Manchus. However, popular opposition to the Manchus remained in Korea. Joseon continued to use the Ming calendar rather than the Qing calendar, and
282:
erupted in 1624 and wrecked Joseon's military defenses in the north. Even after the rebellion had been suppressed, King Injo had to devote military forces to ensure the stability of the capital, leaving fewer soldiers to defend the northern borders.
639:
supported the Qing. The native Hui
Muslims (Mohammedans) of Xi'an (Shaanxi province) joined the Han Chinese revolutionaries in slaughtering the entire 20,000 Manchu population of Xi'an. The native Hui Muslims of Gansu province led by general
2558:
486:
capitulated, the
Taiping forces rushed into the Manchu quarter shouting "Kill the demons (Manchus)!" while exterminating all the Manchus living there. Nanking's entire Manchu population was also annihilated.
481:
of the genocidal massacres committed by
Taiping forces against the Manchus and wrote of the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children who were exterminated by the Taiping with their swords. Once
531:
to prevent it from sheltering the rebels. The rebellion was ultimately defeated in 1856, which was followed by the mass execution of suspected sympathisers and participants of the rebellion.
278:(r. 1623–1649), who banished Gwanghaegun's supporters. Reversing his predecessor's foreign policy, the new king decided to support the Ming openly, but a rebellion led by military commander
2622:
668:
signed an edict of abdication, ending 268 years of Qing rule and almost 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China. Incentives for Manchu nobles were discontinued by the government in 1924.
490:
After conquering Nanjing, Taiping forces stormed the Manchu fort, killing some 40,000 Manchus, which was the city's entire population of Manchus. On 27 October 1853 they crossed the
3178:
1676:
Liu, Haiming. (2005). The Transnational History of a Chinese Family: Immigrant Letters, Family Business and Reverse Migration. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
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1954:
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was occupied by the rebel. In a desperate attempt to the eradicate any facilities which may support the Red Turbans, the Qing forces burnt the northern suburbs in
477:
In every area they captured, the Taiping immediately rushed into the Manchu fort in order to kill all the Manchus. One Qing loyalist observed in the province of
1554:
1447:
1627:
1515:
1408:
1369:
101:
The rallying slogan of anti-Qing activists was "Fǎn Qīng fù Míng" (simplified Chinese: 反清复明; traditional Chinese: 反清復明; literally: "Oppose Qing and restore
2551:
3222:
3058:
619:
Xinhai revolutionaries launched mass massacres against the Manchus across Chinese cities. These notorious massacres of Manchus include which happened in
87:
833:
398:
and led a rebellion against the Qing at the same time as the Dzungars. The Qing crushed the rebellion and executed Chingünjav and his entire family.
184:(1368–1644) in 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin and Ding Guodong led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the
2897:
331:, a descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of smallpox in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son
2637:
1916:
653:
3042:
3013:
2632:
2088:
608:, when the victorious Wuchang revolutionaries telegraphed the other provinces asking them to declare their independence, and 15 provinces in
344:
gave his title to his son Borni. Abunai then bid his time and then he and his brother Lubuzung revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the
2714:
523:
The Red Turban Rebellion was initially quite successful as the rebels gained control of a considerable amount of territory. In July 1854,
176:
Ming loyalists under Mi Layin and Ding Guodong fought against the Qing to restore a Ming prince to the throne from 1646 to 1650. When the
2253:
1878:
1840:
1802:
1775:
1172:
1131:
1068:
872:
755:
950:
794:
911:
2595:
2702:
2687:
260:
2389:
1938:
3502:
3425:
2764:
566:, assassinating the Manchu leader Fengquan, and also killing French Catholic missionaries and Tibetan converts to Catholicism.
3456:
2697:
2038:
2019:
1986:
1705:
1681:
1548:
1509:
1402:
1324:
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1125:
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905:
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2314:
2060:
517:
503:
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1948:
1910:
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17:
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tried to maintain neutrality, but most of his officials opposed him for not supporting the Ming, a longstanding ally.
3431:
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3147:
2504:
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1872:
1834:
1587:
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saw this as an opportunity and possibility of overthrowing the Manchus to restore Han rule over China, and began the
256:
1611:
1499:
1392:
1353:
1235:
409:
During the Xinhai Revolution, the Outer Khalkha Mongols staged an uprising against the Qing and expelled the Manchu
3492:
3242:
74:(1644–1912), which was criticized by opponents as being "barbaric". The Qing was accused of destroying traditional
645:
wives. Young Manchu girls were also seized by Hui Muslims of Xi'an during the massacre and brought up as Muslims.
3359:
2602:
2289:
2175:
1259:
Triad Societies: Western Accounts of the History, Sociology and Linguistics of Chinese Secret Societies, Volume 5
345:
247:
185:
125:
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offered outright resistance and war against the Qing for decades until the Qing annihilated the Dzungars in the
2943:
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2233:
2223:
243:
49:
3377:
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676:
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3136:
2914:
2781:
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2541:
2151:
2141:
2074:
817:
3053:
3036:
2546:
2521:
2484:
2394:
2354:
2106:
1978:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1864:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1826:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
1724:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
3436:
2882:
1054:
Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities
3446:
3165:
3094:
2887:
2419:
2344:
2213:
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1900:
291:. After the fall of the Ming dynasty, Joseon Koreans saw themselves as continuing the traditions of
3367:
3187:
2921:
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2642:
455:
426:
309:
1755:
2963:
2429:
2414:
2248:
2146:
95:
1433:
The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856–1873
3497:
3344:
3232:
3113:
2938:
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688:
665:
563:
508:
When news reached their ears that the Taipings succeeded in conquered Nanjing, the anti-Manchu
494:
in T'sang-chou and massacred about 10,000 Manchus. In Shaoxing 2,000 Manchus were also killed.
1976:
1862:
1824:
1796:
1769:
1722:
1695:
1287:
1156:
1115:
1052:
856:
739:
3487:
3418:
3277:
3237:
2904:
2866:
2754:
2734:
2652:
2451:
2434:
2299:
2268:
2203:
1283:
1257:
934:
778:
268:
141:
1017:
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895:
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was proclaimed on 1 January 1912, and on 12 February 1912, the emperor of China, 6-year-old
3349:
3316:
3282:
3227:
3107:
3089:
2799:
2729:
2536:
2319:
129:
27:
Han Chinese sentiment principally held in China against Manchu rule during the Qing dynasty
8:
3252:
3192:
3124:
2804:
2657:
2612:
2359:
2238:
2218:
2126:
227:
213:
1749:
351:
The Khalkha Mongols were more reluctant to come under Qing rule, only submitting to the
3287:
2998:
2993:
2819:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2563:
2409:
2228:
2008:
1613:
Traps Embraced Or Escaped: Elites in the Economic Development of Modern Japan and China
1468:
679:, as many Han Chinese nationalists believe that the state treats minorities favorably.
116:. This included people from many mainstream political movements and uprisings, such as
1504:. Compiled by Martin Walters (illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 69.
675:
during Republican rule. However, anti-Manchu sentiment is on the rise again under the
623:
where some 10,000 Manchus were slaughtered and the massacre of some 20,000 Manchus in
3297:
3292:
3267:
3212:
3207:
3130:
3078:
2983:
2814:
2719:
2617:
2516:
2479:
2404:
2334:
2304:
2258:
2034:
2015:
1982:
1944:
1906:
1868:
1830:
1728:
1701:
1677:
1617:
1583:
1544:
1505:
1437:
1398:
1359:
1320:
1293:
1263:
1200:
1162:
1121:
1058:
1021:
983:
940:
901:
862:
823:
784:
745:
628:
593:
546:
540:
513:
447:
422:
375:
288:
287:
Koreans continued to wear Ming-style clothing and hairstyles, rather than the Manchu
137:
117:
83:
38:
2031:
A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
3451:
3334:
3257:
3197:
3003:
2724:
2585:
2531:
2374:
2339:
2243:
2168:
2136:
1697:
Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China
605:
520:. These rebels were called 'Red Turbans' because of the red headscarves they wore.
509:
387:
292:
112:
In the broadest sense, an anti-Qing activist was anyone who engaged in anti-Manchu
1196:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures
1011:
973:
3466:
3412:
3262:
3247:
3071:
2526:
2489:
2439:
2399:
2349:
2294:
2163:
1649:
1470:
1314:
1194:
698:
693:
601:
575:
383:
356:
313:
219:
157:
121:
106:
1751:
Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th Century)
580:
3329:
3202:
2968:
2931:
2379:
2369:
2309:
858:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
741:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
718:
703:
609:
379:
352:
341:
324:
275:
109:
slogan "Revive the Qing and destroy the foreigners" ("扶清滅洋 fú Qīng miè yáng").
90:
from the world's premiere power to a poor, backwards nation. The people of the
1867:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 193.
1829:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 192.
3481:
3441:
3407:
3372:
2988:
2978:
2794:
2185:
613:
451:
367:
209:
113:
91:
67:
1543:. Regional Guide Series (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 223.
401:
391:
3461:
3158:
3100:
2789:
2771:
2627:
2097:
585:
491:
459:
443:
439:
223:
222:, better known by his title Koxinga, led a military movement to oppose the
181:
177:
102:
71:
1899:
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick; Kotker, Norman (1969). Kotker, Norman (ed.).
66:) refers to a sentiment principally held in China against the rule of the
3397:
3118:
2839:
2834:
1231:
672:
649:
470:
Driven by their fierce hatred of Manchus, the Taiping launched a massive
328:
133:
75:
34:
3065:
2909:
2859:
2829:
2672:
713:
641:
173:
2066:
1255:
562:
Tibetan Buddhist Lamas rebelled against the Qing at Batang during the
450:(1850–1864) against the Qing dynasty. He proclaimed himself to be the
312:
were divided into three primary groups – the Inner Mongols, the Outer
196:(1640–1710) served with the southern Ming loyalists against the Qing.
2854:
2844:
1579:
Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier
1469:
Yunesuko Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Japan), ed. (1993).
550:
528:
332:
86:
in the Manchu style. It was blamed for suppressing Chinese science,
3339:
3084:
3031:
2973:
2849:
2824:
1117:
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire
708:
671:
Texts which contained anti-Manchu content were banned by President
627:. The Hui Muslim community was divided in its support for the 1911
624:
589:
471:
395:
337:
79:
1316:
East Asia: identities and change in the modern world, 1700–present
152:
3324:
2006:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James B. (2006).
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364:
279:
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205:
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1436:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 120.
897:
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744:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298.
336:
Manchu Qing rule, he was placed under house arrested in 1669 in
30:
2055:
1582:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 217.
524:
474:
campaign against the Manchus to exterminate their entire race.
431:
360:
317:
252:
231:
193:
161:
57:
3048:
2607:
1355:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
900:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8.
636:
620:
483:
478:
410:
3218:
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2707:
1319:(illustrated ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 58.
1051:
Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013).
936:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
819:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
780:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
661:
435:
A drawing of Hong Xiuquan as the "Heavenly King" (ca. 1860)
1748:
Backhouse, Sir Edmund; Otway, John; Bland, Percy (1914).
465:
1475:. Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies. p. 137.
1158:
Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History
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635:
supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of
274:
In 1623 King Gwanghaegun was deposed and replaced by
2010:
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1943:(3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97.
1940:
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3223:
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2005:
1974:
1747:
1720:
1089:
497:
259:and had a strong alliance with the Ming during the
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1192:
374:rebelled against the Qing during the reign of the
147:
1981:. University of Washington Press. pp. 266–.
3479:
1898:
1113:
378:but were crushed and defeated. The Oirat Mongol
2014:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Press.
1801:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
1774:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1913. p. 779.
1256:Kingsley Bolton and Christopher Hutton (2010).
1120:. University of Washington Press. p. 139.
2623:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1754:(reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p.
1651:Comparative Civilizations Review, Issues 32–34
939:. University of Washington Press. p. 55.
822:. University of Washington Press. p. 54.
783:. University of Washington Press. p. 53.
3043:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3014:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2082:
1536:
1397:(reprint ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 90.
1151:
604:of 1911 was catalysed by the triumph of the
98:unlike the general Han civilian population.
1050:
1009:
971:
355:after they came under an invasion from the
164:, one of many in mainland China and Taiwan.
2089:
2075:
1968:
1016:. University of California Press. p.
978:. University of California Press. p.
2703:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1727:. University of Washington. p. 190.
1497:
1083:
263:. This put Joseon in a dilemma when both
2552:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
2028:
1936:
1101:
1095:
854:
737:
579:
569:
430:
400:
168:
151:
29:
3159:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
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1575:
1312:
405:Hotgoid Chingunjav Statue in Ulan-Bator
298:
14:
3480:
1860:
1822:
1693:
1429:
1390:
1351:
932:
815:
776:
226:from 1646 to 1662. He established the
78:culture by enforcing policies such as
3457:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2698:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2070:
1289:The Middle Kingdom, Volume II, Part 2
893:
656:as the first president of China. The
557:
466:Genocide and extermination of Manchus
390:. Khalkha Mongol rebels under Prince
261:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
2678:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1658:from the original on 12 October 2022
1630:from the original on 12 October 2022
1609:
1557:from the original on 12 October 2022
1518:from the original on 12 October 2022
1479:from the original on 12 October 2022
1450:from the original on 12 October 2022
1411:from the original on 12 October 2022
1372:from the original on 12 October 2022
1333:from the original on 12 October 2022
1262:. Taylor & Francis. p. 59.
1071:from the original on 12 October 2022
953:from the original on 12 October 2022
914:from the original on 12 October 2022
875:from the original on 12 October 2022
836:from the original on 12 October 2022
797:from the original on 12 October 2022
758:from the original on 12 October 2022
534:
416:
394:had plotted with the Dzungar leader
303:
3426:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1576:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006).
24:
3143:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2512:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2505:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2385:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2209:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1472:Asian Research Trends, Volumes 3–4
446:Chinese who was the leader of the
25:
3519:
3432:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3273:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3148:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2300:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2048:
1090:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
192:The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar
3243:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2559:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2315:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2054:
1798:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112
1616:. World Scientific. p. 62.
1232:"满清入关时设计的一条政策，导致200年后江南满人被屠杀殆尽？"
933:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
816:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
777:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
518:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
504:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
498:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
267:and the Ming requested support.
2290:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2176:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1957:from the original on 2022-10-12
1930:
1919:from the original on 2022-10-12
1892:
1881:from the original on 2022-10-12
1854:
1843:from the original on 2022-10-12
1816:
1805:from the original on 2022-10-12
1789:
1778:from the original on 2022-10-12
1762:
1741:
1714:
1687:
1670:
1642:
1603:
1569:
1530:
1491:
1462:
1423:
1384:
1345:
1306:
1276:
1249:
1238:from the original on 2021-06-02
1224:
1213:from the original on 2022-10-12
1186:
1175:from the original on 2022-10-12
1145:
1134:from the original on 2022-10-12
1107:
346:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
255:Korea operated within the Ming
248:Second Manchu invasion of Korea
148:Ming loyalism in the early Qing
126:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
88:causing China to be transformed
2944:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2234:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
2033:. Cambridge University Press.
1694:Hansen, Mette Halskov (2011).
1044:
1010:Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986).
1003:
972:Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986).
965:
926:
887:
848:
809:
770:
731:
244:First Manchu invasion of Korea
62:
53:
13:
1:
3378:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3153:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3009:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2693:Provincial military commander
2683:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2668:Imperial Household Department
2495:Preparative Constitutionalism
2199:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1861:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
1823:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
724:
180:conquered the capital of the
156:Statue of Zheng Chenggong on
37:, the founding father of the
3137:Researches on Manchu Origins
2542:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2152:Transition from Ming to Qing
2142:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1975:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000).
1902:The Horizon history of China
1721:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2000).
1358:. Curzon Press. p. 59.
1161:. W.W. Norton. p. 289.
82:Han to wear their hair in a
7:
3037:Changzhou School of Thought
2547:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2522:Railway Protection Movement
2500:1909 Parliamentary election
2485:British expedition to Tibet
2395:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2355:Self-Strengthening Movement
2330:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1937:Mungello, David E. (2009).
1498:Mansfield, Stephen (2007).
1193:Micheal Clodfelter (2002).
855:Millward, James A. (1998).
738:Millward, James A. (1998).
682:
10:
3524:
3437:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2325:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2264:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2254:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2224:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2029:Holcombe, Charles (2011).
1999:
1313:Schoppa, R. Keith (2008).
1199:. Mcfarland. p. 256.
894:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
677:People's Republic of China
573:
538:
501:
442:(洪秀全, Hóng Xiùquán) was a
420:
241:
218:The Ming loyalist general
203:
199:
3503:Anti–East Asian sentiment
3447:Names of the Qing dynasty
3390:
3358:
3315:
3308:
3177:
3095:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3022:
2954:
2875:
2780:
2576:
2467:
2425:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2420:Gongche Shangshu movement
2365:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2277:
2214:Chinese Rites controversy
2184:
2114:
2105:
1430:Atwill, David G. (2005).
1114:Thomas H. Reilly (2011).
237:
3368:Great Qing Treasure Note
3188:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2898:Administrative divisions
2715:Administrative divisions
2643:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1771:The Atlantic, Volume 112
1391:Dillon, Michael (2012).
1352:Dillon, Michael (1999).
456:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
427:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
3493:Anti-national sentiment
2964:Chengde Mountain Resort
2765:Three Eastern Provinces
2415:First Sino-Japanese War
2390:Northern Chinese Famine
2249:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2147:Qing invasion of Joseon
1394:China: A Modern History
310:Mongols under Qing rule
3345:Great Qing Copper Coin
3233:Convention of Tientsin
3166:Annotated Bibliography
3114:Qing official headwear
2157:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1537:Damian Harper (2007).
1501:China, Yunnan Province
689:Anti-Chinese sentiment
666:Empress Dowager Longyu
597:
564:1905 Tibetan Rebellion
436:
406:
165:
42:
3419:Draft History of Qing
3278:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3059:performance criticism
2663:Imperial Commissioner
2653:Great Qing Legal Code
2452:Eight-Nation Alliance
2435:Third plague pandemic
2345:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2269:White Lotus Rebellion
1284:Samuel Wells Williams
648:On 29 December 1911,
631:. The Hui Muslims of
583:
570:Overthrow of the Qing
434:
404:
318:Eastern Oirat Mongols
269:Gwanghaegun of Joseon
169:Muslim Ming loyalists
155:
142:White Lotus Rebellion
33:
3350:Great Qing Gold Coin
3283:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3228:Convention of Peking
3108:Pentaglot Dictionary
3090:Literary inquisition
2800:Ever Victorious Army
2633:Deliberative Council
2537:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2490:1905 Batang uprising
2430:Hundred Days' Reform
2320:Small Swords Society
2063:at Wikimedia Commons
1654:. 1995. p. 36.
323:The Inner Mongolian
299:Anti-Qing rebellions
130:Revive China Society
3508:Chinese nationalism
3403:Anti-Qing sentiment
3253:Treaty of the Bogue
3193:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3125:Complete Tang Poems
2805:Green Standard Army
2688:Provincial governor
2658:Imperial Clan Court
2638:Diplomatic missions
2613:Consultative Bureau
2360:Tongzhi Restoration
2239:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2219:Ten Great Campaigns
2127:Jurchen unification
2061:Anti-Qing sentiment
1610:Mosk, Carl (2011).
228:Kingdom of Tungning
214:Kingdom of Tungning
105:"), related to the
96:government pensions
46:Anti-Qing sentiment
3288:Treaty of Tientsin
2999:Western Qing tombs
2994:Eastern Qing tombs
2820:Peking Field Force
2564:Manchu Restoration
2457:Declaration of war
2410:Jindandao incident
2229:Lhasa riot of 1750
598:
558:Tibetan rebellions
454:, established the
437:
407:
363:. While the Oirat
166:
43:
18:Anti-Qing movement
3475:
3474:
3386:
3385:
3298:Treaty of Whampoa
3293:Treaty of Wanghia
3268:Treaty of Nanking
3238:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3213:Chefoo Convention
3208:Burlingame Treaty
3079:Kangxi Dictionary
2984:Old Summer Palace
2815:Firearm Battalion
2618:Cup of Solid Gold
2572:
2571:
2517:Manchurian plague
2480:Late Qing reforms
2471:(1901–1912)
2405:Sikkim expedition
2335:Panthay Rebellion
2305:Taiping Rebellion
2281:(1801–1900)
2259:Sino-Nepalese War
2204:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2190:(1683–1799)
2118:(1616–1683)
2059:Media related to
2040:978-0-521-51595-5
2021:978-0-618-13384-0
1988:978-0-295-98040-9
1707:978-0-295-80412-5
1682:978-0-8135-3597-5
1550:978-1-74104-185-9
1540:China's Southwest
1511:978-1-84162-169-2
1404:978-1-78076-381-1
1326:978-0-13-243146-0
1168:978-0-393-08192-3
1127:978-0-295-80192-6
1064:978-1-317-93852-1
907:978-3-447-04091-4
658:Republic of China
629:Xinhai Revolution
602:Xinhai Revolution
594:Xinhai Revolution
547:Panthay Rebellion
541:Panthay Rebellion
535:Panthay Rebellion
514:Pearl River Delta
448:Taiping Rebellion
423:Taiping Rebellion
417:Taiping Rebellion
376:Yongzheng Emperor
359:under its leader
304:Mongol Rebellions
230:on the island of
186:Milayin rebellion
138:Panthay Rebellion
122:Xinhai Revolution
118:Taiping Rebellion
39:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
3515:
3452:New Qing History
3335:Qianlong Tongbao
3313:
3312:
3258:Treaty of Canton
3198:Unequal treaties
3004:Fuling Mausoleum
2603:Advisory Council
2532:Wuchang Uprising
2472:
2375:Tianjin Massacre
2340:Second Opium War
2282:
2244:Sino-Burmese War
2191:
2169:Battle of Penghu
2137:Seven Grievances
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293:Neo-Confucianism
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3248:Treaty of Aigun
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3072:History of Ming
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2876:Special regions
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2400:Sino-French War
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1292:. p. 630.
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699:Han nationalism
694:Racism in China
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576:1911 Revolution
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560:
543:
537:
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468:
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421:Main articles:
419:
384:Dzungar Khanate
357:Dzungar Khanate
314:Khalkha Mongols
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301:
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242:Main articles:
240:
220:Zheng Chenggong
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202:
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158:Gulangyu Island
150:
107:Boxer Rebellion
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3330:Kangxi Tongbao
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3203:Boxer Protocol
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1950:978-0742557987
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2017:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1990:
1984:
1980:
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1971:
1956:
1952:
1946:
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1941:
1933:
1918:
1914:
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1874:0-295-98040-0
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1589:0-674-02171-1
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1443:0-8047-5159-5
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1395:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1365:0-7007-1026-4
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1153:Matthew White
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1104:, p. 176
1103:
1102:Holcombe 2011
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1092:, p. 349
1091:
1086:
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1057:. Routledge.
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1027:0-520-04804-0
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903:
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868:0-8047-2933-6
864:
860:
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831:
829:0-295-80055-0
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786:
782:
781:
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751:0-8047-2933-6
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634:
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614:Central China
611:
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493:
488:
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462:his brother.
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452:Heavenly King
449:
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428:
424:
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368:Upper Mongols
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114:direct action
110:
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92:Eight Banners
89:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
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59:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3488:Qing dynasty
3462:Treaty ports
3424:
3417:
3402:
3391:Other topics
3164:
3157:
3135:
3123:
3106:
3101:Peiwen Yunfu
3099:
3077:
3070:
3041:
2790:Beiyang Army
2772:Zongli Yamen
2628:Da-Qing Bank
2445:Red Lanterns
2098:Qing dynasty
2030:
2009:
1977:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1939:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1901:
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1863:
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1825:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1797:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1770:
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1743:
1723:
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1689:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1650:
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1632:. Retrieved
1612:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
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1539:
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1520:. Retrieved
1500:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1471:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1432:
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1393:
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1374:. Retrieved
1354:
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1335:. Retrieved
1315:
1308:
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1278:
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1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1195:
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1177:. Retrieved
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1116:
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1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1053:
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1031:. Retrieved
1012:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
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955:. Retrieved
935:
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896:
889:
877:. Retrieved
857:
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838:. Retrieved
818:
811:
799:. Retrieved
779:
772:
760:. Retrieved
740:
733:
670:
647:
618:
599:
586:Nanjing Road
561:
544:
522:
507:
492:Yellow River
489:
476:
469:
460:Jesus Christ
440:Hong Xiuquan
438:
408:
350:
322:
307:
285:
273:
251:
224:Qing dynasty
217:
191:
182:Ming dynasty
178:Qing dynasty
172:
111:
100:
72:Qing dynasty
61:
45:
44:
3398:Aisin Gioro
3360:Paper money
3119:Qing poetry
2840:Wuwei Corps
2835:Shuishiying
2596:Family tree
673:Yuan Shikai
650:Sun Yat-Sen
592:during the
458:and called
329:Ligdan Khan
134:Tongmenghui
35:Sun Yat-sen
3482:Categories
3066:Four Wangs
2957:mausoleums
2910:Golden Urn
2883:Inner Asia
2860:Xiang Army
2830:Hushenying
2755:Liangguang
2735:Liangjiang
2673:Lifan Yuan
2578:Government
1961:2021-07-24
1923:2019-05-10
1885:2019-05-10
1847:2019-05-10
1809:2019-05-10
1782:2019-05-10
1242:2019-09-09
1217:2017-01-09
1179:2017-01-08
1138:2017-01-09
725:References
714:Wang Fuzhi
642:Ma Anliang
392:Chingünjav
316:, and the
174:Hui Muslim
94:lived off
2888:Manchuria
2855:Huai Army
2845:Yong Ying
2730:Shaan-Gan
2186:High Qing
2132:Later Jin
719:Sonnō jōi
551:Du Wenxiu
529:Guangzhou
510:Cantonese
333:Ejei Khan
276:King Injo
3340:Hongqian
3309:Currency
3179:Treaties
3085:Kaozheng
3032:Booi Aha
2974:Hetu Ala
2927:Timeline
2922:Xinjiang
2893:Mongolia
2850:Chu Army
2825:New Army
2782:Military
2720:Viceroys
1955:Archived
1917:Archived
1879:Archived
1841:Archived
1803:Archived
1776:Archived
1662:24 April
1656:Archived
1634:24 April
1628:Archived
1595:24 April
1561:24 April
1555:Archived
1522:24 April
1516:Archived
1483:24 April
1477:Archived
1454:24 April
1448:Archived
1415:24 April
1409:Archived
1376:24 April
1370:Archived
1337:24 April
1331:Archived
1286:(2001).
1236:Archived
1211:Archived
1173:Archived
1155:(2011).
1132:Archived
1075:24 April
1069:Archived
1039:milayin.
1033:24 April
995:24 April
957:24 April
951:Archived
918:24 April
912:Archived
879:24 April
873:Archived
840:24 April
834:Archived
801:24 April
795:Archived
762:24 April
756:Archived
709:Gu Yanwu
683:See also
654:sworn in
616:did so.
590:Shanghai
472:genocide
396:Amursana
380:Dzungars
340:and the
338:Shenyang
63:fǎn Qīng
3325:Zhiqian
3317:Coinage
3054:Economy
3025:culture
2760:Yun-Gui
2750:Min-Zhe
2745:Sichuan
2740:Huguang
2586:Emperor
2107:History
2000:Sources
633:Shaanxi
549:leader
512:in the
382:in the
372:Qinghai
365:Khoshut
280:Yi Gwal
265:Nurhaci
206:Koxinga
200:Koxinga
80:forcing
50:Chinese
2939:Taiwan
2115:Early
2100:topics
2037:
2018:
1985:
1947:
1909:
1871:
1833:
1731:
1704:
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1620:
1586:
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1124:
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1024:
986:
943:
904:
865:
826:
787:
748:
664:, and
596:, 1911
525:Foshan
411:Ambans
361:Galdan
325:Chahar
253:Joseon
238:Joseon
232:Taiwan
212:, and
194:Ma Zhu
162:Xiamen
136:, the
132:, the
128:, the
124:, the
120:, the
68:Manchu
60::
58:pinyin
52::
3131:Queue
3049:Dibao
2905:Tibet
2725:Zhili
2608:Amban
637:Gansu
625:Xi'an
621:Wuhan
484:Hefei
479:Hunan
444:Hakka
327:Khan
289:queue
84:queue
70:-led
2867:Navy
2708:Ejen
2591:List
2035:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1664:2014
1636:2014
1618:ISBN
1597:2014
1584:ISBN
1563:2014
1545:ISBN
1524:2014
1506:ISBN
1485:2014
1456:2014
1438:ISBN
1417:2014
1399:ISBN
1378:2014
1360:ISBN
1339:2014
1321:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1077:2014
1059:ISBN
1035:2014
1022:ISBN
997:2014
984:ISBN
959:2014
941:ISBN
920:2014
902:ISBN
881:2014
863:ISBN
842:2014
824:ISBN
803:2014
785:ISBN
764:2014
746:ISBN
662:Puyi
652:was
612:and
600:The
545:The
425:and
308:The
246:and
103:Ming
1756:209
1018:803
980:802
370:in
160:in
76:Han
3484::
1953:.
1915:.
1877:.
1839:.
1626:.
1553:.
1514:.
1446:.
1407:.
1368:.
1329:.
1234:.
1209:.
1171:.
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1067:.
1037:.
1020:.
982:.
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910:.
871:.
832:.
793:.
754:.
588:,
413:.
320:.
295:.
234:.
208:,
140:,
56:;
54:反清
2090:e
2083:t
2076:v
2043:.
2024:.
1991:.
1964:.
1926:.
1888:.
1850:.
1812:.
1785:.
1758:.
1737:.
1710:.
1684:.
1666:.
1638:.
1599:.
1565:.
1526:.
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1458:.
1419:.
1380:.
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1302:.
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1245:.
1220:.
1182:.
1141:.
1079:.
999:.
961:.
922:.
883:.
844:.
805:.
766:.
48:(
41:.
20:)
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