Antikythera mechanism

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planets—excepting only the Moon). Each meshes with a gear grounded to the mechanism frame. Each has a pin mounted, potentially on an extension of one side of the gear that enlarges the gear, but doesn't interfere with the teeth; in some cases, the needed distance between the gear's centre and the pin is farther than the radius of the gear itself. A bar with a slot along its length extends from the pin toward the appropriate coaxial tube, at whose other end is the object pointer, out in front of the front dials. The bars could have been full gears, although there is no need for the waste of metal, since the only working part is the slot. Also, using the bars avoids interference between the three mechanisms, each of which are set on one of the four spokes of b1. Thus there is one new grounded gear (one was identified in the wreckage, and the second is shared by two of the planets), one gear used to reverse the direction of the sun anomaly, three epicyclic gears and three bars/coaxial tubes/pointers, which would qualify as another gear each: five gears and three slotted bars in all.

2861:, had traced on its surface the stars that appear in the sky, and that many years subsequent, borrowing from Eudoxus this beautiful design and representation, Aratus had illustrated them in his verses, not by any science of astronomy, but the ornament of poetic description. He added, that the figure of the sphere, which displayed the motions of the Sun and Moon, and the five planets, or wandering stars, could not be represented by the primitive solid globe. And that in this, the invention of Archimedes was admirable, because he had calculated how a single revolution should maintain unequal and diversified progressions in dissimilar motions. When Gallus moved this globe, it showed the relationship of the Moon with the Sun, and there were exactly the same number of turns on the bronze device as the number of days in the real globe of the sky. Thus it showed the same eclipse of the Sun as in the globe , as well as showing the Moon entering the area of the Earth's shadow when the Sun is in line ... 2642: 963: 2689:, led by Freeth, published a new proposed reconstruction of the entire Antikythera Mechanism. They were able to find gears that could be shared among the gear-trains for the different planets, by using rational approximations for the synodic cycles which have small prime factors, with the factors 7 and 17 being used for more than one planet. They conclude that none of the previous models "are at all compatible with all the currently known data", but their model is compatible with it. Freeth has directed a video explaining the discovery of the synodic cycle periods and the conclusions about how the mechanism worked. 2496:; they are an identical pair of gears that do not mesh, but rather, they operate face-to-face, with a short pin on k1 inserted into a slot in k2. The two gears have different centres of rotation, so the pin must move back and forth in the slot. That increases and decreases the radius at which k2 is driven, also necessarily varying its angular velocity (presuming the velocity of k1 is even) faster in some parts of the rotation than others. Over an entire revolution the average velocities are the same, but the fast-slow variation models the effects of the elliptical orbit of the Moon, in consequence of 2946: 8487: 2476: 272:. The device, housed in the remains of a wooden-framed case of (uncertain) overall size 34 cm × 18 cm × 9 cm (13.4 in × 7.1 in × 3.5 in), was found as one lump, later separated into three main fragments which are now divided into 82 separate fragments after conservation efforts. Four of these fragments contain gears, while inscriptions are found on many others. The largest gear is about 13 cm (5 in) in diameter and originally had 223 teeth. All these fragments of the mechanism are kept at the 43: 31: 3016: 9147: 2630:

simplify the mechanism by removing the need to simulate the solar anomaly. They suggested that rather than accurate planetary indication (rendered impossible by the offset inscriptions) there would be simple dials for each individual planet, showing information such as key events in the cycle of planet, initial and final appearances in the night sky, and apparent direction changes. This system would lead to a much simplified gear system, with much reduced forces and complexity, as compared to Wright's model.

1904: 2595: 2581: 2567: 2500:. The modelled rotational period of the Moon pointer (averaged over a year) is 27.321 days, compared to the modern length of a lunar sidereal month of 27.321661 days. The pin/slot driving of the k1/k2 gears varies the displacement over a year's time, and the mounting of those two gears on the e3 gear supplies a precessional advancement to the ellipticity modelling with a period of 8.8826 years, compared with the current value of precession period of the moon of 8.85 years. 9087: 1664:, which is very close (to within less than 13 one-millionths) to 19 tropical years. It is therefore a convenient interval over which to convert between lunar and solar calendars. The Metonic dial covers 235 months in five rotations of the dial, following a spiral track with a follower on the pointer that keeps track of the layer of the spiral. The pointer points to the synodic month, counted from new moon to new moon, and the cell contains the 823:

calendar. Since this initial discovery, two research teams, using different methods, independently calculated the interval count. Woan and Bayley calculate 354–355 intervals using two different methods, confirming with higher accuracy the Budiselic et al. findings and noting that "365 holes is not plausible". Malin and Dickens' best estimate is 352.3±1.5 and concluded that the number of holes (N) "has to be integral and the SE (

7773: 2507:. The Moon pointer holds a shaft along its length, on which is mounted a small gear named r, which meshes to the Sun pointer at B0 (the connection between B0 and the rest of B is not visible in the original mechanism, so whether b0 is the current date/mean Sun pointer or a hypothetical true Sun pointer is unknown). The gear rides around the dial with the Moon, but is also geared to the Sun—the effect is to perform a 2849:

Marcellus, in the Temple of Virtue at Rome. But as soon as Gallus had begun to explain, by his sublime science, the composition of this machine, I felt that the Sicilian geometrician must have possessed a genius superior to any thing we usually conceive to belong to our nature. Gallus assured us, that the solid and compact globe, was a very ancient invention, and that the first model of it had been presented by

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onto the ship. This lack of evidence and nature of the front part of the mechanism has led to attempts to emulate what the Ancient Greeks would have done and because of the lack of evidence, many solutions have been put forward over the years. But as progress has been made on analyzing the internal structures and deciphering the inscriptions, earlier models have been ruled out and better models developed.

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epicyclic gear which has a slot for the pin, and which meshes with a gear fixed to a coaxial tube and thence to the pointer. Each of the three mechanisms can fit within a quadrant of the b1 extension, and they are thus all on a single plane parallel with the front dial plate. Each one uses a ground gear, a driving gear, a driven gear, and a gear/coaxial tube/pointer, thus, twelve gears additional in all.

9099: 9123: 582:. The back of the fragment contains the rearmost e and k gears for synthesis of the moon anomaly, noticeable also is the pin and slot mechanism of the k train. It is noticed from detailed scans of the fragment that all gears are very closely packed and have sustained damage and displacement due to their years in the sea. The fragment is approximately 30 mm thick at its thickest point. 806: 1609: 9111: 2489:

pointer that displayed the Sun's elliptical anomaly; it is discussed below in the Freeth reconstruction). In this discussion, reference is to modelled rotational period of various pointers and indicators; they all assume the input rotation of the b1 gear of 360 degrees, corresponding with one tropical year, and are computed solely on the basis of the gear ratios of the gears named.

827:) of 1.5 indicates that there is less than a 5% probability that N is not one of the six values in the range 350 to 355. The chances of N being as high as 365 are less than 1 in 10,000. While other contenders cannot be ruled out, of the two values that have been proposed for N on astronomical grounds, that of Budiselic et al. (354) is by far the more likely." 1852:

approximately 8 hours longer than an integer number of days. Translated into global spin, that means an eclipse occurs not only eight hours later, but one-third of a rotation farther to the west. Glyphs in 51 of the 223 synodic month cells of the dial specify the occurrence of 38 lunar and 27 solar eclipses. Some of the abbreviations in the glyphs read:

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also been a "true sun" pointer in addition to the mean Sun pointer, to track the elliptical anomaly of the Sun (the orbit of Earth around the Sun), but there is no evidence of it among the fragments found. Similarly, neither is there the evidence of planetary orbit pointers for the five planets known to the Greeks among the fragments. But see

3152:. With the name of Monumental Antikythera Mechanism for Hermosillo (MAMH), Dr. Alfonso performed the inauguration. Also attending were Durazo Montaño, Governor of Sonora and Dr. Maria Rita Plancarte Martinez, Chancellor of the Universidad de Sonora, the Ambassador of Greece, Nikolaos Koutrokois, and a delegation from the Embassy. 2669:...a voice comes to you speaking. Let the stars be set upon the board in accordance with nature except for the Sun and Moon. And let the Sun be golden, the Moon silver, Kronos of obsidian, Ares of reddish onyx, Aphrodite lapis lazuli veined with gold, Hermes turquoise; let Zeus be of (whitish?) stone, crystalline (?)... 1732:

calendar was probably adopted from a Corinthian colony in Epirus, possibly Ambracia. It has been argued that the first month of the calendar, Phoinikaios, was ideally the month in which the autumn equinox fell, and that the start-up date of the calendar began shortly after the astronomical new moon of 23 August 205 BC.

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fragments may still be in storage, undiscovered since their initial recovery; Fragment F was discovered in that way in 2005. Of the 82 known fragments, seven are mechanically significant and contain the majority of the mechanism and inscriptions. Another 16 smaller parts contain fractional and incomplete inscriptions.

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fixtures on the b1 gear. They proposed that rather than bearings and pillars for gears and axles, they simply held weather and seasonal icons to be displayed through a window. In a paper published in 2012, Carman, Thorndike, and Evans also proposed a system of epicyclic gearing with pin and slot followers.

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remainder are computed directly from gear teeth ratios. The gears marked with an asterisk (*) are missing, or have predecessors missing, from the known mechanism; these gears have been calculated with reasonable gear teeth counts. (Lengths in days are calculated assuming the year to be 365.2425 days.)

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One of the remaining mysteries is why the Greek technology invented for the machine seemed to disappear..."This device is extraordinary, the only thing of its kind," said Professor Edmunds. "The astronomy is exactly right ... in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as

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Several exhibitions have been staged worldwide, leading to the main "Antikythera shipwreck" exhibition at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. As of 2012, the Antikythera mechanism was displayed as part of a temporary exhibition about the Antikythera shipwreck, accompanied by reconstructions

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Investigations by Freeth and Jones reveal their simulated mechanism is inaccurate. The Mars pointer is up to 38° wrong in some instances (these inaccuracies occur at the nodal points of Mars' retrograde motion, and the error recedes at other locations in the orbit). This is not due to inaccuracies in

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The superior planet systems—Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—all follow the same general principle of the lunar anomaly mechanism. Similar to the inferior systems, each has a gear whose centre pivot is on an extension of b1, and which meshes with a grounded gear. It presents a pin and a centre pivot for the

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The system to synthesise the solar anomaly is very similar to that used in Wright's proposal: three gears, one fixed in the centre of the b1 gear and attached to the Sun spindle, the second fixed on one of the spokes (in their proposal the one on the bottom left) acting as an idle gear, and the final

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system. He suggested that along with the lunar anomaly, adjustments would have been made for the deeper, more basic solar anomaly (known as the "first anomaly"). He included pointers for this "true sun", Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, in addition to the known "mean sun" (current time) and

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The Sun gear is operated from the hand-operated crank (connected to gear a1, driving the large four-spoked mean Sun gear, b1) and in turn drives the rest of the gear sets. The Sun gear is b1/b2 and b2 has 64 teeth. It directly drives the date/mean sun pointer (there may have been a second, "true sun"

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days long (6585.333... days), which is very close to 223 synodic months (6585.3211 days). It is defined as the cycle of repetition of the positions required to cause solar and lunar eclipses, and therefore, it could be used to predict them—not only the month, but the day and time of day. The cycle is

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on that Greek island. Rhodes was a busy trading port and centre of astronomy and mechanical engineering, home to astronomer Hipparchus, who was active from about 140-120 BC. The mechanism uses Hipparchus' theory for the motion of the Moon, which suggests he may have designed or at least worked on it.

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and been variously dated to about 87 BC, between 150 and 100 BC, or 205 BC. It must have been constructed before the shipwreck, which has been dated by multiple lines of evidence to approximately 70–60 BC. In 2022 researchers proposed its initial calibration date, not construction

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and high resolution scanning to image inside fragments of the crust-encased mechanism and read the faintest inscriptions that once covered the outer casing. This suggests it had 37 meshing bronze gears enabling it to follow the movements of the Moon and the Sun through the zodiac, to predict eclipses

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The inferior planet mechanism includes the Sun (treated as a planet in this context), Mercury, and Venus. For each of the three systems, there is an epicyclic gear whose axis is mounted on b1, thus the basic frequency is the Earth year (as it is, in truth, for epicyclic motion in the Sun and all the

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The main fragment contains the majority of the known mechanism. Clearly visible on the front is the large b1 gear, and under closer inspection further gears behind it (parts of the l, m, c, and d trains are visible as gears to the naked eye). The crank mechanism socket and the side-mounted gear that

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for storage and analysis. The mechanism appeared to be a lump of corroded bronze and wood; it went unnoticed for two years, while museum staff worked on piecing together more obvious treasures, such as the statues. Upon removal from seawater, the mechanism was not treated, resulting in deformational

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It is unlikely that any one of these machines was the Antikythera mechanism found in the shipwreck since both the devices fabricated by Archimedes and mentioned by Cicero were located in Rome at least 30 years later than the estimated date of the shipwreck, and the third device was almost certainly

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Freeth and Jones published a proposal in 2012. They proposed a compact and feasible solution to the question of planetary indication. They also propose indicating the solar anomaly (that is, the sun's apparent position in the zodiac dial) on a separate pointer from the date pointer, which indicates

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Because of the large space between the mean Sun gear and the front of the case and the size of and mechanical features on the mean Sun gear, it is very likely that the mechanism contained further gearing that either has been lost in or subsequent to the shipwreck, or was removed before being loaded

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A hypothetical schematic representation of the gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism, including the 2012 published interpretation of existing gearing, gearing added to complete known functions, and proposed gearing to accomplish additional functions, namely true sun pointer and pointers for the five

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Fragment D is a small quasi-circular constriction that, according to Xenophon Moussas, has a gear inside a somewhat larger hollow gear. The inner gear moves inside the outer gear reproducing an epicyclical motion that, with a pointer, gives the position of planet Jupiter. The inner gear is numbered

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it contains possibly two, and according to Xenophon Moussas it contains one gear (numbered 45 "ME") inside a hollow gear giving the position of Jupiter reproducing it with epicyclic motion. Their purpose and position has not been ascertained to any accuracy or consensus, but lends to the debate for

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Contains approximately the bottom right third of the Metonic spiral and inscriptions of both the spiral and back door of the mechanism. The Metonic scale would have consisted of 235 cells of which 49 have been deciphered from fragment B either in whole or partially. The rest so far are assumed from

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Two other searches for items at the Antikythera wreck site in 2012 and 2015 yielded art objects and a second ship which may, or may not, be connected with the treasure ship on which the mechanism was found. Also found was a bronze disc, embellished with the image of a bull. The disc has four "ears"

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While the device may have struggled with inaccuracies, due to the triangular teeth being hand-made, the calculations used and technology implemented to create the elliptical paths of the planets and retrograde motion of the Moon and Mars, by using a clockwork-type gear train with the addition of a

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It is very probable there were planetary dials, as the complicated motions and periodicities of all planets are mentioned in the manual of the mechanism. The exact position and mechanisms for the gears of the planets is unknown. There is no coaxial system except for the Moon. Fragment D that is an

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with an average circular pitch of 1.6 mm, an average wheel thickness of 1.4 mm and an average air gap between gears of 1.2 mm. The teeth were probably created from a blank bronze round using hand tools; this is evident because not all of them are even. Due to advances in imaging and

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The Exeligmos dial is the secondary lower dial on the rear of the mechanism. The exeligmos cycle is a 54-year triple Saros cycle that is 19,756 days long. Since the length of the Saros cycle is to a third of a day (namely, 6,585 days plus 8 hours), a full exeligmos cycle returns the counting to an

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It also tracked the precession of the moon's elliptical orbit around the ecliptic in an 8.88 year cycle. The mean Sun position is, by definition, the current date. It is speculated that since significant effort was taken to ensure the position of the Moon was correct, there was likely to have

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tables for the day of the year currently set, since most of the calendar cycles are not synchronous with the year. The crank moves the date pointer about 78 days per full rotation, so hitting a particular day on the dial would be easily possible if the mechanism were in good working condition. The

460:, and the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project argued in 2008 that it might imply a connection with the school of Archimedes. It was demonstrated in 2017 that the calendar on the Metonic Spiral is of the Corinthian type, but cannot be that of Syracuse. Another theory suggests that coins found by 347: 2732:

In addition to theoretical accuracy, there is the issue of mechanical accuracy. Freeth and Jones note that the inevitable "looseness" in the mechanism due to the hand-built gears, with their triangular teeth and the frictions between gears, and in bearing surfaces, probably would have swamped the

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In total, there are eight coaxial spindles of various nested sizes to transfer the rotations in the mechanism to the eight pointers. So in all, there are 30 original gears, seven gears added to complete calendar functionality, 17 gears and three slotted bars to support the six new pointers, for a

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Freeth and Jones modelled and published details of a version using gear trains mechanically similar to the lunar anomaly system, allowing for indication of the positions of the planets, as well as synthesis of the Sun anomaly. Their system, they claim, is more authentic than Wright's model, as it

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Mechanical engineer Michael Wright demonstrated there was a mechanism to supply the lunar phase in addition to the position. The indicator was a small ball embedded in the lunar pointer, half-white and half-black, which rotated to show the phase (new, first quarter, half, third quarter, full, and

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At least two pointers indicated positions of bodies upon the ecliptic. A lunar pointer indicated the position of the Moon, and a mean Sun pointer was shown, perhaps doubling as the current date pointer. The Moon position was not a simple mean Moon indicator which would indicate movement uniformly

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The operator also had to be aware of the position of the spiral dial pointers on the two large dials on the back. The pointer had a "follower" that tracked the spiral incisions in the metal as the dials incorporated four and five full rotations of the pointers. When a pointer reached the terminal

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to the largest gear, the four-spoked gear visible on the front of fragment A, gear b1. This moved the date pointer on the front dial, which would be set to the correct Egyptian calendar day. The year is not selectable, so it is necessary to know the year currently set, or by looking up the cycles

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The original mechanism apparently came out of the Mediterranean as a single encrusted piece. Soon afterwards it fractured into three major pieces. Other small pieces have broken off in the interim from cleaning and handling, and others were found on the sea floor by the Cousteau expedition. Other

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In 2022 researchers proposed the mechanism's initial calibration date, not construction date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date. Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the fourteenth century, with early examples

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Though the engineering was remarkable for its era, recent research indicates that its design conception exceeded the engineering precision of its manufacture by a wide margin—with considerable cumulative inaccuracies in the gear trains, which would have cancelled out many of the subtle anomalies

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Their proposal used simple meshed gear trains and accounted for the previously unexplained 63 toothed gear in fragment D. They proposed two face plate layouts, one with evenly spaced dials, and another with a gap in the top of the face, to account for criticism that they did not use the apparent

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Evans, Carman, and Thorndike published a solution in 2010 with significant differences from Wright's. Their proposal centred on what they observed as irregular spacing of the inscriptions on the front dial face, which to them seemed to indicate an off-centre sun indicator arrangement; this would

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operation, so the gear turns at the synodic month period, measuring in effect, the angle of the difference between the Sun and Moon pointers. The gear drives a small ball that appears through an opening in the Moon pointer's face, painted longitudinally half white and half black, displaying the

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technology, it is now possible to know the precise number of teeth and size of the gears within the located fragments. Thus the basic operation of the device is no longer a mystery and has been replicated accurately. The major unknown remains the question of the presence and nature of any planet

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The glyphs show whether the designated eclipse is solar or lunar, and give the day of the month and hour. Solar eclipses may not be visible at any given point, and lunar eclipses are visible only if the moon is above the horizon at the appointed hour. In addition, the inner lines at the cardinal

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Based on the fact that the calendar month names are consistent with all the evidence of the Epirote calendar and that the Games dial mentions the very minor Naa games of Dodona (in Epirus), it has been argued that the calendar on the mechanism is likely to be the Epirote calendar, and that this

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Since the discovery of the mechanism more than a century ago, this outer ring has been presumed to represent a 365-day Egyptian solar calendar, but research (Budiselic, et al., 2020) challenged this presumption and provided direct statistical evidence there are 354 intervals, suggesting a lunar

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Dial, as the astronomical lunar month that began shortly after the new moon of 28 April 205 BC. According to this theory the Babylonian arithmetic style of prediction fits much better with the device's predictive models than the traditional Greek trigonometric style. A study by Iversen in 2017

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I had often heard this celestial globe or sphere mentioned on account of the great fame of Archimedes. Its appearance, however, did not seem to me particularly striking. There is another, more elegant in form, and more generally known, moulded by the same Archimedes, and deposited by the same

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A table of the gears, their teeth, and the expected and computed rotations of important gears follows. The gear functions come from Freeth et al. (2008) and for the lower half of the table from Freeth et al. (2012). The computed values start with 1 year per revolution for the b1 gear, and the

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In short, the Antikythera Mechanism was a machine designed to predict celestial phenomena according to the sophisticated astronomical theories current in its day, the sole witness to a lost history of brilliant engineering, a conception of pure genius, one of the great wonders of the ancient

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along the ecliptic, in reference to the observer's position on the Earth. That is irrelevant to the question of whether that position was computed using a heliocentric or geocentric view of the Solar System; either computational method should, and does, result in the same position (ignoring

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If one is in favour of the 354 day evidence, the most likely interpretation is that the ring is a manifestation of a 354-day lunar calendar. Given the era of the mechanism's presumed construction and the presence of Egyptian month names, it is possibly the first example of the Egyptian

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Fragment A also contains divisions of the upper left quarter of the Saros spiral and 14 inscriptions from said spiral. The fragment also contains inscriptions for the exeligmos dial and visible on the back surface the remnants of the dial face. Finally, this fragment contains some back door

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The front dial has two concentric circular scales. The inner scale marks the Greek signs of the zodiac, with division in degrees. The outer scale, which is a movable ring that sits flush with the surface and runs in a channel, is marked off with what appear to be days and has a series of

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There is debate as to whether the mechanism had indicators for all five of the planets known to the ancient Greeks. No gearing for such a planetary display survives and all gears are accounted for—with the exception of one 63-toothed gear (r1) otherwise unaccounted for in fragment D.

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the mean position of the Sun, as well as the date on the month dial. If the two dials are synchronised correctly, their front panel display is essentially the same as Wright's. Unlike Wright's model however, this model has not been built physically, and is only a 3-D computer model.

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The YouTube channel Clickspring documents the creation of an Antikythera mechanism replica using the tools, techniques of machining and metallurgy, and materials that would have been available in ancient Greece, along with investigations into the possible technologies of the era.

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reasons that the prototype for the device was from Rhodes, but that this particular model was modified for a client from Epirus in northwestern Greece; Iversen argues it was probably constructed no earlier than a generation before the shipwreck, a date supported by Jones in 2017.

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Contains parts of the upper right of the front dial face showing calendar and zodiac inscriptions. This fragment also contains the Moon indicator dial assembly including the Moon phase sphere in its housing and a single bevel gear (ma1) used in the Moon phase indication system.

379:. The team retrieved numerous large objects, including bronze and marble statues, pottery, unique glassware, jewellery, coins, and the mechanism. The mechanism was retrieved from the wreckage in 1901, probably July. It is unknown how the mechanism came to be on the cargo ship. 897:

The dial also marks the position of the Sun on the ecliptic, corresponding to the current date in the year. The orbits of the Moon and the five planets known to the Greeks are close enough to the ecliptic to make it a convenient reference for defining their positions as well.

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train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, n1, n2, and o1, which mounts the pointer. It has a computed modelled rotational period of exactly four years, as expected. It is the only pointer on the mechanism that rotates counter-clockwise; all of the others rotate clockwise.

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Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late

2899:). The drawings in the text appeared functional, but attempts to build them as pictured had failed. When the gears pictured, which had square teeth, were replaced with gears of the type in the Antikythera mechanism, which were angled, the device was perfectly functional. 2543:

It appears gears m3, n1-3, p1-2, and q1 did not survive in the wreckage. The functions of the pointers were deduced from the remains of the dials on the back face, and reasonable, appropriate gearage to fulfill the functions was proposed and is generally accepted.

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The level of refinement of the mechanism indicates that the device was not unique, and possibly required expertise built over several generations. However, such artefacts were commonly melted down for the value of the bronze and rarely survive to the present day.

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The Metonic train is driven by the drive train b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, and n1, which is connected to the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the pointer is the length of the 6939.5 days (over the whole five-rotation spiral), while the modern value for the

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The Games dial is the right secondary upper dial; it is the only pointer on the instrument that travels in a counter-clockwise direction as time advances. The dial is divided into four sectors, each of which is inscribed with a year indicator and the name of two

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There are several gear ratios for each planet that result in close matches to the correct values for synodic periods of the planets and the Sun. Those chosen above seem accurate, with reasonable tooth counts, but the specific gears actually used are unknown.

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dials. Undiscovered gearing, synchronous with the rest of the Metonic gearing of the mechanism, is implied to drive a pointer around this scale. Movement and registration of the ring relative to the underlying holes served to facilitate both a 1-in-76-year

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The Saros train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m3, e3, e4, f1, f2, and g1, which mounts the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the Saros pointer is 1646.3 days (in four rotations along the spiral pointer track); the modern value is 1646.33 days.

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Many of the smaller fragments that have been found contain nothing of apparent value, but a few have inscriptions on them. Fragment 19 contains significant back door inscriptions including one reading "... 76 years ..." which refers to the

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The other months have been reconstructed; some reconstructions of the mechanism omit the five days of the Egyptian intercalary month. The Zodiac dial contains Greek inscriptions of the members of the zodiac, which is believed to be adapted to the

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Change from traditional naming: X is the main year axis, turns once per year with gear B1. The B axis is the axis with gears B3 and B6, while the E axis is the axis with gears E3 and E4. Other axes on E (E1/E6 and E2/E5) are irrelevant to this

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of these planets, and indicated that the mechanism was more accurate than previously thought. In 2018, based on the CT scans, the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project proposed changes in gearing and produced mechanical parts based on this.

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Efstathiou, K.; Basiakoulis, A.; Efstathiou, M.; Anastasiou, M.; Seiradakis, J.H. (June 2012). "Determination of the gears geometrical parameters necessary for the construction of an operational model of the Antikythera Mechanism".

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The Exeligmos train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m3, e3, e4, f1, f2, g1, g2, h1, h2, and i1, which mounts the pointer. The modelled rotational period of the exeligmos pointer is 19,756 days; the modern value is 19755.96 days.

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Further dives were undertaken in 2014 and 2015, in the hope of discovering more of the mechanism. A five-year programme of investigations began in 2014 and ended in October 2019, with a new five-year session starting in May 2020.

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Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J.H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, E.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; Bate, D.; Ramsey, A.; Allen, M.; Crawley, A.; Hockley, P.; Malzbender, T.; Gelb, D.; Ambrisco, W.; Edmunds, M.G.

441:. Its construction relied on theories of astronomy and mathematics developed by Greek astronomers during the second century BC, and it is estimated to have been built in the late second century BC or the early first century BC. 2953:

This evidence that the Antikythera mechanism was not unique adds support to the idea that there was an ancient Greek tradition of complex mechanical technology that was later, at least in part, transmitted to the Byzantine and

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then-known planets, as proposed by Freeth and Jones, 2012. Based also upon similar drawing in the Freeth 2006 Supplement and Wright 2005, Epicycles Part 2. Proposed (as opposed to known from the artefact) gearing crosshatched.

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The Antikythera mechanism, as it is now known, was probably the world's first 'analog computer'—a sophisticated device for calculating the motions of stars and planets. This remarkable assembly of more than 30 gears with a

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The mechanism has a wooden casing with a front and a back door, both containing inscriptions. The back door appears to be the 'instruction manual'. On one of its fragments is written "76 years, 19 years" representing the

6790:[Inauguration of the world's only working replica of the Antikythera Mechanism at the University of the State of Sonora, Mexico, with the participation of the Ambassador of Greece to Mexico, Mr. N. Kotrokoi]. 7763: 1596:

back). The data to support this function is available given the Sun and Moon positions as angular rotations; essentially, it is the angle between the two, translated into the rotation of the ball. It requires a

2759:

Of special delight to physicists, the Moon mechanism uses a special train of bronze gears, two of them linked with a slightly offset axis, to indicate the position and phase of the moon. As is known today from

436:

The Antikythera mechanism is generally referred to as the first known analogue computer. The quality and complexity of the mechanism's manufacture suggests it must have had undiscovered predecessors during the

2531:

The Callippic train is driven by b1, b2, l1, l2, m1, m2, n1, n3, p1, p2, and q1, which mounts the pointer. It has a computed modelled rotational period of 27758 days, while the modern value is 27758.8 days.

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The Greeks, being in the northern hemisphere, assumed proper daily motion of the stars was from east to west, ccw when the ecliptic and zodiac is viewed to the south. As viewed on the front of the Mechanism.

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positioned next to that one; the final gear is fitted with an offset pin and, over said pin, an arm with a slot that in turn, is attached to the sun spindle, inducing anomaly as the mean Sun wheel turns.

6788:"Εγκαίνια του μοναδικού στον κόσμο αντιγράφου εν λειτουργία του Μηχανισμού των Αντικυθύρων στο Πανεπιστήμιο της πολιτείας Sonora του Μεξικού με συμμετοχή του Πρέσβη της Ελλάδος στο Μεξικό κ.Ν. Κοτροκόη" 4779: 4750: 869: 6), but the outer calendar dial may be moved against the inner dial to compensate for the effect of the extra quarter-day in the solar year by turning the scale backward one day every four years. 327:

date, could have been 23 December 178 BC. Other experts propose 204 BC as a more likely calibration date. Machines with similar complexity did not appear again until the 14th century in western Europe.

7328: 5413: 5059: 1649:, and three smaller indicators, the so-called Olympiad Dial, which has been renamed the Games dial as it did not track Olympiad years (the four-year cycle it tracks most closely is the Halieiad), the 4448:

Voularis, Aristeidis; Mouratidis, Chruistophoros; Vossinakis, Andreas (28 March 2022). "The Initial Calibration Date of the Antikythera Mechanism after the Saros spiral mechanical Apokatastasis".

768:. The first task is to rotate the Egyptian calendar ring to match the current zodiac points. The Egyptian calendar ignored leap days, so it advanced through a full zodiac sign in about 120 years. 5898:

An extract from a 2nd or 3rd century AD papyrus (P.Wash.Univ.inv. 181+221) about an "Astrologer's Board", where the astrologer lays out particular stones to represent the Sun, Moon and planets

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in 1950. The lunar calendar's purpose was to serve as a day-to-day indicator of successive lunations, and would also have assisted with the interpretation of the lunar phase pointer, and the

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Voulgaris, Aristeidis, et al. "Simulation and Analysis of Natural Seawater Chemical Reactions on the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 35, no. 5, 2019, pp. 959–972

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action of turning the hand crank would also cause all interlocked gears within the mechanism to rotate, resulting in the simultaneous calculation of the position of the Sun and Moon, the

2996:

also contains a similar clockwork device. It is possible that this medieval technology may have been transmitted to Europe and contributed to the development of mechanical clocks there.

1970:)—hundreds of years after the apparent construction date of the mechanism—carried forward with more epicycles, and was more accurate predicting the positions of planets than the view of 8892: 4423: 2933:, "... each one of the revolutions of which brings about the same movement in the Sun and Moon and five wandering stars as is brought about each day and night in the heavens ..." 8446: 398:

Valerios Stais found one of the pieces of rock had a gear wheel embedded in it. He initially believed that it was an astronomical clock, but most scholars considered the device to be

724:. Other inscriptions seem to describe the function of the back dials. In addition to this important minor fragment, 15 further minor fragments have remnants of inscriptions on them. 6765: 5229: 5479: 4360: 6665: 3125:(2023) features a plot around a fictionalized version of the mechanism (also referred to as Archimedes' Dial, the titular Dial of Destiny). In the film, the device was built by 1877:. Based on the distribution of the times of the eclipses, it has been argued the start-up date of the Saros dial was shortly after the astronomical new moon of 28 April 205 BC. 790: 6805: 5639: 2937:

in the hands of Posidonius by that date. The scientists who have reconstructed the Antikythera mechanism also agree that it was too sophisticated to have been a unique device.

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Voulgaris A, Mouratidis C, Vossinakis A. Conclusions from the Functional Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 2018;49(2):216-238

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signs marked off with equal 30-degree sectors. This matched with the Babylonian custom of assigning one twelfth of the ecliptic to each zodiac sign equally, even though the

7762: 311:, and he may have been consulted in the machine's construction. There is speculation that a portion of the mechanism is missing and it calculated the positions of the five 2828:). The device was kept as a family heirloom, and Cicero has Philus (one of the participants in a conversation that Cicero imagined had taken place in a villa belonging to 2492:

The Moon train starts with gear b1 and proceeds through c1, c2, d1, d2, e2, e5, k1, k2, e6, e1, and b3 to the Moon pointer on the front face. The gears k1 and k2 form an

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of the mechanism work best for latitudes in the range of 33.3–37.0 degrees north; the island of Rhodes is located between the latitudes of 35.85 and 36.50 degrees north.

1936:. It has at least 30 gears, although mechanism expert Michael Wright has suggested the Greeks of this period were capable of implementing a system with many more gears. 2665:

On the visual representation Freeth provides, the pointers on the front zodiac dial have small, round identifying stones. He refers to a quote from an ancient papyrus:

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Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J. H.; et al. (2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism".

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If Cicero's account is correct, then this technology existed as early as the third century BC. Archimedes' device is also mentioned by later Roman era writers such as

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epicycloidal system, is considered as a planetary gear for Jupiter (Moussas, 2011, 2012, 2014) or a gear for the motion of the Sun (University of Thessaloniki group).

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Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006).

4807:. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Chania, Crete, Greece: IOS Press (published 2006). p. 5. 8439: 7634: 5398: 4773: 4744: 1728:

Thus, setting the correct solar time (in days) on the front panel indicates the current lunar month on the back panel, with resolution to within a week or so.

35:

The Antikythera mechanism (fragment A – front and rear); visible is the largest gear in the mechanism, about 13 cm (5 in) in diameter.

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constructed a mechanical clock tower that told (among other measurements) the position of some stars and planets, which were shown on a mechanically rotated

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as the first Roman to have written a book explaining solar and lunar eclipses) gave both a "learned explanation" and a working demonstration of the device.

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would require only 17 further gears that could be positioned in front of the large driving gear and indicated using individual circular dials on the face.

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As viewed from the front of the Mechanism. The "natural" view is viewing the side of the Mechanism the dial/pointer in question is actually displayed on.

4840: 6820:"Inauguration of the first operational astronomical clock based on studies by scholars from NKUA and University of Sonora on the Antikythera Mechanism" 2824:

in 212 BC. Marcellus had great respect for Archimedes and one of these machines was the only item he kept from the siege (the second was placed in the

6735: 6705: 1580:

around a circular orbit; rather, it approximated the acceleration and deceleration of the Moon's elliptical orbit, through the earliest extant use of

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month location at either end of the spiral, the pointer's follower had to be manually moved to the other end of the spiral before proceeding further.

464:

at the wreck site in the 1970s date to the time of the device's construction, and posits that its origin may have been from the ancient Greek city of

428:". There appears to be little evidence that it was part of the mechanism; it is more likely the disc was a bronze decoration on a piece of furniture. 8564: 8432: 7938: 4704: 3896: 3101:

reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism was built in 2010 by hobbyist Andy Carol, and featured in a short film produced by Small Mammal in 2011.

2764:, the moon travels at different speeds as it orbits the Earth, and this speed differential is modelled by the Antikythera Mechanism, even though the 7207: 6522: 5021: 2984:

in the early 9th century AD. This text described over a hundred mechanical devices, some of which may date back to ancient Greek texts preserved in

6390: 7805: 694:

Found in 2005 and contains 16 inscriptions from the lower right of the Saros spiral. It also contains remnants of the mechanism's wooden housing.

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Thus the dial pointer indicates how many hours must be added to the glyph times of the Saros dial in order to calculate the exact eclipse times.

4931: 4592: 5874: 5712: 3932: 2673:

However, more recent discoveries and research have shown that the above models are not correct. In 2016, the numbers 462 and 442 were found in

444:

In 2008, research by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project suggested the concept for the mechanism may have originated in the colonies of

4413: 3421: 2755:, suggest the Greeks had enough mathematical knowledge beyond that of Babylonian algebra, to model the elliptical nature of planetary motion. 2698:

gearing ratios in the mechanism, but inadequacies in the Greek theory of planetary movements. The accuracy could not have been improved until

8899: 6434: 5371: 6806:"Presenta Unison Mecanismo Antikythera Monumental ¡Es la única réplica funcional en el mundo! | Noticias de Sonora | el Imparcial" 4596: 7860: 6757: 5470: 5218: 4350: 1932:

The mechanism is remarkable for the level of miniaturisation and the complexity of its parts, which is comparable to that of 14th-century

375:, in 1900–01. This wreck of a Roman cargo ship was found at a depth of 45 metres (148 ft) off Point Glyphadia on the Greek island of 6217: 4981:

Bitsakis, Yannis; Jones, Alexander (2013). "The Inscriptions of the Antikythera Mechanism 3: The Front Dial and Parapegma Inscriptions",

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phases pictorially. It turns with a modelled rotational period of 29.53 days; the modern value for the synodic month is 29.530589 days.

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inscribed on the front face above and beneath the dials. They mark the locations of longitudes on the ecliptic for specific stars. The

2879:. The surviving texts from ancient times describe many of his creations, some even containing simple drawings. One such device is his 8554: 5643: 2837: 5738: 4985:

7 (2016), pp. 117–19. See also Magdalini Anastasiou et al. "The Astronomical Events of the Parapegma of the Antikythera Mechanism".

4154: 3856: 9182: 8209: 6116: 5952: 5605: 1660:

The Metonic dial is the main upper dial on the rear of the mechanism. The Metonic cycle, defined in several physical units, is 235

7028: 4194: 756:

boundaries were variable. Outside that dial is another ring which is rotatable, marked off with the months and days of the Sothic

8413: 7390: 7063: 6408: 6259: 8456: 383: 323: 273: 104: 7714:

Weinberg, G. D.; Grace, V. R.; Edwards, G. R.; Robinson, H. S.; et al. (1965). "The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered".

4299:

Carman, Christián C.; Evans, James (15 November 2014). "On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor".

9059: 7931: 7659: 7562: 7543: 7521: 7475: 7264: 6178: 6100: 6075: 6050: 4812: 4670: 3325: 3121: 7481: 6923: 6632: 2761: 2720: 9009: 7190: 3545: 3275:"Celestial Gearbox: Oldest Known Computer is a Mechanism Designed to Calculate the Location of the Sun, Moon, and Planets" 9064: 8403: 8199: 4569: 3819:

Price, Derek de Solla (1974). "Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C.".

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dedicated an episode to the Antikythera Mechanism entitled "Star Clock BC" that aired on 20 January 2011. A documentary,

4115: 3697: 3365: 7371: 7311: 6556: 4721: 4221:

Freeth, Tony; Higgon, David; Dacanalis, Aris; MacDonald, Lindsay; Georgakopoulou, Myrto; Wojcik, Adam (12 March 2021).

3798: 2821: 3567:

Pinotsis, A. D. (30 August 2007). "The Antikythera mechanism: who was its creator and what was its use and purpose?".

9227: 9202: 9177: 9172: 9167: 8793: 8763: 7955: 6468: 6211: 3044: 2796:, a first century BC philosophical dialogue, mentions two machines that some modern authors consider as some kind of 213: 160: 5254:

Woan, Graham; Bayley, Joseph (February 2024). "An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism".

3094:. It documents the discovery and 2005 investigation of the mechanism by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. 2958:, where mechanical devices which were complex, albeit simpler than the Antikythera mechanism, were built during the 371:

island discovered the Antikythera wreck in early 1900, and recovered artefacts during the first expedition with the

9237: 9192: 8768: 8695: 7924: 7806:

New Antikythera mechanism analysis challenges century-old assumption - Arstechnica - Jennifer Ouellette - 7/10/2024

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Efstathiou, M.; Basiakoulis, A.; Efstathiou, K.; Anastasiou, M.; Boutbaras, P.; Seiradakis, J.H. (September 2013).

1597: 7596: 6500: 1019:

Also on the zodiac dial are single characters at specific points (see reconstruction at ref). They are keyed to a

9262: 9247: 8424: 4013: 3035:, Michael Wright, the Thessaloniki University and Dionysios Kriaris. Other reconstructions are on display at the 1924:. On another one of its fragments, it is written "on the spiral subdivisions 235" referring to the Metonic dial. 521: 499:

In 2014, a study argued for a new dating of approximately 200 BC, based on identifying the start-up date on the

4039: 9282: 9257: 9197: 8513: 7905: 7778: 6839: 3052: 1989:

uses the known skills of the Greeks and does not add excessive complexity or internal stresses to the machine.

4844: 4637: 9267: 9242: 8979: 8700: 8336: 3754:

Iversen, Paul A. (2017). "The Calendar on the Antikythera Mechanism and the Corinthian Family of Calendars".

906: 402:, too complex to have been constructed during the same period as the other pieces that had been discovered. 9054: 8885: 8503: 6727: 6697: 3133:, and sought by a former Nazi scientist as a way to travel back in time and help Germany win World War II. 1837:

The Saros dial is the main lower spiral dial on the rear of the mechanism. The Saros cycle is 18 years and

416:

became interested in 1951. In 1971, Price and Greek nuclear physicist Charalampos Karakalos made X-ray and

3892: 865:'s attempted calendar reform of 238 BC. The dials are not believed to reflect his proposed leap day ( 9277: 9252: 6819: 6526: 6011: 5922: 5828:"On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets" 5091: 2614: 1531: 761: 652: 6394: 4700:"Like Opening a Pyramid and Finding an Atomic Bomb': Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism" 9077: 8851: 8831: 2875:) stated that Archimedes had written a now lost manuscript on the construction of these devices titled 2825: 1634:. Inscriptions on the instrument closely match the names of the months that are used on calendars from 732:

Information on the specific data obtained from the fragments is detailed in the supplement to the 2006

424:

which have holes in them, and it was thought it may have been part of the Antikythera mechanism, as a "

245:

decades in advance. It could also be used to track the four-year cycle of athletic games similar to an

6147: 5306: 4890: 4539: 3136:

On 8 February 2024, a 10X scale replica of the mechanism was built, installed, and inaugurated at the

805: 9232: 9217: 9207: 9151: 8569: 8133: 7797: 6996: 5827: 5673: 5276: 5094:

tells of a piece breaking off in his inspection, which was glued back into place by the museum staff.

3238: 3082: 2972: 2817: 2686: 2641: 1998: 1608: 1051: 7613: 5795:

Edmunds, Mike G.; Freeth, Tony (July 2011). "Using Computation to Decode the First Known Computer".

3924: 3072:, was produced in 2012 by the Antikythera mechanism researcher and film-maker Tony Freeth. In 2012, 2966:, have been found; the calendar may have been used to assist in telling time. In the Islamic world, 962: 412:

Investigations into the object lapsed until British science historian and Yale University professor

8985: 8947: 8597: 3468: 3036: 2645:

Internal gearing relationships of the Antikythera Mechanism, based on the Freeth and Jones proposal

1151: 6438: 6346:

Maddison, Francis (28 March 1985). "Early mathematical wheelwork: Byzantine calendrical gearing".

5375: 3920: 1881:

integral number of days, as reflected in the inscriptions. The labels on its three divisions are:

1665: 9187: 8841: 8773: 8710: 8627: 8536: 8128: 7947: 7886: 6609: 5088: 3243: 3032: 2747:

in Medieval Europe, by more than 1000 years. Archimedes' development of the approximate value of

2607: 1944:

45, "ME" in Greek, and the same number is written on two surfaces of this small cylindrical box.

1453: 413: 350: 1645:

On the back of the mechanism, there are five dials: the two large displays, the Metonic and the

8612: 8508: 8275: 8148: 8083: 7864: 7608: 2833: 1342: 1269: 1232: 1165: 878: 517: 6201: 4351:"On the Trail of an Ancient Mystery – Solving the Riddles of an Early Astronomical Calculator" 3791:

A Portable Cosmos: Revealing the Antikythera Mechanism, Scientific Wonder of the Ancient World

3315: 9091: 8826: 8705: 8531: 8311: 7978: 6578: 6042: 6035: 5439: 4660: 3259: 3166: 1745: 1631: 1391: 1326: 1245: 1135: 1067: 862: 473: 250: 7828: 7407: 7009: 6666:"What is the Antikythera mechanism? Google Doodle marks discovery of ancient Greek computer" 4802: 3580: 2945: 902: 409:

became interested in the device, and first proposed that it was an astronomical calculator.

9212: 8778: 8486: 8382: 8123: 8073: 7993: 7968: 7793: 7678: 7440: 7287: 7149: 7104: 7083: 7005: 6962: 6953: 6355: 6298: 5987: 5842: 5688: 5534: 5180: 5113: 5052:"The new findings from the underwater archaeological research at the Antikythera Shipwreck" 4907: 4495: 4234: 3981: 3665: 3576: 3436: 3137: 2865: 2677:

scans of the inscriptions dealing with Venus and Saturn, respectively. These relate to the

1993: 771:

The mechanism was operated by turning a small hand crank (now lost) which was linked via a

296: 5158:

X. Moussas Antikythera Mechanism the oldest computer, ed. Canto Mediterraneo, 2018, Athens

3893:"Decoding The Antikythera Mechanism – Investigation of An Ancient Astronomical Calculator" 2751:

and his theory of centres of gravity, along with the steps he made towards developing the

830:

If one supports the 365 day presumption, it is recognized the mechanism predates the

8: 9139: 9033: 9027: 8997: 8622: 8523: 8153: 8058: 8008: 7983: 7894: 6840:"Hublot painstakingly re-creates a mysterious, 2,100-year-old clockwork relic - but why?" 6412: 4898: 4146: 4101: 3928: 3727: 3191: 3028: 2892: 2674: 2475: 2431:

This was the only visual pointer naturally travelling in the counter-clockwise direction.

1971: 1467: 469: 315:. The inscriptions were further deciphered in 2016, revealing numbers connected with the 7713: 7682: 7444: 7291: 7153: 7108: 7087: 6966: 6359: 6302: 6120: 5991: 5944: 5846: 5692: 5595: 5538: 5184: 5117: 4911: 4499: 4238: 3985: 3669: 3440: 2962:. Fragments of a geared calendar attached to a sundial, from the fifth or sixth century 9127: 8937: 8908: 8808: 8750: 8740: 8690: 8387: 8301: 7727: 7702: 7694: 7626: 7592: 7510: 7303: 7128: 6978: 6371: 6324: 6003: 5976:"An Initial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera Mechanism" 5866: 5808: 5704: 5317: 5255: 5129: 4713: 4449: 4409: 4355: 4326: 4257: 4222: 4186: 4062: 4005: 3836: 3771: 3689: 3592: 3460: 3422:"Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" 3161: 2955: 1952:

ellipticity), within the error factors of the mechanism. The epicyclic solar system of

1933: 1661: 513: 438: 284: 81: 7500:

The Antikythera Mechanism: Physical and Intellectual Salvage from the 1st Century B.C.

7452: 7382: 7223: 7161: 7048: 5546: 5192: 4919: 1947:

The purpose of the front face was to position astronomical bodies with respect to the

675:

Found in 1976 and contains six inscriptions from the upper right of the Saros spiral.

42: 30: 9021: 8866: 8803: 8788: 8783: 8730: 8672: 8602: 8559: 8296: 8143: 8048: 8003: 7706: 7655: 7558: 7539: 7517: 7471: 7367: 7260: 7253: 7227: 7165: 7120: 7018: 6991: 6982: 6910: 6876: 6316: 6263: 6207: 6096: 6071: 6046: 6007: 5550: 5196: 4923: 4808: 4666: 4513: 4330: 4262: 4066: 3997: 3794: 3775: 3681: 3651:"Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" 3452: 3321: 3296: 2981: 2854: 2850: 2829: 2662:

grand total of 54 gears, three bars, and eight pointers in Freeth and Jones' design.

2508: 2493: 1982: 1737: 1646: 1581: 1357: 886: 757: 500: 452:

Spiral as coming from Corinth, or one of its colonies in northwest Greece or Sicily.

399: 336: 257: 53: 7871: 7630: 7536:

The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn

7307: 6328: 5870: 5708: 5133: 3596: 3015: 2967: 764:. The months are marked with the Egyptian names for the months transcribed into the 472:. With its many scrolls of art and science, it was second in importance only to the 9103: 8927: 8861: 8856: 8682: 8652: 8546: 8495: 8476: 8468: 8408: 8361: 8331: 8321: 8270: 8245: 7719: 7686: 7618: 7467: 7448: 7295: 7219: 7157: 7132: 7112: 7013: 6970: 6375: 6363: 6306: 5995: 5858: 5850: 5812: 5800: 5696: 5542: 5188: 5121: 4915: 4627: 4503: 4316: 4308: 4252: 4242: 4097: 4054: 4009: 3989: 3828: 3763: 3693: 3673: 3584: 3464: 3444: 3286: 3247: 3040: 3004: 2988:. A geared calendar similar to the Byzantine device was described by the scientist 2963: 2743:

pin-and-slot epicyclic mechanism, predated that of the first known clocks found in

1948: 1623: 1618: 461: 453: 312: 181: 175: 119: 8454: 7094: 6170: 2214:

The following are proposed gearing from the 2012 Freeth and Jones reconstruction:

8836: 8617: 8356: 8291: 8260: 8158: 8088: 7818: 7461: 7329:"The Heavens of Poseidon: The History and Discovery of the AntiKythera Mechanism" 6974: 4775:

No, Archaeologists Probably Did Not Find a New Piece of the Antikythera Mechanism

3936: 3649:

Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008).

3181: 2841: 1975: 1874: 1650: 1367: 1080: 891: 831: 776:

indicated by the various calendar cycle indicators on the back in the Babylonian

721: 445: 234: 7498: 6951:

Edmunds, M. G. (2014). "The Antikythera Mechanism and the Mechanical Universe".

6935: 5146:

X. Moussas. Antikythera Mechanism, "PINAX", Greek Physical Society, Athens, 2011

3857:"What is the Antikythera Mechanism? How was this ancient 'computer' discovered?" 3211: 2010:

The Antikythera Mechanism: known and proposed gears and accuracy of computation

744:

On the front face of the mechanism, there is a fixed ring dial representing the

483:

style, leading to a hypothesis that it was constructed at an academy founded by

9015: 8991: 8798: 8735: 8715: 8667: 8647: 8637: 8632: 8589: 8219: 8098: 8033: 8013: 7841: 7178: 5999: 5854: 5700: 4247: 3767: 3537: 3216: 2765: 2744: 1741: 1627: 956: 952: 874: 824: 765: 265: 222: 7878: 7833:

Manos Roumeliotis's Simulation and Animation of the Antikythera Mechanism page

7074:

Freeth, T. (2002). "The Antikythera Mechanism: 2. Is it Posidonius' Orrery?".

4561: 4312: 4058: 3588: 2618: 2064:

Time(b) = Time(x) * (c1/b2) * (d1/c2) * (e2/d2) * (k1/e5) * (e6/k2) * (b3/e1)

9161: 8662: 8341: 8326: 8306: 6914: 6880: 5125: 4123: 3300: 3251: 3109: 3064: 2929:

Cicero also said that another such device was built "recently" by his friend

2791: 2678: 2517: 2404:

On average, due to epicyclic gearing causing accelerations and decelerations.

1903: 1753: 1090: 753: 608: 449: 372: 364: 316: 63: 6605: 6548: 4699: 2422:

Being on the reverse side of the box, the "natural" rotation is the opposite

1630:, but also calculated the timing of panhellenic athletic games, such as the 611:. This fragment also contains a single gear (o1) used in the Olympic train. 9115: 9049: 8818: 8720: 8657: 8642: 8579: 8574: 8189: 8038: 7882: 7275: 7231: 7169: 7124: 6320: 5554: 5399:"The Antikythera Mechanism and the early history of the moon phase display" 5200: 4927: 4662:

Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries

4517: 4418: 4266: 4001: 3685: 3456: 1885:

Blank or o ? (representing the number zero, assumed, not yet observed)

1749: 835: 417: 230: 7916: 7812: 7690: 6460: 5277:

How Many Days in an Egyptian Year? Evidence from the Antikythera Mechanism

2362:"Time" is the interval represented by one complete revolution of the gear. 8028: 7973: 7912:

Bronze replica 3D engineering manufacturing drawings and operating manual

7898: 7531: 4086: 4037: 3232: 3130: 2959: 2884: 2797: 2622: 2594: 2580: 2566: 2504: 1921: 1908: 1414: 782: 406: 395: 376: 261: 93: 7781:

was created from a revision of this article dated 30 July 2019

7698: 7622: 7116: 6490: 5862: 5804: 4717: 4632: 3993: 3677: 3448: 3291: 3274: 420:

of the 82 fragments. Price published a paper on their findings in 1974.

9003: 8846: 8346: 8163: 8108: 8068: 7998: 7731: 7208:"An Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculation Machine Reveals New Secrets" 5022:"Important New Discoveries from Greece's Ancient Antikythera Shipwreck" 4321: 3840: 3141: 3126: 2930: 2903: 2813: 772: 488: 457: 304: 291: 8877: 7839: 6888:

Bromley, A. G. (1990). "The Antikythera Mechanism: A Reconstruction".

5642:. Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. 27 July 2007. Archived from 4414:"Researchers home in on possible "day zero" for Antikythera mechanism" 4185:

Anastasiou; Bitsakis; Jones; Moussas; Tselikas; Zafeiropoulou (2016).

1891:

Iϛ (number 16) means add 16 hours to the time mentioned in the display

8954: 8932: 8250: 8103: 8093: 8078: 8023: 8018: 7963: 6437:. Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. 6 June 2012. Archived from 6367: 5672:

Evans, James; Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan (February 2010).

5104:

Wright, Michael T. (2007). "The Antikythera Mechanism reconsidered".

3186: 3176: 3171: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2888: 1917: 1678: 1654: 1600:, a gearing arrangement that sums or differences two angular inputs. 1021: 977: 839: 777: 493: 382:

All of the items retrieved from the wreckage were transferred to the

238: 7723: 7503:

USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium. Thessaloniki. pp. 19–25.

6901:

Bromley, A. G. (1990). "Observations of the Antikythera Mechanism".

6311: 6286: 5307:"An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism" 4508: 4483: 3832: 1981:

Evans et al. suggest that to display the mean positions of the five

346: 322:

The instrument is believed to have been designed and constructed by

8351: 8179: 8043: 7299: 7276:"The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy" 6435:"The Antikythera Shipwreck: the Ship, the Treasures, the Mechanism" 5674:"Solar anomaly and planetary displays in the Antikythera Mechanism" 5600: 5322: 5260: 4619: 4454: 4191:

Almagest, International Journal for the History of Scientific Ideas

3073: 3051:, Germany, at the Archimedes Museum in Olympia, Greece, and at the 2911: 2896: 2880: 2812:, and the five planets known at that time. They were both built by 2752: 2711: 2524: 1888:

H (number 8) means add 8 hours to the time mentioned in the display

1764:

of Rhodes. The inscriptions on each one of the four divisions are:

1299: 1216: 745: 484: 465: 246: 8964: 7555:

Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers

4223:"A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism" 8607: 8255: 8118: 8113: 8063: 8053: 7573:"Astronomers Shed Light on Antikythera Mechanism's Calendar Ring" 4116:"The Antikythera Mechanism at the National Archaeological Museum" 3000: 2919: 2706: 1978:(1571–1630) introduced the possibility that orbits are ellipses. 1953: 1761: 1026: 882: 786: 713:

A combination of fragments taken from fragment C while cleaning.

277: 242: 7049:"The Antikythera Mechanism: 1. Challenging the Classic Research" 7029:"Cosmic Research Hints at Mysterious Ancient Computer's Purpose" 6206:. Vol. 4, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. 5286:(Report). Newark, UK: British Horological Institute. p. 144 2460:

Prograde motion; retrograde is obviously the opposite direction.

1033:

above the dials reads (square brackets indicate inferred text):

8942: 8725: 8460: 8366: 8316: 8265: 8138: 7988: 6992:"The Antikythera Mechanism: Still a Mystery of Greek Astronomy" 6860: 6637: 4841:"Were there others? The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project" 3419: 3317:

The Discrete Charm of the Machine: Why the World Became Digital

3273:

Efstathiou, Kyriakos; Efstathiou, Marianna (1 September 2018).

3230: 3149: 3145: 3105: 3048: 2801: 2786: 2716: 1757: 1635: 1437: 1285: 943: 919: 749: 480: 387: 308: 226: 5975: 5918: 4220: 4184: 303:. This motion was studied in the 2nd century BC by astronomer 149: 6606:"Small Mammal, Behind the Scenes: Lego Antikythera Mechanism" 4746:

Missing Piece of Antikythera Mechanism Found on Aegean Seabed

3056: 2924:

Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geometry

2858: 1639: 1042: 971: 937: 931: 925: 913: 866: 300: 288: 6411:. The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Archived from 5826:

Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan; Evans, James (2012).

4447: 3723:"The world's oldest computer is still revealing its secrets" 3080:; it was also aired on 3 April 2013 in the United States on 146: 7669:

Steele, J. M. (2000). "Eclipse prediction in Mesopotamia".

7597:"The Antikythera Mechanism: A Computer Science Perspective" 6989: 6495: 3967:"Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2" 3889: 3098: 3019: 2809: 2768:

were not aware of the actual elliptical shape of the orbit.

2733:

finer solar and lunar correction mechanisms built into it:

1697: 1190: 894:

correction, as well as convenient lunisolar intercalation.

656:

the possible planet displays on the face of the mechanism.

425: 368: 269: 196: 152: 9110: 7364:

Decoding the Mechanisms of Antikythera Astronomical Device

2883:, the exact model later used by the Romans to place their 2621:

with the known mechanism and his emulation of a potential

7911: 7889:

from the original on 7 November 2021 – via YouTube.

7872:

YAAS – A 3D interactive virtual reality simulator in VRML

6921: 6670: 6245:

See also: Andre Wegener Sleeswyk, "Vitruvius' waywiser",

4804:

Quantum Information Processing: From Theory to Experiment

3648: 3087: 2805: 202: 187: 140: 134: 125: 7250: 6758:"'Indiana Jones And The Dial Of Destiny': Cannes Review" 6633:"115 Anniversary of the Antikythera Mechanism Discovery" 6525:. Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Archived from 5640:"Does it favour a Heliocentric, or Geocentric Universe?" 3047:

in New York, at Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett in

2772: 2084:

Time(r) = 1 / (1 / Time(b2 or sun3 )) – (1 / Time(b)))

7863:. National Hellenic Research Foundation. Archived from 6239:

Sleeswyk, Andre (October 1981). "Vitruvius' odometer".

5343: 2748: 2719:

to his theory), then much later by the introduction of

5372:"The Cosmos on the front of the Antikythera Mechanism" 3010: 9075: 7879:"Virtual Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism" 7431:

Price, D. de S. (1959). "An Ancient Greek Computer".

6924:"The Moon Phase Anomaly in the Antikythera Mechanism" 6391:"The Song Dynasty in China | Asia for Educators" 5228:(Report). Newark, UK: British Horological Institute. 3108:

marked the 115th anniversary of the discovery with a

2288:

Time(mars) = Time(x) * (mars2/mars1) * (mars4/mars3)

1873:

points of the Saros dial indicate the start of a new

819:

corresponding holes beneath the ring in the channel.

353:(1922–1983) with a model of the Antikythera mechanism 264:

in 1901. In 1902, it was identified by archaeologist

214: 199: 190: 184: 161: 137: 128: 122: 6867:

Bromley, A. G. (1990). "The Antikythera Mechanism".

5825: 5671: 4047:

International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era

3272: 789:, and calendar cycles, and perhaps the locations of 479:

The ship carrying the device contained vases in the

280:, to demonstrate how it may have looked and worked. 193: 131: 7176: 7140:Freeth, T. (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". 6144:"Archimedes: Spheres and Planetaria (Introduction)" 5352: 5219:

Antikythera mechanism: Evidence of a lunar calendar

5171:Freeth, T. (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". 5087:mechanical engineer and former curator of London's 2940: 205: 143: 7509: 7326: 7252: 6034: 5525:Freeth, T (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". 5471:"Ancient Device Was Used To Predict Olympic Games" 5469: 4620:"Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism" 4344: 4342: 4340: 3855: 3821:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3231: 1920:and Metonic cycles. Also written is "223" for the 809:Computer-generated front panel of the Freeth model 492:It has been argued the astronomical events on the 7649: 5739:"The Antikythera Mechanism: a new gearing scheme" 5274: 4705:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4040:"The Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism" 2228:Time(sun3) = Time(x) * (sun3/sun1) * (sun2/sun3) 1672: 651:Contains at least one unknown gear; according to 9223:Archaeological discoveries in the Ionian Islands 9159: 7512:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics 6571: 6247:Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 3544:. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. 2685:In March 2021, the Antikythera Research Team at 2328:Time(sat) = Time(x) * (sat2/sat1) * (sat4/sat3) 2308:Time(jup) = Time(x) * (jup2/jup1) * (jup4/jup3) 2163:Time(e) = Time(x) * (l1/b2) * (m1/l2) * (e3/m3) 2103:Time(n) = Time(x) * (l1/b2) * (m1/l2) * (n1/m2) 256:This artefact was among wreckage retrieved from 7876: 7817:Animated model of the Antikythera mechanism in 7430: 6792:Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6698:"Machining The Antikythera Mechanism - YouTube" 6549:"BBC Four - The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer" 6541: 6117:"M. TVLLI CICERONIS DE RE PVBLICA LIBER PRIMVS" 6065: 4443: 4441: 4337: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4187:"The Inscriptions of the Antikythera Mechanism" 3916: 3914: 6950: 6900: 6887: 6866: 6341: 6339: 6243:. Vol. 252, no. 4. pp. 188–200. 6066:Netz & Noel, Reviel & William (2007). 5074: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4404: 4402: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 2021:Length of time for a full circular revolution 1638:in northwestern Greece and with the island of 8893: 8440: 7932: 7835:. The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. 7668: 7552: 5794: 5746:Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 5440:"Discovering how Greeks computed in 100 B.C." 4980: 4794: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4147:"Mysteries of computer from 65 BC are solved" 3313: 1616:In 2008, scientists reported new findings in 299:, where the Moon's velocity is higher in its 7877:Wright, M.; Vicentini, M. (25 August 2009). 7840:The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. 7652:Historical Eclipses and the Earth's Rotation 7496: 6491:"Naked Science – Star Clock BC (TV Episode)" 6287:"Archaeology: high tech from Ancient Greece" 6278: 6232: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5212: 5210: 5166: 5164: 4652: 4438: 4285: 3911: 3885: 3883: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 448:, since they identified the calendar on the 7946: 7383:"Archimedes and the 2000-year-old computer" 6990:Edmunds, Mike & Morgan, Philip (2000). 6515: 6401: 6336: 6260:"Cicero, De Natura Deorum II.88 (or 33–34)" 5730: 5348:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 4611: 4462: 4399: 4298: 4193:(6. The Front Cover Inscription): 250–297. 3941: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3793:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–11. 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3569:Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions 3535: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3320:. Princeton University Press. p. 108. 3062:The National Geographic documentary series 2715:(particularly by adding the concept of the 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 1642:, which in antiquity was known as Corcyra. 1622:showing the mechanism not only tracked the 909:on the surviving pieces of the outer ring: 358: 8900: 8886: 8447: 8433: 7939: 7925: 7205: 7139: 7073: 7046: 6837: 5467: 5431: 5305:Woan, Graham; Bayley, Joseph (July 2024). 5304: 5253: 5170: 4843:. Antikythera-mechanism.gr. Archived from 4209: 4173: 2992:around 1000, and a surviving 13th-century 2728:world—but it didn't really work very well! 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 1589: 41: 29: 7826: 7612: 7591: 7273: 7179:"The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism" 7076:Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry 7056:Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry 7017: 6310: 6252: 6162: 6135: 5771: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5632: 5461: 5390: 5321: 5259: 5216: 5207: 5161: 5097: 5019: 4882: 4800: 4631: 4507: 4453: 4408: 4320: 4256: 4246: 4138: 3880: 3538:"The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism" 3290: 2816:and brought to Rome by the Roman general 2547: 7789:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 7772: 7380: 7026: 6427: 6345: 6284: 6238: 6090: 6032: 5566: 5564: 5217:Budiselic; et al. (December 2020). 5080: 4832: 4742: 4658: 4481: 4168:being more valuable than the Mona Lisa." 3925:Bronsklumpen som kan förutsäga framtiden 3807: 3603: 3566: 3486: 3376: 3358:"Experts: Fragments an Ancient Computer" 3355: 3014: 2944: 2640: 2552: 2474: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2383: 1902: 1607: 961: 804: 456:was a colony of Corinth and the home of 345: 233:). It is the oldest known example of an 8907: 7861:"The Antikythera Mechanism Exhibitions" 7507: 7459: 7362:Lin, Jian-Liang; Yan, Hong-Sen (2016). 6597: 6199: 6193: 5973: 5919:"The Antikythera Cosmos (video: 25:56)" 5892: 5626: 5582: 5570: 5512: 5500: 5437: 5154: 5152: 5003: 4876: 4865: 4743:Bohstrom, Philippe (18 November 2018), 4381: 4348: 3853: 3753: 3747: 3560: 3536:Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander (2012). 3356:Paphitis, Nicholas (30 November 2006). 2407: 2100:Metonic cycle / 5 turns = 1387.94 days 1276: 9273:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 9160: 7361: 6603: 6168: 6109: 5916: 5819: 5736: 5658: 5588: 5524: 5396: 5364: 5103: 5032:from the original on 19 September 2020 4888: 4617: 4120:Antikythera Mechanism Research Project 3964: 2999:In the 11th century, Chinese polymath 2617:designed and built the first workable 2203:Time(i) = Time(g) * (h1/g2) * (i1/h2) 2183:Time(g) = Time(e) * (f1/e4) * (g1/f2) 2143:Time(q) = Time(n) * (p1/n3) * (q1/p2) 274:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 105:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 16:Ancient analogue astronomical computer 9060:Historical models of the Solar System 8881: 8428: 7920: 7530: 7484:from the original on 9 September 2023 7418:from the original on 24 November 2015 7405: 7349:from the original on 17 December 2013 7193:from the original on 27 February 2014 6708:from the original on 22 December 2022 6663: 6645:from the original on 24 February 2021 6630: 6483: 6220:from the original on 9 September 2023 6181:from the original on 15 February 2009 6169:Fildes, Jonathan (29 November 2006). 6146:. New York University. Archived from 5945:"Antikythera Mechanism SOLVED !" 5561: 5358: 5235:from the original on 13 December 2020 5007: 4968: 4838: 4801:Angelakis, Dimitris G. (2 May 2005). 4782:from the original on 16 November 2018 4771: 4753:from the original on 18 November 2018 4697: 4679:from the original on 9 September 2023 4599:from the original on 9 September 2023 4393: 4363:from the original on 25 November 2014 4301:Archive for History of Exact Sciences 4279: 4157:from the original on 23 February 2020 3899:from the original on 10 November 2012 3818: 3788: 3735:from the original on 23 February 2020 3548:from the original on 27 February 2014 3334:from the original on 9 September 2023 3122:Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny 2926:) in the fourth and fifth centuries. 2820:after the death of Archimedes at the 2773:Similar devices in ancient literature 2443: 1868:N\Y = ΝΥΚΤΟΣ ("Nuktos", of the night) 1756:; and two lesser games: Naa (held at 760:, twelve months of 30 days plus five 7637:from the original on 26 January 2021 7069:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6922:Carman, C. C.; Di Cocco, M. (2016). 6738:from the original on 11 January 2023 6678:from the original on 25 January 2021 6612:from the original on 7 November 2021 5980:Journal for the History of Astronomy 5835:Journal for the History of Astronomy 5681:Journal for the History of Astronomy 5608:from the original on 26 January 2021 5149: 5062:from the original on 18 January 2020 4987:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4659:Haughton, Brian (26 December 2006). 4640:from the original on 1 November 2020 4102:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.01.020 4076:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3868:from the original on 11 January 2022 3260:participating institution membership 2470: 2180:Saros time / 4 turns = 1646.33 days 1862:H\M = ΗΜΕΡΑΣ ("Hemeras", of the day) 9065:Numerical model of the Solar System 7497:Rice, Rob S. (4–7 September 1997). 7251:James, Peter; Thorpe, Nick (1995). 6171:"Ancient Moon 'computer' revisited" 5880:from the original on 9 October 2022 5759:from the original on 9 October 2022 5718:from the original on 9 October 2022 5419:from the original on 9 October 2022 5020:Kampouris, Nick (18 October 2019). 4937:from the original on 9 October 2022 4724:from the original on 16 August 2022 3011:Popular culture and museum replicas 2610:built a simple model in the 1970s. 2248:Time(mer2) = Time(x) * (mer2/mer1) 1992:The gear teeth were in the form of 13: 7810: 7759: 7393:from the original on 27 April 2015 7238:from the original on 23 March 2023 6830: 6141: 5974:Edmunds, Michael (1 August 2011). 5925:from the original on 12 March 2021 5596:"Olympic link to early 'computer'" 4426:from the original on 12 April 2022 4349:Markoff, John (24 November 2014). 4144: 3078:The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer 2804:, predicting the movements of the 2268:Time(ven) = Time(x) * (ven1/sun1) 2061:1 sidereal month (27.321661 days) 260:off the coast of the Greek island 14: 9294: 9010:Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model 7908:December 2021. at antikythera.org 7740: 7453:10.1038/scientificamerican0659-60 7381:Marchant, Jo (12 December 2008). 7314:from the original on 25 June 2022 7224:10.1038/scientificamerican0122-24 7162:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 6850:from the original on 19 June 2020 6728:"Antikythera Fragments - YouTube" 6559:from the original on 13 July 2023 6503:from the original on 1 March 2018 6203:Science and Civilisation in China 6014:from the original on 11 June 2016 5955:from the original on 26 July 2023 5547:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 5449:from the original on 15 July 2017 5397:Wright, Michael T. (March 2006). 5193:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 5106:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 4920:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76 4772:Daley, Jason (15 November 2018), 4572:from the original on 19 May 2022. 4482:Marchant, Jo (30 November 2006). 4197:from the original on 25 July 2023 2908:Divinarum Institutionum Libri VII 2762:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 2721:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 2081:1 synodic month (29.530589 days) 1009:ΑΙΓΟΚΕΡΩΣ (Aigokeros , Capricorn) 966:Front panel of a 2007 re-creation 861: day solar year, as seen in 276:, along with reconstructions and 9145: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9085: 8963: 8769:Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros 8696:Funerary naiskos of Aristonautes 8485: 7771: 7019:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41610.x 6812: 6798: 6780: 6768:from the original on 19 May 2023 6750: 6720: 6690: 6657: 6624: 6604:Pavlus, John (9 December 2010). 6471:from the original on 8 July 2023 6453: 6383: 5737:Wright, Michael T. (June 2005). 5344:Parker, Richard Anthony (1950). 5275:Malin and Dickens (April 2024). 5056:Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation 4957:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 4665:. Career Press. pp. 43–44. 2941:Eastern Mediterranean and others 2832:in the year 129 BC) saying that 2593: 2579: 2565: 1025:, a precursor of the modern day 1012:ΥΔΡΟΧΟΟΣ (Hydrokhoos , Aquarius) 842:cycles had already pointed to a 180: 118: 9183:1902 archaeological discoveries 7027:Ferreira, Becky (5 July 2024). 6838:Blain, Loz (16 November 2011). 6084: 6059: 6041:. First Da Capo Press. p. 6026: 5967: 5937: 5910: 5901: 5620: 5576: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482:from the original on 7 May 2022 5438:Wilford, J. N. (31 July 2008). 5337: 5298: 5268: 5247: 5140: 5044: 5013: 4997: 4974: 4962: 4949: 4870: 4859: 4765: 4736: 4691: 4585: 4576: 4554: 4524: 4387: 4375: 4273: 4108: 4080: 4031: 3854:Palazzo, Chiara (17 May 2017). 3847: 3782: 3715: 3090:science series, under the name 2434: 2425: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2346: 1006:ΤΟΞΟΤΗΣ (Toxotes , Sagittarius) 476:during the Hellenistic period. 8457:National Archaeological Museum 7654:. Cambridge University Press. 7177:Freeth, T.; Jones, A. (2012). 5346:The Calendars of Ancient Egypt 4891:"Decoding an Ancient Computer" 4889:Freeth, Tony (December 2009). 4618:Freeth, Tony (29 March 2013). 4566:Antikythera Mechanism Research 4536:Antikythera Mechanism Research 3349: 3307: 3266: 3224: 3204: 3045:Children's Museum of Manhattan 2781: 2498:Kepler's second and third laws 384:National Museum of Archaeology 1: 9012:(Helsinki and Espoo, Finland) 8980:Akaa Solar System Scale Model 8701:Funerary Stela of Demokleides 8337:Inferior and superior planets 7718:. 55 (New Series) (3): 3–48. 6794:(in Greek). 14 February 2024. 6285:Charette, F (November 2006). 5917:Freeth, Tony (2 March 2021). 5085:. Da Capo Press. p. 180. 4839:Allen, Martin (27 May 2007). 4396:, pp. 93, 157–60, 233–46 3197: 2869: 2699: 2325:378.09 days (synodic period) 2305:398.88 days (synodic period) 2285:779.96 days (synodic period) 2265:583.93 days (synodic period) 2245:115.88 days (synodic period) 2018:Function of the gear/pointer 1964: 1957: 1779:Outside the dial inscription 1612:Computer-generated back panel 1003:ΣΚΟΡΠΙΟΣ (Skorpios , Scorpio) 938: 926: 914: 813: 9055:Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar 7470:Princeton University Press. 6975:10.1080/00107514.2014.927280 6664:Smith, Reiss (17 May 2017). 6523:"The World's First Computer" 6249:, vol. 29, pp. 11–22 (1979). 6070:. Da Capo Press. p. 1. 4593:"Albert Rehm zum Gedächtnis" 4090:Mechanism and Machine Theory 2123:Time(o) = Time(n) * (o1/n2) 1776:Inside the dial inscription 1679: 1603: 997:ΠΑΡΘΕΝΟΣ (Parthenos , Virgo) 991:ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΣ (Karkinos , Cancer) 978: 739: 727: 697: 678: 659: 635: 614: 589: 560: 341: 7: 7813:"The Antikythera Mechanism" 7408:"The Antikythera Mechanism" 7327:Koulouris, John A. (2008). 6091:Pickover, Clifford (2011). 5468:Connor, S. (31 July 2008). 3155: 2895:and in the time of Emperor 2840:in 166 BC, and credited by 2692: 2600:2012 Freeth et al. proposal 2503:The system also models the 1856:Σ = ΣΕΛΗΝΗ ("Selene", Moon) 736:article from Freeth et al. 297:irregular orbit of the Moon 10: 9299: 8414:Medieval Islamic astronomy 8211:On the Sizes and Distances 7650:Stephenson, F. R. (1997). 6997:Astronomy & Geophysics 6119:(in Latin). Archived from 6000:10.1177/002182861104200302 5855:10.1177/002182861204300106 5701:10.1177/002182861004100101 4248:10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w 3768:10.2972/hesperia.86.1.0129 3070:The World's First Computer 2980:, was commissioned by the 2160:8.88 years (3244.37 days) 1927: 1673: 1331: 1056: 1043: 1015:ΙΧΘΥΕΣ (Ichthyes , Pisces) 988:ΔΙΔΥΜΟΙ (Didymoi , Gemini) 972: 357:Captain Dimitrios Kontos ( 334: 330: 301:perigee than in its apogee 9042: 8972: 8961: 8915: 8817: 8749: 8681: 8588: 8545: 8522: 8494: 8483: 8467: 8404:Medieval European science 8396: 8375: 8284: 8233: 8172: 8134:Sosigenes the Peripatetic 7954: 7508:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994). 4698:Jones, Alexander (2018). 4313:10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5 4059:10.1260/2047-4970.2.3.307 3789:Jones, Alexander (2017). 3589:10.1080/10556790601136925 3344:The Antkythera Mechanism 3239:Oxford English Dictionary 3217:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3053:Musée des Arts et Métiers 2978:Book of Ingenious Devices 2818:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2687:University College London 2440:Internal and not visible. 2213: 1859:Η = ΗΛΙΟΣ ("Helios", Sun) 1689:ΛΑΝΟΤΡΟΠΙΟΣ (Lanotropios) 1312:beneath the dials reads: 1296:ΑΡΚΤΟΥΡΟΣ ΔΥΝΕΙ Ε{Ω}{Ι}ΟΣ 527: 431: 359: 100: 87: 77: 69: 59: 49: 40: 28: 23: 9228:Astronomical instruments 9203:Ancient Greek technology 9178:1st-century BC artifacts 9173:2nd-century BC artifacts 9168:3rd-century BC artifacts 8986:Gravity Discovery Centre 8948:Eise Eisinga Planetarium 7901:). Nature. 30 July 2008. 7406:Panos, Kristina (2015). 6200:Needham, Joseph (2000). 6095:. Sterling. p. 52. 5126:10.1179/030801807X163670 4778:, Smithsonian Magazine, 4484:"In search of lost time" 3037:American Computer Museum 1898: 1865:ω\ρ = ωρα ("hora", hour) 1405:... rise in the evening 1382:... rise in the evening 1282:ΑΕΤΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΣ 1062:ΚΡΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ 985:ΤΑΥΡΟΣ (Tauros , Taurus) 955:version rather than the 800: 9238:Hellenistic engineering 9193:Ancient Greek astronomy 8774:Heracles of Antikythera 8711:Great Eleusinian Relief 8555:Grave stelai of Mycenae 8537:Wall Paintings of Thera 8129:Sosigenes of Alexandria 7948:Ancient Greek astronomy 7010:2000A&G....41f..10E 5314:The Horological Journal 3935:20 October 2012 at the 3581:2007A&AT...26..211P 3244:Oxford University Press 3233:"Antikythera mechanism" 3131:temporal mapping system 2608:Derek J. de Solla Price 2157:Lunar orbit precession 1740:: the "crown" games of 1709:ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟΣ (Artemisios) 1703:ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΕΥΣ (Dodekateus) 414:Derek J. de Solla Price 405:The German philologist 351:Derek J. de Solla Price 9263:Mechanical calculators 9248:History of mathematics 8613:Dedication of Nikandre 8455:Major exhibits at the 8201:On Sizes and Distances 7827:Asimakopoulos, Fivos. 7767: 7747:Listen to this article 7716:Trans. Am. Philos. Soc 7553:Steele, J. M. (2000). 4624:Proceedings of Science 3314:Ken Steiglitz (2019). 3279:Mechanical Engineering 3252:10.1093/OED/1572890579 3023: 2950: 2916:In sphaeram Archimedes 2863: 2834:Gaius Sulpicius Gallus 2770: 2740: 2738:built into its design. 2730: 2671: 2646: 2548:Reconstruction efforts 2481: 2120:4 years (5551.8 days) 1912: 1666:Corinthian month names 1613: 1352:{Ι}ΣΗΜΕΡΙΑ ΦΘΙΝΟΠΩΡΙΝΗ 1000:ΧΗΛΑΙ (Chelai , Libra) 967: 879:Richard Anthony Parker 810: 518:Richard of Wallingford 354: 324:Hellenistic scientists 9283:Antikythera Mechanism 9258:History of technology 9198:Ancient Greek science 8923:Antikythera mechanism 8827:Aphrodite of Syracuse 8759:Antikythera mechanism 8706:Grave Stele of Hegeso 8532:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco 8312:Deferent and epicycle 8241:Antikythera mechanism 7829:"3D model simulation" 7766: 7691:10.1007/s004070050007 7671:Arch. Hist. Exact Sci 7366:. Berlin : Springer. 6631:Staff (17 May 2017). 6033:Marchant, Jo (2009). 5799:. 2011–7 (7): 32–39. 5081:Marchant, Jo (2006). 3965:Freeth, Tony (2006). 3762:(1): 130 and note 4. 3167:Archimedes Palimpsest 3022:Antikythera mechanism 3018: 2949:Su Song's Clock Tower 2948: 2846: 2757: 2735: 2725: 2667: 2644: 2586:Evans et al. proposal 2553:Proposed gear schemes 2494:epicyclic gear system 2478: 1994:equilateral triangles 1906: 1724:ΑΠΕΛΛΑΙΟΣ (Apellaios) 1718:ΑΓΡΙΑΝΙΟΣ (Agrianios) 1715:ΓΑΜΕΙΛΙΟΣ (Gameilios) 1692:ΜΑΧΑΝΕΥΣ (Machaneus, 1632:ancient Olympic Games 1611: 1590:Proposed gear schemes 1417:precedes the morning 1411:{Κ}ΥΩΝ ΑΝΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ 1394:precedes the morning 1288:rises in the evening 1241:ΥΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΑ Δ 1193:rises in the evening 965: 808: 578:meshes with b1 is on 474:Library of Alexandria 349: 319:of Venus and Saturn. 283:In 2005, a team from 251:ancient Olympic Games 114:Antikythera mechanism 24:Antikythera mechanism 9268:Mechanical computers 9243:History of computing 8779:Jockey of Artemision 8383:Babylonian astronomy 8074:Hippocrates of Chios 7798:More spoken articles 6954:Contemporary Physics 6903:Antiquarian Horology 6068:The Archimedes Codex 6037:Decoding the Heavens 5406:Antiquarian Horology 5083:Decoding the Heavens 4955:Article "Pergamum", 3703:on 27 September 2013 3138:University of Sonora 3033:Derek de Solla Price 2866:Pappus of Alexandria 2078:Lunar phase display 1907:ΣΚΓ, indicating the 1440:sets in the morning 1388:ΩΡΙΩΝ ΑΝΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ 1302:sets in the morning 1248:rise in the morning 1219:rise in the morning 1077:ΤΡΟΠΑΙ ΧΕΙΜΕΡΙΝΑΙ Α 901:The following three 9034:Sweden Solar System 9030:(Somerset, England) 9028:Somerset Space Walk 8998:Monument to the Sun 8994:(Hvidovre, Denmark) 8988:(Gingin, Australia) 8909:Solar System models 8623:Dipylon inscription 8154:Theon of Alexandria 7906:Metapage with links 7683:2000AHES...54..421S 7623:10.1109/MC.2008.166 7593:Spinellis, Diomidis 7445:1959SciAm.200f..60P 7433:Scientific American 7292:1991Isis...82..441J 7212:Scientific American 7206:Freeth, T. (2022). 7154:2009SciAm.301f..76F 7142:Scientific American 7117:10.1038/nature05357 7109:2006Natur.444..587F 7088:2002MAA.....2...45F 7047:Freeth, T. (2002). 6967:2014ConPh..55..263E 6890:Horological Journal 6869:Horological Journal 6762:www.screendaily.com 6360:1985Natur.314..316M 6303:2006Natur.444..551C 6241:Scientific American 5992:2011JHA....42..307E 5847:2012JHA....43...93C 5805:10.1109/MC.2011.134 5693:2010JHA....41....1E 5539:2009SciAm.301f..76F 5527:Scientific American 5185:2009SciAm.301f..76F 5173:Scientific American 5118:2007ISRv...32...27W 5058:. 18 October 2019. 5006:, pp. 141–47; 4912:2009SciAm.301f..76F 4899:Scientific American 4633:10.22323/1.170.0018 4500:2006Natur.444..534M 4410:Ouellette, Jennifer 4239:2021NatSR..11.5821F 4126:on 21 February 2017 3994:10.1038/nature05357 3986:2006Natur.444..587F 3931:. 17 October 2012. 3728:The Washington Post 3678:10.1038/nature07130 3670:2008Natur.454..614F 3449:10.1038/nature05357 3441:2006Natur.444..587F 3292:10.1115/1.2018-SEP1 3242:(Online ed.). 3192:Reverse engineering 3029:Ioannis Theofanidis 2893:Heron of Alexandria 2675:computed tomography 2117:Games dial pointer 2011: 1974:(1473–1543), until 1934:astronomical clocks 1769: 1706:ΕΥΚΛΕΙΟΣ (Eukleios) 1686:ΚΡΑΝΕΙΟΣ (Kraneios) 1402:ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑΙΔ 1138:set in the evening 702:125 × 110 619:120 × 110 565:180 × 150 538: 514:astronomical clocks 470:Library of Pergamum 373:Hellenic Royal Navy 249:, the cycle of the 9278:Ancient inventions 9253:History of science 9152:History of science 9024:(Ithaca, New York) 8938:Astronomical clock 8809:Themis of Rhamnous 8794:Mithridates relief 8741:Xenokrateia Relief 8691:Antikythera Ephebe 8514:Spool-shaped pyxis 8388:Egyptian astronomy 8302:Circle of latitude 7768: 7463:Ptolemy's Almagest 7274:Jones, A. (1991). 7255:Ancient Inventions 6938:on 10 October 2019 6822:. 9 February 2024. 6579:"Ancient Computer" 6529:on 26 January 2013 6441:on 24 January 2013 6397:on 26 August 2021. 5443:The New York Times 4532:"Dimitrios Kontos" 4356:The New York Times 4227:Scientific Reports 4019:on 26 January 2013 3921:Vetenskapens värld 3162:Ancient technology 3024: 2951: 2853:. That afterwards 2838:Marcellus's nephew 2723:in 1609 and 1619. 2647: 2505:phases of the Moon 2482: 2197:Exeligmos pointer 2137:Callippic pointer 2047:1 year (presumed) 2044:1 (by definition) 2027:Computed interval 2024:Mechanism formula 2009: 1913: 1792:ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑ (Olympia) 1773:Year of the cycle 1767: 1712:ΨΥΔΡΕΥΣ (Psydreus) 1614: 1087:ΙΣΗΜΕΡΙΑ ΕΑΡΙΝΗ Α 968: 811: 594:125 × 60 536: 522:Giovanni de' Dondi 439:Hellenistic period 355: 285:Cardiff University 9073: 9072: 9022:Sagan Planet Walk 9018:(Lofoten, Norway) 9006:(Zagreb, Croatia) 8875: 8874: 8867:Varvakeion Athena 8852:Hermes Criophorus 8804:Poseidon of Melos 8789:Lycosoura Demeter 8784:Lycosoura Artemis 8731:Nike of Epidaurus 8673:Stele of Aristion 8603:Artemision Bronze 8560:Mask of Agamemnon 8422: 8421: 8297:Celestial spheres 7867:on 23 April 2012. 7764: 7661:978-0-521-46194-8 7564:978-0-7923-6298-2 7545:978-3-540-20396-4 7523:978-0-471-02622-8 7477:978-0-691-00260-6 7266:978-0-345-40102-1 6465:Archimedes Museum 6102:978-1-4027-7861-2 6077:978-0-306-81580-5 6052:978-0-306-81742-7 5629:, pp. 141–47 5585:, pp. 165–85 5573:, pp. 148–64 5503:, pp. 148–68 5026:Greekreporter.com 4959:, 6th Edition, 1. 4879:, pp. 134–41 4814:978-1-58603-611-9 4672:978-1-56414-897-1 4412:(11 April 2022). 4384:, pp. 182–83 3327:978-0-691-18417-3 3258:(Subscription or 2982:Caliph of Baghdad 2855:Eudoxus of Cnidus 2851:Thales of Miletus 2830:Scipio Aemilianus 2822:siege of Syracuse 2520:is 6939.69 days. 2509:differential gear 2471:Known gear scheme 2338: 2337: 2222:True sun pointer 2058:The Moon's orbit 1983:classical planets 1835: 1834: 1831:ΑΛΙΕΙΑ (Halieia) 1816:ΙΣΘΜΙΑ (Isthmia) 1738:Panhellenic Games 1721:ΠΑΝΑΜΟΣ (Panamos) 1598:differential gear 1582:epicyclic gearing 1577: 1576: 1434:ΑΕΤΟΣ ΔΥΝΕΙ ΕΩΙΟΣ 1364:ΤΡΟΠΑΙ ΘΕΡΙΝΑΙ Α 1345:begins {to rise} 1306: 1305: 1044:ΑΙΓΟΚΕΡΩΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 994:ΛΕΩΝ (Leon , Leo) 905:are inscribed in 758:Egyptian calendar 717: 716: 683:90 × 80 664:60 × 35 653:Michael T. Wright 640:45 × 35 607:knowledge of the 337:Antikythera wreck 313:classical planets 295:and to model the 235:analogue computer 110: 109: 54:Analogue computer 9290: 9233:Greek inventions 9218:Archaeoastronomy 9208:Analog computers 9150: 9149: 9148: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9114: 9113: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9081: 9000:(Zadar, Croatia) 8967: 8928:Armillary sphere 8902: 8895: 8888: 8879: 8878: 8862:Lenormant Athena 8857:Hermes of Aegium 8842:Bust of Antinous 8653:Phrasikleia Kore 8628:Grave stele 7901 8489: 8477:Karditsa Thinker 8449: 8442: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8409:Indian astronomy 8362:Sublunary sphere 8332:Hipparchic cycle 8271:Mural instrument 8246:Armillary sphere 8225: 8215: 8205: 8195: 8185: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7902: 7890: 7868: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7836: 7823: 7811:Weibel, Thomas. 7788: 7786: 7775: 7774: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7735: 7710: 7665: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7616: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7568: 7549: 7527: 7515: 7504: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7466:. Translated by 7460:Ptolemy (1998). 7456: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7377: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7336:In Nomine Portal 7333: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7270: 7258: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7173: 7136: 7103:(7119): 587–91. 7091: 7070: 7068: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7023: 7021: 6986: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6934:. Archived from 6918: 6897: 6884: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6608:. Small Mammal. 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6393:. Archived from 6387: 6381: 6379: 6368:10.1038/314316b0 6354:(6009): 316–17. 6343: 6334: 6332: 6314: 6297:(7119): 551–52. 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6266:on 16 March 2007 6262:. Archived from 6256: 6250: 6244: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6123:on 22 March 2007 6113: 6107: 6106: 6093:The Physics Book 6088: 6082: 6081: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6040: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5832: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5792: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5678: 5669: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5403: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5374:. Archived from 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5168: 5159: 5156: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4978: 4972: 4971:, pp. 57–62 4966: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4635: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4538:. Archived from 4528: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4494:(7119): 534–38. 4479: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4346: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4250: 4218: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4182: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4122:. Archived from 4112: 4106: 4105: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4012:. Archived from 3980:(7119): 587–91. 3971: 3962: 3939: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3816: 3805: 3804: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3696:. Archived from 3664:(7204): 614–17. 3655: 3646: 3601: 3600: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3533: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3473: 3467:. Archived from 3435:(7119): 587–91. 3426: 3417: 3374: 3373: 3368:on 8 June 2017. 3364:. Archived from 3353: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3208: 3104:On 17 May 2017, 3092:Ancient Computer 3041:Bozeman, Montana 3005:armillary sphere 2964:Byzantine Empire 2877:On Sphere-Making 2874: 2871: 2857:, a disciple of 2826:Temple of Virtue 2704: 2701: 2626:lunar pointers. 2597: 2583: 2569: 2461: 2458: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2405: 2402: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2350: 2302:Jupiter pointer 2242:Mercury pointer 2097:Metonic pointer 2041:1 tropical year 2012: 2008: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1949:celestial sphere 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1790:ΙΣΘΜΙΑ (Isthmia) 1770: 1766: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1624:Metonic calendar 1448:ΣΚΟΡΠΙΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1358:Autumnal equinox 1337:ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1315: 1314: 1210:ΠΛΕΙΑΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ 1146:ΥΔΡΟΧΟΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1048: 1047: 1036: 1035: 981: 975: 974: 941: 940: 929: 928: 917: 916: 863:Ptolemy III 860: 858: 857: 854: 851: 847: 834:reform, but the 762:intercalary days 539: 537:Major fragments 535: 462:Jacques Cousteau 418:gamma-ray images 394:On 17 May 1902, 363:) and a crew of 362: 361: 360:Δημήτριος Κοντός 268:as containing a 237:used to predict 217: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 179: 168: 164: 159: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 101:Present location 45: 33: 21: 20: 9298: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9038: 8982:(Akaa, Finland) 8968: 8959: 8911: 8906: 8876: 8871: 8837:Atalante Hermes 8832:Armed Aphrodite 8813: 8745: 8677: 8618:Dipylon Amphora 8598:Apollo Omphalos 8584: 8565:Octopus amphora 8541: 8518: 8490: 8481: 8463: 8453: 8423: 8418: 8392: 8371: 8357:Spherical Earth 8292:Callippic cycle 8280: 8261:Equatorial ring 8229: 8223: 8213: 8203: 8193: 8183: 8168: 8159:Theon of Smyrna 7950: 7945: 7893: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7819:virtual reality 7802: 7801: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7779:This audio file 7776: 7769: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7738: 7724:10.2307/1005929 7662: 7640: 7638: 7614:10.1.1.144.2297 7582: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7546: 7524: 7487: 7485: 7478: 7421: 7419: 7396: 7394: 7374: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7331: 7317: 7315: 7267: 7241: 7239: 7196: 7194: 7066: 7051: 7037: 7035: 6941: 6939: 6853: 6851: 6833: 6831:Further reading 6828: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6732:www.youtube.com 6726: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6702:www.youtube.com 6696: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6344: 6337: 6312:10.1038/444551a 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6142:Rorres, Chris. 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5793: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5676: 5670: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5646:on 21 July 2011 5638: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5476:The Independent 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5102: 5098: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4847:on 21 July 2011 4837: 4833: 4827:differential... 4819: 4817: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4542:on 8 April 2022 4530: 4529: 4525: 4509:10.1038/444534a 4480: 4463: 4446: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4347: 4338: 4297: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4219: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4174: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4016: 3969: 3963: 3942: 3937:Wayback Machine 3919: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3888: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3852: 3848: 3833:10.2307/1006146 3817: 3808: 3801: 3787: 3783: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3653: 3647: 3604: 3575:(4–5): 211–26. 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3534: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3474:on 20 July 2015 3471: 3424: 3418: 3377: 3362:Washington Post 3354: 3350: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3229: 3225: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3182:Baghdad Battery 3158: 3013: 2943: 2872: 2842:Pliny the Elder 2784: 2775: 2702: 2695: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572:Wright proposal 2570: 2555: 2550: 2473: 2464: 2459: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2408: 2403: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2322:Saturn pointer 2030:Gear direction 1967: 1960: 1930: 1901: 1875:full moon cycle 1847: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1818:ΠΥΘΙΑ (Pythia) 1817: 1804: 1791: 1696:, referring to 1606: 1534:begins to rise 1527: 1526:ΤΟΞΟΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1470:begins to rise 1463: 1456:begins to rise 1449: 1378: 1368:Summer solstice 1353: 1338: 1329:begins to rise 1322: 1272:begins to rise 1265: 1264:ΔΙΔΥΜΟΙ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ 1235:begins to rise 1228: 1227:ΙΧΘΥΕΣ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑΙ 1211: 1186: 1168:begins to rise 1161: 1154:begins to rise 1147: 1130: 1081:Winter solstice 1070:begins to rise 1063: 1054:begins to rise 1045: 903:Egyptian months 892:Callippic cycle 855: 852: 849: 848: 845: 843: 832:Julian calendar 816: 803: 742: 730: 722:Callippic cycle 530: 434: 344: 339: 333: 215: 183: 174: 173: 166: 162: 121: 117: 92: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9296: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9188:1902 in Greece 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9155: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9092:Ancient Greece 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9016:Planet Lofoten 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8992:Kystagerparken 8989: 8983: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8905: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8799:Nike of Megara 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8736:Ninnion Tablet 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8716:Mantineia Base 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8668:Sounion Kouros 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8648:Merenda Kouros 8645: 8640: 8638:Kroisos Kouros 8635: 8633:Horses Amphora 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8221:On the Heavens 8217: 8207: 8197: 8194:(Eratosthenes) 8187: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8099:Philip of Opus 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7944: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7891: 7874: 7869: 7857: 7837: 7824: 7808: 7791: 7777: 7770: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741:External links 7739: 7737: 7736: 7711: 7666: 7660: 7647: 7589: 7579:. 10 July 2024 7569: 7563: 7550: 7544: 7528: 7522: 7505: 7494: 7476: 7457: 7428: 7403: 7378: 7373:978-3662484456 7372: 7359: 7324: 7300:10.1086/355836 7271: 7265: 7259:. Ballantine. 7248: 7203: 7174: 7137: 7092: 7071: 7044: 7033:New York Times 7024: 6987: 6948: 6919: 6898: 6885: 6864: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6811: 6797: 6779: 6749: 6719: 6689: 6656: 6623: 6596: 6570: 6540: 6514: 6482: 6452: 6426: 6415:on 19 May 2022 6400: 6382: 6335: 6277: 6251: 6231: 6212: 6192: 6161: 6150:on 10 May 2011 6134: 6108: 6101: 6083: 6076: 6058: 6051: 6025: 5966: 5936: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5818: 5770: 5729: 5657: 5631: 5619: 5587: 5575: 5560: 5517: 5515:, pp. 130 5505: 5493: 5460: 5430: 5389: 5378:on 17 May 2018 5363: 5351: 5336: 5297: 5267: 5246: 5206: 5160: 5148: 5139: 5096: 5092:Michael Wright 5089:Science Museum 5073: 5043: 5012: 4996: 4973: 4961: 4948: 4881: 4869: 4858: 4831: 4813: 4793: 4764: 4735: 4712:(3): 259–294. 4690: 4671: 4651: 4610: 4584: 4575: 4553: 4523: 4461: 4437: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4336: 4307:(6): 693–774. 4284: 4272: 4208: 4172: 4137: 4107: 4079: 4053:(3): 307–334. 4030: 3940: 3910: 3879: 3846: 3823:. New Series. 3806: 3800:978-0199739349 3799: 3781: 3746: 3714: 3602: 3559: 3485: 3375: 3348: 3326: 3306: 3265: 3223: 3220:(Online). n.d. 3202: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3097:A functioning 3012: 3009: 2973:Kitab al-Hiyal 2956:Islamic worlds 2942: 2939: 2887:(described by 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2766:Ancient Greeks 2709:published his 2694: 2691: 2679:synodic cycles 2615:Michael Wright 2599: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2406: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262:Venus pointer 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2171: 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1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1204:... {evening} 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1185:ΛΥΡΑ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙ 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176:ΕΣΠΕΡΙΟΣ Ι{Ο} 1174: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1160:ΤΑΥΡΟΣ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1158: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1129:ΥΑΔΕΣ ΔΥΝΟΥΣΙΝ 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1091:Vernal equinox 1088: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1040: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 953:tropical month 948: 947: 935: 923: 875:lunar calendar 825:standard error 815: 812: 802: 799: 766:Greek alphabet 741: 738: 729: 726: 715: 714: 711: 708: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 687: 684: 681: 677: 676: 673: 670: 668: 665: 662: 658: 657: 649: 647: 644: 641: 638: 634: 633: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 613: 612: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 588: 587: 585:inscriptions. 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 559: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 529: 526: 468:, home of the 433: 430: 343: 340: 332: 329: 317:synodic cycles 287:used computer 266:Valerios Stais 241:positions and 229:(model of the 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 89: 85: 84: 79: 78:Period/culture 75: 74: 73:2nd century BC 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9295: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Rider Amphora 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342:Metonic cycle 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327:Heliocentrism 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8307:Counter-Earth 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8214:(Aristarchus) 8212: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7895:"Antikythera" 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7780: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7677:(5): 421–54. 7676: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468:Toomer, G. J. 7465: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7387:New Scientist 7384: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286:(3): 440–53. 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6961:(4): 263–85. 6960: 6956: 6955: 6949: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6909:(6): 641–52. 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6821: 6815: 6807: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6409:"Exhibitions" 6404: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6219: 6215: 6213:0-521-05803-1 6209: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6038: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5986:(3): 307–20. 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5841:(1): 93–116. 5840: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5434: 5415: 5412:(3): 319–29. 5411: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5361:, p. 97. 5360: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4862: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4282:, pp. 19 4281: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4145:Sample, Ian. 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3884: 3867: 3863: 3862:The Telegraph 3858: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212:"Antikythera" 3207: 3203: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3110:Google Doodle 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3065:Naked Science 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 350 AD 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2836:(consul with 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2792:De re publica 2788: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 160 AD 2690: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2596: 2582: 2568: 2559: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2518:Metonic cycle 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282:Mars pointer 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200:19755.8 days 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2166:8.8826 years 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2140:27758.8 days 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 170 AD 1961: 100 AD 1955: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1911:of 223 months 1910: 1905: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1829:ΝΕΜΕΑ (Nemea) 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1803:ΝΕΜΕΑ (Nemea) 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768:Olympic dial 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1700:the inventor) 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1464:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1323:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1321:ΧΗΛΑΙ ΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1266:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1229:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1162:Ε{Π}ΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1046:ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙΝ Α 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 980: 970: 969: 964: 960: 958: 954: 945: 936: 933: 924: 921: 912: 911: 910: 908: 907:Greek letters 904: 899: 895: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 870: 868: 864: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 820: 807: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 779: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:constellation 751: 748:, the twelve 747: 737: 735: 725: 723: 712: 709: 707: 704: 701: 698: 693: 690: 688: 685: 682: 679: 674: 671: 669: 666: 663: 660: 654: 650: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 610: 609:Metonic cycle 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 586: 581: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 556: 554:Inscriptions 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 540: 534: 525: 523: 519: 515: 509: 505: 502: 497: 495: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 429: 427: 421: 419: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 400:prochronistic 397: 396:archaeologist 392: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:sponge divers 352: 348: 338: 328: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 225:hand-powered 224: 223:Ancient Greek 220: 219: 210: 177: 171: 170: 157: 115: 106: 103: 99: 95: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 64:Ancient Greek 62: 58: 55: 52: 48: 44: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 9140:Solar System 9050:Solar System 8922: 8758: 8721:Marathon Boy 8658:Pitsa panels 8643:Lemnos stele 8580:Warrior Vase 8575:Theseus Ring 8570:Nestor's Cup 8509:Frying pan 2 8504:Frying pan 1 8240: 8220: 8210: 8204:(Hipparchus) 8200: 8191:Catasterismi 8190: 8180: 8039:Eratosthenes 7883:Heritage Key 7865:the original 7849:. Retrieved 7845: 7832: 7816: 7715: 7674: 7670: 7651: 7639:. Retrieved 7607:(5): 22–27. 7604: 7600: 7595:(May 2008). 7581:. Retrieved 7576: 7554: 7538:. Springer. 7535: 7532:Russo, Lucio 7511: 7499: 7486:. Retrieved 7462: 7439:(6): 60–67. 7436: 7432: 7420:. Retrieved 7411: 7397:23 September 7395:. Retrieved 7386: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7339: 7338:(in Greek). 7335: 7316:. Retrieved 7283: 7279: 7254: 7240:. Retrieved 7218:(1): 24–33. 7215: 7211: 7195:. Retrieved 7186: 7182: 7148:(6): 76–83. 7145: 7141: 7100: 7096: 7082:(2): 45–58. 7079: 7075: 7062:(1): 21–35. 7059: 7055: 7036:. Retrieved 7032: 7001: 6995: 6958: 6952: 6940:. Retrieved 6936:the original 6931: 6927: 6906: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6872: 6868: 6852:. Retrieved 6843: 6814: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6770:. Retrieved 6761: 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6731: 6722: 6710:. Retrieved 6701: 6692: 6680:. Retrieved 6669: 6659: 6647:. Retrieved 6636: 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6599: 6587:. Retrieved 6582: 6573: 6561:. Retrieved 6552: 6543: 6531:. 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Retrieved 5409: 5405: 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5376:the original 5366: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5313: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5283: 5270: 5249: 5237:. Retrieved 5225: 5179:(6): 76–83. 5176: 5172: 5142: 5112:(1): 21–43. 5109: 5105: 5099: 5082: 5076: 5064:. Retrieved 5055: 5046: 5034:. Retrieved 5025: 5015: 5010:, p. 93 5004:Iversen 2017 4999: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4903: 4897: 4884: 4877:Iversen 2017 4872: 4866:Iversen 2017 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4845:the original 4834: 4825: 4818:. Retrieved 4803: 4796: 4784:, retrieved 4774: 4767: 4755:, retrieved 4745: 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4709: 4703: 4693: 4681:. Retrieved 4661: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4623: 4613: 4601:. Retrieved 4587: 4578: 4565: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4540:the original 4535: 4526: 4491: 4487: 4428:. Retrieved 4419:Ars Technica 4417: 4389: 4382:Iversen 2017 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4354: 4304: 4300: 4275: 4230: 4226: 4199:. Retrieved 4190: 4166: 4159:. 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Retrieved 3316: 3309: 3285:(9): 31–35. 3282: 3278: 3268: 3237: 3226: 3215: 3206: 3135: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3025: 2998: 2977: 2971: 2952: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2885:mile markers 2876: 2864: 2847: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2758: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2710: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2612: 2606: 2556: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2514: 2502: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2465: 2436: 2427: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2348: 2341:Table notes: 2340: 2339: 2331:378.06 days 2311:398.88 days 2291:779.84 days 2271:584.39 days 2251:115.89 days 2231:1 mean year 2225:1 mean year 2186:1646.3 days 2177:Saros cycle 2106:1387.9 days 2087:29.530 days 2067:27.321 days 2004: 2002:indicators. 1991: 1987: 1980: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1914: 1894: 1879: 1871: 1836: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1693: 1659: 1644: 1617: 1615: 1594: 1586: 1578: 1462:ΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΧΕΤΑΙ 1377:ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΟΥΣΙΝ 1309: 1307: 1179:... evening 1131:ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑΙ ΚΑ 1123:... evening 1112:... evening 1103:... evening 1030: 1020: 1018: 949: 900: 896: 877:proposed by 873:civil-based 871: 829: 821: 817: 795: 770: 743: 733: 731: 718: 583: 579: 531: 510: 506: 498: 487:philosopher 478: 443: 435: 422: 411: 404: 393: 381: 356: 321: 282: 255: 239:astronomical 231:Solar System 113: 111: 18: 9213:Antikythera 9128:Outer space 8751:Hellenistic 8322:Geocentrism 8234:Instruments 8224:(Aristotle) 8029:Cleostratus 7994:Aristarchus 7974:Anaximander 7956:Astronomers 7899:Adobe Flash 7422:24 November 7353:10 December 7183:ISAW Papers 7004:(6): 6–10. 6928:ISAW Papers 6896:(1): 28–31. 6419:22 December 5687:(1): 1–39. 5612:15 December 5453:21 February 5239:12 December 4941:26 November 4786:15 November 4749:, Haaretz, 4367:25 November 4322:11336/98820 4233:(1): 5821. 4161:13 December 4096:: 219–231. 3827:(7): 1–70. 3542:ISAW Papers 3338:6 September 2986:monasteries 2960:Middle Ages 2798:planetarium 2782:Roman world 2623:planetarium 2206:19756 days 2146:27758 days 2126:4.00 years 1922:Saros cycle 1909:Saros cycle 1680:Phoinikaios 1532:Sagittarius 1450:ΑΝΑΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ 1415:Canis Major 1148:ΕΠΙΤΕΛΛΕΙΝΑ 1109:ΕΣΠΕΡΙΑ ΙΑ 407:Albert Rehm 377:Antikythera 262:Antikythera 258:a shipwreck 94:Antikythera 82:Hellenistic 9162:Categories 9004:Nine Views 8847:Diadumenos 8397:Influenced 8376:Influences 8347:Octaeteris 8276:Triquetrum 8164:Timocharis 8149:Theodosius 8109:Posidonius 8069:Hipparchus 8059:Heraclides 7999:Aristyllus 7984:Apollonius 7979:Andronicus 7794:Audio help 7785:2019-07-30 7557:. 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