3826:
standards suggests that radio and television are the most widely consumed media. He estimates that television reaches well over 100 million people in the region, and this number has likely grown since 2004. By contrast, he supposes that Arab newspapers are designed more for elite-consumption on the basis of their low circulation. He states, "Only five Arab countries have daily newspapers which distribute over 60,000 copies and some have dailies only in the under-10,000 range. Only Egypt has dailies which distribute more than a half million copies." Estimating newspaper readership is complicated, however, by the fact that single newspapers can change hands many times in a day. Finally, the internet continues to be a fairly common denominator in Arab societies. A report by the Dubai School of
Government and Bayt.com estimates that there are more than 125 million Internet users in the region, and that more than 53 million of them actively use social media. They caution, however, that while "the internet has wide-ranging benefits, these benefits do not reach large segments of societies in the Arab region. The digital divide remains a significant barrier for many people. In many parts of the Arab world levels of educational attainment, economic activity, standards of living and internet costs still determine a person's access to life-changing technology. Further, according to Leo Gher and Hussein Amin, the Internet and other modern telecommunication services may serve to counter the effects of private and public ownership and patronage of the press. They state, "Modern international telecommunications services now assist in the free flow of information, and neither inter-Arab conflicts nor differences among groups will affect the direct exchange of services provided by global cyberspace networks."
3691:. Journalists in the Arab world often aspire to Western norms of objectivity, impartiality, and balance. Kuldip Roy Rampal's study of journalist training programs in North Africa leads him to the conclusion that, "the most compelling dilemma faced by professional journalists, increasingly graduates of journalism degree programs, in the four Maghreb states is how to reconcile their preference for press freedom and objectivity with constraints imposed by political and legal factors that point to a pro-government journalism." Iyotika Ramaprasad and Naila Nabil Hamdy state, “A new trend toward objectivity and impartiality as a value in Arab journalism seems to be emerging, and the values of Arab and Western journalism in this field have started to converge.” Further, many journalists in the Arab world express their desires for the media to become a fourth estate akin to the media in the West. In a survey of 601 journalists in the Arab world, 40% of them viewed investigation of the government as part of their job.
3279:), experiments were done which determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale, and furthermore that the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq). The commission's recommendation is as follows: "The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are..." (translated in Maalouf 2002, p. 220). Both in modern practice, and based on the evidence from recorded music over the course of the last century, there are several differently tuned "E"s in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale, depending on the maqam or jins in use, and depending on the region.
2910:
31:
3735:
independent minded.” The Al
Jazeera media network espouses a clear mission and strategy, and was one of the first news organizations in the Arab world to release a code of ethics. Despite its government ties, it seeks to “give no priority to commercial or political over professional consideration” and to “cooperate with Arab and international journalistic unions and associations to defend freedom of the press.” With a motto of “the view and the other view,” it purports to “present the diverse points of view and opinions without bias and partiality.” It has sought to fuse these ostensibly Western media norms with a wider “Arab orientation,” evocative of the social responsibility discussed by scholars such as Noha Mellor above.
4227:
activists have been using
Facebook in the utmost creative way to support the democracy movement in the region, a region that has one of the highest rates of repression in the world. Unlike other regions where oppressive countries (like China, Iran and Burma) represent the exception, oppression can be found everywhere in the Arab world. The number of Arab internet users interested in political affairs does not exceed a few thousands, mainly represented by internet activists and bloggers, out of 58 million internet users in the Arab world. As few as they are, they have succeeded in shedding some light on the corruption and repression of the Arab governments and dictatorships.
3809:
3684:"red lines." Such a system of values varies over space and time, and is embedded within the existing social, political, and economic structures in a society. William Rugh states, "There is an intimate, organic relationship between media institutions and society in the way that those institutions are organized and controlled. Neither the institution nor the society in which it functions can be understood properly without reference to the other. This is certainly true in the Arab world." Media values in the Arab world therefore vary between and within countries. In the words of Lawrence Pintak and Jeremy Ginges (2008), “The Arab media are not a monolith.”
4390:
those interactions can be interpreted negatively and cause gossip, which can tarnish the reputation of women. Women are able to socialize freely with other women and male family members, but have to have family members present to socialize with men that are not part of the family. These conservative practices are put into place to protect the reputation of women. Bad behavior not only affects women but her family's honor. Practices differ between countries and families. Saudi Arabia has stricter practices when it comes to men and women and will even require marriage documents if a woman and man are seen together alone.
4215:. Both are true. The Internet has created a new arena for discussion and the dissemination of information for the Arab world just as it has in the rest of the world. The youth in particular are accessing and utilizing the tools. People are encouraged and enabled to join in political discussion and critique in a manner that was not previously possible. Those same people are also discouraged and blocked from those debates as the differing regimes try to restrict access based on religious and state objections to certain material.
3224:
63:
2812:
2966:
2902:), is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade, a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (Šahryār), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands.
4421:
2737:
3514:
4117:
3673:
4668:
4128:
3448:
3835:
3572:
3818:
source for the study of media values, complicate this notion. Kai Hafez states, “The possible hypothesis that
Islamic countries might not be interested in ‘truth’ and would rather propagate ‘Islam’ as the single truth cannot be verified completely because even a code that limits journalists’ freedom of expression to Islamic objectives and values, the Saudi Arabian code, demands that journalists present real facts.” In addition,
4386:, writes "family loyalty and obligations take precedence over loyalty to friends or demands of a job." She goes on to state that "members of a family are expected to support each other in disputes with outsiders. Regardless of personal antipathy among relatives, they must defend each other's honor, counter criticism, and display group cohesion..." Of all members of the family, however, the most revered member is the mother.
3664:(MSA), during the 19th century, the language of the media was stylized and resembled literary language of the time, proving to be ineffective in relaying information. Currently MSA is used by Arab media, including newspapers, books and some television stations, in addition to all formal writing. Vernaculars are however present in certain forms of media including satires, dramas, music videos and other local programs.
4459:
4358:
4183:
which grants or denies permission to shoot. Once this permission is obtained, another official license, a so-called visa, is necessary in order to exploit the film commercially. This is normally approved by a committee of the
Ministry of Information or a special censorship authority". The most significant taboo topics under state supervision are consistent with those of other forms of media:
4794:
3387:. However, there are many styles of traditional Arab dance, and many of them have a long history. These may be folk dances, or dances that were once performed as rituals or as entertainment spectacle, and some may have been performed in the imperial court. Coalescence of oral storytelling, poetry recital, and performative music and dance as long-standing traditions in
4582:
3592:), which not only symbolize cultural heritage but also reflect modern interpretations of style and identity. Thobes, with their distinctive designs and intricate embroideries, serve as visual representations of the enduring legacy and evolving narratives within Arab culture, echoing the timeless elegance and resilience of its people.
3256:
most musicians would agree on the 8 most frequently used ajnas: Rast, Bayat, Sikah, Hijaz, Saba, Kurd, Nahawand, and Ajam — and a few of the most commonly used variants of those: Nakriz, Athar Kurd, Sikah Beladi, Saba
Zamzama. Mukhalif is a rare jins used exclusively in Iraq, and it does not occur in combination with other ajnas.
4494:, a visitor might expect a dinner consisting of a very large platter, shared commonly, with a vast mountain of rice, incorporating lamb or chicken, or both, as separate dishes, with various stewed vegetables, heavily spiced, sometimes with a tomato sauce. Most likely, there would be several other items on the side, less hearty.
4344:
would say on their site. However, for the interested, the
Internet is a tool that is utilized with great skill by those who wish to be heard. A file uploaded to 100 sites and placed in multiple forums will reach millions instantly. Information on the Internet can be thwarted, slowed, even redirected,
3770:
in the Arab world comes with a range of dangers – journalists throughout the Arab world can be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed in their line of work – self-censorship is extremely important for many Arab journalists. A study conducted by the Center for
Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) in
3707:
Historically, news in the Arab world was used to inform, guide, and publicize the actions of political practitioners rather than being just a consumer product. The power of news as political tool was discovered in the early 19th century, with the purchase of shares from Le Temps a French newspaper by
3630:
mainly from Syria and
Lebanon, who were intellectuals and published their newspapers without the intention of making a profit. Because of the restrictions by most governments, these intellectuals were forced to flee their respective countries but had gained a following and because of their popularity
4348:
The efforts by the various regimes to control the information are all falling apart gradually. Those fighting crime online have devised methods of tracking and catching criminals. Unfortunately those same tools are being used to arrest bloggers and those who would just wish to be heard. The
Internet
4308:
of expression not allowed or accepted before. For those who can get online, there are blogs to read and write and access to worldwide outlets of information once unobtainable. With this access, regimes have attempted to curtail what people are able to read, but the Internet is a medium not as easily
4226:
The internet in the Arab world has a snowball effect; now that the snowball is rolling, it can no longer be stopped. Getting bigger and stronger, it is bound to crush down all obstacles. In addition, to the stress caused by the Arab bloggers, a new forum was opened for Arab activists; Facebook. Arab
3795:
Some analysts hold that cultural and societal pressures determine journalists' news output in the Arab world. For example, to the extent that family reputation and personal reputation are fundamental principles in Arabian civilization, exposes of corruption, examples of weak moral fiber in governors
3716:
argues in his history of the press in the Arab Middle East that, “Private journalism began as an enterprise with very modest objectives, seeking not to defy authority but rather to serve it, to collaborate and coexist cordially with it. The demand for freedom of expression, as well as for individual
3694:
Important differences between journalists in the Arab world and their Western counterparts are also apparent. Some journalists in the Arab world see no conflict between objectivity and support for political causes. Ramprasad and Hamdy's sample of 112 Egyptian journalists gave the highest importance
3643:
soon realized the power of the press. Some countries' newspapers were government-run and had political agendas in mind. Independent newspapers began to spring up which expressed opinions and were a place for the public to out their views on the state. Illiteracy rates in the Arab world played a role
3255:
scale and Indian ragas, some maqamat have different ajnas, and thus notes, while descending or ascending. Because of the continuous innovation of jins and because most music scholars don't agree on the existing number anyway, it's hard to give an accurate number of the jins. Nonetheless, in practice
2905:
During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from Persia, China, India, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have
4389:
Family honor is one of the most important characteristics in the Arab family. According to Margaret Nydell, social exchanges between men and women happen very seldom outside of the work place. Men and women refrain from being alone together. They have to be very careful in social situations because
4182:
has far exceeded these countries, with a production of more than 2,500 feature films (all meant for cinema, not television). As with most aspects of Arab media, censorship plays a large art of creating and distributing films. "In most Arab countries, film projects must first pass a state committee,
3892:
By the 1970s, Egyptian radio had fourteen different broadcast services with a total air time of 1,200 hours per week. Egypt is ranked third in the world among radio broadcasters. The programs were all government controlled, and much of the motivation for the government's investment in radio was due
3825:
Patterns of consumption also affect media values. People in the Arab world rely on newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet to differing degrees and to meet a variety of ends. For Rugh, the proportion of radio and television receivers to Arab populations relative to UNESCO minimum
4431:
The Pan Arab Games are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. The first Games were held in 1953 in Alexandria, Egypt. Intended to be held every four years since, political turmoil as well as financial difficulties has made the event an unstable one. Women were first
4368:
Social loyalty is of great importance in Arab culture. Family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. While self-reliance, individuality, and responsibility are taught by Arabic parents to their children, family loyalty is the greatest lesson taught in Arab families. "Unlike the
3791:
may establish a newspaper to ensure a platform for their political opinions, although it is claimed that this doesn't necessarily influence the news content". In the Arab world, as far as content is concerned, news is politics. Arab states are intimately involved in the economic well-being of many
3734:
network in 1996 especially affected media values. Some scholars believe that the network has blurred the line between private- and state- run news. Mohamed Zayani and Sofiane Sabraoui state, “Al Jazeera is owned by the government, but has an independent editorial policy; it is publicly funded, but
3683:
Journalism ethics is a system of values that determines what constitutes "good" and "bad" journalism. A system of media values consists of and is constructed by journalists' and other actors' decisions about issues like what is "newsworthy," how to frame the news, and whether to observe topical
3656:
have been incarcerated all around in the Middle East for their opinions and views on their regimes, the same consequence which was once given to those who publicly expressed themselves without anonymity. But the power of the internet has provided also a public shield for these bloggers since they
4530:
Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing robes to blue jeans, T-shirts and business suits. The robes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. At times, Arabs mix the traditional garb with western
4303:
equally. Most of them chat and they have email. In a survey conducted by Dr. Deborah Wheeler, she found them to almost all to have been taught to use the Internet by a friend or family member. They all felt their lives to have been significantly changed by the use of the Internet. The use of the
3960:
government and established in 1996, Al Jazeera was the first Arabic channel to deliver extensive live news coverage, going so far as to send reporters to "unthinkable" places like Israel. Breaking the mold in more ways than one, Al Jazeera's discussion programs raised subjects that had long been
3849:
cannot be published without a government-issued license. Magazines in the Arabian world, like many of the magazines in the Western world, are geared towards women. However, the number of magazines in the Arab world is significantly smaller than that of the Western world. The Arab world is not as
3817:
Some Saudi journalists stress the importance of enhancing Islam through the media. The developmental role of media was acknowledged by an overwhelming majority of Saudi journalists, while giving the readers what they want was not regarded as a priority. However, journalism codes, as an important
3750:
Media values are not the only variable that affects news output in Arab society. Hafez states, “The interaction of political, economic, and social environments with individual and collective professional ethics is the driving force behind journalism.” In most Arab countries, newspapers cannot be
3804:
function. In Jordan, for example, where the degree of government and security service interference in the media is high, non-governmental organizations such as the Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) and Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) train journalists to
3703:
Other journalists reject the notion of media ethics altogether because they see it as a mechanism of control. Kai Hafez states, “Many governments in the Arab world have tried to hijack the issue of media ethics and have used it as yet another controlling device, with the result that many Arab
3282:
Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as "quarter-tones" ("half-flat" or "half-sharp") for ease of nomenclature, but perform and teach the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam by ear. It should also be added, in reference to Touma's comment above, that these
3583:
Arab culture, renowned for its rich tapestry of traditions and customs, encompasses a vibrant spectrum that includes media influences. In contemporary times, media platforms serve as vital conduits for both preserving and evolving Arab cultural identity. From the captivating allure of
4577:
Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. However, this is not always the case. While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.
4399:
says that Arabs can be defined as, humanitarian, loyal and polite. Tarek Mahfouz explains in the book "Arab Culture" that it is common for Arabs in dinner situations to insist on guests to eat the last piece of the meal or to fight over who will pay the bill at a restaurant for
2906:
been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and ninth-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar. The frame story of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century.
4339:
are using the Internet to reach a greater audience. Just as a simple citizen can now have a worldwide voice, so can a movement. Groups are using the Internet to share video, photos, programs and any kind of information imaginable. Standard media may not report what the
4102:. This geo-political crisis environment that currently frames Arab politics and Arab–Western relations is the backdrop to the controversy surrounding the social and political impact of Arab reality television, which assumes religious, cultural or moral manifestations."
3721:
Media researchers stress that the moral and social responsibility of newspeople dictates that they should not agitate public opinion, but rather should keep the status quo. It is also important to preserve national unity by not stirring up ethnic or religious conflict.
3429:
is an Arab expressive dance, which emphasizes complex movements of the torso. Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a
2850:
that originated before the time of Islam. Each poem in the set has a different author, and is considered to be their best work. Mu'allaqat means "The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems," and comes from the poems being hung on the wall in the Kaaba at Mecca.
3699:
and Arab values, which included injunctions such as “defend Islamic societies, traditions and values” and “support the cause of the Palestinians.” Sustaining democracy through “examining government policies and decisions critically,” ranked a close second.
4381:
Arab culture teaches that the needs of the group are more important than the needs of one person." In the Bedouin tribes of Saudi Arabia, "intense feelings of loyalty and dependence are fostered and preserved" by the family. Margaret Nydell, in her book
3782:
owned, and independently owned. Newspaper, radio, and television patronization in the Arab world has heretofore been primarily a function of governments. "Now, newspaper ownership has been consolidated in the hands of powerful chains and groups. Yet,
3888:
has been a leader in radio broadcasting from the beginning. Broadcasting began in Egypt in the 1920s with private commercial radio. In 1947, however, the Egyptian government declared radio a government monopoly and began investing in its expansion.
4027:
is playing a significant role in the changing Arab media. Pintak furthers, "Now, there are 263 free-to-air (FTA) satellite television stations in the region, according to Arab Advisors Group. That's double the figure as of just two years ago".
4036:
is sprouting up everywhere. Instead, "A desire for political influence is probably the biggest factor driving channel growth. But ego is a close second". The influence of the West is very apparent in Arab media, especially in television.
4545:" or "thobe" but can be also called "Dishdasha" in Kuwait or "Kandoura" (UAE). Thawbs differ slightly from state to state within the Gulf, but the basic ones are white. This is the traditional attire that Arabs wear in formal occasions.
4393:
In regard to Arab values, are one of the characteristics of Arabs is generosity and they usually show it by being courteous with each other. Some of the most important values for Arabs are honor and loyalty. Margaret Nydell, in her book
3267:
for the sake of practicality. However, while in some treatments of theory the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist, according to Yūsuf Shawqī (1969) in practice there are many fewer tones (Touma 1996, p. 170).
2799:
which is derived from a word meaning "to invite someone for a meal" and implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 6th century, with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The
4516:
Tea is a very important drink in the Arab world, it is usually served with breakfast, after lunch, and with dinner. For Arabs tea is a hospitality drink that is served to guests. It is also common for Arabs to drink tea with dates.
3159:
The mosaiclike stringing together of musical form elements, that is, the arrangement in a sequence of small and smallest melodic elements, and their repetition, combination, and permutation within the framework of the tonal-spatial
3651:
are creating a stir politically, culturally, and socially. There is an increasing divide between the generations. The Arab world is in conflict internally. The internet has brought economic prosperity and development, but
3657:
have the ability to engage public sympathy on such a large scale. This is creating a dilemma that shakes the foundation of Arab culture, government, religious interpretation, economic prosperity, and personal integrity.
3166:
The alternation between a free rhythmic-temporal and fixed tonal-spatial organization on the one hand and a fixed rhythmic-temporal and free tonal-spatial structure on the other. This alternation... results in exciting
3742:
it for a lack of credibility in the wake of the Arab Spring. Criticism has come from within the Arab Middle East, including from state governments. Independent commentators have criticized its neutrality vis-a-vis the
3900:
Egypt's "Voice of the Arabs" station, which targeted other Arab countries with a constant stream of news and political features and commentaries, became the most widely heard station in the region. Only after the
4259:
followed in the late 1990s. Financial considerations and the lack of widespread availability of services are factors in the slower growth in the Arab world, but taking into consideration the popularity of
3812:
The Jordanian Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) posted this sign in protest of the country's 2012 Press and Publications law. It reads, "The right to obtain information is a right for all
3056:"The common style that developed is usually called 'Islamic' or 'Arab', though in fact it transcends religious, ethnic, geographical, and linguistic boundaries" and it is suggested that it be called the
2882:. All of the Mu’allaqats contain stories from the authors’ lives and tribe politics. This is because poetry was used in pre-Islamic time to advertise the strength of a tribe's king, wealth and people.
6022:
Mahfouz, Tarek. Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art (English and Arabic Edition). Ed. Thane Floreth. 2011 ed. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
3588:
to the dynamic storytelling woven into television dramas, media showcases the multifaceted nature of Arab society. Central to these portrayals are traditional garments like the iconic thobes (
3660:
Each country or region in the Arab world has varying colloquial dialects which are used for everyday speech, yet its presence in the media world is discouraged. Prior to the establishment of
3163:
The absence of polyphony, polyrhythm, and motivic development. Arabian music is, however, very familiar with the ostinato, as well as with a more instinctive heterophonic way of making music.
3800:
may have massive consequences. In fact, some journalists and media trainers in the Arab world nevertheless actively promote the centrality of investigative journalism to the media's larger
3726:
The values of media in the Arab world have started to change with the emergence of “new media." Examples of new media include news websites, blogs, and satellite television stations like
1273:
3712:. Doing so allowed Ismail to publicize his policies. Arab Media coming to modernity flourished and with it its responsibilities to the political figures that have governed its role.
3626:
The first newspapers were limited to official content and included accounts of relations with other countries and civil trials. In the following decades Arab media blossomed due to
3778:
A related point is that media owners and patrons have effects on the values of their outlets. Newspapers in the Arab world can be divided into three categories: government owned,
3644:
in the formation of media, and due to the low reader rates newspapers were forced to get political parties to subsidize their publications, giving them input to editorial policy.
4486:, grapes, pomegranate, olives, garlic and onion. while Arabian cuisine today is the result of a combination of richly diverse cuisines, spanning the Arab world and incorporating
3235:
The maqam consists of at least two jins, or scale segments. "Jins" in Arabic comes from the ancient Greek word "genus," meaning type. In practice, a jins (pl. ajnas) is either a
4207:
in the Arab world is powerful source of expression and information as it is in other places in the world. While some believe that it is the harbinger of freedom in media to the
4082:
began in 2003 in the Arab world. "Reality television entered Arab public discourse in the last five years at a time of significant turmoil in the region: escalating violence in
4235:
being first in 1991 according to Dr. Deborah L. Wheeler. The years of the Internet's introduction in the various Arab countries are reported differently. Wheeler reports that
3271:
In fact, the situation is much more complicated than that. In 1932, at International Convention on Arabic music held in Cairo, Egypt (attended by such Western luminaries as
4329:
regularly being imprisoned for expressing their views for the world to read. The difference is that there is a worldwide audience witnessing this crackdown and watching as
3905:, when it was revealed that this station had misinformed the public about what was happening, did it lose some credibility; nevertheless it retained a large listenership.
3717:
political freedom, a true challenge to the existing order, came only later, and hesitantly at that, and was met by a public response that can best be described as faint."
3952:-owned and strictly controlled prior to the 1990s. In the 1990s the spread of satellite television began changing television in Arab countries. Often noted as a pioneer,
5460:
4304:
Internet in the Arab world is very political in the nature of the posts and of the sites read and visited. The Internet has brought a medium to Arabs that allows for a
5718:
3607:
the first newspaper was published, in French. There is debate over when the first Arabic language newspaper was published; according to Arab scholar Abu Bakr, it was
146:
3318:. In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the chalghi, includes only two melodic instruments—the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and
5801:
Kraidy, Marwan M. Reality Television and Politics in the Arab World: Preliminary Observations. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 15 (Fall/ Winter, 2006)
3751:
published without a government-issued license. Most Arab countries also have press laws, which impose boundaries on what can and cannot be said in print.
2795:
4490:, Egyptian, and others. It has also been influenced to a degree by the cuisines of India, Turkey, Berber, and others. In an average Arab household in
3123:
A musical mentality that is responsible for the aesthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures in Arabian music, whether
5852:
2909:
5984:
M. J. Gannon, Understanding Global Culture: Metaphorical Journeys Through 28 Nations, 3rd Edition, (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), 70
5741:
5587:
Tash, Abdulkader. A Profile of Professional Journalists Working in the Saudi Arabian Daily Press. Diss. Southern Illinois University, 1983. Print.
4570:
The Saudi guthra is a square shaped cotton fabric. The traditional is white but the white and red (shemagh) is also very common in Saudi Arabia.
2628:, share a common culture, traditions, language and history that give the region a distinct identity and distinguish it from other parts of the
5826:
3775:
found that 34 journalists were killed in the region in 2012, 72 were imprisoned on December 1, 2012, and 126 were in exile from 2007 to 2012.
4349:
is a vast and seemingly endless source of information. Arabs are using it more than perhaps the world is aware and it is changing the media.
5434:
5777:
3287:, and so the most commonly used "quarter tones" are on E (between E-flat and E-natural), A, B, D, F (between F-natural and F-sharp) and C.
3283:"quarter-tones" are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the
3850:
advertisement driven as the Western world. Advertisers fuel the funding for most Western magazines to exist. Thus, a lesser emphasis on
3022:
is extremely popular across the population, especially a small number of superstars known throughout the Arab world. Regional styles of
5551:
1949:
261:
2537:
3704:
journalists, while they love to speak about the challenges of their profession, hate performing under the label of media ethics.”
2632:. The Arab world is sometimes divided into separate regions depending on different cultures, dialects and traditions, such as the
4646:
in Saudi Arabia, although that restriction has been eased since 2015. The veil is not as prevalent in most countries outside the
3531:
5309:
Ramaprasad, Jyotika; Naila Nabil Hamdy (2006). "Functions of Egyptian Journalists: Perceived Importance and Actual Importance".
4601:
Red and white checkered headdress – Generally of Jordanian origin. Wearer has made Hajj and comes from a country with a Monarch.
5573:
Pies, Judith (2008). "Agents of Change? Journalism Ethics in Lebanese and Jordanian Journalism Education". In Kai Hafez (ed.).
3739:
1924:
5464:
4749:
5715:
4765:
Marzolph, Ulrich (2007). "Arabian Nights". In Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Everett Rowson (eds.).
3867:
1313:
5630:
3877:. After 1945, most Arab states began to create their own radio broadcasting systems, although it was not until 1970, when
5941:
5878:
1929:
1691:
855:
5690:
4321:, mirror, and other means. Those who are thwarted with one method will find 12 more methods around the blocked site. As
1288:
5117:
5092:
5067:
5003:
4854:
4714:
3061:
1934:
5271:
Rampal, Kuldip Roy (1996). "Professionals in Search of Professionalism: Journalists' Dilemma in Four Maghreb States".
5614:
5525:
5211:
5038:
4978:
4934:
4889:
4440:, with roughly over 8,000 Arab athletes participating, it was considered the largest in the Games' history, with the
3873:
Arab radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, but only a few Arab countries had their own broadcasting stations before
3495:
1964:
1278:
30:
3477:
6076:
4231:
Public Internet use began in the US in the 1980s. Internet access began in the early 1990s in the Arab world, with
3980:
Satellite Broadcasting Charter (2008) lays out principles for regulating satellite broadcasting in the Arab world.
3772:
3535:
1790:
475:
3631:
in this field of work other intellectuals began to take interest in the field. The first émigré Arab newspaper,
5993:
L. A. Samovar, et al., Communication Between Cultures, 7th Ed., (Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010), 70
3792:
Arab news organizations so they apply pressure in several ways, most notably through ownership or advertising.
3687:
Journalists in the Arab world hold many of the same values with their news generation as do journalists in the
3473:
3247:. The trichord is three notes, the tetrachord four, and the pentachord five. The maqam usually covers only one
2577:
and the various empires and kingdoms that have ruled and took lead of the civilization have contributed to the
1371:
485:
4879:
3109:, are played with standardized performance techniques, and exhibit similar details in construction and design.
4573:
The Emirati guthra is usually white and can be used as a wrapped turban or traditionally with the black agal.
3754:
Censorship plays a significant role in journalism in the Arab world. Censorship comes in a variety of forms:
3469:
3002:, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The world of Arab music has long been dominated by
1666:
17:
6081:
3319:
2566:
2530:
2211:
72:
6013:
M. Nydell, Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times, 4th Ed., (Boston: Intercultural Press, 2006), 71
3808:
6086:
5957:
Hofheinz, Albrecht. "The Internet in the Arab World: Playground for Political Liberalization." (n.d.): 96
4425:
3116:
can be classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or
2887:
2099:
1857:
1852:
1795:
1366:
5738:
4658:
4074:
3996:("The Free One"): established in 2004 by the United States; counter-perceives biases in Arab news media
1981:
1862:
929:
186:
3924:
area in 1948, but they did not start in the central or eastern provinces until the 1960s. Neighboring
2804:, from the 7th century, had the greatest and longest-lasting effect on Arabic culture and literature.
4905:
4178:, owing to an increased production during the 1950s and 1960s, has made some 180 feature films. Only
4099:
3956:
represents a shift towards a more professional approach to news and current affairs. Financed by the
1914:
1909:
1376:
1283:
522:
416:
5420:
3263:
and the Arabic scales is the existence of many in-between notes, which are sometimes referred to as
2973:
3953:
3797:
3731:
3458:
2748:
1780:
860:
647:
5655:
Gher, Leo A.; Hussein Y. Amin (1999). "New and Old Media Access and Ownership in the Arab World".
5486:
2176:
4685:
4091:
3462:
3095:
2523:
2416:
591:
517:
470:
5781:
4056:, some observers have hailed reality television as a harbinger of democracy in the Arab world."
4019:
are sprouting like incongruous electronic mushrooms in what was once a media desert. Meanwhile,
3771:
Jordan, for example, found that the majority of Jordanian journalists exercise self-censorship.
3661:
3419:
2871:
2029:
1944:
1847:
1785:
1656:
1606:
1255:
1243:
825:
93:
4968:
1191:
6071:
5904:"LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film"
5028:
4739:
3819:
3709:
3284:
1994:
1919:
1596:
88:
46:
5606:
5517:
4377:, families living on their own away from relatives, and so on), Arab society emphasizes the
4279:
and language proficiency. Despite reports that use of the internet was curtailed by lack of
3822:
operate in an environment in which anti-religious talk is likely to be met with censorship.
4482:, wheat, barley, lentil, meat, milk and honey in addition to fruits and vegetables such as
4155:
4033:
3635:, was published in Turkey in 1855 by Rizqallah Hassoun Al Halabi. It was criticized by the
3524:
3359:
3019:
2863:
2661:
2574:
1381:
505:
500:
388:
113:
108:
103:
98:
83:
5966:
Rinnawi, Khalil. "The Internet and the Arab world as a virtual public shpere." (n.d.): 23.
8:
5903:
5396:
Mellor, Noha. The Making of Arab News. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Print.
4441:
4433:
4008:
3801:
3779:
3276:
3124:
2875:
2815:
2139:
2129:
2054:
1743:
1686:
1676:
1646:
1611:
1591:
405:
211:
181:
118:
4604:
Black and white checkered headdress – The pattern is historically of Palestinian origin.
897:
6055:
Arab Culture, Vol. 1: An In-depth Look at Arab Culture Through Cartoons and Popular Art
5672:
5361:
5326:
5288:
5253:
5056:
4951:
4341:
4219:
3894:
3784:
3604:
3299:
3228:
3194:
3102:
3067:
2879:
2681:
2069:
2004:
1989:
1959:
1758:
1753:
1738:
1631:
1626:
1320:
1293:
892:
480:
450:
436:
5423:
Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera Media Network, 7 November 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
3762:(governments struggle to control through technological advances in ex. the internet),
3539:
3216:(pl. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The maqam has a "
5975:
J. Esherick, Women in the Arab World (Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2006), 68
5676:
5610:
5599:
5521:
5510:
5330:
5292:
5257:
5207:
5200:
5113:
5088:
5063:
5034:
5009:
4999:
4974:
4930:
4885:
4860:
4850:
4745:
4720:
4710:
4647:
4556:
4538:
4487:
4374:
4029:
3909:
3547:
3070:(1996, p.xix-xx) lists "five components" which "characterize the music of the Arabs:
2944:
2778:
2773:
2633:
2598:
2586:
2245:
2226:
1772:
1733:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1636:
1621:
1584:
1215:
599:
343:
5365:
4162:
witnessed the production of its first and only full-length feature film in 1989. In
1470:
5664:
5353:
5318:
5280:
5243:
4774:
4770:
4560:
4280:
4038:
3744:
3272:
3075:
2936:
2913:
2855:
2216:
2201:
2186:
2134:
2039:
1939:
1842:
1805:
1748:
1728:
1723:
1696:
1616:
1475:
1238:
1146:
1036:
1031:
815:
720:
658:
623:
615:
465:
455:
358:
191:
6032:
5134:
4325:
suffer and are imprisoned in traditional media, the Internet is no different with
4271:
The people most commonly utilizing the Internet in the Arab world are youths. The
3940:
did not start indigenous radio broadcasting until nearly a quarter century later.
3881:
opened its radio transmissions, that every one of them had its own radio station.
3294:, which includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the
2256:
5945:
5745:
5722:
4924:
4738:
Rabasa, Angel; Waxman, Matthew; Larson, Eric V.; Marcum, Cheryl Y. (2004-11-17).
4179:
3863:
3755:
3410:
3260:
3223:
3099:, used to accompany the metered vocal and instrumental genres and give them form.
2892:
2842:
2837:
2790:
2610:
2493:
2366:
2221:
2149:
2114:
2014:
1904:
1810:
1651:
1455:
1181:
1046:
912:
902:
865:
631:
298:
241:
231:
5668:
4275:
users in particular tend to be under 30, single and have a variety of levels of
2261:
1176:
1141:
5762:
Pintak, Lawrence. "Reporting a Revolution: the Changing Arab Media Landscape."
5284:
4672:
4491:
4415:
4120:
4012:
3636:
3620:
3079:
3006:, a cultural center, though musical innovation and regional styles abound from
2917:
2811:
2558:
2406:
2191:
2166:
1837:
1718:
1710:
1510:
1440:
1156:
1131:
984:
934:
882:
820:
765:
668:
532:
490:
353:
338:
246:
221:
166:
156:
62:
5938:
5812:
5357:
4333:
are created and recreated to attempt to control the vastness of the Internet.
3105:
that are found throughout the Arabian world and that represent a standardized
2965:
1136:
6065:
5694:
5322:
5248:
5231:
5148:
5013:
4864:
4594:
Checkered headdresses relate to type and government and participation in the
4586:
4478:
Historically, the Arabs of the western Arabian Peninsula relied on a diet of
4370:
4261:
4086:, contested elections in Egypt, the struggle for women's political rights in
4068:
3902:
3851:
3688:
3676:
3551:
3291:
3198:
3023:
2948:
2943:
which produced notable Arabic literary figures including Ismail Pasha Abaza,
2833:
2448:
2286:
2231:
2009:
1535:
1517:
1026:
688:
607:
562:
495:
421:
5058:
Eating disorders : an encyclopedia of causes, treatment, and prevention
4724:
4567:
The Qatari guthra is heavily starched and it is known for its "cobra" shape.
4617:
4453:
4378:
4318:
4252:
4151:
4131:
4058:
3973:
3966:
3913:
3874:
3543:
3388:
3380:
3264:
3213:
3205:
3132:
3040:
3011:
2991:
2960:
2940:
2649:
2629:
2606:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2478:
2401:
2291:
2196:
2079:
1872:
1260:
1233:
1151:
1081:
1061:
850:
810:
799:
584:
547:
313:
5151:
expresses your unique style and passion for culture. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
4138:
Most Arab countries did not produce films before independence, except for
1530:
1522:
1401:
4559:
it is known as a guthra. It is usually worn with a black cord called an "
4498:
would certainly accompany the meal, as it is almost constantly consumed.
4437:
4420:
4322:
4208:
4111:
4004:
3977:
3838:
3696:
3648:
3585:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3345:
3315:
3252:
3113:
3106:
2932:
2921:
2713:
2562:
2488:
2443:
2341:
2181:
1545:
1166:
1121:
1056:
964:
887:
740:
735:
542:
460:
431:
426:
281:
4624:
is less so. Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (
4345:
but it cannot be stopped if someone wants it out there on the Internet.
3647:
Freedoms that have branched through the introduction of the Internet in
2736:
5112:(1. publ. ed.). Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.
4680:
4511:
4212:
4042:
4024:
4023:
are aggressively probing the red lines that have long contained them".
4020:
3987:
3949:
3788:
3767:
3766:/Religious Censorship, and Tribal/Family/Alliances Censorship. Because
3759:
3727:
3713:
3640:
3627:
3576:
3372:
3339:
3244:
3240:
3190:
2709:
2570:
2453:
2381:
2361:
2356:
1954:
1820:
1641:
1450:
1228:
1161:
1108:
974:
877:
760:
527:
383:
318:
206:
151:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5232:"The Mission of Arab Journalism: Creating Change in a Time of Turmoil"
5110:
Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media
4847:
Popular culture in the Arab world : arts, politics, and the media
4607:
Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.
4436:, the number of countries participating reached all 22 members of the
4166:, national production has barely exceeded half a dozen feature films.
303:
5461:"Majority of Jordanian Journalists Exercise Self-censorship – Survey"
4479:
4336:
4310:
4305:
4276:
3970:
3933:
3846:
3513:
3186:
3128:
3083:
3057:
2931:
An example of modern poetry in classical Arabic style with themes of
2827:
2805:
2801:
2614:
2463:
2433:
2296:
2124:
2089:
2064:
1867:
1825:
1815:
1465:
989:
750:
698:
663:
373:
176:
141:
5631:"The Arab World Online: Trends in Internet Usage in the Arab Region"
5344:
Pintak, Lawrence; Jeremy Ginges (2009). "Inside the Arab Newsroom".
4820:
4629:
4127:
3447:
216:
5996:
5601:
Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics
5512:
Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics
5202:
Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics
4552:
4326:
4204:
4192:
4184:
4116:
4016:
3834:
3763:
3571:
3391:. Among the best-known of the Arab traditional dances are the
3251:(two jins), but sometimes it covers more than one octave. Like the
3236:
3217:
2594:
2498:
2411:
2391:
2376:
2171:
2144:
1500:
1460:
1406:
994:
775:
730:
683:
673:
557:
276:
271:
266:
256:
226:
5827:"10 times Salah Zulfakar pioneered best scenes in Egyptian cinema"
4998:(Updated and rev. ed.). Northampton, Mass.: Interlink Books.
4667:
3999:
Al Manar: owned by Hezbollah; Lebanese-based; highly controversial
3290:
The prototypical Arab ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the
3018:
has, in recent years, also become a major center of Arabic music.
2867:
2331:
2326:
2271:
1540:
4314:
4232:
4175:
4159:
4095:
4063:
3993:
3925:
3295:
3182:
3140:
3117:
3027:
3007:
2984:
2981:
2808:, a female contemporary of Muhammad, was an acclaimed Arab poet.
2705:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2673:
2641:
2621:
2503:
2473:
2428:
2396:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2281:
2276:
2206:
2161:
2119:
1999:
1601:
1428:
1303:
1298:
979:
939:
907:
725:
693:
333:
35:
4272:
4158:, production is even now confined to short films or television.
1342:
5489:. Committee for the Protection of Journalists. 14 February 2013
4633:
4499:
4471:
4458:
4292:
4284:
4283:
skills, Dr. Wheeler found that people were able to search with
4265:
4248:
4236:
4163:
4087:
3672:
3596:
3431:
3327:
3307:
3248:
3220:" note on which the piece must end (unless modulation occurs).
3209:
3178:
3174:
3144:
3090:
3049:
3036:
3015:
2969:
2924:
2859:
2847:
2786:
2685:
2669:
2637:
2582:
2483:
2468:
2458:
2311:
2266:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2074:
2024:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1445:
1411:
1359:
1352:
1337:
1332:
1268:
1222:
1196:
1186:
1086:
1071:
1066:
1051:
1041:
1016:
1004:
999:
969:
959:
954:
845:
830:
770:
755:
703:
678:
567:
552:
537:
378:
348:
328:
323:
308:
286:
5435:"Syrian TV Station Accuses Al Jazeera of Fabricating Uprising"
4795:"مكتبة البوابة: أهم 10 كتب للأديب المصري ثروت أباظة | البوابة"
4287:. Searching for jobs, the unemployed frequently fill cafes in
3619:, according to other researchers. In the mid-19th century the
3031:
2854:
The seven authors, who span a period of around 100 years, are
1201:
1021:
917:
5487:"Attacks on the Press: Journalism on the Front Lines in 2012"
4642:
4637:
4625:
4621:
4616:
Adherence to traditional dress varies across Arab societies.
4542:
4467:
4362:
4357:
4300:
4288:
4256:
4171:
4147:
4143:
4139:
3962:
3957:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3885:
3854:
in the Arabian world plays into the low number of magazines.
3787:
is not the driving force behind the launching of newspapers;
3600:
3589:
3396:
3368:
3303:
3136:
3045:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2977:
2782:
2721:
2693:
2677:
2665:
2657:
2645:
2554:
2508:
2438:
2371:
2321:
2316:
2301:
2084:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2019:
1887:
1877:
1800:
1550:
1485:
1327:
1308:
1171:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1076:
949:
840:
785:
780:
745:
715:
368:
363:
236:
201:
161:
136:
131:
5716:
Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (Unofficial Translation)
5085:
Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world
4996:
Serpent of the Nile : women and dance in the Arab world
4268:
are much larger than the subscription numbers would reveal.
3089:
Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of
6038:. Leawenport, KY: US Army. Intelligence Unit. January 2006.
5308:
5182:
4595:
4463:
4330:
4240:
4167:
4083:
3937:
3878:
3653:
3616:
2717:
2653:
2625:
2386:
2306:
2059:
1892:
1882:
1396:
1347:
944:
835:
251:
196:
171:
5929:
Shafik, Viola. Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity.
4373:
we see in North America (every person for him or herself,
3112:
Specific social contexts for the making of music, whereby
2573:. The various religions the Arabs have adopted throughout
4495:
4483:
4296:
4244:
4188:
3323:
3311:
3208:, for the Arabic system is more complex than that of the
2916:, poet from the aristocratic literay Egyptian family the
2846:) is the name given to a series of seven Arabic poems or
5758:
5756:
5754:
4737:
4581:
3639:
and shut down after only one year. Intellectuals in the
3383:). The term "Arabic dance" is often associated with the
3082:
system) with specific interval structures, invented by
4541:
men usually wear their national dress that is called "
3990:: established in 2003; based in Dubai; offshoot of MBC
3969:
called for a meeting to approve a charter to regulate
3948:
Almost all television channels in the Arab world were
5751:
5408:
The Culture of Al Jazeera: Inside an Arab Media Giant
5405:
5399:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
4970:
The Arab National Project in Youssef Chahine's Cinema
4656:
2617:
are all part of the cultural heritage of the Arabs.
5337:
4849:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.
3424:
5654:
5343:
5229:
3173:Much Arab music is characterized by an emphasis on
5598:
5509:
5199:
5154:
5055:
3156:The predilection for small instrumental ensembles.
5939:How the Internet has snowballed in the Arab world
5390:
6063:
5540:Pintak, Lawrence. "Arab Media: Not Quite Utopia"
4764:
3868:list of private radio stations in the Arab world
3841:on the cover for Al-Mawwid magazine, 1 June 1972
3738:Some more recent assessments of Al Jazeera have
3201:—but quintessentially, Arabic music is melodic.
5739:Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter (in Arabic)
3897:to be the recognized leader of the Arab world.
3862:There are 40 private radio stations throughout
3367:, refers to the traditional folk dances of the
5636:. The Dubai School of Government with Bayt.com
3147:. The Arab's musical mentality is defined by:
6053:Mahfouz, Tarek (2011). Floreth, Thane (ed.).
5925:
5923:
4396:Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times
4384:Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times
4218:This was posted on a website operated by the
3805:undertake investigative journalism projects.
2531:
5552:")nvestigative Journalism in the Arab World"
5384:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History
5197:
5185:News Writing and Reporting for Today's Media
5082:
4993:
4779:Arabian Nights, the work known in Arabic as
3310:(which was introduced in the 1840s or 50s),
3212:modes. The basis of the Arabic music is the
5304:
5302:
5236:The International Journal of Press/Politics
4211:, others think that it is a new medium for
3476:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3197:is based upon the idea of playing two-note
6016:
5920:
5879:"Arab film icon Faten Hamama dies aged 83"
5225:
5223:
4821:"عائلة أباظة: تاريخ طويل وأثر عميق في مصر"
2538:
2524:
1950:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
5810:
5410:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
5406:Zayani, Mohamed; Sofiane Sahroui (2007).
5377:
5375:
5247:
5026:
4877:
4170:has produced approximately 100 films and
4048:"In the wake of controversy triggered by
3496:Learn how and when to remove this message
3189:in nature. Some genres of Arab music are
2793:. The Arabic word used for literature is
6033:"Arab cultural awareness: 58 factsheets"
5299:
5230:Pintak, Lawrence; Jeremy Ginges (2008).
4580:
4563:", which keeps it on the wearer's head.
4457:
4444:in 2011 expected to exceed that number.
4419:
4356:
4126:
4115:
3833:
3807:
3671:
3570:
3259:The main difference between the western
3222:
3204:It would be incorrect though to call it
2964:
2908:
2810:
29:
6052:
5714:Arab Media & Society (March, 2008):
5577:. New York: Continuum. pp. 165–81.
5220:
5172:. New York: Continuum. pp. 147–64.
5107:
4844:
2951:, and Desouky Bek Abaza, among others.
14:
6064:
5780:. Arabmediasociety.com. Archived from
5432:
5381:
5372:
5270:
5183:Bruce Itule; Douglas Anderson (2007).
4966:
4922:
4705:Doris, Behrens-Abouseif (1999-01-01).
3611:(1800), published in Egypt, or it was
2987:Palace, built in the early 7th century
2620:The countries of the Arab world, from
2581:and formation of modern Arab culture.
1925:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
5876:
5433:Dunham, Jillian (14 September 2011).
5167:
4949:
4825:صوت القبائل العربية والعائلات المصرية
4704:
4032:and money have little to do with why
3060:(from Morocco to Afghanistan) style (
2841:
5850:
5596:
5572:
5507:
5458:
5062:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood.
5053:
5030:The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance
4881:The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance
4878:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016-08-08).
4818:
3507:
3474:adding citations to reliable sources
3441:
2731:
5901:
5657:International Communication Gazette
5311:International Communication Gazette
5273:International Communication Gazette
4640:). Women are only required to wear
4551:: The male headdress is known as a
4432:allowed to compete in 1985. By the
3414:
2896:
1930:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1585:National literatures of Arab States
24:
6046:
5775:
5605:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp.
5549:
5463:. The Jordan Times. Archived from
5132:
4317:. The Internet can be reached via
3916:, radio broadcasts started in the
3912:, radio was slower to develop. In
3120:(music of the desert inhabitants).
3086:in the 10th century (p. 170).
1935:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
25:
6098:
5516:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p.
4466:, appetizers or small dishes, in
4409:
5811:Noshokaty, Amira (22 Dec 2010).
4973:. American Univ in Cairo Press.
4744:. Rand Corporation. p. 31.
4666:
3893:to the aspirations of President
3679:, television and radio presenter
3623:dominated the first newspapers.
3512:
3446:
3153:The predominance of vocal music.
2735:
2565:in the east, in a region of the
61:
6025:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5932:
5895:
5870:
5853:"Middle-east Arab News Opinion"
5844:
5819:
5804:
5795:
5769:
5728:
5708:
5683:
5648:
5623:
5590:
5581:
5566:
5543:
5534:
5501:
5479:
5452:
5426:
5414:
5264:
5191:
5176:
5141:
5126:
5101:
5076:
5047:
5020:
4987:
4960:
4943:
4134:(1931–2015), Egyptian film star
4123:(1926–1993), Egyptian film star
4041:and the emerging popularity of
3667:
6057:(English and Arabic ed.).
5575:Arab Media: Power and Weakness
5170:Arab Media: Power and Weakness
5027:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2016).
4950:Mason, Daniel Gregory (1916).
4916:
4906:"The Traditional Arabic Dance"
4898:
4871:
4838:
4812:
4787:
4775:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0021
4758:
4731:
4698:
4505:
3961:prohibited. However, in 2008,
3231:is widely used in Arabic music
2781:is the writing produced, both
13:
1:
5135:"Andrea Deagon's Raqs Sharqi"
4691:
4239:joined in 1992, and in 1993,
4045:are evidence of this notion.
3943:
3730:. The founding of the Qatari
2821:
2767:
5813:"Remembering Salah Zulficar"
5693:. Al-bab.com. Archived from
5083:Buonaventura, Wendy (2010).
5033:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4994:Buonaventura, Wendy (2010).
4956:. National Society of Music.
4923:Kashua, Sayed (2007-12-01).
4884:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4709:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
3829:
3523:may incorporate text from a
3185:. Thus much Arabic music is
2567:Middle East and North Africa
7:
5877:Saeed, Saeed (2015-01-18).
5669:10.1177/0016549299061001004
5087:( ed.). London: Saqi.
4953:The Art of Music: The dance
4741:The Muslim World After 9/11
4652:
4620:is more traditional, while
4598:, or a pilgrimage to Mecca.
4502:would be included as well.
4198:
3845:In most Arabian countries,
3552:the project page about this
3425:
2888:One Thousand and One Nights
2100:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
6103:
5908:guides.library.cornell.edu
5778:"Arab Media & Society"
5285:10.1177/001654929605800102
4819:سمير, رانيا (2024-01-03).
4509:
4451:
4447:
4413:
4352:
4109:
3983:Other satellite channels:
3343:
3337:
2958:
2825:
2771:
2727:
1863:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
930:Andalusian classical music
856:Arabic musical instruments
187:Islamic geometric patterns
27:Culture of the Arab people
5944:29 September 2011 at the
5748:Retrieved 6 February 2013
5725:Retrieved 6 February 2013
5358:10.1080/14616700802337800
5206:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
5054:Reel, Justine J. (2013).
4462:A selection of Jordanian
4404:
4309:manipulated as telling a
4251:joined the Internet, and
4105:
4066:is strikingly similar to
3026:include Iraqi el Maqaam,
1910:The Theology of Aristotle
1377:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1274:Love in Arabic literature
523:Arabic geometric patterns
486:Islamic hardstone carving
417:Ancient South Arabian art
5764:Arab Media & Society
5735:Arab Media & Society
5691:"Arab media: television"
5323:10.1177/1748048506062233
5249:10.1177/1940161208317142
5187:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5149:Mens Thobes UK
5108:Hammond, Andrew (2007).
4845:Hammond, Andrew (2007).
4707:Beauty in Arabic culture
4611:
4520:
4379:importance of the group.
4092:political assassinations
3857:
3798:investigative journalism
3579:Television, in Jerusalem
3437:
3333:
2954:
2843:[al-muʕallaqaːt]
1279:Arabic erotic literature
476:Palestinian wood carving
6077:Arabic-language culture
4929:. Grove/Atlantic, Inc.
4686:Arab Capital of Culture
3928:had radio by 1955, but
3796:and policy makers, and
3708:Ismail the grandson of
2897:أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة
1786:Islamic Aristotelianism
1781:Early Arabic Philosophy
34:Making Arab carpets in
5857:eng-archive.aawsat.com
5597:Rugh, William (2004).
5508:Rugh, William (2004).
5386:. New York: Oxford UP.
4967:Khouri, Malek (2010).
4767:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4590:
4585:A wedding carriage in
4525:
4475:
4428:
4365:
4313:what it can or cannot
4229:
4135:
4124:
3884:Among Arab countries,
3842:
3814:
3724:
3680:
3662:Modern Standard Arabic
3580:
3232:
2988:
2974:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbî
2928:
2818:
2553:is the culture of the
2423:South Arabian deities
1945:Theologus Autodidactus
826:Rhythm in Arabic music
39:
5198:William Rugh (2004).
5147:Aamilah Aamir (2004)
4584:
4510:Further information:
4461:
4423:
4360:
4247:came online. In 1994
4224:
4130:
4119:
4100:Arab–Israeli conflict
4098:, and the protracted
3837:
3811:
3719:
3675:
3615:(1816), published in
3574:
3285:Well-Tempered Klavier
3226:
3150:The maqām phenomenon.
2968:
2912:
2814:
2789:, by speakers of the
2252:North Arabian deities
2156:Fictional Arab people
1995:Atlantis of the Sands
1920:The Book of the Apple
501:Islamic ivory carving
33:
5382:Ayalon, Ami (1995).
4799:article.albawaba.net
4156:United Arab Emirates
4034:satellite television
3548:copyright violations
3525:large language model
3470:improve this section
3405:also referred to as
3360:Middle-Eastern dance
3353:also referred to as
3062:van der Merwe, Peter
3020:Classical Arab music
2662:United Arab Emirates
1382:Modern Arabic poetry
1057:Gnawa (North Africa)
898:Classical Arab music
6082:Folklore by country
4434:11th Pan Arab Games
4009:television stations
3277:Henry George Farmer
3193:—as the instrument
3103:Musical instruments
2900:ʾAlf layla wa-layla
2872:'Antara Ibn Shaddad
2561:in the west to the
2055:Iram of the Pillars
1314:Mirrors for princes
861:Great Book of Music
594:(Arabian Peninsula)
182:Islamic calligraphy
6087:Folklore by region
5851:Al-awsat, Asharq.
5744:2012-10-21 at the
5721:2012-10-21 at the
5550:Martin, Justin D.
5439:The New York Times
5346:Journalism Studies
4781:Alf layla wa-layla
4648:Arabian peninsula.
4591:
4476:
4429:
4366:
4342:Muslim Brotherhood
4220:Muslim Brotherhood
4136:
4125:
3895:Gamal Abdel Nasser
3843:
3815:
3681:
3605:Napoleon Bonaparte
3581:
3233:
3068:Habib Hassan Touma
3064:1989, p. 9).
2989:
2929:
2880:Harith ibn Hilliza
2819:
2747:. You can help by
2177:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2005:Beast of the Earth
1960:Sicilian Questions
1791:Islamic Platonism
1744:Arabic mathematics
1294:Arabic short story
1289:Literary_criticism
481:Islamic embroidery
451:Arabic calligraphy
40:
5168:Kai Hafez (ed.).
4751:978-0-8330-3755-8
4557:Arabian Peninsula
4539:Arabian Peninsula
4375:individual rights
4030:Freedom of speech
3910:Arabian Peninsula
3820:Saudi journalists
3569:
3568:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3423:
2945:Fekry Pasha Abaza
2779:Arabic literature
2774:Arabic literature
2765:
2764:
2634:Arabian Peninsula
2548:
2547:
1848:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1759:Arabic technology
1754:Arabic psychology
1739:Arabic Golden Age
506:Islamic Metalwork
262:Stucco decoration
16:(Redirected from
6094:
6058:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6011:
5994:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5776:Kraidy, Marwan.
5773:
5767:
5766:(February, 2007)
5760:
5749:
5732:
5726:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5635:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5604:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5554:. Nieman Reports
5547:
5541:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5515:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5459:Hazaimeh, Hani.
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5251:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5205:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5133:Deagon, Andrea.
5130:
5124:
5123:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5061:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4769:(3rd ed.).
4762:
4756:
4755:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4702:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4039:Arab soap operas
3745:Syrian Civil War
3564:
3561:
3555:
3542:claims that are
3516:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3450:
3442:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3351:Arab folk dances
3076:Arab tone system
2937:Aziz Pasha Abaza
2914:Aziz Pasha Abaza
2898:
2876:'Amr ibn Kulthum
2845:
2760:
2757:
2739:
2732:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2217:Princess Jasmine
2202:Layla and Majnun
2187:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2135:She-Camel of God
2130:Shams al-Ma'arif
1940:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1806:Sufi metaphysics
1734:Arabic geography
1729:Arabic astronomy
1724:Arabic astrology
1719:Arabic chemistry
1284:Arabic grimoires
1264:
1037:Chaabi (Morocco)
1032:Chaabi (Algeria)
816:Arab tone system
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
466:Arabic miniature
192:Islamic ornament
65:
42:
41:
21:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6062:
6061:
6049:
6047:Further reading
6044:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6012:
5997:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5946:Wayback Machine
5937:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5910:
5900:
5896:
5887:
5885:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5860:
5849:
5845:
5836:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5787:
5785:
5784:on 5 April 2011
5774:
5770:
5761:
5752:
5746:Wayback Machine
5737:(March, 2008):
5733:
5729:
5723:Wayback Machine
5713:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5470:
5468:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5380:
5373:
5342:
5338:
5307:
5300:
5269:
5265:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5196:
5192:
5181:
5177:
5166:
5155:
5146:
5142:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5006:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4965:
4961:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4857:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4736:
4732:
4717:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4677:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4614:
4528:
4523:
4514:
4508:
4456:
4450:
4418:
4412:
4407:
4355:
4201:
4114:
4108:
3946:
3864:the Middle East
3860:
3832:
3756:Self-censorship
3670:
3633:Mar’at al Ahwal
3603:in the time of
3565:
3559:
3556:
3534:information or
3530:It may include
3529:
3517:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3467:
3451:
3440:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3261:chromatic scale
2963:
2957:
2939:. He came from
2935:is the work of
2830:
2824:
2816:Antara and Abla
2791:Arabic language
2776:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2745:needs expansion
2730:
2544:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2417:Isāf and Nā'ila
2248:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2150:Zarqa al Yamama
2015:Book of Wonders
1984:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1905:Liber de Causis
1811:Sufi philosophy
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1749:Arabic medicine
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1262:
1256:Epic literature
1218:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1047:Fann at-Tanbura
866:Kitab al-Aghani
802:
792:
791:
790:
650:
640:
639:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
587:
577:
576:
575:
573:
456:Arabic graffiti
408:
398:
397:
396:
394:
299:Albarrana tower
242:Reflecting pool
232:Nagash painting
124:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6100:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6060:
6059:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6024:
6015:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5931:
5919:
5902:Houissa, Ali.
5894:
5869:
5859:(in Ukrainian)
5843:
5818:
5803:
5794:
5768:
5750:
5727:
5707:
5682:
5647:
5622:
5615:
5589:
5580:
5565:
5542:
5533:
5526:
5500:
5478:
5467:on 8 July 2014
5451:
5425:
5421:Code of Ethics
5413:
5398:
5389:
5371:
5336:
5298:
5263:
5219:
5212:
5190:
5175:
5153:
5140:
5125:
5119:978-9774160547
5118:
5100:
5094:978-0863566288
5093:
5075:
5069:978-1440800580
5068:
5046:
5039:
5019:
5005:978-1566567916
5004:
4986:
4979:
4959:
4942:
4935:
4915:
4897:
4890:
4870:
4856:978-9774160547
4855:
4837:
4811:
4786:
4757:
4750:
4730:
4716:978-1558761995
4715:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4675:
4654:
4651:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4507:
4504:
4492:Eastern Arabia
4452:Main article:
4449:
4446:
4416:Pan Arab Games
4414:Main article:
4411:
4410:Pan Arab Games
4408:
4406:
4403:
4354:
4351:
4264:, the numbers
4262:internet cafes
4200:
4197:
4121:Salah Zulfikar
4110:Main article:
4107:
4104:
4075:The Real World
4013:radio stations
4001:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3945:
3942:
3859:
3856:
3831:
3828:
3695:to supporting
3669:
3666:
3637:Ottoman Empire
3621:Turkish Empire
3613:Junral Al Iraq
3567:
3566:
3560:September 2024
3520:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3355:Oriental dance
3338:Main article:
3335:
3332:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3121:
3114:musical genres
3110:
3100:
3087:
3080:musical tuning
2959:Main article:
2956:
2953:
2918:House of Abaza
2826:Main article:
2823:
2820:
2772:Main article:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2559:Atlantic Ocean
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Kara Ben Nemsi
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Abdul Alhazred
2164:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1965:Fusus al-Hikam
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Al-aql al-faal
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1511:Arabic prosody
1507:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1263:(ryhmed prose)
1258:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Qudud Halabiya
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Andalusi nubah
932:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Arabic hip hop
880:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:Algerian scale
818:
813:
804:
803:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Robe of honour
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
707:
706:
701:
699:Tarboush (fez)
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
652:
651:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:(North Africa)
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
588:
583:
582:
579:
578:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Damascus steel
530:
525:
520:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Islamic garden
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Arabic pottery
468:
463:
458:
453:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
424:
419:
410:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
354:Medina quarter
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
222:Multifoil arch
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Horseshoe arch
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
77:
76:
71:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
55:Arabic culture
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6099:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6034:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5954:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5935:
5926:
5924:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5814:
5807:
5798:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5711:
5697:on 2011-05-05
5696:
5692:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5632:
5626:
5618:
5616:9780275982126
5612:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5576:
5569:
5553:
5546:
5537:
5529:
5527:9780275982126
5523:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5504:
5488:
5482:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5317:(2): 167–85.
5316:
5312:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5213:9780275982126
5209:
5204:
5203:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5042:
5040:9781442257498
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4980:9789774163548
4976:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4936:9781555846619
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:Dancing Arabs
4919:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4891:9781442257498
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:Jisr az-Zarqa
4583:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4426:Cairo Stadium
4422:
4417:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:individualism
4364:
4359:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:American Idol
4065:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3903:June 1967 war
3898:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3852:advertisement
3848:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:, Government
3757:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3689:Western world
3685:
3678:
3677:Amr el-Leithy
3674:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3575:An anchor on
3573:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3521:This article
3519:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3455:This section
3453:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3365:Eastern dance
3363:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3265:quarter tones
3262:
3257:
3254:
3253:melodic minor
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:popular music
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:Tharwat Abaza
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:Imru' al-Qais
2852:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2759:
2756:November 2023
2750:
2746:
2743:This section
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:their history
2572:
2569:known as the
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:Talia al Ghul
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Book of Idols
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Islamic Logic
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Egyptian folk
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
925:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
796:
795:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
649:
644:
643:
636:
632:Arab Maghreb
630:
628:
622:
620:
614:
612:
610:(Mesopotamia)
606:
604:
600:Arab Mashriq
598:
596:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
574:
569:
566:
564:
563:Pseudo-Arabic
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Islamic glass
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
446:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
422:Nabataean art
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
407:
402:
401:
395:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
74:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
18:Arab clothing
6072:Arab culture
6054:
6027:
6018:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5934:
5911:. Retrieved
5907:
5897:
5886:. Retrieved
5883:The National
5882:
5872:
5861:. Retrieved
5856:
5846:
5835:. Retrieved
5833:. 2017-11-13
5830:
5821:
5806:
5797:
5786:. Retrieved
5782:the original
5771:
5763:
5734:
5730:
5710:
5699:. Retrieved
5695:the original
5685:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5625:
5600:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5545:
5536:
5511:
5503:
5491:. Retrieved
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5465:the original
5454:
5442:. Retrieved
5438:
5428:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5314:
5310:
5279:(1): 25–43.
5276:
5272:
5266:
5239:
5235:
5201:
5193:
5184:
5178:
5169:
5143:
5128:
5109:
5103:
5084:
5078:
5057:
5049:
5029:
5022:
4995:
4989:
4969:
4962:
4952:
4945:
4925:
4918:
4910:Our Pastimes
4909:
4900:
4880:
4873:
4846:
4840:
4829:. Retrieved
4824:
4814:
4803:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4780:
4778:
4766:
4760:
4740:
4733:
4706:
4700:
4641:
4636:) and veil (
4618:Saudi Arabia
4615:
4576:
4548:
4547:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4515:
4477:
4454:Arab cuisine
4430:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4367:
4347:
4335:
4319:proxy server
4270:
4253:Saudi Arabia
4230:
4225:
4217:
4202:
4152:Saudi Arabia
4137:
4132:Faten Hamama
4080:Star Academy
4079:
4073:
4067:
4059:Star Academy
4057:
4054:Star Academy
4053:
4049:
4047:
4003:"Across the
4002:
3982:
3974:broadcasting
3967:Saudi Arabia
3947:
3914:Saudi Arabia
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:World War II
3872:
3861:
3844:
3824:
3816:
3794:
3777:
3753:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3720:
3710:Muhammad Ali
3706:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3668:Media values
3659:
3646:
3632:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3594:
3582:
3557:
3544:unverifiable
3532:hallucinated
3522:
3492:
3483:
3468:Please help
3456:
3407:Arabic dance
3406:
3402:
3401:
3389:Arab history
3381:North Africa
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3289:
3281:
3270:
3258:
3234:
3203:
3181:rather than
3172:
3133:instrumental
3094:
3066:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3012:Saudi Arabia
2992:Arabic music
2990:
2961:Arabic music
2941:Abaza family
2930:
2904:
2899:
2886:
2884:
2853:
2840:: المعلقات,
2831:
2794:
2777:
2753:
2749:adding to it
2744:
2650:Saudi Arabia
2630:Muslim world
2619:
2607:spirituality
2599:architecture
2579:ethnogenesis
2551:Arab culture
2550:
2549:
2479:Dhul Khalasa
2422:
2421:
2251:
2246:Spirituality
2222:Ra's al Ghul
2197:King Marsile
2155:
2154:
2080:Magic carpet
1969:
1898:
1897:
1831:
1830:
1667:Saudi Arabia
1583:
1582:
1509:
1508:
1434:
1433:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1357:
1319:
1318:
1249:
1248:
1221:
1096:
1022:Algerian Raï
1010:
1009:
923:
922:
871:
870:
851:Quarter tone
811:Arabic maqam
805:
709:
708:
653:
572:
548:Hedwig glass
511:
510:
444:
443:
411:
393:
314:Caravanserai
292:
291:
125:
123:
78:
73:Architecture
54:
4827:(in Arabic)
4801:(in Arabic)
4506:Tea culture
4438:Arab League
4400:generosity.
4323:journalists
4295:. They are
4209:Middle East
4112:Arab cinema
4072:mixed with
4005:Middle East
3978:Arab League
3839:Mervat Amin
3649:Middle East
3628:journalists
3586:Arab cinema
3426:Raqs sharqi
3403:Belly dance
3393:belly dance
3385:belly dance
3377:Middle East
3346:Belly dance
3273:Béla Bartók
3167:contrasts."
3107:tone system
3000:Arab people
2947:, novelist
2933:Pan-Arabism
2714:Mesopotamia
2563:Arabian Sea
2557:, from the
2182:Battal Gazi
1367:Anthologies
1167:Raqs Sharqi
1122:Belly dance
965:Iraqi maqam
893:Arabic jazz
888:Arabic rock
741:Fouta towel
543:Girih tiles
461:Arab carpet
432:Fatimid art
427:Islamic art
282:Windcatcher
147:Arabic dome
6066:Categories
5913:2023-11-23
5888:2023-12-15
5863:2023-12-15
5837:2023-12-15
5831:EgyptToday
5788:2011-04-05
5701:2011-04-05
5352:(2): 173.
5242:(3): 219.
4831:2024-05-14
4805:2024-05-14
4692:References
4681:Arab world
4512:Arabic tea
4442:Doha Games
4361:A café in
4213:censorship
4174:some 150.
4154:, and the
4050:Super Star
4043:reality TV
4025:Technology
4021:newspapers
3988:Al Arabiya
3954:Al Jazeera
3950:government
3944:Television
3789:publishers
3768:Journalism
3760:Censorship
3740:criticized
3732:Al Jazeera
3728:Al Arabiya
3714:Ami Ayalon
3641:Arab world
3609:Al Tanbeeh
3577:Al-Arabiya
3536:references
3373:Arab world
3344:See also:
3340:Arab dance
3245:pentachord
3241:tetrachord
3191:polyphonic
3187:homophonic
3129:improvised
3093:patterns,
2922:Circassian
2834:Mu'allaqat
2822:Mu'allaqat
2768:Literature
2710:Mauritania
2611:philosophy
2591:gastronomy
2587:literature
2571:Arab world
2454:Dhat-Badan
2382:Theandrios
2362:Baalshamin
2357:Atarsamain
2212:Palamedes
1955:Muqaddimah
1915:Al-isharat
1821:Avicennism
1773:Philosophy
1642:Mauritania
1451:Muwashshah
1416:Khamriyyah
1216:Literature
1162:Ouled Nail
975:Muwashshah
878:Arabic pop
437:Mamluk art
384:Well house
319:Bimaristan
207:Mashrabiya
5677:144676746
5663:: 59–88.
5331:144729341
5293:220900576
5258:145067689
5014:320803968
4865:148667773
4555:. In the
4549:Headdress
4537:: In the
4531:clothes.
4488:Levantine
4424:Crowd in
4337:Jihadists
4311:newspaper
4277:education
3971:satellite
3934:Abu Dhabi
3847:magazines
3830:Magazines
3538:. Please
3457:does not
3420:romanized
3084:al-Farabi
3058:Near East
2828:Muallaqat
2806:Al-Khansa
2682:Palestine
2615:mysticism
2297:Al-Kutbay
2125:Shadhavar
2090:Mount Qaf
2065:Karkadann
1982:Mythology
1868:Asabiyyah
1826:Averroism
1657:Palestine
1579:Mutadārik
1576:Mutaqārib
1567:Mujtathth
1419:Tardiyyah
1239:Classical
1182:Schikhatt
1147:Khaleegy
924:Art music
751:Jellabiya
664:Battoulah
518:Arabesque
512:Features
374:Shadirvan
177:Hypostyle
142:Arabesque
126:Features
94:Nabataean
5942:Archived
5742:Archived
5719:Archived
5493:22 March
5471:22 March
5444:22 March
5366:96478415
4725:40043536
4653:See also
4589:, Israel
4553:keffiyeh
4369:extreme
4327:bloggers
4243:and the
4205:Internet
4199:Internet
4193:politics
4185:religion
4017:websites
3813:people".
3802:watchdog
3780:partisan
3764:Ideology
3654:bloggers
3599:rule in
3486:May 2010
3432:circular
3415:رقص شرقي
3395:and the
3237:trichord
3125:composed
3091:rhythmic
3046:Egyptian
3028:Algerian
2660:and the
2583:Language
2412:Yarhibol
2392:Malakbel
2262:Al-‘Uzzá
2172:Ali Baba
2145:Zulfiqar
1832:Concepts
1816:Farabism
1607:Djibouti
1564:Muqtaḍab
1558:Munsariħ
1501:Ghinnawa
1476:Riddles
1461:Mathnawi
1223:Language
1177:Shamadan
1142:Hagallah
995:Tahmilah
776:Takchita
736:Durra'ah
731:Djellaba
710:Clothing
684:Madhalla
674:Keffiyeh
654:Headwear
608:Mashriq
602:(Levant)
558:Muqarnas
277:Voussoir
272:Vaulting
267:Tadelakt
257:Socarrat
227:Muqarnas
47:a series
45:Part of
5640:9 April
5558:5 April
4673:Society
4448:Cuisine
4353:Society
4315:publish
4306:freedom
4281:English
4233:Tunisia
4176:Lebanon
4160:Bahrain
4096:Lebanon
4064:Lebanon
3994:Alhurra
3926:Bahrain
3908:On the
3697:Arabism
3595:During
3478:removed
3463:sources
3422::
3306:, nay,
3243:, or a
3183:harmony
3141:secular
3118:Bedouin
3037:Kuwaiti
3008:Tunisia
2994:is the
2985:caliphs
2982:Ummayad
2728:History
2720:), and
2706:Morocco
2702:Algeria
2698:Tunisia
2690:Maghreb
2688:), the
2674:Lebanon
2642:Bahrain
2622:Morocco
2504:Yaghūth
2474:Basamum
2429:Almaqah
2397:Orotalt
2352:Al-Qaum
2347:Aglibol
2282:Chaabou
2277:Dushara
2227:Sindbad
2207:Othello
2162:Aladdin
2120:Shaddad
2000:Bahamut
1711:Science
1687:Tunisia
1672:Somalia
1647:Morocco
1632:Lebanon
1602:Comoros
1597:Bahrain
1592:Algeria
1570:Muḍāriʿ
1505:Humayni
1429:Hamasah
1321:Islamic
1304:Tezkire
1299:Tabaqat
1192:Tanoura
1132:Deheyeh
1027:Bedouin
980:Qasidah
940:Bashraf
913:Khaliji
908:Al Jeel
761:Macawis
726:Burnous
694:Tantour
689:Taqiyah
626:(Sudan)
624:Mawset
618:(Egypt)
616:Mawset
592:Khalij
585:Cuisine
528:Banna'i
334:Madrasa
304:Alcázar
157:Gardens
152:Banna'i
114:Moorish
109:Fatimid
104:Abbasid
99:Umayyad
84:Islamic
36:Algiers
5675:
5613:
5524:
5364:
5329:
5291:
5256:
5210:
5116:
5091:
5066:
5037:
5012:
5002:
4977:
4933:
4888:
4863:
4853:
4748:
4723:
4713:
4659:Portal
4643:abayas
4634:chador
4630:jilbāb
4500:Coffee
4472:Jordan
4405:Sports
4293:Jordan
4285:Arabic
4266:online
4249:Jordan
4237:Kuwait
4191:, and
4164:Jordan
4106:Cinema
4088:Kuwait
4007:, new
3976:. The
3936:, and
3785:profit
3597:French
3550:. See
3540:remove
3411:Arabic
3328:dumbek
3322:—with
3320:santur
3316:dumbek
3308:violin
3249:octave
3199:chords
3195:Kanoun
3179:rhythm
3175:melody
3160:model.
3145:sacred
3050:el gil
3016:Beirut
2970:Fresco
2927:origin
2925:Abazin
2893:Arabic
2878:, and
2864:Zuhayr
2860:Tarafa
2848:qasida
2838:Arabic
2802:Qur'an
2787:poetry
2686:Jordan
2670:Levant
2668:, the
2638:Kuwait
2484:Haukim
2469:Qaynan
2464:Ta'lab
2459:Haubas
2449:Salman
2444:Athtar
2312:Azizos
2267:Al-Lat
2140:Wāḳwāḳ
2110:Qutrub
2105:Qareen
2095:Nasnas
2075:Luqman
2070:Kujata
2025:Dandan
1990:Ababil
1692:U.A.E.
1627:Kuwait
1622:Jordan
1561:Khafīf
1551:Rajaz
1496:Nabati
1491:Mawwal
1481:Kharja
1471:Nasīb
1466:Ruba'i
1456:Urjūza
1446:Qasida
1441:Diwan
1422:Khawal
1412:Ghazal
1402:Rithā'
1388:Genres
1360:Poetry
1353:Aqidah
1338:Hadith
1333:Tafsir
1269:Maqama
1244:Modern
1197:Yowlah
1187:Tahtib
1157:Mizmar
1137:Guedra
1087:Shaabi
1072:Mezwed
1067:Mawwal
1052:Fijiri
1017:Ataaba
1005:Waslah
1000:Taqsim
990:Sama'i
970:Mawwal
960:Malhun
955:Layali
872:Genres
846:Teslim
831:Taqsim
806:Theory
771:Sirwal
756:Kaftan
704:Turban
679:Litham
568:Zellij
553:Kiswah
538:Damask
412:Styles
389:Zawiya
379:Tekyeh
349:Mosque
329:Kasbah
324:Hammam
309:Bazaar
287:Zellij
217:Mosaic
119:Mamluk
89:Yemeni
79:Styles
38:, 1899
6036:(PDF)
5673:S2CID
5659:. 1.
5634:(PDF)
5362:S2CID
5327:S2CID
5289:S2CID
5254:S2CID
4638:hijab
4632:, or
4626:abaya
4622:Egypt
4612:Women
4543:thawb
4535:Thawb
4521:Dress
4480:dates
4468:Petra
4464:mezze
4363:Cairo
4301:women
4289:Egypt
4257:Syria
4180:Egypt
4172:Syria
4148:Libya
4144:Sudan
4142:. In
4140:Egypt
3963:Egypt
3958:Qatar
3930:Qatar
3922:Mecca
3918:Jidda
3886:Egypt
3858:Radio
3601:Egypt
3590:Thawb
3438:Media
3434:way.
3397:Dabke
3369:Arabs
3334:Dance
3304:rabab
3300:qanún
3292:takht
3229:qanun
3218:tonal
3214:maqam
3210:Greek
3206:modal
3137:vocal
3096:awzan
3004:Cairo
2996:music
2978:Syria
2972:from
2955:Music
2868:Labīd
2783:prose
2722:Sudan
2694:Libya
2678:Syria
2666:Egypt
2658:Yemen
2646:Qatar
2603:music
2555:Arabs
2509:Yatha
2499:Ya'uq
2439:Anbay
2377:Suwa'
2372:Hubal
2342:Abgal
2332:Manāt
2327:Manāt
2322:Quzah
2317:Bajir
2302:Asira
2287:Manaf
2272:Manāt
2257:Allah
2085:Marid
2050:Ifrit
2045:Houri
2035:Ghoul
2030:Falak
2020:Buraq
1899:Texts
1888:Qadar
1878:Irfan
1858:Peace
1853:Dhati
1801:Kalam
1697:Yemen
1682:Syria
1677:Sudan
1662:Qatar
1637:Libya
1612:Egypt
1573:Sarīʿ
1555:Ramal
1546:Hazaj
1541:Wāfir
1536:Kamil
1531:Basīṭ
1527:Madīd
1523:Ṭawīl
1486:Zajal
1435:Forms
1425:Fakhr
1393:Madih
1372:Poets
1328:Quran
1309:Rihla
1250:Prose
1234:Paleo
1172:Samri
1127:Dabke
1117:Ardah
1109:Dance
1092:Zajal
1077:Samri
950:Dulab
903:Opera
841:Lazma
800:Music
786:Tiraz
781:Thawb
746:Izaar
721:Bisht
716:Abaya
648:Dress
445:Types
369:Sabil
364:Ribat
359:Qalat
344:Mazar
339:Maqam
293:Types
247:Riwaq
237:Qadad
202:Liwan
162:Girih
137:Alfiz
132:Ablaq
5642:2014
5611:ISBN
5560:2011
5522:ISBN
5495:2014
5473:2014
5446:2014
5208:ISBN
5114:ISBN
5089:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5035:ISBN
5010:OCLC
5000:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4886:ISBN
4861:OCLC
4851:ISBN
4746:ISBN
4721:OCLC
4711:ISBN
4596:Hajj
4561:agal
4331:laws
4299:and
4291:and
4273:café
4255:and
4241:Iraq
4203:The
4168:Iraq
4084:Iraq
4052:and
4015:and
3965:and
3938:Oman
3879:Oman
3617:Iraq
3461:any
3459:cite
3379:and
3326:and
3314:and
3296:'oud
3275:and
3239:, a
3227:The
3177:and
3074:The
3044:and
3041:sawt
2885:The
2832:The
2796:adab
2785:and
2718:Iraq
2708:and
2684:and
2654:Oman
2626:Iraq
2613:and
2489:Nasr
2407:Sa'd
2402:Ruda
2387:Wadd
2337:A'ra
2307:Awal
2292:Nuha
2115:Roc
2060:Jinn
2040:Hinn
1893:Qalb
1883:Nafs
1652:Oman
1617:Iraq
1518:Bayt
1407:Waṣf
1397:Hija
1348:Fiqh
1343:Sīra
1261:Saj
1229:Old
1152:Liwa
1082:Sawt
1062:Liwa
1011:Folk
945:Dawr
836:Jins
669:Haik
659:Agal
252:Sahn
212:Riad
197:Iwan
172:Howz
5665:doi
5607:4–5
5354:doi
5319:doi
5281:doi
5244:doi
4771:doi
4526:Men
4496:Tea
4484:fig
4297:men
4245:UAE
4189:sex
4094:in
4062:in
3773:CPJ
3546:or
3472:by
3371:in
3362:and
3324:riq
3312:riq
3143:or
3135:or
3127:or
3078:(a
3032:raï
3010:to
2998:of
2920:of
2751:.
2712:),
2664:),
2624:to
2595:art
2494:Sīn
2434:Amm
2367:Bēl
1873:Hal
1202:Zār
918:Raï
406:Art
6068::
5998:^
5922:^
5906:.
5881:.
5855:.
5829:.
5753:^
5671:.
5661:61
5609:.
5520:.
5437:.
5374:^
5360:.
5350:10
5348:.
5325:.
5315:68
5313:.
5301:^
5287:.
5277:58
5275:.
5252:.
5240:13
5238:.
5234:.
5222:^
5156:^
5008:.
4908:.
4859:.
4823:.
4797:.
4777:.
4719:.
4628:,
4470:,
4195:.
4187:,
4150:,
4146:,
4090:,
4078:.
4011:,
3932:,
3870:)
3747:.
3417:,
3413::
3399:.
3357:,
3330:.
3302:,
3298:,
3139:,
3131:,
3053:.
3035:,
3014:.
2980:,
2976:,
2895::
2874:,
2870:,
2866:,
2862:,
2858:,
2724:.
2704:,
2700:,
2696:,
2680:,
2676:,
2656:,
2652:,
2648:,
2644:,
2640:,
2609:,
2605:,
2601:,
2597:,
2593:,
2589:,
2585:,
49:on
5948:.
5916:.
5891:.
5866:.
5840:.
5815:.
5791:.
5704:.
5679:.
5667::
5644:.
5619:.
5562:.
5530:.
5518:9
5497:.
5475:.
5448:.
5368:.
5356::
5333:.
5321::
5295:.
5283::
5260:.
5246::
5216:.
5137:.
5122:.
5097:.
5072:.
5043:.
5016:.
4983:.
4939:.
4912:.
4894:.
4867:.
4834:.
4808:.
4773::
4754:.
4727:.
4661::
4474:.
4222::
3920:-
3866:(
3562:)
3558:(
3554:.
3528:.
3499:)
3493:(
3488:)
3484:(
3480:.
3466:.
3409:(
3375:(
2891:(
2836:(
2758:)
2754:(
2716:(
2692:(
2672:(
2636:(
2539:e
2532:t
2525:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.