171:(UN) for the five sovereign states as archipelagic states respects existing agreements with other countries and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring countries in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters. The terms and conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities, including the nature, the extent and the areas to which they apply, shall, at the request of any of the countries concerned, be regulated by bilateral agreements between them. Such rights shall not be transferred to or shared with third countries or their nationals.
195:: both ships an aircraft can use the archipelagic waters, the right of passage is non-suspensible, submarines can navigate while submerged, etc. Article 54 in particular explicitly incorporates Articles 39, 30, 42, and 44 (that cover the transit passage) into ASLP. The main difference between the transit passage and ASLP is that in case of ASLP the ship can opt instead for an innocent passage, while the transit passage provides no such alternative. Both transit passage and ASLP regimes, with the ability to launch and receive aircraft, perform maneuvers and navigate underwater, are primarily designed for warships.
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140:). Under this concept ("archipelagic doctrine"), an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, are subject to its exclusive sovereignty (while allowing ships from other countries to exercise the
202:
that will be subject of ASLP and "include all normal routes used for international navigation or overflight". If the state does not do so, the default sea lanes will correspond to "the routes normally used for international navigation". Ships should not deviate more than 25 miles off the designated
148:
at their choice). The baselines must enclose the main islands of the archipelago and the enclosed water to land ratio must be "between 1:1 and 9:1". The lower end of this ratio was chosen to exclude states with a lot of land, like Japan, while the higher end prevents a group of highly scattered
1671:
Analysis on the legitimacy of the
Declaration of the Dominican Republic as an Archipelagic State and its legality under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the international
1670:
277:
that settled the issue for the islands of mainland countries, but not for the mid-ocean archipelagoes. UNCLOS III finally settled the issue prompted by a proposal submitted by Fuji, Indonesia,
1416:
156:
The exact status of archipelagic waters is subject to interpretation. For example, both the
Philippines and Indonesia consider their archipelagic waters to be more sovereign that the
149:
islands from putting claims on a very large body of water. The ratio was proposed during UNCLOS negotiations by the
Bahamas in order to include all five original archipelagic states.
222:. In the absence of international law, the claims of these states to the waters between the islands were based on internal laws (Indonesia) or interpretation of treaties (the
96:
have sought to claim archipelagic status. Few countries comprise an archipelago in a geographical sense, but chose not to claim the archipelagic state status, including
218:
The concept of an archipelagic state became a matter of consideration when the potential beneficiaries (Bahamas, Fiji, Indonesia, Philippines) gained independence post-
261:(ILC) proposing a definition of an archipelago as three or more islands in the mid-ocean separated by no more than 10 miles, with the body of water in between being
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136:
Archipelagic states are composed of groups of islands that form a state as a single unit, the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters (
239:
227:
43:
1316:
is very complex, as the country is located at a meeting point of several tectonic plates. Indonesia is located between two continental plates:
226:
for
Philippines). At the same time, the economic activity involving the sea resources grew in importance, prompting, for example, the 1945
1687:
Priestnall, Graham (1997). "The
Regimes of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Straits' Transit Passage – Similarities and Differences".
153:
can be used for baselines, provided that they have lighthouses built on them, or lie within the territorial water of an actual island.
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1530:"PART IV ARCHIPELAGIC STATES: Article 51 – Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables"
17:
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have sought to claim archipelagic status by utilising the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provisions.
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Discussions about the status of waters between the islands of an archipelago date back to 1924, when
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281:, and the Philippines. The codification comprises nine articles of the Part IV of the UNCLOS.
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1377:"Preamble to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Article 46 – Use of Terms"
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proposed grouping the islands together when considering the limits of territorial waters.
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Oegroseno, Arif Havas (2014-10-30). "Archipelagic States: From
Concept to Law".
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An archipelagic state can designate the waters between the islands as sovereign
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An example of archipelagic waters claim using underwater features as "land" (
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This is a list of the current archipelagic states in the world. These 22
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on 10 December 1982 and qualified as the archipelagic states.
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is continental while some small offshore islands are oceanic.
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187:) is specific to archipelagic waters and is similar to the
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1622:"United Nations Environment Programme – Island Directory"
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After an early attempt to define archipelagic waters as
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are the five original official archipelagic states.
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257:failed, the efforts restarted in 1952 with the
74:that obtained approval in the UNCLOS signed in
44:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
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27:Island country that consists of an archipelago
1718:The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law
42:. The designation is legally defined by the
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1332:); and between two oceanic plates: the
845:Two archipelagos with two main islands
86:
14:
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1115:One archipelago with two main islands
1004:One archipelago with two main islands
883:One archipelago with the main island (
586:One archipelago with two main islands
547:One archipelago with two main islands
496:One archipelago with the main island (
265:. The proposal was objected to by the
119:
968:One archipelago with one main island
698:One archipelago with one main island
255:1930 Hague Conference on Codification
643:) shared with four other countries (
198:An archipelagic state can designate
627:One archipelago with four islands (
24:
1726:10.1093/law/9780199683925.003.0005
92:As of 20 June 2015, a total of 22
25:
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238:of the Philippines, and the 1957
1649:. WorldAtlas.com. Archived from
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964:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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1647:"Island Countries Of The World"
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1301:Carriacou and Petite Martinique
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887:) shared with another country (
500:) shared with another country (
1701:10.1080/07266472.1997.10878494
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181:archipelagic sea lanes passage
175:Archipelagic sea lanes passage
142:archipelagic sea lanes passage
13:
1:
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38:that consists of one or more
1417:Archipelagic States Practice
259:International Law Commission
7:
1720:. Oxford University Press.
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308:Geographical configuration
285:List of archipelagic states
10:
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1259:List of island countries
273:established the rule of
200:sea lanes and air routes
1462:. Royal Australian Navy
1456:"Semaphore: April 2005"
949:Maritime Southeast Asia
679:Maritime Southeast Asia
351:with two main islands
329:Geographical location
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70:are the five original
1000:São Tomé and Príncipe
193:international straits
127:
1338:Philippine Sea Plate
1314:geology of Indonesia
1254:List of archipelagos
440:North Atlantic Ocean
407:North Atlantic Ocean
224:1898 Treaty of Paris
167:The approval of the
1600:, pp. 128–129.
1588:, pp. 127–128.
1483:, pp. 129–130.
1206:South Pacific Ocean
1170:South Pacific Ocean
1111:Trinidad and Tobago
1092:South Pacific Ocean
945:North Pacific Ocean
907:South Pacific Ocean
822:North Pacific Ocean
734:Three archipelagos
563:South Pacific Ocean
411:Lucayan Archipelago
343:Antigua and Barbuda
240:Djuanda Declaration
228:Truman Proclamation
151:Low-tide elevations
138:archipelagic waters
120:Archipelagic waters
87:archipelagic waters
18:Archipelagic waters
1118:Continental shelf
1079:Five archipelagos
1060:Seychelles Islands
1040:Four archipelagos
894:Continental shelf
492:Dominican Republic
275:straight baselines
247:territorial waters
160:and closer to the
158:territorial waters
134:
32:archipelagic state
1753:International law
1735:978-0-19-968392-5
1215:
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862:Mascarene Islands
809:Two archipelagos
251:League of Nations
213:Alejandro Alvarez
16:(Redirected from
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1562:Priestnall 1997
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1547:Priestnall 1997
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1536:. May 13, 2013.
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1505:Priestnall 1997
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1401:. May 13, 2013.
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1383:. May 13, 2013.
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1574:Oegroseno 2014
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522:Caribbean Sea
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369:Caribbean Sea
367:
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19:
1717:
1695:(96): 1–12.
1692:
1688:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1616:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1564:, p. 4.
1542:
1524:
1512:
1507:, p. 9.
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1445:, p. 6.
1423:
1389:
1371:
1308:
1295:
1283:
1056:Indian Ocean
935:101,398,120
917:
868:
858:Indian Ocean
786:Indian Ocean
665:270,203,917
612:
532:
473:Indian Ocean
379:
296:
295:
288:
244:
220:World War II
217:
210:
199:
197:
184:
180:
178:
166:
155:
137:
135:
91:
84:
31:
29:
1330:Sunda Shelf
1322:Sahul Shelf
927:Philippines
675:World Ocean
657:Timor-Leste
512:10,652,000
508:Continental
444:Macaronesia
349:archipelago
314:Population
269:. The 1958
106:New Zealand
76:Montego Bay
68:Philippines
52:The Bahamas
40:archipelago
1747:Categories
1657:2019-08-10
1632:2021-10-24
1348:References
1324:) and the
1299:Including
1121:1,299,953
1036:Seychelles
897:6,732,000
885:New Guinea
848:1,244,663
826:Micronesia
754:Micronesia
701:2,847,232
668:1,904,569
637:New Guinea
498:Hispaniola
426:Cape Verde
321:Population
317:Area (km)
132:"Group 2")
130:Seychelles
66:, and the
48:UNCLOS III
1709:0726-6472
1288:Viti Levu
1210:Melanesia
1174:Polynesia
1096:Melanesia
911:Melanesia
889:Indonesia
841:Mauritius
622:Indonesia
567:Melanesia
326:(per km)
279:Mauritius
60:Indonesia
46:of 1982 (
1466:24 March
1336:and the
1218:See also
1196:243,304
1157:Oceanic
1082:523,000
1043:Oceanic
1007:163,000
971:120,000
938:300,000
900:462,840
776:329,198
769:Maldives
740:123,346
737:Oceanic
730:Kiribati
662:Various
649:Malaysia
592:110,000
589:Oceanic
553:859,178
550:Various
463:784,745
430:518,467
397:392,000
271:UNCLOS I
191:for the
1681:Sources
1199:12,190
1189:Vanuatu
1166:475.88
1160:12,373
1085:28,400
1046:87,500
812:62,000
704:10,991
694:Jamaica
633:Sebatik
582:Grenada
556:18,274
515:48,442
459:Comoros
400:13,878
389:Bahamas
359:97,118
355:Oceanic
323:density
253:at the
249:by the
230:by the
207:History
203:lanes.
114:Iceland
80:Jamaica
1732:
1707:
1186:
1150:Tuvalu
1147:
1127:254.4
1124:5,131
1108:
1072:
1033:
1013:169.1
1010:1,001
997:
961:
924:
875:
851:2,040
838:
818:342.5
802:
782:1,105
766:
727:
691:
671:124.7
655:, and
645:Brunei
639:, and
629:Borneo
619:
598:319.8
579:
539:
518:208.2
489:
466:2,235
456:
436:125.5
433:4,033
423:
403:23.27
386:
340:
305:State
297:Bolded
112:, and
34:is an
1275:Notes
1202:19.7
1088:18.1
903:14.5
641:Timor
559:46.4
502:Haiti
98:Japan
1730:ISBN
1705:ISSN
1693:1997
1468:2020
1312:The
1052:192
1049:455
977:307
974:389
941:295
854:610
815:181
779:298
746:152
743:811
707:252
595:344
542:Fiji
469:275
365:194
362:440
347:One
185:ASLP
110:Cuba
56:Fiji
1722:doi
1697:doi
1672:law
1163:26
659:).
144:or
50:).
30:An
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1703:.
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1554:^
1532:.
1458:.
1435:^
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1397:.
1379:.
1356:^
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1738:.
1724::
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1699::
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1635:.
1470:.
1340:.
1328:(
1320:(
1303:.
183:(
20:)
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