1552:
2627:
5255:| A question of identity: who were the Galatians?. University of Wales. p. 62: The final reference to Galatian comes two hundred years later in the sixth century CE when Cyril of Scythopolis attests that Galatian was still being spoken eight hundred years after the Galatians arrived in Asia Minor. Cyril tells of the temporary possession of a monk from Galatia by Satan and rendered speechless, but when he recovered he spoke only in his native Galatian when questioned: 'If he were pressed, he spoke only in Galatian'.180 After this, the rest is silence, and further archaeological or literary discoveries are awaited to see if Galatian survived any later. In this regard, the example of Crimean Gothic is instructive. It was presumed to have died out in the fifth century CE, but the discovery of a small corpus of the language dating from the sixteenth century altered this perception.
2781:
2411:
1868:
61:
1189:
1597:
1877:
2931:
2917:
569:
9370:
2496:
2243:
1426:
2121:
2380:
7781:
7805:
7769:
2879:
9426:
6659:
7817:
2864:
3304:
2566:
2999:
1749:
2894:
2403:
predominantly
Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). In the following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
7793:
6602:
1137:
and the
Iranian Plateau to refer to the region; the former two largely overlap. While a standard definition of Anatolia refers to the entire Asian side of Turkey, according to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result from the shifting political fortunes and
4618:
Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia (15 March 2019).
2346:
From the mid-5th century onwards, urbanism was affected negatively and began to decline, while the rural areas reached unprecedented levels of prosperity in the region. Historians and scholars continue to debate the cause of the urban decline in
Byzantine Anatolia between the 6th and 7th centuries,
1533:
eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the
Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria, which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire. The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in
2907:
Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical
Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers. The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a
4750:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Refoyo-Martínez, Alba; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Fischer, Anders; Barrie, William; Ingason, Andrés; Stenderup, Jesper; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pearson, Alice; Sousa da Mota, Bárbara; Schulz
Paulsson, Bettina; Halgren, Alma; Macleod, Ruairidh; Jørkov, Marie Louise
2724:
Following the Russo-Persian Treaty of
Turkmenchay (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian
2803:
and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely
2402:
from
Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim. The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from
5235:
Clackson, James. "Language maintenance and language shift in the
Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire." Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (2012): 36–57. p. 46: The second testimonium for the late survival of Galatian appears in the Life of Saint Euthymius, who died in ad
4552:
Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan; Booth, Thomas J.; van Dorp, Lucy; Faltyskova, Zuzana; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Stewardson, Kristin; Martiniano, Rui; Walsh, Susan (15 April 2019).
1551:
4161:"On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe."
1733:
encroached over the borders of south-central
Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans. These became known as
1456:(the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of
3018:: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.
3145:: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine
2460:
Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the
4684:
Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023).
2476:
was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a
3523:, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)"
898:, known in Greek as the Eastern Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Asia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolian designations were employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5825:
2978:: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia.
3660:
Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces
4386:
Stiner, Mary C.; Kuhn, Steven L.; Güleç, Erksin (2013). "Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life-histories".
4014:
Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism", p. 7 & footnote 34, in
4485:
Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (19 March 2019).
1476:
to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hittite language.
5917:
4076:
3787:
4463:
5593:
4260:
3647:
2968:: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of
2534:, came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known. The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of
5135:
3142:
4212:
3817:
1702:
valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley. From the 9th century BCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as
4107:
1274:
into the region. Anatolian derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles, as well as to the
5176:
3024:: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.
3027:
2152:
followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BCE. In 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the
1460:
around 2000 BCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted
793:) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from
4323:
Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar"
3083:
2117:
conquered the Anatolian peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Alexander's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence.
7661:
1400:, between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated
5799:
1157:, the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highlands, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to
3030:: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of
9526:
2060:
at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BCE in Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the
727:) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia".
4824:
2626:
6350:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
2975:
6787:
5372:
1506:, and northwest upper Mesopotamia. However, the Hittite advance toward the Black Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal
4993:
9414:
7855:
1388:
have been proposed, but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and
352:
to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits has either been expanded to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey, or to an imprecise line from the
7324:
3021:
2769:
1961:
and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices. The northern regions included
715:) in 387 AD). Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory in eastern Turkey that was formerly referred to as
7487:
6866:
3613:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)"
2733:
633:
2634:
With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the
9392:
4364:
4056:
3783:
2958:
2499:
2198:. He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus. Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by
4471:
4330:
3867:
9134:
8993:
7460:
6861:
4028:
Fevzi Özgökçe; Kit Tan; Vladimir Stevanović (2005). "A new subspecies of Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey".
3707:
1071:), meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (
9536:
5864:
883:, but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolian designations was employed during the reign of Roman Emperor
5567:
4234:
3631:
2352:
5109:
4208:
9320:
7258:
3994:
3813:
2374:
2223:
1266:
about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange. Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local
5248:
4854:
4099:
6647:
5895:
1686:. The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatolia, including (possibly)
3756:
9127:
9013:
7750:
6892:
6839:
5158:
4140:
1254:. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these. Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the
9614:
9609:
9122:
9056:
6479:
6423:
6404:
6377:
5487:
5460:
4446:
3641:
6328:
6292:
6256:
5411:
3969:
3905:
9117:
9081:
9020:
6770:
6625:
2942:
1448:(modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the
1313:
668:
5746:
399:
into Europe, with their descendants coming to dominate Europe as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles.
9110:
9105:
9051:
7217:
6932:
6758:
5975:
3015:
2981:
1832:
From the late 8th century BCE, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the
1502:
in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE, controlling much of Asia Minor, northwestern
1102:"the land of the Romans, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading
5776:
3677:
336:
continent, and constitutes the majority of contemporary territory of Turkey. Geographically, Anatolia is bounded by the
9407:
8979:
7848:
7708:
7248:
7238:
6458:
6358:
6322:
6286:
6250:
5952:
5858:
5819:
5624:
5587:
5405:
5344:
5297:
5170:
5129:
4897:
4358:
4291:
4254:
3963:
3933:
3900:
3861:
2765:
2273:
1627:
1585:
1538:. The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian) territory in these regions.
1043:
The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was
9061:
7253:
7200:
7138:
6826:
6809:
5550:
3749:"Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge"
2613:
1657:. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who controlled that region.
903:
523:
5451:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.).
2595:
9629:
9604:
9076:
9066:
9008:
8986:
8969:
8964:
8883:
7686:
7371:
7170:
7094:
6882:
2965:
1304:, the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.
1142:
676:
2481:, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoman Turks, had become formally independent from the Mongol Khans.
1169:
embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators".
9086:
8915:
8781:
8690:
8640:
7366:
6814:
6496:
4162:
1063:. As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranean, some Greeks in
720:
107:
2288:, so that by the 4th century CE, western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking.
1935:
were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (
9030:
7508:
7205:
7160:
7074:
7052:
6965:
5272:
5207:
3829:
2591:
2233:
1146:
696:
680:
2990:: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include
1759:
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, much of Anatolia (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the
9624:
9400:
9340:
9325:
7841:
7597:
7314:
7035:
5315:
3539:
2356:
2285:
1278:. Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.
65:
Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, has two definitions. It is either bounded by an imprecise line from the
9430:
9373:
9025:
8650:
8377:
8082:
7809:
7681:
7376:
7007:
6987:
3991:
A Comparative Analysis Regarding Pictures Included in Secondary School Geography Textbooks Taught in Turkey
3348:
2702:), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia.
2038:
1465:
1154:
1029:
1028:
The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of
1023:
145:
9422:
9619:
9511:
8507:
7636:
7263:
7243:
7165:
7089:
6834:
6640:
4816:
3549:
2946:
2772:. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.
2237:
2110:
1436:
Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in
1317:
1011:
1007:
396:
38:
1790:
The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by
9639:
8685:
8670:
7968:
7953:
7359:
7334:
7212:
7062:
6899:
6887:
6753:
5050:
5024:
2210:, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the
2098:, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BCE, and the Ionian cities regained their independence. By the
2083:
1581:
1267:
1259:
941:
17:
5438:
5364:
2456:. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia, Philadelphia, fell in 1390. The
9071:
9003:
8974:
8959:
8695:
8620:
7537:
7175:
7155:
6802:
6606:
4997:
2817:
2587:
2415:
1385:
1114:
became another name for Anatolia. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as
539:
227:
31:
6520:
2941:
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are
2878:
1227:
929:, and thus commonly referred to (in Greek) as the Eastern part of the Empire. At the same time, the
9634:
8655:
8572:
8155:
7868:
7735:
7401:
7099:
7028:
6797:
5945:
Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
5668:
Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p. 234
5523:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
3853:
The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks
2987:
2576:
2203:
2157:
1638:
1558:
1473:
1381:
1166:
619:
Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the
526:. However, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia, including
455:
7833:
5542:
1514:
Indo-Europeans. Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of
9546:
9307:
8998:
8905:
8577:
8287:
8282:
7797:
7084:
7057:
7002:
6997:
6849:
5534:
4487:"Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia"
3570:
2863:
2705:
A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia,
2666:
groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the
2580:
2387:
2211:
1936:
1293:
1150:
946:
731:
688:
672:
411:
149:
6844:
6510:
4321:
Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler",
3700:"Turkish Statistical Institute The Results of Address Based Population Registration System 2017"
9501:
9284:
9091:
8680:
8483:
7592:
7532:
7520:
7413:
7270:
6763:
6686:
6633:
3893:
Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule
3438:
3171:
3120:
2410:
2227:
2167:
1646:
1368:
further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of
1263:
1255:
1205:
1158:
269:
7587:
6442:
5433:
4348:
4072:
1270:, suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by
9377:
9241:
9161:
8804:
8700:
8309:
7740:
7525:
7515:
7482:
7222:
7045:
5518:
4326:
3851:
2954:
2920:
2543:
1056:
1051:), perhaps from an Akkadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the
1003:
6655:
5848:
3699:
2984:: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.
867:
The use of Anatolian designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the
9251:
8222:
7940:
7676:
7671:
7656:
7602:
7547:
7431:
7290:
7275:
7123:
7040:
6854:
5579:
5121:
4764:
4698:
4632:
4566:
4498:
4395:
4246:
3323:
2969:
2908:
temperate oceanic climate, with warm, foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year.
2893:
2299:
that ran through the peninsula. Literary evidence about the rural landscape stems from the
2046:
1867:
1285:
1247:
1044:
1036:, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient
995:
620:
573:
531:
265:
60:
9465:
5159:"Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian Incident of Ammianus Marcellinus"
2780:
2674:, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims (
631:. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of
8:
8900:
8560:
8497:
8473:
8304:
8165:
8111:
8052:
8023:
7963:
7958:
7552:
7503:
7436:
7386:
7285:
7195:
7143:
6956:
6937:
6723:
6433:
Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
5332:
5285:
5080:
Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998
3368:
2950:
2395:
2348:
2161:
2114:
2099:
1954:
1920:
1764:
1760:
1735:
1642:
1397:
1331:
1301:
1231:
1178:
921:
Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of
895:
684:
563:
419:
407:
381:
231:
5246:
4793:
4768:
4752:
4727:
4702:
4686:
4636:
4570:
4502:
4399:
3990:
2953:, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a
2404:
1915:
culture from the 20th century BCE, related to the Greeks of southeastern Europe and the
1107:
9541:
9188:
8809:
8772:
8645:
8091:
8013:
7973:
7948:
7723:
7666:
7646:
7559:
7448:
7391:
7187:
7109:
6775:
6696:
6691:
4846:
4661:
4620:
4595:
4554:
4529:
4486:
4037:
3544:
3358:
3343:
2699:
2446:
2383:
2368:
2308:
2292:
2095:
2061:
2010:
1948:
1469:
1188:
751:
735:
638:
475:
423:
357:
223:
66:
9531:
9516:
5887:
5360:
3583:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey"
3529:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey"
2291:
Byzantine Anatolia was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places in the
1215:
9599:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9269:
8888:
8710:
8675:
8536:
8531:
8512:
8321:
8148:
7908:
7821:
7768:
7730:
7693:
7579:
7564:
7381:
7319:
7306:
7280:
7148:
7079:
7023:
6942:
6735:
6710:
6671:
6475:
6454:
6419:
6400:
6383:
6373:
6354:
6318:
6282:
6246:
5948:
5854:
5815:
5620:
5583:
5546:
5483:
5456:
5401:
5340:
5293:
5268:
5203:
5166:
5125:
4893:
4798:
4780:
4732:
4714:
4666:
4648:
4600:
4582:
4534:
4516:
4442:
4419:
4411:
4354:
4287:
4250:
3959:
3929:
3896:
3857:
3825:
3637:
3353:
3333:
3126:
3068:
3061:
2852:
2800:
2749:
2737:
2710:
2555:
2523:
2453:
2296:
2171:
2137:
2075:
2042:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
1615:
1603:
1596:
1570:
1339:
1297:
911:
907:
724:
661:
628:
612:
592:
547:
535:
527:
463:
447:
403:
337:
215:
211:
3090:
of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine
2916:
1876:
906:, known in Greek as the Eastern Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the
9350:
9345:
9335:
9264:
8941:
8895:
8838:
8767:
8625:
8519:
8468:
8446:
8299:
8246:
8185:
7651:
7619:
7441:
7396:
7339:
6992:
6915:
6730:
6446:
6438:
6272:
5807:
5575:
5538:
5117:
4788:
4772:
4722:
4706:
4656:
4640:
4590:
4574:
4524:
4506:
4403:
4242:
4068:
3833:
3458:
3428:
3418:
3363:
3087:
3038:
3007:
3003:
2836:
2805:
2796:
2304:
2277:
2191:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1683:
1480:
1449:
1377:
1373:
1134:
922:
915:
704:
467:
435:
431:
392:
309:
206:
191:
6205:
6179:
6153:
6127:
6101:
6075:
6049:
6023:
5997:
5811:
4284:'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide
3535:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)"
3229:
2972:
lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.
2295:. Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks, in part, to the
9572:
9567:
9521:
9236:
8737:
8725:
8705:
8660:
8610:
8550:
8492:
8453:
8441:
8434:
8343:
8160:
8143:
8118:
7785:
7718:
7698:
7629:
7624:
7569:
7542:
7453:
7426:
7104:
7069:
6469:
6348:
6344:
6312:
6308:
6276:
6240:
5477:
5395:
5319:
5252:
4407:
4334:
4216:
4170:
3998:
3953:
3909:
3903:
3821:
3791:
3433:
3338:
2930:
2924:
2761:
2745:
2511:
2207:
2141:
1970:
1679:
1511:
1393:
1271:
925:
eastern domains to Asia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the
823:
712:
708:
692:
665:
596:
483:
451:
443:
439:
345:
3837:
1923:
at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by
1494:) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BCE after the conquest of
1239:
1197:
568:
9551:
9506:
9381:
9330:
9229:
9193:
9173:
9156:
9096:
8860:
8752:
8730:
8720:
8715:
8567:
8545:
8429:
8424:
8409:
8404:
8331:
8277:
8229:
8200:
8106:
8096:
7641:
7421:
7344:
6977:
6745:
6706:
6515:
5738:
5020:
4776:
4710:
4511:
4055:
Palumbi, Giulio (5 September 2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
3448:
3443:
3423:
3413:
3261:
3109:
2741:
2718:
2706:
2683:
2663:
2655:
2635:
2531:
2527:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2457:
2442:
2195:
2175:
2153:
2103:
1916:
1795:
1484:
1122:
1064:
1060:
971:
930:
759:
654:
604:
551:
519:
415:
361:
289:
241:
219:
5969:
4578:
3926:
Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
1219:
522:
between the late 13th and early 20th centuries, and continues today under the
9593:
9355:
9224:
9216:
9183:
8920:
8870:
8762:
8757:
8747:
8592:
8555:
8463:
8458:
8360:
8265:
7773:
7713:
7614:
7354:
7349:
6982:
6927:
6718:
6387:
6236:
5768:
5530:
4784:
4718:
4652:
4586:
4520:
4415:
3673:
3403:
3309:
3101:
3053:
2714:
2691:
2535:
2439:
2435:
2426:
swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The
2149:
2136:
Following the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent breakup of the
2091:
2090:
city-states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The
1924:
1768:
1699:
1577:
1530:
1499:
1461:
1052:
899:
779:
650:
576:, c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until
515:
511:
122:
109:
6612:
5045:
4644:
4555:"Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain"
3565:
2242:
1243:
1125:, many mapmakers referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as
9259:
9198:
9178:
9168:
8878:
8850:
8600:
8338:
8272:
8241:
8190:
8062:
7991:
7928:
7918:
7745:
7703:
7329:
6780:
4802:
4736:
4683:
4670:
4604:
4538:
4423:
4132:
3328:
3031:
2729:
2452:
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various
2399:
2265:
2251:
2129:
2120:
2065:
1822:, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.
1611:
1161:, this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the
1103:
747:
739:
700:
543:
507:
427:
5804:
The rise of the Ottomans (Chapter 11) – The New Cambridge History of Islam
4749:
4687:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"
3281:
3249:
3237:
3225:
1653:, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the
1425:
649:. To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the
9449:
9315:
9274:
9205:
8910:
8799:
8742:
8665:
8615:
8502:
8478:
8367:
8205:
8123:
8101:
8077:
7923:
7913:
7609:
6920:
6468:
Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).
5677:
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman Empire, p. 33
3600:
3093:
3042:
2899:
2813:
2768:, most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923
2671:
2643:
2478:
2340:
2300:
2190:
region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the
2057:
1966:
1894:
1695:
1437:
1389:
1223:
1211:
755:
646:
595:
to rise around 120 m (390 ft), triggering the formation of the
369:
257:
4041:
2809:
1993:
belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions:
1806:
in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of
8845:
8814:
8635:
8630:
8294:
8255:
8217:
8135:
8008:
7893:
7888:
6450:
4621:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"
4027:
3074:
2991:
2695:
2530:
during the 15th century. It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or
2379:
2183:
1998:
1932:
1890:
1886:
1833:
1815:
1784:
1776:
1753:
1495:
1323:
884:
880:
495:
387:
Anatolia was an early centre for the development of farming during the
341:
293:
5322:– an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)
5200:
Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word
3748:
3277:
2140:, Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the
1457:
1408:
9470:
9292:
8951:
8925:
8855:
8833:
8826:
8605:
8382:
8316:
8212:
8035:
8018:
7903:
7898:
7872:
5495:
4978:
3398:
3273:
2753:
2679:
2465:
2427:
2281:
2187:
2145:
2125:
1986:
1958:
1901:, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.
1837:
1811:
1799:
1780:
1772:
1650:
1300:
in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the
1281:
1251:
1162:
1130:
743:
642:
624:
608:
588:
584:
487:
388:
353:
349:
329:
321:
281:
249:
70:
6278:
A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period
2725:
Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.
2565:
2311:. Large and prosperous urban centers of Byzantine Anatolia included
1384:. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous
1360:
The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the
856:
847:
8819:
8419:
8355:
8326:
8236:
8195:
8003:
7983:
7863:
7465:
6792:
3378:
3285:
3177:
3132:
2821:
2785:
2675:
2659:
2639:
2328:
2179:
2026:
1962:
1907:
The north-western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the
1729:
1566:
1507:
1441:
1420:
1411:, use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1335:
1327:
1322:
The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the
1289:
1138:
cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century".
1037:
1033:
868:
491:
479:
365:
253:
7475:
5046:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder"
4890:
Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
4385:
4003:
International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education
3289:
3245:
3233:
3205:
3185:
2998:
1032:" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient
763:
8791:
8524:
8414:
8372:
8260:
8072:
8067:
7996:
5312:
3388:
3373:
3253:
3241:
3217:
3193:
3115:
2884:
2515:
2473:
2469:
2423:
2320:
2316:
2071:
During the 6th century BCE, all of Anatolia was conquered by the
2034:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1841:
1807:
1748:
1668:
1654:
1619:
1607:
1523:
1519:
1445:
1430:
1369:
1275:
1235:
1126:
1095:
991:
954:
950:
945:) covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day
876:
872:
844:
503:
499:
471:
459:
377:
6206:"Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests"
2820:
as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around
2148:, the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful
1258:
from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the
637:. Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the
395:. Beginning around 9,000 years ago there was major migration of
9425:
9297:
8396:
8350:
8057:
8044:
7470:
6663:
6658:
6601:
5526:
3318:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3181:
2869:
2840:
2792:
2764:
populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the
2757:
2687:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2539:
2462:
2431:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2255:
2199:
2072:
1845:
1803:
1715:
1687:
1573:
1562:
1541:
999:
813:
803:
802:'(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "
766:, these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatolia Region.
675:
by the newly established Turkish government. In 1941, with the
373:
325:
261:
174:
95:
4439:
Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition
3143:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
2752:
almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of
1111:
9148:
9043:
8582:
7880:
7864:
5519:"Chapter 3: Urbanism – The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia"
5455:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 41, 37–66.
4617:
3561:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia"
3453:
3383:
3269:
3265:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3176:
The largest cities in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of
3136:
3046:
2825:
2519:
2312:
2186:
region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate Asia Minor and the
2087:
2079:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1898:
1849:
1819:
1818:. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based
1791:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1623:
1535:
1515:
1503:
1396:, and was continued and intensified during the period of the
1193:
1055:
in western Anatolia. The Romans used it as the name of their
934:
794:
788:
782:
245:
6558:
Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009.
6154:"Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests"
4097:
2434:. After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the
1641:, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent
1468:, however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-European
8177:
6317:(2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3408:
3393:
3257:
2938:
There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
2053:
1691:
1510:, a non-Indo-European people who had earlier displaced the
1414:
683:
based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern
600:
474:, central Anatolia. Ancient peoples in the region included
333:
73:, or it is the entirety of the Asiatic territory of Turkey.
6180:"Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests"
4551:
3086:: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate
3028:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
2414:
Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of
1149:
to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line, the
4350:
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide
4176:
4133:"Anatolia | Origin and meaning of the name Anatolia"
3728:
2949:
forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier
2178:
in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman
6467:
6435:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE)
3958:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 3.
3630:
Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-Webster; 편집부 (2001).
3532:
3084:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
2835:
There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatolia: the
2642:, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly
2056:(as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in
1957:, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian
691:, which largely corresponds to the historical region of
446:, while other, poorly attested local languages included
4305:
4303:
4189:
4155:
2407:, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.
1059:, comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby
364:
connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the
6553:
Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In Achaemenid Anatolia
6399:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood.
4918:
2791:
Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central
2709:
and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent
6586:
Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007.
6560:
Sacred Landscapes In Anatolia and Neighboring Regions
5202:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 246–66.
5198:
Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002).
5163:
Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices
4753:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia"
3784:"The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood"
3514:
3512:
1852:, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.
1671:, rose to prominence in central and western Anatolia
6574:
Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural Anatolia
6530:
Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991.
6370:
The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G
5453:
Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities
4960:
4958:
4484:
4300:
3955:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies
3299:
2094:, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the
961:
414:
language family, which were largely replaced by the
5688:
God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam
4906:
4869:
2025:spoken until the 7th century CE, local variants of
939:/ "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (
6024:"Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests"
5393:
5114:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
3743:
3741:
3739:
3509:
1694:), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the
1129:. Other contemporary sources called the same area
879:colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the
645:before that river bends to the southeast to enter
5657:Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
4955:
4464:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
3849:
3598:
2286:one of the first places where Christianity spread
2254:in 117 CE at its greatest extent, at the time of
1931:. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek
391:period following its origination in the adjacent
37:"Asia Minor" redirects here. For other uses, see
9591:
5850:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5700:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
5479:Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times
4436:
2976:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
2206:, except for the southeastern frontier with the
1133:. Geographers have used East Anatolian Plateau,
434:periods. The major Anatolian languages included
6432:
6128:"Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests"
5475:
5197:
4309:
4226:
3736:
3629:
3586:
2009:. Languages spoken included the late surviving
1927:, usurping the area of the related but earlier
1844:and the Scythians threatened to do the same to
1210:Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the
762:and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the
5501:
4437:Whitehouse, Harvey; Martin, Luther H. (2004).
2052:Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted
1802:relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was
1407:, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of
518:in the late 11th century, continued under the
9408:
7849:
6641:
6617:
5088:
5086:
4817:"Indo-European Daughter Languages: Anatolian"
4232:
3843:
3814:The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths
3603:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress
3292:. All have populations of more than 500,000.
3022:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
2770:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
2280:, otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or
1645:, subsequent to losing much territory to the
1067:came to use the name Asia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία,
975:
5337:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2734:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
2194:) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the
2174:in northern Anatolia, waged war against the
1542:Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)
835:
826:
6372:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
5942:
5018:
4346:
4239:The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names
3951:
3919:
3917:
3887:
3885:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3778:
3776:
3774:
2959:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2795:composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded
2594:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2526:were successively absorbed into the rising
2500:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire
1392:started to emerge during the period of the
1076:
981:
817:
807:
458:were spoken in the southeastern kingdom of
9415:
9401:
7856:
7842:
6648:
6634:
6588:The Geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia
6539:Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism
6271:
5961:
5918:"The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey"
5638:
5636:
5498:river were held only in the years 116–117.
5394:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010).
5083:
4991:
4924:
4286:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
3601:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography"
2156:; western and central Anatolia came under
1682:belonged to the same linguistic branch as
332:. It is the westernmost protrusion of the
59:
5565:
5559:
5543:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0004
5516:
5331:
4940:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10
4792:
4726:
4660:
4594:
4528:
4510:
3856:. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–.
3633:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
3625:
3623:
3621:
2721:, Latin America, and the rest of Europe.
2614:Learn how and when to remove this message
2284:. In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became
2217:
634:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
142:756,000 km (292,000 sq mi)
6555:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5967:
5574:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5266:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia
5103:
5101:
4938:Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon
4241:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
3923:
3914:
3882:
3801:
3771:
2997:
2929:
2915:
2779:
2625:
2494:
2409:
2378:
2375:List of states in late medieval Anatolia
2241:
2224:Christianity as the Roman state religion
2119:
2021:, Greek in western and coastal regions,
1747:
1498:in the south-east and the defeat of the
1424:
1415:Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)
1345:
1338:, up to the conquest of Anatolia by the
1187:
567:
514:of Anatolia began under the rule of the
6581:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
6544:Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995.
6443:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001
6281:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
6235:
5633:
5572:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5369:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
5359:
5284:
4971:
4948:
4946:
4912:
4887:
4881:
4073:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0009
4061:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
4054:
4048:
2670:regions and then fragmented during the
1183:
615:, which separated Anatolia from Europe.
14:
9592:
7578:
6413:
6394:
5943:Cemen, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, Yucel (2017).
5885:
5846:
5614:
5450:
4127:
4125:
4057:"The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia"
3618:
3592:
3533:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009
3520:
2732:until the early 20th century (see the
2106:, Persia regained control over Ionia.
1626:in the 6th century BC, was one of the
1479:The Hittites adopted the Mesopotamian
1296:, although linguists tend to favour a
758:connect the Armenian Highlands to the
9396:
7837:
6629:
6616:
6367:
6343:
6307:
6242:The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations
6102:"Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests"
6050:"Central Anatolian deciduous forests"
5936:
5797:
5156:
5107:
5098:
4985:
4875:
4857:from the original on 6 September 2015
4461:
4315:
4195:
3947:
3945:
3650:from the original on 28 November 2021
3526:
3478:Additional alternative names include
1942:
1565:) was built in the 4th century BC by
1014:), share the same linguistic origin.
980:derives directly from the Greek name
695:(named as such after the division of
7804:
7792:
6353:. London & New York: Routledge.
5978:from the original on 2 November 2013
5596:from the original on 6 December 2018
5580:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
5138:from the original on 6 December 2018
5122:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
4996:. Saudi Aramco World. Archived from
4979:"History of the Past: World History"
4943:
4281:
4275:
4263:from the original on 6 December 2018
4247:10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001
4207:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4098:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott.
4091:
3972:from the original on 10 October 2017
3465:
2592:adding citations to reliable sources
2559:
1472:) were themselves relatively recent
1334:spans from the emergence of ancient
1314:List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
1200:were erected as far back as 9600 BC.
974:innovation. The modern Turkish form
857:
848:
372:strait, and separates Anatolia from
5867:from the original on 2 January 2014
5806:. Cambridge Core. pp. 313–31.
5264:J. Eric Cooper, Michael J. Decker,
4122:
3759:from the original on 31 August 2021
3016:Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
2982:Central Anatolian deciduous forests
2630:Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06
1380:belongs to a distinctive family of
1307:
836:
827:
27:Peninsula of Turkey in Western Asia
24:
6490:
6295:from the original on 28 April 2021
6259:from the original on 28 April 2021
5998:"Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests"
5974:. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
5898:from the original on 24 April 2018
5828:from the original on 24 April 2018
5779:from the original on 10 March 2018
5749:from the original on 24 April 2018
5414:from the original on 16 April 2020
4367:from the original on 10 March 2020
3942:
3870:from the original on 11 March 2020
3671:
2994:(salt tolerant) plant communities.
2362:
2274:first division of the Roman Empire
2078:, the Persians having usurped the
1667:Another Indo-European people, the
1628:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1586:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1165:presence as part of the policy of
25:
9651:
6594:
5375:from the original on 9 April 2019
4143:from the original on 13 July 2017
4016:Études arméniennes contemporaines
4001:, Okan Yasar and Mehmet Seremet,
3680:from the original on 6 April 2002
3037:, oak forests and woodlands, and
2484:
2418:in Asia Minor (11th–13th century)
1649:and being finally overrun by the
1330:. The most ancient period in the
904:Praetorian prefecture of the East
9424:
9369:
9368:
8696:West South Central United States
7815:
7803:
7791:
7780:
7779:
7767:
7171:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6657:
6600:
6551:Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013.
5644:Muḥammad and the course of Islám
5397:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
5226:, Edwin Mellen, 2001, pp. 11–12.
5179:from the original on 19 May 2022
5157:Honey, Linda (5 December 2016).
4827:from the original on 13 May 2021
4353:. Wayne State University Press.
4347:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998).
4169:, ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican:
4110:from the original on 26 May 2007
4079:from the original on 12 May 2018
3812:Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004.
3302:
3131:. Broadleaf trees include oaks,
2966:Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
2892:
2877:
2862:
2564:
2438:'s legacy in the region was the
2347:variously attributing it to the
2202:, brought all of Anatolia under
1875:
1866:
1827:Cimmerian and Scythian invasions
1595:
1550:
1214:. Neolithic settlements include
8916:Latin America and the Caribbean
8782:Latin America and the Caribbean
7816:
6437:. Oxford University Press Inc.
6416:Encyclopedia of World Geography
6331:from the original on 5 May 2021
6245:. Ankara: Ministry of Culture.
6198:
6172:
6146:
6120:
6094:
6068:
6042:
6016:
5990:
5910:
5886:Genito, Bruno (1 March 2012) .
5879:
5840:
5791:
5761:
5731:
5718:
5705:
5693:
5680:
5671:
5662:
5649:
5608:
5521:. In Niewöhner, Philipp (ed.).
5469:
5444:
5426:
5387:
5353:
5325:
5306:
5278:
5258:
5239:
5229:
5216:
5191:
5150:
5074:
5065:
5038:
5012:
4930:
4839:
4809:
4751:Schjellerup (11 January 2024).
4743:
4677:
4611:
4545:
4478:
4455:
4441:. Rowman Altamira. p. 38.
4430:
4379:
4340:
4201:
4163:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4021:
4008:
3984:
3710:from the original on 2 May 2019
3636:. Merriam-Webster. p. 46.
3599:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995).
3165:
2549:
889:
5617:The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204
5494:. Fig. 1. Regions east of the
4559:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3722:
3692:
3665:
3472:
3041:of Turkish pine and evergreen
2934:Anatolia's dry central plateau
2804:confined to the deltas of the
2766:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922
2394:In the 10 years following the
2276:, Anatolia became part of the
2234:Christianity in late antiquity
1147:geographical regions of Turkey
734:(also the highest peak in the
13:
1:
9561:Related geographical features
6590:. London: Geological Society.
5812:10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.013
4462:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
3952:Hovannisian, Richard (2007).
3497:
2911:
2812:and the valley floors of the
2514:emerged as great power under
1672:
1488:
1401:
1294:Indo-European language family
953:, but ruled from the city of
577:
9615:Historical regions in Turkey
9610:Geography of the Middle East
8378:Middle East and North Africa
8083:Middle East and North Africa
7662:Intangible cultural heritage
7008:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6840:Proclamation of the republic
6565:Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999.
6521:Resources in other libraries
6368:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008).
5108:Yavuz, Mehmet Fatih (2010).
4992:Paul Lunde (May–June 1980).
4408:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.008
4282:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015).
4233:Everett-Heath, John (2018).
4173:, 1952, pp. 59 ff.
3502:
3349:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
3161:spp.) woodlands and steppes.
3045:trees and shrubs, including
3010:of northern Anatolia, Turkey
2430:garrison was stationed near
2388:Byzantine-Arab frontier zone
1466:Proto-Indo-European homeland
1326:and continue throughout the
1155:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1110:in 1077. Thus (land of the)
1024:Place name changes in Turkey
789:
769:
730:The highest mountain in the
657:and the Mesopotamian plain.
557:
7:
6933:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
6546:The Royal Roads of Anatolia
6534:. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.
6395:Howard, Douglas A. (2016).
6314:The Kingdom of the Hittites
5713:Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu
5517:Niewöhner, Philipp (2017).
5116:. Oxford University Press.
4952:Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq
4892:. Oxford University Press.
4310:Steadman & McMahon 2011
4137:Online Etymology Dictionary
3895:. Clarendon Press, 266 pp.
3838:10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327
3587:Steadman & McMahon 2011
3550:Central Intelligence Agency
3295:
2736:). During World War I, the
2717:, the southern part of the
2357:Arab invasion of the Levant
2238:Crisis of the Third Century
2102:(387 BCE), which ended the
2031:Galatian variant of Gaulish
1637:After 1180 BCE, during the
1318:Ancient regions of Anatolia
1264:early farmers from Anatolia
1012:Patriarch of Constantinople
1008:Anatolius of Constantinople
1002:, all stemming from saints
902:(306–337), who created the
397:Anatolian Neolithic Farmers
39:Asia Minor (disambiguation)
10:
9656:
8671:Northeastern United States
6764:Conquest of Constantinople
6583:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6576:. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
6569:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
6567:Essays On Ancient Anatolia
6532:Anatolia: A World Heritage
6228:
6076:"Central Anatolian steppe"
5853:. Basic Books. p. 5.
5800:"The rise of the Ottomans"
5739:"Osman I | Ottoman sultan"
5290:Ancient History from Coins
5094:The World of Ancient Times
5051:World History Encyclopedia
5025:World History Encyclopedia
4777:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0
4711:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6
4512:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7
4388:Journal of Human Evolution
3850:Philipp Niewohner (2017).
3169:
2943:temperate broadleaf, mixed
2850:
2846:
2775:
2553:
2488:
2372:
2366:
2231:
2221:
2124:Sanctuary of the Kings of
2084:dominant dynasty of Persia
2041:in the homonymous region,
2037:until the 6th century CE,
1946:
1798:, Scythians and their own
1618:in Ephesus, built by king
1582:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
1483:. In the Late Bronze Age,
1418:
1349:
1311:
1268:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
1203:
1176:
1172:
1021:
935:
822:'to arise, to originate',
795:
783:
774:The English-language name
681:seven geographical regions
679:which divided Turkey into
599:. As a result, two former
561:
348:to the northwest, and the
177: (pop. 5,700,000)
36:
29:
9560:
9479:
9458:
9437:
9364:
9306:
9283:
9250:
9214:
9147:
9041:
8949:
8940:
8869:
8790:
8591:
8395:
8176:
8134:
8043:
8034:
7982:
7939:
7879:
7763:
7496:
7412:
7305:
7271:The constitutional system
7231:
7186:
7131:
7122:
7016:
6964:
6955:
6908:
6875:
6825:
6803:Second Constitutional Era
6788:Decline and modernization
6744:
6705:
6679:
6670:
6623:
6618:Links to related articles
6516:Resources in your library
5947:. John Wiley & Sons.
5847:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
5566:Thonemann, Peter (2018).
5165:. Routledge. p. 50.
4888:Freeman, Charles (1999).
4579:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9
3924:Sahakyan, Lusine (2010).
3891:Stephen Mitchell (1995).
1840:. The Cimmerians overran
1386:languages of the Caucasus
1364:in central Anatolia, and
990:). The Russian male name
982:
962:
540:North Caucasian languages
280:
275:
237:
228:North Caucasian languages
202:
186:
181:
170:
161:
156:
138:
101:
91:
86:
78:
58:
51:
32:Anatolia (disambiguation)
9157:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8156:Transantarctic Mountains
7254:Ministry of the Interior
7239:Administrative divisions
6798:First Constitutional Era
5769:"Orhan | Ottoman sultan"
5619:. Longman. p. 117.
5615:Angold, Michael (1997).
5476:Bennett, Julian (1997).
4030:Annales Botanici Fennici
3928:. Montreal: Arod Books.
2988:Central Anatolian steppe
2858:Temperatures of Anatolia
2808:, the coastal plains of
1639:Late Bronze Age collapse
1559:Theatre at Halicarnassus
1382:Hurro-Urartian languages
1342:in the 6th century BCE.
1167:Armenian genocide denial
1143:First Geography Congress
1017:
1010:(d. 458; the first
677:First Geography Congress
611:) were connected to the
456:Hurro-Urartian languages
9630:Physiographic provinces
9605:Ancient Greek geography
8906:Caribbean South America
7201:Parliamentary elections
7003:Eastern Anatolia Region
6998:Central Anatolia Region
6680:Ancient and Middle Ages
6572:Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004.
6562:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
6541:. London: I. B. Tauris.
6537:Brewster, Harry. 1993.
5968:Prothero, W.G. (1920).
5773:Encyclopædia Britannica
5743:Encyclopædia Britannica
5535:Oxford University Press
5439:Encyclopædia Britannica
5400:. John Wiley and Sons.
5251:2 November 2018 at the
4968:. Penguin Books, 1966.
4851:Encyclopedia Britannica
4645:10.1126/science.aav4040
4333:9 November 2013 at the
4221:A Greek-English Lexicon
4104:A Greek-English Lexicon
3571:Encyclopedia Britannica
2713:, and also towards the
2445:that was overthrown by
2301:Christian hagiographies
1937:Pre-Socratic philosophy
1814:and his son and regent
1763:, including all of the
1405: 20th century BCE
1376:remains unclear, while
1151:Eastern Anatolia Region
947:Central Anatolia Region
732:Eastern Anatolia Region
689:Eastern Anatolia Region
673:Eastern Anatolia Region
627:, coterminous with the
360:. Topographically, the
150:Eastern Anatolia Region
9480:Peninsulas in Anatolia
8681:Southern United States
8484:Scandinavian Peninsula
7372:Science and technology
7206:Presidential elections
6687:Prehistory of Anatolia
6579:Taracha, Piotr. 2009.
6414:McColl, R. W. (2014).
6210:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6184:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6158:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6132:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6106:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6080:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6054:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6028:Terrestrial Ecoregions
6002:Terrestrial Ecoregions
5434:Mithradates VI Eupator
5339:. Brill. p. 294.
4821:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3439:Seven churches of Asia
3172:Demographics of Turkey
3121:Juniperus foetidissima
3011:
2935:
2927:
2788:
2631:
2503:
2419:
2391:
2390:in the mid-9th century
2353:Byzantine–Sasanian War
2269:
2228:Spread of Christianity
2218:Early Christian period
2168:Mithridates VI Eupator
2164:remained predominant.
2133:
2029:in the northwest, the
1756:
1647:Middle Assyrian Empire
1433:
1206:Prehistory of Anatolia
1201:
1121:During the era of the
976:
970:ending, is probably a
818:
808:
723:population before the
719:(which had a sizeable
707:(Western Armenia) and
616:
422:as well as during the
406:spoke the now-extinct
313:
276:Additional information
195:
82:"the East", from Greek
9162:Antarctic Convergence
8701:Western United States
7367:Free trade agreements
7249:Intelligence Services
7046:North Anatolian Fault
6397:The History of Turkey
6212:. World Wildlife Fund
6186:. World Wildlife Fund
6160:. World Wildlife Fund
6134:. World Wildlife Fund
6108:. World Wildlife Fund
6082:. World Wildlife Fund
6056:. World Wildlife Fund
6030:. World Wildlife Fund
6004:. World Wildlife Fund
5892:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5318:17 March 2020 at the
5224:The Galatian Language
4847:"Anatolian languages"
4491:Nature Communications
4215:27 April 2011 at the
3997:13 April 2015 at the
3908:29 March 2017 at the
3674:"History of Anatolia"
3001:
2955:Mediterranean climate
2933:
2921:Mediterranean climate
2919:
2783:
2629:
2554:Further information:
2544:Knights of Saint John
2502:between 1359 and 1683
2498:
2489:Further information:
2413:
2382:
2367:Further information:
2245:
2232:Further information:
2123:
1919:. Beginning with the
1751:
1428:
1346:Hattians and Hurrians
1256:spread of agriculture
1191:
1022:Further information:
1004:Anatolius of Laodicea
864:'to rise, to shine'.
843:'to rise, to shine',
687:were placed into the
571:
9625:Peninsulas of Turkey
9471:Gelibolu (Gallipoli)
9459:Peninsulas in Thrace
9431:Peninsulas of Turkey
8223:Greater Central Asia
7751:World heritage sites
7276:Turkish Armed Forces
7161:Constitutional Court
7075:Flora and vegetation
7053:Environmental issues
7041:East Anatolian Fault
6988:Mediterranean Region
6609:at Wikimedia Commons
5798:Fleet, Kate (2010).
4184:Byzantium, a History
3824:. "Slavena", Varna,
3730:Güncel Türkçe Sözlük
3324:Anatolian hypothesis
2970:temperate rainforest
2923:is prevalent in the
2824:(Salt Lake) and the
2818:Büyük Menderes River
2799:, covered by recent
2588:improve this section
2278:Eastern Roman Empire
2142:Attalids of Pergamum
2047:Kartvelian languages
1857:Early Greek presence
1184:Prehistoric Anatolia
1145:in 1941 created two
960:The Latinized form "
621:Gulf of Alexandretta
574:Last Glacial Maximum
30:For other uses, see
9374:Continents of Earth
8901:Brazilian Highlands
8305:Indian subcontinent
8166:Antarctic Peninsula
7964:Southern Hemisphere
7959:Northern Hemisphere
7320:Banking and Finance
6938:History of Anatolia
6835:War of Independence
6827:Republic of Türkiye
6724:Battle of Manzikert
5371:. pp. 656–58.
4994:"The Seven Wonders"
4769:2024Natur.625..301A
4703:2023Natur.618..550S
4637:2019Sci...363.1230O
4631:(6432): 1230–1234.
4571:2019NatEE...3..765B
4503:2019NatCo..10.1218F
4468:National Geographic
4400:2013JHumE..64..380S
4186:, 2002, p. 32.
3820:15 May 2021 at the
3790:21 May 2021 at the
3782:Dimitrov P., 2003.
3755:. 26 January 2014.
3704:www.turkstat.gov.tr
3484:Anatolian Peninsula
3369:Empire of Trebizond
3098:, Cedar of Lebanon
2951:continental climate
2887:(southern Anatolia)
2396:Battle of Manzikert
2355:(602–628), and the
2349:Plague of Justinian
2303:of the 6th-century
2214:(54 BCE – 217 CE).
2212:Roman–Parthian Wars
2162:Hellenistic culture
2115:Alexander the Great
2100:Peace of Antalcidas
1973:; to the west were
1955:Classical antiquity
1921:Bronze Age collapse
1765:Syro-Hittite states
1761:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1743:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1736:Syro-Hittite states
1714:, all of which had
1643:Syro-Hittite states
1485:Hittite New Kingdom
1429:The Sphinx Gate in
1398:Old Assyrian Empire
1332:history of Anatolia
1302:Anatolian languages
1179:History of Anatolia
1159:Richard Hovannisian
896:Diocese of the East
894:), who created the
742:(5123 m). The
685:provinces of Turkey
583:, when the melting
564:Geography of Turkey
524:Republic of Türkiye
420:classical antiquity
408:Anatolian languages
382:Southeastern Europe
119: /
48:
9620:Peninsulas of Asia
9445:Anadolu (Anatolia)
9189:Great Barrier Reef
8810:Mainland Australia
7974:Western Hemisphere
7949:Eastern Hemisphere
7377:Telecommunications
7166:Court of Cassation
6867:Multi-party period
6776:Ottoman Old Regime
6697:Byzantine Anatolia
6692:Classical Anatolia
6548:. Istanbul: Dünya.
6474:. Academic Press.
5924:. 7 September 2023
5726:A Monetary History
5537:. pp. 39–59.
5000:on 13 October 2009
4198:, pp. 297–98.
3545:The World Factbook
3359:Doris (Asia Minor)
3344:Anatolian Shepherd
3012:
3002:A panorama of the
2936:
2928:
2902:(eastern Anatolia)
2872:(central Anatolia)
2789:
2728:Anatolia remained
2632:
2504:
2447:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2420:
2392:
2384:Byzantine Anatolia
2369:Byzantine Anatolia
2309:Theodore of Sykeon
2293:Later Roman Empire
2270:
2134:
2096:Greco-Persian Wars
2086:. In 499 BCE, the
2049:in the northeast.
2011:Anatolic languages
1949:Classical Anatolia
1943:Classical Anatolia
1757:
1752:Fairy chimneys in
1470:ancient Anatolians
1434:
1284:Anatolia has been
1202:
1006:(d. 283) and
949:, centered around
910:and spanning from
900:Constantine I
736:Armenian Highlands
639:Armenian Highlands
617:
572:Europe during the
358:Gulf of Iskenderun
340:to the south, the
67:Gulf of Iskenderun
46:
9640:Regions of Turkey
9587:
9586:
9581:
9580:
9390:
9389:
9270:Mediterranean Rim
9143:
9142:
9082:Mediterranean Sea
8936:
8935:
8889:Amazon Rainforest
8711:Canadian Prairies
8676:Pacific Northwest
8537:Iberian Peninsula
8513:Italian Peninsula
8322:Arabian Peninsula
8149:Antarctic Plateau
7909:Three/Four Worlds
7831:
7830:
7759:
7758:
7301:
7300:
7244:Foreign relations
7218:Political parties
7118:
7117:
6951:
6950:
6943:History of Thrace
6845:Atatürk's reforms
6736:Anatolian beyliks
6605:Media related to
6497:Library resources
6481:978-0-08-091908-9
6425:978-0-8160-7229-3
6418:. Facts On File.
6406:978-1-4408-3466-0
6379:978-0-231-14554-1
6273:Barjamovic, Gojko
5489:978-0-415-16524-2
5462:978-1-56859-155-1
5222:Freeman, Philip,
5019:Mark Cartwright.
4763:(7994): 301–311.
4697:(7965): 550–556.
4474:on 19 March 2021.
4448:978-0-7591-0621-5
3753:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
3643:978-0-87779-546-9
3488:Anatolian Plateau
3466:Explanatory notes
3354:Antigonid dynasty
3334:Anatolian leopard
3153:and Turkish Pine
3069:Quercus coccifera
3062:Arbutus andrachne
2853:Climate of Turkey
2750:Assyrian genocide
2738:Armenian genocide
2711:Kingdom of Greece
2688:Muslim Bulgarians
2624:
2623:
2616:
2556:History of Turkey
2524:Anatolian beyliks
2454:Anatolian beyliks
2416:Turkish invasions
2172:Kingdom of Pontus
2138:Macedonian Empire
2132:(1st century BCE)
2076:Achaemenid Empire
2045:in the east, and
1981:, and Caria; and
1783:, and swathes of
1616:Temple of Artemis
1610:was built by the
1604:Library of Celsus
1531:Ancient Egyptians
1444:were centered at
1372:. Affiliation of
1340:Achaemenid Empire
908:Late Roman Empire
778:derives from the
725:Armenian genocide
662:Armenian genocide
629:Anatolian Plateau
613:Mediterranean Sea
404:Anatolian peoples
344:to the west, the
338:Mediterranean Sea
316:), also known as
303:
302:
16:(Redirected from
9647:
9429:
9428:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9394:
9393:
9372:
9371:
9351:Global Southwest
9346:Global Southeast
9336:Global Northwest
9331:Global Northeast
9321:Global Heartland
9265:Indian Ocean Rim
8947:
8946:
8839:Island Melanesia
8525:Balkan Peninsula
8300:Himalayan states
8247:Russian Far East
8041:
8040:
7969:Water Hemisphere
7858:
7851:
7844:
7835:
7834:
7819:
7818:
7807:
7806:
7795:
7794:
7783:
7782:
7771:
7576:
7575:
7461:Cities and towns
7442:Turkish language
7397:Turkish Airlines
7213:Electoral system
7176:Council of State
7129:
7128:
7063:Waste management
6993:Black Sea Region
6971:
6962:
6961:
6916:Turkic migration
6862:One-party period
6731:Sultanate of Rum
6677:
6676:
6662:
6661:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6614:
6613:
6604:
6485:
6471:Rivers of Europe
6464:
6429:
6410:
6391:
6364:
6345:Bryce, Trevor R.
6340:
6338:
6336:
6309:Bryce, Trevor R.
6304:
6302:
6300:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5514:
5499:
5493:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5448:
5442:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5333:Dandamaev, M. A.
5329:
5323:
5313:Asia Minor Coins
5310:
5304:
5303:
5282:
5276:
5262:
5256:
5243:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5021:"Celsus Library"
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4962:
4953:
4950:
4941:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4514:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4470:. Archived from
4459:
4453:
4452:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4344:
4338:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4230:
4224:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4006:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3921:
3912:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3847:
3841:
3810:
3799:
3780:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3745:
3734:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3516:
3491:
3476:
3459:Turkic migration
3364:Empire of Nicaea
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3149:Pinus halepensis
3088:Taurus Mountains
3078:(Laurus nobilis)
3039:maquis shrubland
3008:Black Sea Region
3004:Pontic Mountains
2896:
2881:
2866:
2784:Salty shores of
2619:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2568:
2560:
2405:Sultanate of Rûm
2307:and 7th-century
2305:Nicholas of Sion
2263:
2249:
2192:Mithridatic Wars
2109:In 334 BCE, the
1929:Mycenaean Greeks
1879:
1870:
1677:
1674:
1614:in 114–117. The
1599:
1554:
1493:
1490:
1481:cuneiform script
1450:Hittite language
1406:
1403:
1378:Hurrian language
1374:Hattian language
1308:Ancient Anatolia
1135:Armenian Plateau
1108:Sultanate of Rûm
1106:, who founded a
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
985:
984:
979:
965:
964:
938:
937:
893:
891:
860:
859:
851:
850:
839:
838:
830:
829:
821:
811:
798:
797:
792:
786:
785:
705:Byzantine Empire
582:
579:
470:, was spoken in
393:Fertile Crescent
378:Balkan peninsula
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
63:
49:
45:
21:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9635:Regions of Asia
9590:
9589:
9588:
9583:
9582:
9577:
9568:Capes of Turkey
9556:
9537:Kapıdağ (Muğla)
9475:
9454:
9450:Trakya (Thrace)
9438:Main peninsulas
9433:
9423:
9421:
9391:
9386:
9360:
9302:
9279:
9246:
9210:
9139:
9128:South China Sea
9037:
8980:Central America
8932:
8865:
8786:
8738:Northern Mexico
8726:Northern Canada
8706:Atlantic Canada
8661:Mountain states
8587:
8442:European Russia
8435:Southern Russia
8391:
8344:Iranian Plateau
8172:
8161:West Antarctica
8144:East Antarctica
8130:
8030:
7978:
7954:Land Hemisphere
7935:
7875:
7862:
7832:
7827:
7755:
7574:
7570:Women in Turkey
7538:Law enforcement
7492:
7488:Life expectancy
7454:Islam in Turkey
7408:
7297:
7259:National Police
7227:
7182:
7114:
7105:Turkish Riviera
7012:
6969:
6968:
6947:
6904:
6871:
6850:Language reform
6821:
6740:
6701:
6666:
6656:
6654:
6619:
6597:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6491:Further reading
6488:
6482:
6461:
6426:
6407:
6380:
6361:
6334:
6332:
6325:
6298:
6296:
6289:
6262:
6260:
6253:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5888:"Halicarnassus"
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5861:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5822:
5796:
5792:
5782:
5780:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5650:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5590:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5515:
5502:
5490:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5408:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5365:"ARTAXERXES II"
5358:
5354:
5347:
5330:
5326:
5320:Wayback Machine
5311:
5307:
5300:
5283:
5279:
5263:
5259:
5253:Wayback Machine
5244:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5132:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4990:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4925:Barjamovic 2011
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4748:
4744:
4682:
4678:
4616:
4612:
4550:
4546:
4483:
4479:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4435:
4431:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4335:Wayback Machine
4320:
4316:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4231:
4227:
4217:Wayback Machine
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4171:Vatican Library
4160:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4053:
4049:
4026:
4022:
4018:volume 6, 2015.
4013:
4009:
3999:Wayback Machine
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3922:
3915:
3910:Wayback Machine
3890:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3848:
3844:
3822:Wayback Machine
3811:
3802:
3792:Wayback Machine
3781:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3672:Sansal, Burak.
3670:
3666:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3538:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3434:Seleucid Empire
3339:Anatolian Plate
3308:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3174:
3168:
3057:(Arbutus unedo)
3054:Strawberry Tree
3050:(Olea europaea)
2925:Turkish Riviera
2914:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2855:
2849:
2778:
2744:(especially in
2700:Greek Macedonia
2620:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2585:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2493:
2487:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2363:Medieval period
2268:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2240:
2230:
2222:Main articles:
2220:
2208:Parthian Empire
2170:, ruler of the
1951:
1945:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1810:, the Assyrian
1675:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:was one of the
1555:
1544:
1512:Palaic-speaking
1492: 1650 BCE
1491:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1394:Akkadian Empire
1358:
1350:Main articles:
1348:
1320:
1312:Main articles:
1310:
1272:demic diffusion
1208:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1026:
1020:
936:Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα
888:
772:
713:Eastern Armenia
709:Sassanid Persia
697:Greater Armenia
693:Western Armenia
666:Western Armenia
597:Turkish Straits
581: 5600 BCE
580:
566:
560:
468:Celtic language
368:strait and the
346:Turkish Straits
299:
209:
166:
143:
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
74:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9653:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9573:Bays of Turkey
9570:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9420:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9397:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9382:Physical Earth
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9221:
9219:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9194:Mariana Trench
9191:
9181:
9176:
9174:Atlantic Ocean
9171:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9153:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9135:Southern Ocean
9132:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9123:East China Sea
9115:
9114:
9113:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9057:Atlantic Ocean
9054:
9048:
9046:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8962:
8956:
8954:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8861:Remote Oceania
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8796:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8731:Western Canada
8728:
8723:
8721:Eastern Canada
8718:
8716:Central Canada
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8505:
8500:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8430:South Caucasus
8427:
8425:North Caucasus
8417:
8407:
8401:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8332:South Caucasus
8324:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8275:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8201:Aralkum Desert
8198:
8188:
8182:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7992:Africa-Eurasia
7988:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7838:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7687:Radio stations
7684:
7679:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
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7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7422:Turkish people
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7387:Transportation
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7303:
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7299:
7298:
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7288:
7283:
7273:
7268:
7267:
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7251:
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7241:
7235:
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7225:
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7192:
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7173:
7168:
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7152:
7151:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7095:National parks
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7029:Climate change
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6978:Marmara Region
6974:
6972:
6970:(west to east)
6959:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6883:Constitutional
6879:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6842:
6837:
6831:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6771:Transformation
6768:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6746:Ottoman Empire
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6715:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6610:
6596:
6595:External links
6593:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6524:
6523:
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6507:
6506:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6465:
6460:978-0195376142
6459:
6430:
6424:
6411:
6405:
6392:
6378:
6365:
6360:978-1134159079
6359:
6341:
6324:978-0199279081
6323:
6305:
6288:978-8763536455
6287:
6269:
6252:978-9751727565
6251:
6237:Akurgal, Ekrem
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6197:
6171:
6145:
6119:
6093:
6067:
6041:
6015:
5989:
5960:
5954:978-1118945018
5953:
5935:
5909:
5878:
5860:978-0465008506
5859:
5839:
5821:978-1139056151
5820:
5790:
5760:
5730:
5717:
5704:
5692:
5686:Peter Partner
5679:
5670:
5661:
5648:
5642:H. M. Balyuzi
5632:
5626:978-0582294684
5625:
5607:
5589:978-0198662778
5588:
5558:
5551:
5500:
5488:
5468:
5461:
5443:
5425:
5407:978-1405179362
5406:
5386:
5352:
5346:978-9004091726
5345:
5324:
5305:
5299:978-0415089920
5298:
5286:Howgego, C. J.
5277:
5257:
5238:
5228:
5215:
5208:
5190:
5172:978-1351875745
5171:
5149:
5131:978-0195170726
5130:
5097:
5092:Carl Roebuck,
5082:
5073:
5064:
5037:
5011:
4984:
4970:
4964:Georges Roux,
4954:
4942:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4899:978-0198721949
4898:
4880:
4868:
4838:
4808:
4742:
4676:
4610:
4565:(5): 765–771.
4544:
4477:
4454:
4447:
4429:
4378:
4360:978-0814327777
4359:
4339:
4327:pp. 34–35
4314:
4299:
4293:978-1400865581
4292:
4274:
4256:978-0191866326
4255:
4225:
4200:
4188:
4175:
4154:
4121:
4090:
4047:
4036:(2): 143–149.
4020:
4007:
3983:
3965:978-1412835923
3964:
3941:
3935:978-0969987970
3934:
3913:
3901:978-0198150299
3881:
3863:978-0190610470
3862:
3842:
3800:
3770:
3735:
3732:, s.v. Anadolu
3721:
3691:
3664:
3642:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3562:
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3493:
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3470:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Seven Sleepers
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Saint Nicholas
3421:
3416:
3414:Saint Anatolia
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3297:
3294:
3262:Afyonkarahisar
3170:Main article:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:, and dry oak
3155:(Pinus brutia)
3140:
3110:Abies cilicica
3081:
3043:sclerophyllous
3035:(Pinus brutia)
3025:
3019:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2851:Main article:
2848:
2845:
2777:
2774:
2742:Greek genocide
2719:Russian Empire
2707:Constantinople
2636:Russian Empire
2622:
2621:
2604:September 2020
2572:
2570:
2563:
2551:
2548:
2528:Ottoman Empire
2491:Ottoman Empire
2486:
2485:Ottoman Empire
2483:
2443:Eretna Dynasty
2364:
2361:
2297:Pilgrim's Road
2260:
2246:
2219:
2216:
2196:Hellenic world
2176:Roman Republic
2154:Roman Republic
2104:Corinthian War
1947:Main article:
1944:
1941:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1830:
1829:
1746:
1745:
1726:
1725:
1680:Their language
1665:
1664:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1576:(governor) of
1556:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1419:Main article:
1416:
1413:
1347:
1344:
1309:
1306:
1232:Boncuklu Höyük
1204:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1123:Ottoman Empire
1065:Late Antiquity
1061:Aegean Islands
1019:
1016:
972:Medieval Latin
931:Anatolic Theme
927:Byzantine East
892: 284–305
771:
768:
760:South Caucasus
660:Following the
605:Sea of Marmara
562:Main article:
559:
556:
520:Ottoman Empire
416:Greek language
362:Sea of Marmara
301:
300:
298:
297:
286:
284:
278:
277:
273:
272:
239:
235:
234:
204:
200:
199:
188:
184:
183:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:
157:Administration
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
64:
56:
55:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9652:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
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9611:
9608:
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9379:
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9324:
9322:
9319:
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9311:
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9305:
9299:
9296:
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9286:
9282:
9276:
9273:
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9258:
9257:
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9235:
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9228:
9227:
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9220:
9218:
9213:
9207:
9204:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9184:Pacific Ocean
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9118:Pacific Ocean
9116:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9072:Caribbean Sea
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9040:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9014:by population
9012:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8987:South America
8985:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:North America
8968:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8921:Southern Cone
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8896:Andean States
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8871:South America
8868:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8780:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8593:North America
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:Low Countries
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8533:
8532:South-western
8530:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8520:South-eastern
8518:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8498:Mediterranean
8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8464:British Isles
8462:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8362:
8361:Levantine Sea
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8053:Mediterranean
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7824:
7823:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7058:Air pollution
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6983:Aegean Region
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Turkification
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6759:Classical Age
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6719:Seljuk Empire
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6483:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5843:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5552:9780190610487
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5482:. Routledge.
5481:
5480:
5472:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5301:
5295:
5292:. Routledge.
5291:
5287:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:Norton, Tom.
5242:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5077:
5071:Melchert 2003
5068:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5026:
5022:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4878:, p. 12.
4877:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:(5): 380–98.
4393:
4389:
4382:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4312:, p. 466
4311:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4223:, on Perseus.
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4182:John Haldon,
4179:
4172:
4168:
4167:De Thematibus
4164:
4158:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:, p. 466
3588:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Pontic Greeks
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:Turkey portal
3300:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:Kahramanmaraş
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3106:, Taurus fir
3105:
3103:
3102:Cedrus libani
3097:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3065:, Kermes Oak
3064:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:United States
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:Greek Muslims
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2618:
2615:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2573:This section
2571:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:Halicarnassus
2533:
2532:Ottoman Turks
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:leaders, the
2509:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:Mongol Empire
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:In 1255, the
2417:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2398:in 1071, the
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2266:vassal states
2257:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:Roman control
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:Roman control
2155:
2151:
2150:Hellenization
2147:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:Ionian Revolt
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Ionian Greeks
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:Median Empire
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1670:
1663:
1660:
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1553:
1539:
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1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Assuwa league
1497:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Kurgan theory
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1395:
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1367:
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1357:
1353:
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1105:
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1058:
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1053:Assuwa league
1050:
1046:
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1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
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1001:
997:
994:, the French
993:
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593:Mediterranean
590:
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545:
541:
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521:
517:
516:Seljuk Empire
513:
512:Turkification
509:
508:Aeolic Greeks
505:
501:
498:, as well as
497:
493:
489:
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412:Indo-European
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287:
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271:
267:
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247:
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238:Ethnic groups
236:
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217:
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205:
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197:
193:
189:
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9444:
9380: /
9378:List of seas
9376: /
9341:Global South
9326:Global North
9260:Atlantic Rim
9199:Ring of Fire
9179:Indian Ocean
9169:Arctic Ocean
9111:Persian Gulf
9106:Indian Ocean
9087:Adriatic Sea
9052:Arctic Ocean
8884:Amazon Basin
8879:Amazon Plain
8851:Near Oceania
8651:Mid-Atlantic
8601:Aridoamerica
8561:Northwestern
8474:Northwestern
8447:Southeastern
8339:Greater Iran
8278:Southeastern
8273:Pacific Asia
8242:Pacific Asia
8230:Northeastern
8186:Asia–Pacific
7929:Fourth World
7919:Second World
7820:
7808:
7796:
7784:
7772:
7657:Illumination
7593:Architecture
7521:Human rights
7509:Universities
7427:Ethnic Kurds
7414:Demographics
7325:Construction
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6511:Online books
6501:
6470:
6434:
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6369:
6349:
6333:. Retrieved
6313:
6297:. Retrieved
6277:
6261:. Retrieved
6241:
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6209:
6200:
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6183:
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6162:. Retrieved
6157:
6148:
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6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6105:
6096:
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6079:
6070:
6058:. Retrieved
6053:
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6032:. Retrieved
6027:
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6001:
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5980:. Retrieved
5970:
5963:
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5938:
5926:. Retrieved
5921:
5912:
5900:. Retrieved
5891:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5849:
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5830:. Retrieved
5803:
5793:
5781:. Retrieved
5772:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5742:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5699:
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5687:
5682:
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5664:
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5651:
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5571:
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5389:
5377:. Retrieved
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5162:
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5113:
5093:
5076:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5049:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5014:
5004:12 September
5002:. Retrieved
4998:the original
4987:
4973:
4966:Ancient Iraq
4965:
4937:
4936:Carruba, O.
4932:
4920:
4913:Akurgal 2001
4908:
4889:
4883:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4850:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4820:
4811:
4760:
4756:
4745:
4694:
4690:
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4472:the original
4467:
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4432:
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4387:
4381:
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4349:
4342:
4322:
4317:
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4265:. Retrieved
4238:
4228:
4220:
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4183:
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4145:. Retrieved
4136:
4112:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4064:
4060:
4050:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4015:
4010:
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3986:
3976:10 September
3974:. Retrieved
3954:
3925:
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3872:. Retrieved
3852:
3845:
3795:
3761:. Retrieved
3752:
3729:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3703:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3667:
3659:
3652:. Retrieved
3632:
3605:. Retrieved
3575:. Retrieved
3569:
3553:. Retrieved
3543:
3487:
3483:
3480:Asian Turkey
3479:
3474:
3329:Anatolianism
3175:
3166:Demographics
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3125:
3118:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3032:Turkish pine
2961:ecoregions.
2940:
2937:
2906:
2834:
2829:
2790:
2730:multi-ethnic
2727:
2723:
2704:
2694:such as the
2662:and several
2633:
2610:
2601:
2586:Please help
2574:
2550:Modern times
2518:and his son
2505:
2451:
2421:
2400:Seljuk Turks
2393:
2345:
2290:
2271:
2252:Roman Empire
2166:
2135:
2130:Mount Nemrut
2108:
2070:
2051:
1952:
1906:
1856:
1831:
1826:
1789:
1758:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1666:
1661:
1636:
1528:
1478:
1453:
1435:
1359:
1321:
1298:later origin
1280:
1240:Göbekli Tepe
1228:Aşıklı Höyük
1209:
1198:Göbekli Tepe
1140:
1120:
1115:
1104:Seljuq Turks
1099:
1093:
1072:
1068:
1048:
1042:
1027:
987:
967:
966:", with its
959:
940:
926:
920:
866:
861:
852:
840:
834:'east' from
831:
812:'to rise', "
799:
775:
773:
756:Murat rivers
740:Mount Ararat
729:
716:
699:between the
659:
632:
618:
402:The ancient
401:
386:
330:Western Asia
328:situated in
317:
305:
304:
182:Demographics
171:Largest city
163:
146:Southeastern
43:
9356:Global West
9316:Global East
9275:Pacific Rim
9217:waterbodies
9206:World Ocean
9031:New Zealand
8911:The Guianas
8800:Australasia
8743:West Indies
8666:New England
8646:Great Lakes
8616:Mesoamerica
8503:Middle East
8479:Scandinavia
8368:Middle East
8206:Caspian Sea
8112:Great Lakes
8092:Sub-Saharan
8078:Middle East
7941:Hemispheres
7924:Third World
7914:First World
7867:'s primary
7810:WikiProject
7741:Video games
7533:Individuals
7526:LGBT rights
7516:Health care
7483:Immigration
7264:Gendarmerie
7223:Referendums
7139:Legislative
7036:Earthquakes
6921:Oghuz Turks
6810:Dissolution
6451:11693/51311
5982:6 September
5928:3 September
5728:, pp. 30–31
5361:Schmitt, R.
5057:17 February
4497:(1): 1218.
4114:20 February
3798:, 4, 52–57.
3714:2 September
3595:, p. 7
3593:Howard 2016
3577:29 February
3555:20 February
3521:McColl 2014
3094:Pinus nigra
2843:mountains.
2830:Konya Ovasi
2814:Gediz River
2806:Kızıl River
2748:), and the
2672:Balkan Wars
2644:Circassians
2542:) from the
2359:(634–638).
2351:(541), the
2341:Aphrodisias
2113:Greek king
2058:Mesopotamia
2039:Cappadocian
1967:Paphlagonia
1933:city-states
1895:Aphrodisias
1893:(right) in
1889:(left) and
1718:influence.
1676: 2000
1438:Mesopotamia
1390:Mesopotamia
1224:Nevali Cori
1212:Paleolithic
669:was renamed
647:Mesopotamia
587:caused the
532:Neo-Aramaic
424:Hellenistic
370:Dardanelles
258:Circassians
190:Anatolian (
126: /
102:Coordinates
9594:Categories
9097:Ionian Sea
9092:Aegean Sea
9062:Baltic Sea
8994:Antarctica
8846:Micronesia
8815:New Guinea
8773:Portuguese
8691:West Coast
8641:East Coast
8636:Bible Belt
8631:Appalachia
8310:Subregions
8218:Inner Asia
8136:Antarctica
8036:Continents
8009:Antarctica
7984:Landmasses
7894:Down Under
7889:Arab World
7873:subregions
7682:Newspapers
7667:Literature
7647:Folk dance
7548:Corruption
7432:Minorities
7360:Renewables
7315:Automotive
7124:Government
6855:Secularism
5922:archive.is
5600:6 December
5568:"Anatolia"
5273:0230361064
5209:0199245061
5183:8 November
5142:5 December
5110:"Anatolia"
5030:2 February
4876:Bryce 2005
4861:26 January
4831:26 January
4371:5 December
4267:5 December
4235:"Anatolia"
4196:Bryce 2009
3874:7 December
3832:, 91 pp.,
3830:954579335X
3796:Oceanology
3684:7 December
3566:"Anatolia"
3527:Cohen 2008
3498:References
3486:, and the
3429:Saint Paul
3419:Saint John
3127:J. excelsa
3075:Bay Laurel
2992:halophytic
2957:, contain
2947:coniferous
2912:Ecoregions
2696:Vallahades
2506:Among the
2373:See also:
2272:After the
2184:Aegean Sea
2111:Macedonian
1999:Cappadocia
1891:Tetrapylon
1887:Sebasteion
1834:Cimmerians
1816:Belshazzar
1800:Babylonian
1785:Cappadocia
1777:Cimmerians
1754:Cappadocia
1496:Kizzuwatna
1474:immigrants
1324:Bronze Age
1248:Köşk Höyük
1244:Norşuntepe
1216:Çatalhöyük
1069:Mikrà Asía
998:and plain
885:Diocletian
881:Aegean Sea
653:valley in
641:, and the
585:ice sheets
496:Cimmerians
342:Aegean Sea
318:Asia Minor
268:, various
230:, various
210:Minority:
18:Asia-Minor
9512:Karaburun
9293:Antarctic
9077:Irish Sea
9067:Black Sea
9026:Australia
8975:Caribbean
8952:continent
8926:Patagonia
8856:Polynesia
8834:Melanesia
8827:Zealandia
8805:Australia
8686:Southwest
8606:Caribbean
8383:Near East
8024:submerged
8019:Zealandia
8014:Australia
7904:Old World
7899:New World
7736:TV series
7694:Miniature
7637:Festivals
7553:Terrorism
7504:Education
7437:Languages
7281:Air Force
7196:Elections
7144:Executive
7090:Mountains
6957:Geography
6876:Overviews
6815:Partition
6781:Tulip era
6388:212893637
6335:7 January
6311:(2005) .
6299:7 January
6263:7 January
5496:Euphrates
4785:0028-0836
4719:0028-0836
4653:0036-8075
4587:2397-334X
4521:2041-1723
4416:0047-2484
4100:"ἀνατολή"
3503:Citations
3399:Pentarchy
3282:Çanakkale
3274:Zonguldak
3250:Eskişehir
3238:Adapazarı
3226:Balıkesir
2680:Albanians
2575:does not
2479:sovereign
2466:Ilkhanids
2449:in 1381.
2428:Ilkhanate
2282:Byzantium
2258:'s death.
2188:Black Sea
2146:Seleucids
2126:Commagene
1987:Pamphylia
1959:Herodotus
1913:Mycenaean
1838:Scythians
1812:Nabonidus
1781:Scythians
1773:Commagene
1651:Phrygians
1282:Neolithic
1260:migration
1252:Yumuktepe
1141:Turkey's
1131:Kurdistan
1098:Ῥωμανία (
923:Byzantine
770:Etymology
744:Euphrates
643:Euphrates
625:Black Sea
609:Black Sea
589:sea level
558:Geography
488:Armenians
484:Assyrians
476:Galatians
432:Byzantine
389:Neolithic
354:Black Sea
350:Black Sea
322:peninsula
294:UTC+03:00
282:Time zone
250:Armenians
224:Kabardian
203:Languages
196:Anadolulu
123:39°N 35°E
87:Geography
79:Etymology
71:Black Sea
9600:Anatolia
9547:Çukurbağ
9542:Bozburun
9517:Güvercin
8820:Tasmania
8768:Hispanic
8626:Northern
8573:Germanic
8551:Atlantic
8493:Southern
8454:Northern
8420:Caucasus
8356:Dead Sea
8327:Caucasus
8295:Southern
8288:Maritime
8283:Mainland
8256:Northern
8237:Far East
8196:Aral Sea
8119:Southern
8063:Northern
7786:Category
7724:Football
7709:Painting
7652:Folklore
7560:Marriage
7466:Istanbul
7449:Religion
7402:Railways
7392:Aviation
7330:Currency
7188:Politics
7156:Judicial
7132:Branches
7110:Wildlife
6900:Military
6888:Economic
6793:Tanzimat
6607:Anatolia
6502:Anatolia
6347:(2009).
6329:Archived
6293:Archived
6275:(2011).
6257:Archived
6239:(2001).
5976:Archived
5971:Anatolia
5902:23 April
5896:Archived
5865:Archived
5832:23 April
5826:Archived
5783:23 April
5777:Archived
5753:23 April
5747:Archived
5724:Pamuk –
5711:Artuk –
5690:, p. 122
5646:, p. 342
5594:Archived
5531:New York
5412:Archived
5379:21 April
5373:Archived
5363:(1986).
5335:(1989).
5316:Archived
5288:(1995).
5249:Archived
5177:Archived
5136:Archived
4855:Archived
4825:Archived
4803:38200295
4794:10781627
4737:37286608
4728:10266975
4671:30872528
4605:30988490
4539:30890703
4424:23481346
4365:Archived
4331:Archived
4261:Archived
4213:Archived
4141:Archived
4108:Archived
4077:Archived
4042:23726860
3995:Archived
3970:Archived
3906:Archived
3868:Archived
3818:Archived
3788:Archived
3757:Archived
3708:Archived
3678:Archived
3648:Archived
3540:"Turkey"
3379:Lycaonia
3296:See also
3286:Osmaniye
3178:Istanbul
3159:(Quercus
3133:hornbeam
2839:and the
2822:Lake Tuz
2816:and the
2810:Çukurova
2801:deposits
2786:Lake Tuz
2762:Assyrian
2754:Armenian
2676:Bosniaks
2660:Chechens
2640:Caucasus
2538:(modern
2512:Ottomans
2386:and the
2329:Pergamum
2180:hegemony
2144:and the
2043:Armenian
2027:Thracian
2023:Phrygian
2019:Pisidian
2015:Isaurian
1963:Bithynia
1796:Persians
1730:Arameans
1723:Arameans
1716:Hellenic
1567:Mausolus
1561:(modern
1522:and the
1508:Kaskians
1442:Hittites
1421:Hittites
1366:Hurrians
1362:Hattians
1356:Hurrians
1352:Hattians
1336:Hattians
1328:Iron Age
1290:homeland
1286:proposed
1163:Armenian
1153:and the
1086:the East
1057:province
1038:Hittites
1034:Hattians
963:Anatolia
800:anatello
796:ἀνατέλλω
776:Anatolia
721:Armenian
607:and the
548:Georgian
536:Armenian
492:Hattians
480:Hurrians
464:Galatian
462:, while
448:Phrygian
366:Bosporus
306:Anatolia
254:Chechens
216:Armenian
92:Location
47:Anatolia
9502:Kapıdağ
9497:Armutlu
9492:Kocaeli
9487:Boztepe
9466:Çatalca
9021:Oceania
9009:by area
8965:America
8942:Islands
8792:Oceania
8656:Midwest
8611:Central
8578:Romance
8546:Western
8415:Balkans
8410:Eastern
8405:Central
8373:Mashriq
8317:Western
8261:Siberia
8213:Eastern
8191:Central
8124:Western
8097:Central
8073:Mashriq
8068:Maghreb
8058:Saharan
8004:America
7997:Eurasia
7869:regions
7822:Outline
7798:Commons
7731:Theater
7714:Pottery
7630:Ottoman
7625:Cuisine
7603:Ottoman
7580:Culture
7565:Poverty
7497:Society
7382:Tourism
7335:Defense
7307:Economy
7149:Cabinet
7080:Geology
7024:Climate
6966:Regions
6893:Ottoman
6711:Beyliks
6707:Seljuks
6672:History
6229:Sources
5702:, p. 13
5659:, p. 83
5418:20 June
5275:, p. 14
4765:Bibcode
4699:Bibcode
4662:6436108
4633:Bibcode
4625:Science
4596:6520225
4567:Bibcode
4530:6425003
4499:Bibcode
4396:Bibcode
4005:, 2007.
3389:Miletus
3374:Gordium
3278:Kütahya
3254:Trabzon
3242:Denizli
3218:Kayseri
3194:Antalya
3116:juniper
3006:in the
2885:Antalya
2847:Climate
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2797:troughs
2776:Geology
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2596:removed
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2321:Miletus
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1292:of the
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1127:Armenia
1116:Turchia
1100:Rōmanía
1096:endonym
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5984:2013
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