212:
77:
2601:
2490:
2590:
264:
4684:
4694:
2612:
3514:
3564:
634:
187:
4704:
4714:
3502:
2079:
1489:
originated sometime in the first three centuries CE, in either southwestern
Mesopotamia or the Syro-Palestinian area. However, some scholars take the view that Mandaeism is older and dates from pre-Christian times. Mandaeans assert that their religion predates Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as a
1145:
or worked as soldiers, traders and merchants. The
Persians lived in various parts of the province; Persian garrison soldiers lived along the outer fringe of southern and western Asoristan, Persian noble families lived in the major cities, whilst some Persian peasants lived in the villages in the
1594:, and Rome's conversion to Christianity all led to an increase in Jewish immigration to Asoristan, and the region became the main center of Judaism in Late Antiquity. This set the stage for the composition of the major book defining
1530:(216–276), originated in 3rd century Asorestan, and spread across a vast geographical area. In some instances, Manichaeism even surpassed the Assyrian Church of the East in its reach, as it was for a time also widespread in the
1725:
the province of
Assyria formed by Trajan in 116 CE and abandoned by Hadrian (Eutr. 8. 2; Ruf. Fest. 14 and 20) corresponds to the later Sasanid 'Asorestan' with a new royal city at Ctesiphon.
992:
and kingdoms, with the 3000-year-old city of Assur being sacked in 256 AD. Some regions appear to have remained partly autonomous as late as the latter part of the fourth century, with an
1213:
Aside from the liturgical scriptures of these religions which exist today, archaeological examples of all three of these dialects can be found in the collections of thousands of
Aramaic
1146:
southern part. The native
Assyrians played a very active role in the province, and were found in the administrative class of society, as army officers, civil servants, and feudal lords.
1300:
The old
Mesopotamian religion of the indigenous Assyrians and Babylonians remained strong in places, particularly in the north, in Assyria proper. Temples were still being dedicated to
4743:
4758:
3946:
1077:
being finally abandoned. After this period, the indigenous
Assyrians became the ethnic, linguistic and religious minority in their homeland that they are to this day.
1019:. Asōristān was dissolved by 639 AD, bringing an end to over 3000 years of Assyria as a geopolitical entity, although it remained an ecclesiastical province within
4738:
684:
3422:
1543:
3975:
2224:. Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project. Chicago, USA: Mimesis Edizioni. pp. 75–8.
4245:
1089:
lived in the northern half while their brethren formerly known as
Babylonians lived in the south (though Assyrians and Babylonians, sometimes called
3859:
2530:
1538:
scriptures of the
Manichaeans have survived in their entirety, a long Syriac section of one of their works detailing key beliefs was preserved by
930:. Asōristān was largely identical with ancient Mesopotamia. The northern border is somewhat uncertain but probably went along a line from Anta to
988:
The
Sasanian Empire conquered Assyria and Mesopotamia from the Parthians during the 220s, and by 260 AD had abolished these independent Assyrian
1141:
dialects which still survive, as did the Jews and Mandeans. As the breadbasket of the Sasanian Empire, most of the population were engaged in
2264:
1456:
1691:
1182:. In addition, the indigenous peoples of Mesopotamia spoke non-written colloquial dialects of Eastern Middle Aramaic, descended from the
2187:
1333:
4748:
3863:
3314:
2569:
1843:
662:
2028:
1376:
among other places, during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, and traces would survive into the 10th century in remote parts of Assyria.
1249:
developed when cursive styles of Aramaic began to appear. The Mandaic script itself developed from the Parthian chancellery script.
4235:
2747:
2192:
3062:
3056:
3551:
2295:
2201:
2169:
1711:
3529:
3987:
3894:
2523:
1638:, was largely confined to the Iranian administrative class, and did not filter down to the Assyrian-Babylonian population.
1622:(270–350), who was influenced by both Manichaean polemic and Zoroastrian theology, studied in another Talmudic academy at
3889:
3397:
1400:), which at one time extended far beyond the confines of the by then defunct Sasanian empire and was the most widespread
4753:
4240:
4156:
3879:
3844:
3074:
1769:
847:, when these were conquered by the Sassanid Empire in the mid 3rd century AD these were reincorporated into Asoristan.
819:
by the Parthians, and this continued under the Sasanians. During the Parthian Empire much of the historical country of
620:
4284:
2136:
2100:
1933:
1887:
1814:
1781:
1668:
2600:
4372:
4357:
3953:
3941:
3456:
2257:
949:
The Parthians had exercised only loose control at times, allowing for a number of Assyrian kingdoms to flourish in
21:
4230:
4216:
3968:
3618:
2742:
2516:
2235:
1607:
615:
295:
2489:
1494:, a form of Aramaic. Two of their important religious texts, written between the 1st and 3rd centuries, are the
3834:
3137:
3122:
3104:
3080:
2985:
2810:
1440:
1257:
The religious demography of Mesopotamia was very diverse during Late Antiquity. From the 1st and 2nd centuries
605:
2991:
2952:
2866:
2737:
2373:
1448:
1206:, with estimates ranging from 577,000 to 1,000,000 fluent speakers, with a far smaller number of speakers of
655:
1873:
1137:
as the name of the province implies, descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians, speaking Akkadian influenced
3980:
3476:
3451:
3387:
3151:
2454:
435:
1550:
written in about 792. Like the Church of the East, the traditional center of the Manichaean church was in
906:
and Sasanian Empire, and was for some time the largest city in the world. The main language spoken by the
4529:
4294:
4257:
4189:
3958:
3461:
3407:
3270:
2968:
2687:
2662:
2656:
2579:
2250:
1591:
1575:
1389:
1289:
923:
59:
1447:
in Christianity, composed around the year 200 AD. The Church of the East was consolidated in 410 at the
1202:
in the 8th century BC. These Aramaic dialects still survive in their modern forms to this day among the
4707:
4382:
4362:
4204:
4194:
4184:
3884:
3874:
3653:
3471:
2693:
2378:
2337:
2124:
1578:
came to prominence in the 3rd century CE as a center of Jewish scholarship owing to the decline of the
1393:
355:
3116:
1610:
were all established relatively near to Seleucia-Ctesiphon. The first Talmudic academy was founded in
4334:
4179:
3749:
3544:
2474:
2414:
1603:
1179:
1155:
1138:
1008:
911:
773:
142:
129:
2429:
1743:
4421:
4392:
4036:
3392:
2930:
2681:
2444:
2357:
2229:
1397:
648:
460:
243:
2589:
2128:
4649:
4397:
4061:
3794:
3481:
3015:
3003:
2876:
2775:
2331:
2092:
1506:). The Mandaean population numbers between 60,000 and 100,000 today. Mandaeism flourished in the
679:
380:
1097:
and historical sense, hence the Parthians and Sassanids dubbing them collectively as Assyrian).
4352:
4211:
4081:
4056:
3926:
3678:
3236:
2848:
2650:
2644:
2552:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
1285:
993:
927:
798:
761:. The region was also called several other names, mostly relating to its Assyrian inhabitants:
588:
490:
390:
2752:
1773:
4717:
4456:
4324:
3936:
3809:
3788:
3708:
3668:
3559:
2860:
2836:
1703:
1587:
1499:
1281:
827:), however, lay to the north of Asoristan, in the independent Assyrian frontier provinces of
575:
400:
2116:
1761:
4551:
4433:
4367:
4329:
4225:
4151:
4146:
4071:
3919:
3537:
3443:
3429:
3377:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3086:
2780:
750:
116:
2611:
1851:
76:
8:
4493:
4451:
4377:
4252:
4174:
3703:
3673:
3658:
3518:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3347:
3265:
3027:
2936:
2854:
2842:
2790:
2785:
2625:
2605:
2564:
2117:
1969:
YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University
1258:
1199:
1187:
1163:
1020:
919:
758:
558:
395:
360:
4763:
4624:
4619:
4604:
4566:
4541:
4478:
4339:
4274:
3909:
3718:
3633:
3417:
3337:
3258:
3231:
2948:
2574:
1950:
1832:, Part 25. Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. Harper & Row, 1970. Page 115.
1798:
1731:
1551:
1539:
1444:
1428:
1385:
1325:
1028:
864:
530:
465:
420:
315:
205:
4466:
1875:
The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
4693:
4644:
4609:
4446:
4387:
4289:
4199:
4169:
4164:
4031:
4026:
4010:
3899:
3839:
3759:
3754:
3663:
3412:
3382:
3209:
3160:
3146:
2997:
2800:
2464:
2388:
2197:
2165:
2132:
2096:
1929:
1883:
1810:
1777:
1762:
1707:
1664:
1599:
1452:
1278:
1090:
1024:
950:
856:
716:
610:
475:
470:
365:
2053:
4536:
4471:
4461:
4135:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4046:
4021:
3357:
2942:
2795:
2767:
2673:
2636:
2352:
2305:
2242:
1925:
1699:
1595:
1503:
1491:
1478:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1214:
1207:
1183:
1167:
1094:
480:
3295:
4634:
4599:
4488:
4483:
4402:
4313:
4051:
3904:
3816:
3804:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3648:
3623:
3608:
3595:
3583:
3285:
3110:
2900:
2894:
2757:
2732:
2712:
2539:
2362:
2274:
2214:
2159:
1806:
1559:
1535:
1511:
1507:
1436:
1432:
1313:
1242:
1203:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1086:
1039:
915:
907:
903:
888:
860:
696:
600:
505:
495:
430:
425:
350:
300:
285:
252:
192:
63:
4614:
4589:
3869:
3799:
3506:
3165:
3092:
3068:
2956:
2727:
2722:
2479:
2439:
2419:
2325:
2155:
1988:
1764:
Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baháí̕ Faith
1635:
1583:
1555:
1527:
1369:
1274:
1043:
894:
876:
595:
535:
520:
440:
103:
1964:
4732:
4687:
4639:
4629:
4594:
4546:
4523:
4498:
4262:
4091:
4086:
3963:
3764:
3613:
3009:
2616:
2594:
1191:
1058:
510:
485:
290:
36:
23:
3275:
1065:, and continued to form the majority population of the north as late as the
4513:
4279:
4076:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3603:
3033:
1619:
1531:
1405:
1401:
1066:
1062:
978:
974:
962:
828:
570:
565:
540:
280:
4697:
4659:
4508:
4344:
4269:
4066:
3628:
3280:
2918:
2912:
2549:
2383:
2290:
1879:
1615:
1611:
1523:
1495:
1301:
1270:
1230:
1142:
1054:
1047:
966:
868:
832:
638:
453:
310:
1038:
peoples; at first Arabs arriving in the south, but later also including
263:
3774:
3246:
3241:
3039:
2399:
2367:
2300:
1618:(175–247) in about 220. One of the most influential Talmudic teachers,
1482:
1424:
1034:
After the Muslim conquest, Asōristān saw a gradual but large influx of
989:
790:
545:
515:
500:
328:
273:
4584:
4556:
4503:
4041:
3693:
3466:
3300:
3180:
3021:
2315:
2285:
1847:
1623:
1486:
1474:
1468:
1384:
Asorestan, and particularly Assyria proper, were the centers for the
1262:
1171:
1114:
1098:
899:
816:
704:
525:
375:
89:
4101:
3931:
3914:
3688:
3683:
3251:
3224:
3197:
3185:
3170:
2924:
2871:
2469:
2409:
2347:
2342:
1830:
The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present
1563:
1413:
1174:, and a dialect in the central region and among Jews, of which the
1110:
1106:
1102:
997:
958:
935:
836:
746:
413:
385:
370:
2508:
1477:, who are according to their traditions the original followers of
4561:
4518:
3698:
3643:
3513:
2906:
2828:
2708:
2449:
2434:
1357:
1337:
1305:
1266:
1195:
954:
884:
840:
820:
762:
700:
345:
4441:
4096:
3486:
3290:
3219:
3192:
3175:
2459:
2424:
2404:
2393:
2088:
1439:
version of Eastern Aramaic for its scriptures and liturgy. The
1373:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1329:
1309:
1226:
1175:
1122:
1035:
1023:. A century later, the area became the capital province of the
1012:
942:, the border then following the northern part of the swamps of
939:
931:
926:
was founded in Asōristān and it was an important centre of the
824:
766:
754:
340:
1951:
Continuity of Pagan Religious Traditions in Tenth-Century Iraq
4654:
3638:
3214:
3202:
3098:
2320:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1345:
1341:
1321:
1222:
1074:
1070:
1004:
982:
970:
943:
880:
844:
807:
335:
304:
2029:"The People of the Book and the Hierarchy of Discrimination"
1031:
for five hundred years, from the 8th to the 13th centuries.
3849:
3826:
3569:
3563:
1579:
1353:
1317:
1218:
1118:
230:
1261:
became the primary religion, while other groups practiced
1105:
dwelt in the far southwestern deserts, and minorities of
1073:
drastically reduced their numbers and led to the city of
914:
which still survives among the Assyrians, with the local
4744:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
1233:) retained the original "square" or "block" form of the
1292:
were probably the most numerous group in the province.
1133:
in Sasanian times. The majority of the population were
16:
Sasanian province in Assyria and Babylonia (226–637 CE)
1965:"The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans"
4759:
States and territories established in the 3rd century
2272:
1896:
1606:
in Asoristan between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The
1125:
element in the southern cities, still strong in the
1217:—ceramic artifacts dated to this era—discovered in
1053:The Assyrian people continued to endure, rejecting
1003:Between 633 and 638, the region was invaded by the
1000:reputedly ruling a part of Assyria in the 370s AD.
985:itself may have been independent during this time.
2012:
1490:monotheistic faith. Their language and script is
1085:The population of Asorestan was a mixed one, the
4730:
1796:
1164:Syriac Christians (Assyrians/Chaldeans/Syriacs)
815:, was shifted to include what had been ancient
788:. After the mid-6th century it was also called
4739:States and territories established in the 220s
2081:The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people
1427:. It sees as its founders the apostle Thomas (
938:was probably the southernmost point, north of
724:
81:Map of Asoristan and its surrounding provinces
3545:
2524:
2258:
2017:. Téhéran: Bibliothèque Pahlavi. p. 545.
656:
2548:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
2071:
1485:from antiquity. According to most scholars,
2114:
811:("land of"). The name Assyria, in the form
3552:
3538:
2531:
2517:
2265:
2251:
1170:in the north and then south and among the
663:
649:
75:
3860:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
2185:
2115:Gardner, Iain; Lieu, Samuel N.C. (2004).
1919:
1871:
1841:
1663:. Oxford University Press. p. 1008.
1658:
3684:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
2054:"The Mandaeans - Who are the Mandaeans?"
1696:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1685:
1683:
1404:church in the world, reaching well into
1295:
2193:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2077:
2033:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1962:
1956:
1661:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1654:
1652:
1650:
898:, meaning "Heart of Iran". The city of
4731:
2154:
2119:Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire
1902:
1704:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.882
1689:
1502:(preserving original traditions about
1457:Patriarchate of the Church of the East
1093:are essentially the same people in an
4419:
4311:
4133:
4008:
3581:
3533:
2512:
2246:
2222:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
1803:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
1680:
4713:
4655:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
2212:
2013:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1978).
1981:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1872:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2 February 2006).
1759:
1755:
1753:
1675:Asuristan or Suristan (from Assyria)
1647:
777:
725:
683:
4703:
2538:
2196:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2046:
1229:. While the Jewish Aramaic script (
1158:were in spoken and liturgical use:
887:", was the capital province of the
805:("Assyria") and the Iranian suffix
13:
2500:* indicates short living provinces
2179:
1963:McGrath, James (23 January 2015),
1690:Dalley, Stephanie (Dec 22, 2015).
1542:(a Church of the East author from
1121:lived throughout Mesopotamia. The
918:becoming an important vehicle for
902:served as the capital of both the
14:
4775:
2213:Frye, Richard (Oct 27–31, 2000).
2078:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002),
1908:
1790:
1750:
1629:
1534:. While none of the six original
1455:, which remained the seat of the
969:and the partly Assyrian state of
4749:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
4712:
4702:
4692:
4683:
4682:
3988:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
3562:
3512:
3500:
3457:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
2610:
2599:
2588:
2488:
1844:"Largest Cities Through History"
1451:, held at the Sasanian capital,
632:
262:
210:
185:
4467:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3890:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3880:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
3619:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
2108:
2021:
2006:
1942:
1379:
296:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
3750:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
3123:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2986:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
2190:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
2161:Iraq After The Muslim Conquest
2058:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests
1865:
1835:
1823:
1517:
1441:Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari
1162:mainly in the north and among
753:, and from the inscription of
1:
4009:
2867:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1989:"Mandaeanism | religion"
1641:
1634:The Sasanian state religion,
1608:Babylonian Talmudic academies
1576:Jewish community of Babylonia
1449:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1284:. Assyrian Christians of the
1080:
973:, and Assyriologists such as
4246:in ISIL-controlled territory
4134:
3477:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
3452:Assyrian Democratic Movement
2186:Rezakhani, Khodādād (2018).
1462:
1290:Assyrian Church of the East
1015:, it became the province of
7:
4420:
4312:
4157:Council of Representatives
3895:Weapons of mass destruction
3582:
3462:Assyrian Universal Alliance
2688:Assyrian Church of the East
2663:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
2657:Assyrian Evangelical Church
2580:Terms for Syriac Christians
2234:: CS1 maint: date format (
1842:Rosenberg, Matt T. (2007).
1698:. Oxford University Press.
1592:Crisis of the Third Century
1435:), and used the distinctly
1390:Assyrian Church of the East
1252:
1154:At least three dialects of
1149:
953:in the form of independent
924:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
4780:
3885:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
3472:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
2694:Ancient Church of the East
2338:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
2148:
2125:Cambridge University Press
1760:Buck, Christopher (1999).
1659:Nicholson, Oliver (2018).
1569:
1554:. Mani dedicated his only
1466:
1394:Ancient Church of the East
850:
611:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)
606:Republic of Iraq (1958–68)
4754:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
4678:
4577:
4432:
4428:
4415:
4320:
4307:
4142:
4129:
4017:
4004:
3825:
3742:
3594:
3590:
3577:
3495:
3442:
3313:
3145:
3136:
3049:
2978:
2885:
2826:
2809:
2766:
2707:
2672:
2635:
2624:
2586:
2557:
2546:
2497:
2486:
2281:
1920:Etheredge, Laura (2011).
1604:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1481:, are the last surviving
1180:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1069:, until the massacres of
1009:Muslim conquest of Persia
226:
164:
160:
156:
152:
139:
126:
113:
109:
99:
95:
85:
74:
69:
58:
53:
4236:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
4147:Administrative divisions
2992:Muslim conquest of Syria
2682:Chaldean Catholic Church
1398:Chaldean Catholic Church
1178:sub-variety is known as
797:The name Asōristān is a
3795:Mandate for Mesopotamia
3669:First Babylonian Empire
3519:Christianity portal
3482:Syriac Military Council
3081:Massacres of Diyarbekir
3016:Principality of Antioch
2969:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2776:Assyrian folk/pop music
2332:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2093:Oxford University Press
1797:Panaino, Antonio C.D.;
1602:, which was written in
1431:), and Saint Thaddeus (
1166:throughout the region,
1046:during the mid to late
710:
381:First Babylonian Empire
3954:Insurgency (2011–2013)
3875:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3679:Middle Assyrian Empire
3237:Al-Hasakah Governorate
3075:Massacres of Badr Khan
2849:Middle Assyrian Empire
2651:Syriac Catholic Church
2645:Syriac Orthodox Church
2188:"Mesopotamia, Persian"
1514:period in the region.
1286:Syriac Orthodox Church
1156:Eastern Middle Aramaic
1129:, was absorbed by the
1027:and the center of the
928:Syriac Orthodox Church
867:had been known by the
749:'s inscription on the
695:) was the name of the
391:Middle Assyrian Empire
143:Second Muslim campaign
4241:in post-invasion Iraq
3947:U.S. troop withdrawal
3709:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3105:Independence movement
2861:Post-imperial Assyria
2837:Early Assyrian period
2164:. Gorgias Press LLC.
1500:Mandaean Book of John
1443:is one of the oldest
1296:Mesopotamian religion
1282:Mesopotamian religion
516:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
486:Buyid amirate of Iraq
401:Neo-Babylonian Empire
130:First Muslim campaign
37:30.89472°N 47.57806°E
4190:Council of Ministers
4072:Mesopotamian Marshes
2781:Music of Mesopotamia
2728:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
2723:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1459:for over 600 years.
1388:(now split into the
863:(150 BCE – 225 CE),
616:Occupation (2003–11)
4452:Mesopotamian Arabic
4258:Freedom of religion
3704:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3674:Old Assyrian Period
3659:Neo-Sumerian Empire
3087:Rise of nationalism
3028:Jalayirid Sultanate
2855:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2843:Old Assyrian period
2786:Syriac sacral music
2606:Aramean-Syriac flag
2565:Assyrian continuity
1799:Pettinato, Giovanni
1445:Eucharistic prayers
1259:Syriac Christianity
1200:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1188:Tiglath-Pileser III
1021:Syriac Christianity
981:opine that ancient
920:Syriac Christianity
559:Early modern period
396:Neo-Assyrian Empire
361:Neo-Sumerian Empire
33: /
4383:Telecommunications
4358:Foreign Investment
4295:Wars and conflicts
4231:in pre-Saddam Iraq
4195:Presidency Council
3981:2019–2021 protests
3910:Invasion of Kuwait
3734:Sassanid Asorestan
3729:Parthian Babylonia
3724:Seleucid Babylonia
3719:Achaemenid Assyria
3634:Jemdet Nasr period
3507:History portal
2949:Church of the East
2738:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
2575:Chaldean Catholics
2156:Morony, Michael G.
2015:Etudes mithriaques
1948:J. Hämeen-Anttila
1582:population in the
1552:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
1540:Theodore Bar Konai
1386:Church of the East
1277:, and the ancient
1091:Assyro-Babylonians
1029:Islamic Golden Age
865:Achaemenid Assyria
859:(550–330 BCE) and
531:Jalairid Sultanate
466:Rashidun Caliphate
441:Sasanian Asorestan
431:Parthian Babylonia
426:Seleucid Babylonia
421:Achaemenid Assyria
316:Jemdet Nasr Period
206:Rashidun Caliphate
42:30.89472; 47.57806
4726:
4725:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4660:Mandaean New Year
4411:
4410:
4303:
4302:
4285:Political parties
4180:Foreign relations
4125:
4124:
4032:Lower Mesopotamia
4027:Upper Mesopotamia
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3760:Abbasid Caliphate
3755:Umayyad Caliphate
3664:Isin-Larsa period
3527:
3526:
3438:
3437:
3154:
3132:
3131:
3099:Assyrian genocide
2998:Abbasid Caliphate
2820:
2703:
2702:
2570:Assyrian diaspora
2506:
2505:
2273:Provinces of the
2215:"Mapping Assyria"
2203:978-0-19-866277-8
2171:978-1-59333-315-7
1713:978-0-19-938113-5
1600:Babylonian Talmud
1588:Jewish–Roman wars
1453:Selucia-Ctesiphon
1279:Assyro-Babylonian
1215:incantation bowls
1168:Classical Mandaic
1025:Abbasid Caliphate
951:Upper Mesopotamia
751:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
707:from 226 to 637.
673:
672:
476:Abbasid Caliphate
471:Umayyad Caliphate
436:Roman Mesopotamia
366:Isin-Larsa period
236:
235:
222:
221:
218:
217:
198:
197:
117:Sasanian conquest
4771:
4716:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4416:
4348:
4309:
4308:
4160:
4131:
4130:
4117:Sinjar Mountains
4107:Zagros Mountains
4047:Hamrin Mountains
4006:
4005:
3969:Mosul liberation
3942:Iraqi insurgency
3864:National Command
3853:
3689:Simurrum culture
3592:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3117:Post-Saddam Iraq
2943:Nestorian schism
2937:Christianization
2909:(132 BCE–244 CE)
2903:(247 BCE–224 CE)
2863:(609 BCE–240 CE)
2824:
2823:
2814:
2674:East Syriac Rite
2637:West Syriac Rite
2633:
2632:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2533:
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2519:
2510:
2509:
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2019:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1926:Rosen Publishing
1917:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1850:. Archived from
1839:
1833:
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1820:
1794:
1788:
1787:
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1757:
1748:
1747:
1741:
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1677:
1656:
1596:Rabbinic Judaism
1522:The religion of
1504:John the Baptist
1479:John the Baptist
1247:Mandaic alphabet
1239:Imperial Aramaic
1235:Aramaic alphabet
1184:Imperial Aramaic
1160:Classical Syriac
1095:ethno-linguistic
1011:; together with
861:Parthian Empires
779:
774:Classical Syriac
745:) is known from
728:
727:
687:
665:
658:
651:
637:
636:
635:
461:Islamic conquest
266:
256:
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214:
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26:
4779:
4778:
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4727:
4722:
4666:
4650:Public holidays
4573:
4424:
4407:
4346:
4316:
4299:
4158:
4138:
4121:
4052:Iraqi Kurdistan
4042:Euphrates river
4013:
3992:
3959:War (2014–2017)
3905:Operation Opera
3851:
3821:
3817:Arab Federation
3805:Kingdom of Iraq
3738:
3714:Fall of Babylon
3649:Akkadian Empire
3624:Samarra culture
3609:Hassuna culture
3586:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3528:
3523:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3434:
3309:
3286:Mardin Province
3149:
3128:
3111:Simele massacre
3045:
2974:
2939:(1st to 3rd c.)
2921:(64 BCE–637 CE)
2915:(66 BCE–217 CE)
2901:Parthian Empire
2895:Seleucid Empire
2887:
2881:
2877:Assyrian tribes
2845:(2025–1364 BCE)
2839:(2600–2025 BCE)
2818:
2816:
2813:
2805:
2762:
2715:
2699:
2668:
2627:
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2619:
2615:
2609:
2608:
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2598:
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2584:
2553:
2542:
2540:Assyrian people
2537:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2430:Nodardashiragan
2277:
2275:Sasanian Empire
2271:
2230:cite conference
2227:
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2217:
2204:
2182:
2180:Further reading
2172:
2151:
2146:
2139:
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2109:
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2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1918:
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1897:
1890:
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1828:
1824:
1817:
1807:Melammu Project
1795:
1791:
1784:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1688:
1681:
1671:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1572:
1548:Ketba Deskolion
1546:), in his book
1520:
1471:
1465:
1423:as well as the
1382:
1298:
1255:
1243:Syriac alphabet
1152:
1139:Eastern Aramaic
1135:Assyrian people
1127:Parthian period
1083:
916:Syriac language
912:Eastern Aramaic
908:Assyrian people
891:and was called
889:Sasanian Empire
853:
729:; also spelled
713:
669:
639:Iraq portal
633:
631:
626:
625:
601:Kingdom of Iraq
591:
581:
580:
561:
551:
550:
456:
446:
445:
416:
406:
405:
351:Akkadian Empire
331:
321:
320:
301:Samarra culture
286:Hassuna culture
276:
254:
247:
211:
193:Parthian Empire
186:
145:
132:
119:
80:
64:Sasanian Empire
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4777:
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4425:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4388:Transportation
4385:
4380:
4378:Stock Exchange
4375:
4373:Reconstruction
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Infrastructure
4350:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
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4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4212:Prime Minister
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4154:
4149:
4143:
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4014:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
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3983:
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3971:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:1991 uprisings
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Saddam Hussein
3867:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3800:Mandatory Iraq
3797:
3792:
3789:Mamluk dynasty
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
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3737:
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3706:
3701:
3696:
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3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Gutian dynasty
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3588:
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3574:
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3556:
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3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3413:United Kingdom
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
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3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
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3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
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3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3166:Nineveh Plains
3157:
3155:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3093:Adana massacre
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3069:Schism of 1552
3066:
3063:Ottoman Empire
3060:
3057:Safavid Empire
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3004:Emirs of Mosul
3001:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2946:
2940:
2934:
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2904:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2851:(1363–912 BCE)
2846:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2821:
2807:
2806:
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2798:
2793:
2788:
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2482:
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2472:
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2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:Padishkhwargar
2437:
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2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
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2181:
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2177:
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2150:
2147:
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2144:
2137:
2107:
2101:
2070:
2045:
2020:
2005:
1980:
1955:
1941:
1934:
1928:. p. 72.
1907:
1905:, p. 181.
1895:
1888:
1864:
1834:
1822:
1815:
1809:. p. 76.
1789:
1782:
1749:
1740:|website=
1712:
1679:
1669:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:Zoroastrianism
1631:
1630:Zoroastrianism
1628:
1584:Land of Israel
1571:
1568:
1556:Middle Persian
1519:
1516:
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1381:
1378:
1370:Nineveh Plains
1297:
1294:
1275:Zoroastrianism
1254:
1251:
1225:and southeast
1210:still extant.
1186:introduced by
1151:
1148:
1082:
1079:
1044:Turkic peoples
1042:(Kurdish) and
877:Middle Persian
852:
849:
726:𐭀𐭎𐭅𐭓𐭎𐭕𐭍
712:
709:
685:𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭
680:Middle Persian
671:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
642:
641:
628:
627:
624:
623:
621:Recent history
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Mandatory Iraq
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
576:Mamluk dynasty
573:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
536:Timurid Empire
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411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:Gutian Dynasty
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
308:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
272:
271:
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259:
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208:
199:
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178:
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150:
149:
146:
140:
137:
136:
133:
127:
124:
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120:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
104:Late Antiquity
101:
100:Historical era
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
72:
71:
67:
66:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4776:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4737:
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4719:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4689:
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4680:
4677:
4661:
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4656:
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4652:
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4638:
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4628:
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4613:
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4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
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4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:Iraqi Turkmen
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
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4450:
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4445:
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4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4404:
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4396:
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4389:
4386:
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4379:
4376:
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4371:
4369:
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4364:
4361:
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4351:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
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4323:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4159:(legislative)
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Syrian Desert
4090:
4088:
4087:Shatt al-Arab
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Faw peninsula
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Fall of Mosul
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:U.S. invasion
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Iran–Iraq War
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3848:
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3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Buyid dynasty
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Halaf culture
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:United States
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:Buyid amirate
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:Roman Assyria
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:(911–609 BCE)
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2758:Syriac script
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
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2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2617:Chaldean flag
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:Assyrian flag
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
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2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
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2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
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2256:
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2216:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2138:9780521568227
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2102:9780195153859
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1935:9781615303045
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1889:9781845110567
1885:
1882:. p. 6.
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1854:on 2016-08-18
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1783:9780791497944
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1670:9780198662778
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1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:writing, the
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:, founded by
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
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1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
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1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
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1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
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1303:
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1287:
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1280:
1276:
1272:
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1260:
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1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:lingua franca
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Turkification
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:. Asōristān,
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:
787:
783:
782:Bābēl / Bābil
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
640:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Seljuk Empire
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
450:
449:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
325:
324:
317:
314:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Halaf culture
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
245:
240:
239:
232:
229:
227:Today part of
225:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
191:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
138:
134:
131:
125:
121:
118:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
78:
73:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:
46:
4552:Christianity
4434:Demographics
4368:Oil reserves
4363:Oil Industry
4330:Central Bank
4226:Human rights
4152:Constitution
4097:Tigris river
4077:Persian Gulf
3785:Ottoman Iraq
3770:Qara Qoyunlu
3733:
3604:Ubaid period
3034:Qara Qoyunlu
2962:
2897:(312–63 BCE)
2628:Christianity
2310:
2221:
2191:
2160:
2118:
2110:
2080:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2014:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1972:, retrieved
1968:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1921:
1898:
1874:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1846:. New York:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1802:
1792:
1763:
1724:
1717:. Retrieved
1695:
1674:
1660:
1633:
1573:
1547:
1532:Roman Empire
1521:
1472:
1406:Central Asia
1383:
1380:Christianity
1299:
1256:
1221:, northeast
1212:
1153:
1084:
1067:14th century
1063:Islamization
1052:
1033:
1016:
1002:
987:
979:Simo Parpola
975:Georges Roux
963:Beth Nuhadra
948:
892:
872:
854:
829:Beth Nuhadra
812:
806:
802:
796:
794:in Persian.
789:
786:Erech / Erāq
785:
781:
769:
742:
738:
734:
730:
720:
714:
699:province of
692:
688:
675:
674:
571:Ottoman Iraq
541:Kara Koyunlu
281:Ubaid period
175:Succeeded by
174:
169:
18:
4708:WikiProject
4509:Marsh Arabs
4494:Circassians
4175:Foreign aid
4067:Mesopotamia
3629:Uruk period
3393:New Zealand
3388:Netherlands
3152:Settlements
3065:(1555–1917)
3042:(1453–1501)
3036:(1375–1468)
3030:(1335–1432)
3024:(1258–1335)
3018:(1098–1268)
2979:Middle ages
2919:Roman Syria
2913:Syrian Wars
2550:Middle East
2384:Kushanshahr
2291:Adurbadagan
2063:14 December
2038:14 December
1974:14 December
1903:Morony 2005
1880:I.B. Tauris
1544:Beth Garmaï
1524:Manichaeism
1518:Manichaeism
1496:Ginza Rabba
1271:Manichaeism
1231:Ktav Ashuri
1208:Neo-Mandaic
1194:of ancient
1143:agriculture
1055:Arabization
1048:Middle Ages
1007:during the
996:king named
990:city-states
967:Beth Garmai
869:Old Persian
855:During the
833:Beth Garmai
589:Modern Iraq
454:Middle Ages
311:Uruk period
253:History of
170:Preceded by
40: /
4733:Categories
4625:Television
4605:Literature
4567:Irreligion
4542:Secularism
4479:Minorities
4347:(currency)
4340:Corruption
4185:Government
3976:Insurgency
3775:Aq Qoyunlu
3596:Chronology
3276:Diyarbakır
3247:Tell Tamer
3242:Al-Hasakah
3138:By country
3050:Modern era
3040:Aq Qoyunlu
3012:(945–1055)
3006:(905–1383)
3000:(750–1258)
2815:(including
2791:Folk dance
2400:Machelonia
2368:Kadagistan
2301:Arbayistan
2127:. p.
1998:4 November
1993:Britannica
1858:2012-05-01
1772:. p.
1770:SUNY Press
1642:References
1560:Shāpuragān
1510:and early
1081:Population
857:Achaemenid
791:Khvārvarān
770:Bēṯ Nahren
743:Assuristan
546:Aq Qoyunlu
501:Al-Mazeedi
329:Bronze Age
274:Prehistory
28:47°34′41″E
25:30°53′41″N
4764:Ctesiphon
4645:Squatting
4610:Education
4557:Mandaeism
4526:/Turkoman
4504:Mandaeans
4489:Assyrians
4484:Armenians
4447:Languages
4335:Companies
4290:Judiciary
4200:President
4170:Elections
4165:Democracy
4011:Geography
3927:Sanctions
3845:2003–2011
3840:1968–2003
3835:1958–1968
3694:Babylonia
3467:Dawronoye
3398:Palestine
3328:Australia
3301:Tur Abdin
3181:Tel Keppe
3101:(1914–20)
3089:(19th c.)
3071:(16th c.)
3059:(1508–55)
3022:Ilkhanate
2971:(502–628)
2965:(226–651)
2963:Asoristan
2933:(116–118)
2888:antiquity
2886:Classical
2819:contexts)
2716:languages
2374:Khuzistan
2316:Balasagan
2311:Asoristan
2286:Abarshahr
2158:(2005) .
1848:About.com
1742:ignored (
1732:cite book
1692:"Assyria"
1624:Pumbedita
1487:Mandaeism
1475:Mandaeans
1469:Mandaeism
1463:Mandaeism
1433:Mar Addai
1402:Christian
1263:Mandaeism
1204:Assyrians
1172:Mandaeans
1131:Assyrians
1115:Armenians
1099:Nabateans
1087:Assyrians
900:Ctesiphon
895:Ērānshahr
817:Babylonia
813:Asōristān
778:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
739:Asurestan
735:Asuristan
731:Asoristan
721:Asōristān
705:Babylonia
693:Āsūristān
689:Asōristān
676:Asoristan
526:Ilkhanate
491:Marwanids
481:Hamdanids
376:Babylonia
90:Ctesiphon
54:Asōristān
4688:Category
4537:Religion
4514:Persians
4398:Railways
4393:Airlines
4275:Military
4136:Politics
4112:Wildlife
4102:Umm Qasr
3932:Iraq War
3915:Gulf War
3827:Republic
3780:Safavids
3743:638–1958
3444:Politics
3315:Diaspora
3296:Mazıdağı
3252:Qamishli
3225:Sanandaj
3198:Shaqlawa
3186:Bartella
3171:Qaraqosh
3147:Homeland
2945:(5th c.)
2927:(15–116)
2925:Adiabene
2872:Arameans
2827:Ancient
2801:Clothing
2743:Hertevin
2558:Identity
2470:Suristan
2455:Sakastan
2389:Khwarazm
2343:Garmekan
2321:Dihistan
1801:(2002).
1564:Shapur I
1512:Sassanid
1508:Parthian
1498:and the
1483:Gnostics
1429:Mar Toma
1414:Mongolia
1396:and the
1253:Religion
1245:and the
1237:used in
1198:and the
1150:Language
1111:Mandeans
1107:Persians
1103:Arameans
1017:al-ʿIrāq
998:Sinharib
994:Assyrian
959:Adiabene
904:Parthian
837:Adiabene
799:compound
747:Shapur I
717:Parthian
697:Sasanian
566:Safavids
506:Ayyubids
496:Uqaylids
414:Iron Age
386:Kassites
371:Simurrum
244:a series
242:Part of
60:Province
4718:Commons
4635:Smoking
4600:Culture
4595:Cuisine
4578:General
4562:Yazidis
4519:Solluba
4472:Persian
4462:Kurdish
4457:Aramaic
4422:Society
4403:Tourism
4314:Economy
4062:Islands
4037:Borders
3862: (
3852:present
3787:(incl.
3699:Assyria
3644:Subartu
3584:History
3430:Uruguay
3423:Detroit
3378:Lebanon
3358:Germany
3353:Georgia
3343:Finland
3333:Belgium
3323:Armenia
3271:Hakkari
3125:(2014–)
3119:(2003–)
3107:(1919–)
3077:(1840s)
2907:Osroene
2829:Assyria
2817:related
2811:History
2796:Cuisine
2768:Culture
2709:Aramaic
2696:(1968–)
2690:(1692–)
2684:(1552–)
2665:(1940–)
2659:(1870–)
2653:(1662–)
2450:Parthia
2435:Paradan
2405:Makuran
2306:Armenia
2296:Albania
2149:Sources
1719:Jul 29,
1570:Judaism
1492:Mandaic
1358:Nohadra
1338:Ninurta
1306:Shamash
1267:Judaism
1196:Assyria
1190:as the
1040:Iranian
955:Osroene
885:Assyria
851:History
841:Osroene
821:Assyria
763:Assyria
759:Paikuli
701:Assyria
521:Zengids
346:Assyria
141:•
128:•
115:•
86:Capital
70:226–637
62:of the
4698:Portal
4640:Sports
4615:Health
4590:Cinema
4442:Iraqis
4345:Dinar
4280:Police
4082:Places
3572:topics
3487:Sutoro
3408:Sweden
3403:Russia
3383:Mexico
3373:Jordan
3368:Israel
3363:Greece
3348:France
3338:Canada
3291:Mardin
3281:Elazığ
3266:Turkey
3259:Khabur
3220:Salmas
3193:Ankawa
3176:Alqosh
3113:(1933)
3095:(1909)
3083:(1895)
2994:(630s)
2988:(630s)
2753:Mlaḥsô
2748:Senaya
2733:Turoyo
2713:Syriac
2647:(518–)
2626:Syriac
2465:Spahan
2460:Sogdia
2425:Meshan
2394:Lazica
2379:Kirman
2363:Iberia
2348:Gurgan
2200:
2168:
2135:
2099:
2089:Oxford
1932:
1886:
1813:
1780:
1710:
1667:
1598:, the
1590:, the
1586:. The
1580:Jewish
1536:Syriac
1437:Syriac
1425:Aegean
1392:, the
1374:Harran
1372:, and
1366:Sinjar
1362:Kirkuk
1350:Edessa
1346:Arbela
1330:Nergal
1326:Tammuz
1310:Ishtar
1241:, the
1227:Turkey
1176:Judaic
1036:Muslim
1013:Meshan
940:Arabia
932:Takrīt
922:. The
893:Dil-ī
873:Athura
825:Athura
808:-istān
784:, and
767:Athura
755:Narseh
341:Hamazi
246:on the
4630:Music
4620:Media
4547:Islam
4499:Kurds
4325:Banks
4263:Women
4057:Lakes
3850:2011–
3810:Kings
3639:Sumer
3232:Syria
3215:Urmia
3203:Zakho
2480:Yemen
2475:Turan
2420:Media
2415:Mazun
2353:Harev
2326:Egypt
2218:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
1562:, to
1421:India
1417:Tibet
1410:China
1342:Assur
1322:Hadad
1302:Ashur
1223:Syria
1123:Greek
1075:Assur
1071:Timur
1005:Arabs
983:Assur
971:Hatra
944:Wasit
871:name
845:Assur
719:name
336:Sumer
305:Eridu
4530:Jews
4253:LGBT
4217:List
4205:List
3570:Iraq
3210:Iran
3161:Iraq
2957:1552
2445:Pars
2410:Marw
2358:Hind
2236:link
2198:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2065:2021
2040:2021
2000:2021
1976:2021
1930:ISBN
1922:Iraq
1884:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1744:help
1721:2024
1708:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1620:Rava
1612:Sura
1574:The
1528:Mani
1473:The
1419:and
1354:Amid
1336:and
1318:Adad
1288:and
1219:Iraq
1119:Jews
1117:and
1101:and
1061:and
977:and
936:Ḥīra
910:was
881:land
843:and
803:Asōr
715:The
711:Name
703:and
255:Iraq
231:Iraq
4585:Art
4270:Law
2953:410
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