Battle of Broodseinde

2011:

operated in a rational manner, when Ludendorff imposed another defensive scheme on 7 October. Boff called this narrative facile, because it avoided the problem faced by the Germans in late 1917. OHL sent orders to change tactics again days before Loßberg had issued orders to the 4th Army but he was blamed for them. Boff also doubted that all of the divisions in Flanders could act quickly on top-down demands for change. The 119th Division had been in the front line since 11 August and replied that the new tactics were difficult to implement without training. The tempo of British attacks and attrition meant that there was an increase of six divisions in the 4th Army by 10 October but that they were either novice divisions, deficient in training or veteran divisions with low morale after earlier defeats. The Germans were seeking tactical changes for an operational dilemma, because no operational answer existed. On 2 October, Rupprecht ordered the 4th Army HQ to avoid over-centralising command only to find that Loßberg had issued an artillery plan detailing the deployment of individual batteries.

1751: 1311:

and the sun began to dry the ground. The shorter intervals between attacks since then had several effects, allowing less time for either side to prepare and the Germans had to take more risks on the rest of the Western Front, to replace tired and depleted divisions in Flanders. German troops and ammunition trains overloaded the rail network in west Flanders, while more German artillery escaped British counter-battery fire and less time was available for wire cutting and pillbox destruction, although the Germans generally left these to give battle in the open. The British artillery preparation before Polygon Wood on 26 September, began 24 hours before the infantry attack. No formal artillery preparation was conducted before 4 October, except for the normal heavy artillery counter-battery fire and destructive fire on German strong-points.

1795:. On the right, the advance took Malta House and reached an intermediate line, where a small counter-attack was defeated. Fire from the church and the Brewery pillbox in Poelcappelle caused a delay but Gloster Farm was captured with the aid of two tanks and the red line (first objective) consolidated. Troops from the inner flanks of both brigades and several tanks entered Poelcappelle and then captured pillboxes beyond the east end. The left brigade had an easy advance to the intermediate line and then overcame small parties of German infantry concealed in shell-holes. A shelter was captured near the church in Poelcappelle amid sniper fire. Ferdan House was captured and the final objective consolidated. A defensive flank was thrown back to maintain touch with the 1677:

back into the British creeping barrage, while others retired in stages through Zonnebeke. Germans hidden in the ruins were rushed by the following Australian battalion, before they could shoot many of the Australians who had passed beyond. The Australians had overrun German troops from the 45th Reserve and the 4th Guard divisions, having forestalled the German infantry attack and then took several field guns along the way. The battalions pressed on beyond the first objective and reached the final objective east of Broodseinde village. The left brigade met snipers in Zonnebeke and then more fire from a large number of machine-guns in Daisy Wood. The brigade chose an old British trench to consolidate, about 200 yd (180 m) short of the final objective.

1527:) on the next day or the one after and for spoiling attacks between British offensives. These changes were incorporated in a 4th Army operation order of 30 September. Operations to inflict greater losses on British infantry under the instructions of 22 September were to continue, with more bombardment by field artillery and by using at least half of the heavy artillery ammunition allotment for observed fire on infantry positions, captured pillboxes, command posts, machine-gun nests, tracks and field railways. Gas bombardment was to be increased on forward infantry positions and artillery emplacements whenever the winds allowed. Every effort was to be made to induce the British to reinforce their forward positions, where the German artillery could engage them. 1618:

Joiner's Rest held them up. Reinforcements allowed the final objective (blue line) to be taken. A defensive flank was formed along Jolting Houses road and Jetty Trench, meeting the 21st Division to the west of Reutel. The left brigade had an easy advance to the first objective. As the attack continued some troops crossed into the area of the 1st Australian Division, causing a gap but the German defenders were not able to exploit this and the final objective was reached. Occupation of the In Der Ster plateau gave the two divisions observation over the lower part of the valley, enfilading ground on which any counter-attack from the south against the 1st Australian Division must move.

1609:. The right brigade advanced under heavy machine-gun fire and took Joist Farm before being obstructed by marshy ground and pillboxes to the right. British bombing sections attacked the pillboxes and cut off Juniper Trench to reach the objective. Fire from a blockhouse at the east end of Reutel caused a delay until it was knocked out by a tank and a counter-attack from the south-east was dispersed around noon by artillery and small-arms fire. The left brigade crossed the Polygonebeek and captured a portion of Juniper Trench and a pillbox. At Judge Trench the brigade consolidated; a further advance came under fire from Judge Copse but was able to dig in and hold the ground. By 1338: 1690:

by Alma and Judah House in the dip after a short delay. After a twelve-minute pause at this (first intermediate) objective, to give the New Zealanders on the left time to cross the boggy ground in their area, the two following battalions leapfrogged through, that of the right brigade taking many German prisoners from dug-outs along the railway embankment and reaching the red line quickly. After a delay caused by the British bombardment dwelling for nearly half an hour, the left brigade advanced up Gravenstafel Spur and then pressed on to silence several machine-guns in pillboxes on Abraham Heights. By

2090:

Corps) was repulsed at Burns House and Vacher Farm. Celtic Wood was raided again by a battalion of the 1st Australian Division on 9 October. There was anxiety among the British commanders about wet weather affecting operations again, just as the Germans appeared to be close to collapse. The increased tempo of attack allowed by the systematic planning, the decentralisation of responsibility from army to corps and divisions and the reduction of much of the planning to a routine, led to the time between attacks being further reduced. As optimism at the possibility of advancing over the Passchendaele

1988:, the German official history, referred to "... the black day of October 4". There had been an average advance of 1,000 yd (910 m) and the 3rd Australian Division moved forward up to 1,900 yd (1,700 m). The X Corps divisions had managed to take most of their objectives about 700 yd (640 m) forward, gaining observation over the Reutelbeek valley but had relinquished ground in some exposed areas. The British artillery fired a standing barrage for two and a half hours while the infantry dug in undisturbed and German counter-attacks were dispersed with artillery fire. 199: 1569: 1776:

Stroombeek. As night fell, the division relieved the New Zealanders in the divisional area and took more ground. In the centre, the division captured German posts west of the Stroombeek, before being held up by fire in the vicinity of York Farm. Eventually the advance was halted 300 yd (270 m) short of Vacher Farm. A renewal of the attack with reinforcements was not able to overcome German machine-gun fire. On the left, the attack was immediately hampered by massed machine-gun fire. Tweed House was captured and contact made with troops further north from the

1455: 155: 1592:

pillboxes as it advanced. After a long delay Cameron Copse was captured with the help of three tanks moving down the Reutel road. The final objective at Juniper Hill was reached but was then abandoned, due to being exposed to machine-gun and artillery fire. The attackers sidestepped to the north of the Reutel road and linked with troops from the 21st Division. German troops counter-attacked eight times and regained Polderhoek Spur, leaving the new front line along the west of Cameron Covert and just short of Château Wood.

1973: 45: 183: 141: 2020: 1579:(Bassevillebeek) spur. German counter-attacks and fire from Joist Trench and Berry Cottage then pushed the right flank units back to their start line. The left brigade was fired on from a pillbox and Lewis Farm, which had been missed by the bombardment and which hindered an attack on dugouts along the north end of Gheluvelt wood. The brigade dug-in in short of the final objective, Tower Trench was captured but then abandoned, also due to the fire from Lewis Farm. 168: 1915:, head of GHQ Intelligence, went from Haig's advanced headquarters to the Second Army headquarters to discuss the possibility of improvising exploitation of the victory. Plumer declined the suggestion, as eight fresh German divisions were behind the battlefield with another six beyond them. Plumer preferred to wait until the expected German counter-attacks had been defeated, as Haig had directed. German artillery fire was unsubdued and the defences of 1814:

Ferdan House was outflanked and the green line was consolidated amidst fire from 19 Metre Hill. The left brigade troops lost direction crossing the marshy ground about the Lauterbeek and were fired on from the flank as they reached a road beyond 19 Metre Hill. After an hours' pause the advance resumed but machine-gun fire stopped the attack and the ground already captured was consolidated. A German counter-attack at

2001:

in the mud was a Herculean task; accuracy and rate of fire were severely reduced in the poor visibility and unstable wooden platforms built to mount the guns as the ground turned to mud. In his anxiety to press on, Haig chose 8 October for the next attack, just when great care was needed adequately to prepare and although the attack was postponed for a day much of the field artillery was out of action.

1726:

When the infantry advance began, the German infantry who had assembled for their attack and been devastated by the British artillery barrage, were met after 200 yd (180 m). The German survivors were dispersed, many being killed in bayonet-fighting or taken prisoner before the New Zealand infantry found that they could cross the morass around the Hanebeek more easily than expected.

1681:

hill. The division was to assemble its attacking battalions in widely spaced lines due to the state of the ground, intending that the troops behind the initial waves were to escape a German barrage by being far enough behind the British front line. These areas were found to be under fire when the troops arrived, so they were squeezed up like those in the other divisions. The attack began at

1996:

wrote that the British advance had lengthened the front, which made the defence more difficult and that a counter-attack from Becelaere and Gheluvelt was necessary. In 2008, J. P. Harris wrote that the imminent German attack had backfired and that many of the extra men near the front line had been killed, the number German dead being unprecedented and the British took

1635:. The right brigade advanced beyond the first objective and had to fall back behind the British protective barrage to consolidate. The left brigade picked its way through marshy ground and tree stumps in Romulus and Remus Woods, north of Molenaarelsthoek and then outflanked a group of blockhouses, some troops crossing into the 2nd Australian Division area. 1130:. Capturing the ridge would probably take two more steps at three-day intervals, followed by another four days to repair roads over the captured ground. Haig explained that although it was not certain that the attack due on 10 October could be exploited, he desired the armies to make the arrangements, since they could always be used at a later date. 1307:

they encountered a reciprocal defence-in-depth, protected by a mass of artillery like the British green and black lines on 31 July and suffered many casualties to little effect. The tempo of the British operations added to the difficulty the Germans had in replacing tired divisions through the transport bottlenecks behind the German front.

1420:

conformed to this depth of advance and also attacked with one battalion for the first objective per brigade and two for the final objective, except in the II Anzac Corps, where two intermediate objectives were set for the 3rd Australian Division, because of the state of the ground with a battalion of each brigade for each objective.

1992:

Plateau to the eastern edge facing Passchendaele. Field guns closest to Passchendaele were 5,000 yd (2.8 mi; 4.6 km) from Broodseinde; for the battle of Messines, the safe maximum was 6,200 yd (3.5 mi; 5.7 km) for the 18-pounders and 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) for the 4.5-inch howitzers.

1927:

could be garrisoned by the German divisions behind the front. An attack on these positions would need artillery support, which would be limited, given that the British field artillery was behind a severely battered strip of muddy ground 2 mi (3.2 km) deep, firing close to the limit of their

1775:

Vale house and Winzig on the right fell quickly, then machine-gun fire slowed the advance and some New Zealand troops strayed across the divisional boundary, causing confusion around Albatross Farm and Wellington Farm. Once Wellington and Winchester Farms had been captured, the advance resumed to the

1741:

where it met the Ypres–Roulers railway, north to Kronprinz Farm on the Stroombeek began and a German battalion headquarters was captured in the Waterloo pillboxes. Calgary Grange and Kronprinz farm held out for a while longer but the final objective, after an advance of 1,000 yd (910 m) was

1689:

The leading battalion of the 10th Brigade on the left had edged so far forward that when the advance began, it was 30 yd (27 m) from the pillboxes at Levi Cottages at the top of the rise, beyond which was a dip then the slope of Gravenstafel ridge. The pillboxes were quickly taken, followed

1676:

as the Australian advance began. The 6th and 7th Brigades had to pass either side of Zonnebeke Lake and saw German troops opposite them rise from shell-holes and begin to advance. The Australian troops began to fire on the move and destroyed the first German wave, at which those to the rear retreated

1586:

was about to attack and was caught in the British bombardment. The right brigade was delayed by fire from the 37th Division area, believed to be from Lewis Farm and a defensive front was established facing the pillbox. The centre of the brigade were able to keep pace with the barrage and consolidated

1423:

The artillery plan had the first belt of creeping barrage beginning 150 yd (140 m) beyond the jumping-off tapes. After three minutes the barrage was to creep forward by 100 yd (91 m) lifts in four minutes for 200 yd (180 m), when the machine-gun barrage would begin, then

1306:

divisions, providing more support for the advance and consolidation against German counter-attacks. Divisions attacked on narrower fronts and troops advanced no more than 1,500 yd (1,400 m) into the German defence zone, before consolidating their position. When the Germans counter-attacked,

1125:

readied, in case of a general withdrawal by the Germans. Reserve formations of infantry, artillery, cavalry and tanks were to be made ready behind the Fifth and Second armies, to exploit a successful attack. Gough and Plumer replied over the next couple of days, that they felt that the proposals were

2000:

Most of the British objectives were captured by the combination of artillery and infantry and on the front of XVIII Corps twelve tanks had also been effective. The rains began again and the tactics being used by the British were unworkable in such conditions. Ammunition had to be carried further and

1995:

Jack Sheldon wrote in 2007 that tired German units had been rushed back into action to fill gaps, despite the risks. The 4th Army report for 4 October was accurate but the OHL communiqué of 5 October was full of lies to obscure the magnitude of the defeat. In his diary entry for 4 October, Rupprecht

1991:

Wet ground had caused some units to lag behind the creeping barrage, as well as reducing the effect of shells, many landing in mud and being smothered, although this affected German artillery equally. The British had great difficulty moving artillery and ammunition from the west end of the Gheluvelt

1902:

division, which advanced up Reutelbeek valley, took Reutel and Cameron Covert and reinforced Polderhoek Château, before being stopped by British artillery and machine-gun fire. Sparse and poorly aimed shell-fire, ineffective counter-attacks and disorganisation demonstrated the severity of the German

1830:

Farm, as it formed a flank along the junction with the 4th Division further south. As a German counter-attack forced back elements of the 4th Division, the 29th Division troops stopped them with flanking machine-gun fire and drove them back, allowing the 4th Division to regain the lost ground. North

1680:

In the II Anzac Corps area, the 3rd Australian Division had to assemble west of Hill 40 on the north side of the Ypres–Roulers railway, which had not been captured by the 3rd Division (V Corps) on 26 September. Delays in assembling were caused by German flares which illuminated the approaches to the

1419:

objectives were 1,000 yd (910 m) deep on a 2,000 yd (1,800 m) front. The first objective (red line) for the Anzac divisions was set just short of the crest of Broodseinde Ridge and the final objective (blue line) another 200–400 yd (180–370 m) beyond. The flanking corps

1040:

tactics, with objectives limited to what could be held against German counter-attacks, the British devastated the German defence, prompted a crisis among the German commanders and caused a severe loss of morale in the 4th Army. Preparations were made by the Germans for local withdrawals and planning

1734:

area further north (and from the Bellevue spur up the Stroombeek valley), delayed the advance until they were captured. More pillboxes at Boetleer were taken by the left flanking battalion of the 4th Brigade and the red line (first objective) was reached. A position near Korek was attacked, despite

1617:

The right brigade of the 7th Division advanced against light resistance to the first objective (red line) but came under fire from machine-guns in the 21st Division area. As the neighbouring division came up the 91st Brigade was able to resume its advance towards In der Ster Cabaret until fire from

1310:

The Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 20 September, was the first attack with the more limited territorial objectives developed since 31 July, to benefit from the artillery reinforcements brought into the Second Army area and a pause of three weeks for preparation, during which the clouds dispersed

1094:

on 26 September, which had captured much of the plateau and inflicted many casualties on the German defenders. The 4th Army had undertaken at least 24 counter-attacks since 20 September and several more after the Battle of Polygon Wood, particularly on 30 September and 1 October, when larger German

1895:

units were committed as reinforcements for the remnants of the front-holding divisions, suffering many losses from British artillery and machine-guns. The most successful counter-attack was made by an improvised force from the front-holding 19th Reserve Division and parts of the 17th Division, the

1647:

the advance resumed to the final objective (blue line) which was consolidated and outposts established in front of it, despite long-range fire from the Keiberg spur and a small rise north east of Broodseinde village. Attempts were made by parties of German infantry to counter-attack at noon around

1613:

most of the divisional objectives had been captured, giving observation to the south-east down the Reutel valley. Massed small-arms fire from the Polderhoek spur caused many casualties in the 64th Brigade on the right, which withdrew slightly to sheltered ground, without sacrificing the commanding

1578:

In IX Corps the 37th Division attacked with two brigades, the 19th Division on the right co-operating with an artillery and machine-gun barrage and a smoke screen. The right brigade pivoted on the southern flank amid much German small-arms fire but captured the first objective on the Tower Hamlets

1044:

After the period of unsettled but drier weather in September, heavy rain began again on 4 October and affected the remainder of the campaign, working more to the advantage of the German defenders, being pushed back on to far less damaged ground. The British had to move their artillery forward into

1878:

when the British bombardment swamped them. Reserve Infantry Regiment 212 of the 45th Reserve Division, supported by the 4th Guard Division, was caught in the open along with regiments from the 4th Bavarian Division; the Bavarians tried to counter-attack the Australians, who had overrun the German

1725:

fell between the foremost New Zealand troops and their supporting battalions. The division had a hundred and eighty 18-pounders and sixty 4.5-inch howitzers for its creeping barrage in front of the four deeper barrages fired by sixty machine-guns and the II Anzac Corps medium and heavy artillery.

1318:

was to be fired at zero hour, "practice" barrages were begun on 27 September and increased to two barrages a day from 1 October. Despite practice barrages as a ruse, "a very reliable agent" informed the Germans that an attack was coming from as early as 1 October. The battle was almost called off

1813:

The brigade on the right flank, took Kangaroo Trench but was held up on the first objective, by small-arms fire from Lemnos House. Troops on the extreme right combined with infantry of the 11th (Northern) Division to capture a pillbox on the Poelcappelle road. As they reached the next objective,

1707:, which lay diagonally across its path and reached the final objective. The 10th Brigade on the left was held up by fire from machine-gun nests in the New Zealand Division area, until they were taken by a party from the supporting battalion. The advance resumed under heavy fire from positions in 1347:

The attack aimed to complete the capture of the Gheluvelt Plateau by the occupation of Broodseinde Ridge and Gravenstafel Spur. This would protect the southern flank of the British line and permit attacks on Passchendaele Ridge to the north-east. The attack was planned for 6 October, to give the

2089:

On 5 October, the 21st Division captured a blockhouse and next day a reconnaissance by the 2nd Australian Division revealed Daisy Wood to be strongly held. On 7 October, parties from the 49th (West Riding) Division (II Anzac Corps) raided Celtic Wood and the 48th (South Midland) Division (XVIII

1729:

The 4th Brigade on the right took Duchy Farm and Riverside easily, paused to capture Otto Farm and then reached the first objective (red line) and dug in. Fresh battalions resumed the advance, captured two pillboxes in Berlin Wood, two unexpected pillboxes and then captured Berlin Farm. The 1st

1428:

minutes, it was to advance in 100 yd (91 m) lifts every eight minutes to the final objective. After another pause the barrage was to creep forward at hourly intervals for 1,500 yd (1,400 m) into the German defences. The defensive barrage by the first two belts from the field

2010:

official historians, many of whom were former staff officers, ascribed the tactical changes in the wake of the defeat of 26 September and their reversal after the Battle of Broodseinde on 4 October, to Loßberg. The other German commanders were exculpated and a false impression created that OHL

1591:

The battalion on the left attacked between the Scherriabeek and Reutelbeek towards Polderhoek Château, advancing 700 yd (640 m) with the assistance of a tank, before being halted and having to dig in. To the north, the left flank brigade was fired on from Cameron Covert and scattered

1498:

and Passchendaele. The German fortifications had been breached in several places since the start of the British assault on 31 July 1917. Ludendorff met the local commanders at Roulers on 29 September where the "complete breakdown" of the German defensive system was described to him; Ludendorff

1116:

to explain his intentions, in view of the victories of 20 and 26 September, the fine weather, disarray among the German defenders and the limited prospect of German reinforcements arriving from the Russian front. Haig judged that the next attack, due on 6 October, would conclude the period of

1844:

each map square was divided into four sections 3,000 sq yd (2,500 m). The observer used a call-sign of the map square letter then the zone letter to signal to the artillery. All guns and howitzers up to 6 in (150 mm) able to bear on the target opened rapid fire using

1642:

German field guns opened fire from the Becelaere–Broodseinde–Passchendaele road and were attacked and captured. Fresh battalions continued the advance, were fired on from Retaliation Farm and a German headquarters in a shell-hole. The troops advanced about a third of the way up the road from

1540:

in the area taken over from the Australians by X Corps. The 21st and 7th divisions and the neighbouring Australian battalion to the north forced most of the German infantry under cover in shell-holes and in no-man's-land, with massed small-arms fire. The German attack advanced a maximum of

1499:

ordered a strengthening of forward garrisons by the ground-holding divisions. All available machine-guns including those of the support and reserve battalions of the front line regiments, were sent into the forward zone to form a cordon of four to eight guns every 250 yd (230 m).

1713:

where the barrage had passed over. Troops on the right established several machine-gun posts and enfiladed the Germans further north while troops crossed into the New Zealand area and outflanked the German positions from the north. The final objective (blue line) was reached by

1299:

divisions as they counter-attacked, rather than against the local defenders. By further reorganising the infantry reserves, Plumer had ensured that the depth of the attacking divisions corresponded closer to the depth of the local German counter-attack reserves and their

1360:

were involved in the attack on a 14,000 yd (8.0 mi; 13 km) front. The original plan was to have the I Anzac Corps relieved after the Battle of Polygon Wood but the corps had fewer casualties and was fresher than expected and it remained in the front line.

1685:

with two brigades. The right brigade advanced quickly over the near crest, then paused on the first objective before advancing in section columns to the red line on the right, the left coming up after a delay caused by the Alma blockhouse and some pillboxes nearby.

1839:

Wind, rain and low cloud stopped long-range air operations and severely restricted the British air effort over the battlefield. British air observers sent 49 zone calls and observed artillery fire on 26 targets. (Zones were based on lettered squares of the army

2032: 1730:

Brigade attack on the left, veered north beyond the Hanebeek and was fired on from Aviatik Farm and Dear House, which were taken by a trench mortar and grenade attack. Fire from the Winzig, Albatross Farm and Winchester blockhouses, in the

1822:

to the north was filled as dark fell and German infantry assembling for a counter-attack were spotted and dispersed by artillery fire. A line from Ferdan House to Kangaroo Huts, west of Tragique Farm and 19 Metre Hill was consolidated.

2094:

increased, the faster attack preparations reduced the time available for artillery to prepare assaults and combined with the beginning of the autumn rains after 4 October, substantially to reduce British artillery support during the

1629:, they met the German 212th Infantry Regiment from the 45th Reserve Division and the 4th Guard Division in no-man's-land. The 1st Australian Division, advancing with two brigades, routed the Germans and continued the advance beyond 1086:(BEF) had transferred more guns and troops from the armies further south to reinforce the Second Army and force the Germans to defend the southern fringe of the plateau, diluting German artillery firepower. Broodseinde followed the 1514:

divisions, which were moved up behind each front division into the artillery protective line, which backed on to the forward battle zone, to launch earlier counter-attacks while the British were consolidating. The bulk of the

1424:

every six minutes to the protective line, 200 yd (180 m) beyond first objective. During the pause the barrage was to move 1,000 yd (910 m) further to hit German counter-attacks and then suddenly return. At

1885:

divisions were held back, battalions and a few regiments from the 8th and 22nd divisions at In der Ster, the 45th Reserve and 4th Bavarian divisions opposite Broodseinde Ridge and the 16th Division south of Poelcappelle.

3404:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 1078:). The unseasonal heavy rains in August had hampered British attempts to advance along the Gheluvelt Plateau more than German attempts to maintain their positions. The plateau ran along the southern edge of the 1665:

The 2nd Australian Division moved up to the front line during the night, amidst rain which began around midnight. Along with the 1st Australian Division it was caught in the German preparatory bombardment for

2080:

the highest loss in the Second Army. Fifth Army casualties for the week to 5 October were 3,305. Calculations of German losses by the British official historian have been severely criticised ever since.

1826:

The 29th Division was to attack astride the Ypres–Staden railway and form a defensive flank overlooking the Broembeek, with troops from two brigades. The right brigade took Chinese House and the '

1853:, which observed the flares of the attacking troops at the first and final objectives on much of the front attacked and provided the infantry with a measure of air support, despite the weather. 1323:. British military intelligence predicted the German defensive changes after the defeats of 20 and 26 September, in an intelligence summary of 1 October which led to the British being ready for 4013: 1845:

corrections of aim from the air observer.) Five battlefield reconnaissance flights, ten contact patrols and two counter-attack patrols of the ones attempted succeeded, particularly those of

1045:

the area devastated by shellfire and soaked by the autumn rains, restricting the routes on which guns and ammunition could be moved, presenting German artillery with easier targets. At the

1352:

time to prepare. Haig was anxious about the possibility of deteriorating weather and on 26 September, was able to order the date to be advanced by two days, because of the quick relief of

1939:). Birdwood wanted to wait until artillery had been brought up and supply routes improved; Godley preferred to advance north-eastwards, towards Passchendaele village. Lieutenant-General 1530:

Between 26 September and 3 October, the Germans attacked and counter-attacked at least 24 times. On 1 October, two regiments from the 4th Reserve and the 8th divisions and the 4th Army

1291:

The British tactical refinements had sought to undermine the German defence-in-depth, by limiting objectives to a shallower penetration and then fighting the principal battle against

520: 5555: 5570: 5754: 6217: 6187: 5652: 3319: 3692:. Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War. Vol. II (Online: New Zealand Electronic text Collection ed.). Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. 5289: 4460: 1388:

on a 1,400 yd (1,300 m) front further north up to Polygon Wood, to take Reutel and the ground overlooking the village. The two right flanking corps had

5731: 5759: 4273: 1605:

division between the Menin Road and Polygon Wood. The going varied from marsh to hard ground, which could support the four attached tanks and caused shells to

1799:

to the north, whose advance had been pushed back 400 yd (370 m) by German counter-attacks. A counter-attack in the 11th (Northern) Division area at

6212: 5947: 5674: 5366: 4331: 1555:), a bigger German methodical counter-attack, intended to recapture the area around Zonnebeke which had been planned for 3 October, was postponed for a day. 1041:

began for a greater withdrawal, which would entail the abandonment by the Germans of the Belgian coast, one of the strategic aims of the Flanders Offensive.

513: 2029:

A German officer wrote that the ordeal in the swampy area in the dark and the fog, was indescribable. In volume XIII (1942) of the German official history,

6054: 1943:(X Corps) proposed an attack northwards, from In de Ster into the southern flank of the Germans opposite I Anzac Corps, which was opposed by Major-General 1903:

defeat. The Germans had been reduced to a foothold on the Gheluvelt Plateau and the southern flank of Passchendaele Ridge had become vulnerable to attack.

1694:

all of the 3rd Australian Division was on the red line while "swarms" of German prisoners were taken by the brigade mopping-up behind the advanced troops.

1872:) planned for 4 October, was intended to recapture as much of the ridge on Groote Molen (Tokio) spur as possible. The German troops had assembled for the 6202: 6197: 5962: 5717: 296: 5957: 5647: 5598: 5513: 3511:. Document (United States. War Department) number 905. Washington D.C.: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 4018: 6207: 5801: 88: 750: 506: 159: 5642: 5007: 1144: 812: 369: 1750: 1721:

The New Zealand Division continued the attack with two brigades on a 2,000 yd (1,800 m) front. The German bombardment which began at

1621:

The main attack was conducted by the two Anzac Corps. When the I Anzac Corps was ready to attack, a German artillery bombardment fell on it at

4438: 4500: 1959:

but when reports arrived of a repulse of the 4th Division at 19 Metre Hill on the junction of XVIII and XIV Corps, the attack was cancelled.

1445: 6192: 5702: 5632: 5271: 4490: 4401: 2238: 1449: 393: 5726: 4624: 4078: 188: 4301: 4631: 3998: 1083: 733: 4283: 5952: 5884: 5722: 5709: 5666: 5575: 5301: 5110: 5017: 4919: 4677: 4324: 289: 6076: 6066: 5934: 2177: 1803:

was defeated and reinforcements allowed the new line to be established between the Steenbeek and the Langemarck–Winnipeg road.

1796: 1385: 1377: 467: 5848: 5782: 5619: 5498: 5171: 4197: 4053: 3982: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3676: 3657: 3634: 3615: 3596: 3570: 3542: 3496: 3477: 3428: 3409: 3387: 3365: 3346: 3327: 2266: 2258: 1583: 3441:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Dreizehnter Band, Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917

6023: 5443: 4235: 2250: 1932: 1117:

strictly limited advances. The following step would be a deeper advance, with provision made for exploitation. Haig wanted

3956:

A Brilliant little Victory: The 48th (South Midland) Division on the Western and Italian fronts during the First World War

1982:

The capture of the ridges was a great success and Plumer called the attack "... the greatest victory since the Marne" and

1066:

The Battle of Broodseinde was the third of the developed form of British bite-and-hold attacks in the Flanders Offensive (

5794: 4753: 4258: 220: 6008: 5993: 5283: 4692: 4450: 3885: 1049:

on 9 October, after several more days of rain, the German defence achieved a costly success, holding the approaches to

282: 233: 598: 6222: 5868: 5562: 5378: 4657: 4128: 1415:

objectives were 1,900–2,100 yd (1,700–1,900 m) deep, also on a 1,000 yd (910 m) frontage and the

551: 427: 3779:

McRandle, J. H.; Quirk, J. (2006). "The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I".

5120: 5055: 4093: 3826:

A Planned Massacre?: British Intelligence Analysis and the German Army at the Battle of Broodseinde, 4 October 1917

1947:

the 7th Division commander, due to uncertainty and the many casualties in the 21st Division on his right flank. At

1126:

premature and that exploitation would not be feasible until Passchendaele ridge had been captured as far north as

967: 237: 6119: 5924: 5904: 5691: 5627: 5450: 5319: 4230: 4150: 4088: 1082:

and formed an obstacle to further eastward attacks, preventing the Allies from advancing out of the salient. The

669: 4791: 1464:

From the middle of 1917, the area east of Ypres was defended by six German defensive positions, the front line,

5919: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5593: 4245: 4220: 4118: 2217: 2206: 2137: 1819: 1735:

being beyond the first objective and under British artillery fire. The advance to the final objective, between

1381: 1369: 1087: 422: 376: 5894: 5889: 5853: 5787: 5679: 5525: 5115: 4967: 4505: 4433: 4364: 4133: 4103: 4098: 3508:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

2262: 2254: 2117: 2100: 1731: 691: 432: 410: 615: 6227: 5843: 5470: 5410: 5307: 5212: 4982: 4768: 4472: 4311: 4210: 3402:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November, Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

1768: 1760: 1071: 790: 620: 6081: 5518: 5503: 5361: 5313: 5085: 4636: 4510: 4423: 4418: 4187: 4175: 4170: 2246: 2242: 1780:. Beck House was reached but further south the attackers were forced back. A resumption of the attack at 1329:(Operation High Storm), a big German counter-attack to recapture the area around Zonnebeke on 4 October. 1109: 990: 962: 942: 775: 530: 482: 381: 354: 4697: 632: 6182: 6061: 6018: 5295: 5060: 5045: 4947: 4816: 4384: 4296: 4253: 1806: 937: 927: 905: 839: 755: 745: 718: 546: 3439: 1831:

of the railway several pillboxes were captured by the left brigade and observation posts established.

477: 6003: 5771: 5355: 5343: 5105: 5090: 4811: 4702: 4396: 4374: 4123: 4113: 4046: 1365: 1118: 985: 957: 912: 895: 851: 765: 686: 642: 637: 487: 415: 319: 4957: 4019:

Order of Battle – France and Flanders 1917, Battle # 9 Order of Battle for the Battle of Broodseinde

1536:

under the command of General von Gabain (17th Division), attacked Polygon Wood. The attack began at

1337: 6177: 5978: 5465: 5455: 5384: 5337: 5325: 5265: 5080: 5075: 4997: 4406: 4379: 4083: 2188: 2159: 1777: 1412: 1405: 1401: 1373: 1353: 1029: 952: 890: 866: 770: 696: 364: 1662:

at the Keiberg spur, to the south of Passchendaele village, which were stopped by artillery fire.

6049: 6041: 5983: 5743: 5438: 5201: 5035: 5030: 4962: 4821: 4806: 4801: 4781: 4662: 4539: 3852:

British 21st Infantry Division on the Western Front 1914–1918: A Case Study in Tactical Evolution

2155: 1756: 917: 878: 856: 706: 647: 573: 359: 342: 306: 173: 5002: 4003: 5816: 5540: 5475: 5331: 5065: 4992: 4942: 4927: 4909: 4882: 4796: 4763: 4428: 4389: 4369: 4180: 4073: 3375: 2096: 1599:

onto ground held by the German 19th Reserve Division, backed by part of the 17th Division, the

1091: 1046: 932: 900: 861: 829: 760: 728: 701: 674: 583: 462: 405: 388: 3687: 3534:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

711: 5806: 5460: 5349: 5125: 5095: 5025: 4972: 4894: 4862: 4836: 4786: 4717: 4619: 4572: 4356: 4225: 4108: 4023: 2184: 1315: 1067: 1033: 947: 922: 780: 662: 566: 457: 327: 32: 6156: 6071: 4758: 4732: 4682: 4039: 3397: 1931:

Later in the day, Plumer had second thoughts and ordered I Anzac Corps (Lieutenant-General

1568: 1416: 834: 452: 4707: 1701:

the advance resumed and after a pause to capture Seine pillbox, the right brigade crossed

1494:(under construction). In between the German defence positions lay the Belgian villages of 8: 6138: 5277: 5141: 5100: 4977: 4937: 4932: 4877: 4560: 4554: 4455: 3858:(PhD). Department of Modern History School of Historical Studies: Birmingham University. 2148: 1850: 1809:

guarded the northern flank of the attack. The 4th Division attacked with two brigades at

1792: 1454: 1357: 1021: 844: 800: 795: 610: 588: 347: 6091: 3506: 1672:(Operation High Storm) but this stopped when the British hurricane bombardment began at 1549:

An attempt to renew the advance after more artillery-fire failed. Operation High Storm (

44: 6098: 6013: 5372: 5236: 5218: 5183: 5147: 4987: 4952: 4904: 4889: 4776: 4727: 4566: 4525: 4205: 3804: 3646: 1944: 1935:) to push on to the Keiberg spur, with support from II Anzac Corps (Lieutenant-General 1846: 1025: 817: 657: 578: 1818:

made good progress until reinforcements drove it back. A gap on the boundary with the

556: 6131: 6125: 6086: 5988: 5821: 5404: 5259: 5242: 5050: 4872: 4852: 4687: 4672: 4602: 4590: 4291: 4268: 4215: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3889: 3859: 3830: 3808: 3796: 3758: 3739: 3720: 3693: 3672: 3653: 3630: 3611: 3592: 3566: 3560: 3538: 3532: 3512: 3492: 3473: 3449: 3424: 3405: 3383: 3361: 3342: 3323: 2213: 2144: 883: 824: 627: 3850: 2294: 5189: 5159: 5153: 5070: 4899: 4867: 4857: 4596: 4520: 4515: 4443: 4263: 4163: 3918:

To Do the Work of Men: An Operational History of the 21st Division in the Great War

3788: 2202: 1936: 1582:

In X Corps, the 5th Division attacked with two brigades. By coincidence the German

785: 561: 229: 3313: 1459:

The British front line and the German defences in the area east of Ypres, mid-1917

5998: 5838: 5177: 4737: 4712: 4411: 4319: 4158: 3562:

The War in the Air: Being the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

1955:

Gough had told the Fifth Army corps commanders to push on and to attack again at

980: 652: 36: 3717:

The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability

1972: 1404:

objectives required an advance of 1,200–1,800 yd (1,100–1,600 m), the

5831: 5811: 5482: 5195: 5040: 4831: 4722: 4578: 4482: 4465: 4025:

The New Zealand Division 1916–1919: A Popular History Based on Official Records

3689:

The New Zealand Division 1916–1919: A Popular History Based on Official Records

3565:. Vol. IV (Naval & Military Press ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3537:. Vol. II (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2133: 2125: 1940: 1912: 1408:

1,800–1,900 yd (1,600–1,700 m) on 1,000 yd (910 m) fronts.

1349: 1122: 1075: 723: 593: 472: 146: 3888:. Wellington: New Zealand Herald article, 21 November 2008. 21 November 2008. 2091: 2060:

since 20 September. Second Army casualties for the week ending 4 October were

1314:

To mislead the Germans as to the date and time of the infantry attack, when a

6171: 5942: 5230: 5224: 4667: 4584: 4495: 3893: 3863: 3834: 3800: 3712: 3697: 3516: 3453: 2195: 1397: 1319:

when heavy rain began again on 2 October, turning parts of the ground into a

1079: 605: 447: 204: 103: 90: 81: 2019: 1433:

except for SOS fire and the two back belts of heavy and medium artillery at

5392: 4826: 4008: 3339:

Haig's Enemy: Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany's War on the Western Front

3309: 2166: 1614:

position which protected the right flank of the Anzac Corps further north.

1127: 1113: 1105: 224: 216: 3792: 274: 5603: 5508: 5206: 4641: 4062: 2173: 2113: 1521:

divisions were to be held back and used for a methodical counter-attack (

3975:

Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

1320: 1169: 1050: 2561: 2024:

No man's land after the attack, looking towards the German front line.

1911:

As news arrived of the great success of the attack, Brigadier-General

5398: 5165: 3004: 1771:

area, the 48th (South Midland) Division attacked with one brigade at

1495: 1372:

in the area beyond Tower Hamlets, south of the Ypres–Menin road, the

1017: 154: 4009:

Battle of Broodseinde Ridge – a brief description of the main attack

3322:. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Melbourne: Australian War Memorial. 2894: 5658: 2415: 1606: 1294: 3824: 1053:

village, the most tactically important ground on the battlefield.

3920:. Wolverhampton Military Studies Series No. 39. Warwick: Helion. 2988: 2458: 1625:

causing many casualties. As the Australian divisions advanced at

1356:

by the II Anzac Corps north of the Ypres–Roulers railway. Twelve

1013: 3787:(3 July 2006). Virginia: Society for Military History: 667–701. 3186: 498: 49:

German artillery piece captured by the 45th Australian Battalion

3448:]. Vol. XIII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 4031: 3757:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Edward Arnold. 2872: 2870: 2049:

casualties and the 4th Guard Division 2,786. The British took

5826: 3146: 2630: 2628: 1009: 2076:

to a newspaper article of 2008). The 21st Division suffered

269:

35,000: 1–10 October, including 5,000 prisoners on 4 October

3738:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 2867: 2840: 3174: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 2976: 2910: 2857: 2855: 2625: 2589: 2513: 2446: 2128:

were awarded during the Battle of Broodseinde, 4 October.

1541:

140 yd (130 m) at Cameron Covert, for which the

1032:. The battle was the most successful Allied attack of the 4004:

Battle of Broodseinde – a brief description of the battle

3283: 3281: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3251: 3249: 3025: 3023: 2966: 2964: 2927: 2925: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2700: 2664: 1643:

Molenaarelsthoek to Beclaere until they were cleared. At

2882: 2688: 2549: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2317: 3198: 3095: 2852: 2712: 2613: 2601: 2474: 3608:

The Third Ypres: Passchendaele, the Day-By-Day Account

3382:(repr. ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3278: 3261: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3122: 3020: 2961: 2937: 2922: 2828: 2816: 2794: 2792: 2760: 2724: 2676: 2652: 2503: 2501: 2436: 2434: 2343: 1951:

Plumer decided that exploitation was not possible. At

1866:, (Operation High Storm) a methodical counter-attack ( 3320:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918

3162: 3134: 2640: 2486: 2355: 2314: 3999:

Second Army Summary of Operations 27/9/17 to 4/10/17

2525: 2004:

In 2018, Jonathan Boff wrote that after the war the

6218:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3958:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion. 3736:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

3210: 3035: 2949: 2804: 2789: 2777: 2748: 2736: 2537: 2498: 2431: 2403: 2379: 2367: 2282: 1446:

4th Army defensive changes: September–November 1917

3645: 2391: 3463:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek. 3341:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1121:on the Belgian coast and the amphibious force of 6169: 2577: 1977:Results of the attack, compared with objectives. 1791:with two brigades and ten tanks of D Battalion, 1502:Ground holding divisions were reinforced by the 179: 5008:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1759:going up to the line near Frezenberg. Photo by 6188:Battle honours of the King's Royal Rifle Corps 1595:Two brigades of the 21st Division attacked at 4047: 3778: 3315:The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917 3192: 1787:The 11th (Northern) Division had attacked at 514: 290: 164: 6213:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 3829:(MPhil). Birmingham: Birmingham University. 2030: 2005: 1983: 1922: 1916: 1897: 1890: 1880: 1879:attack. After 29 September, the bulk of the 1873: 1867: 1861: 1736: 1708: 1702: 1667: 1657: 1630: 1600: 1550: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1324: 1301: 1292: 1096: 16:Battle in Belgium in 1917 during World War I 5491: 3937:The 48th (South Midland) Division 1908–1919 3643: 3053: 2634: 2452: 2304: 304: 6203:Battles of World War I involving Australia 6198:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 4054: 4040: 3934: 3627:The Anzacs: Gallipoli to the Western Front 1784:was cancelled due to rain and poor light. 1342:Battle of Broodseinde, attack planning map 521: 507: 297: 283: 4014:The Ypres Salient – Battle of Broodseinde 3586: 3491:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2349: 2265:, 187th Division, 195th Division and the 1145:The British set-piece attack in late 1917 6208:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5290:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3711: 3652:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3624: 3605: 3446:The War in the Summer and Autumn of 1917 3437: 3374: 3204: 3128: 3014: 2943: 2876: 2861: 2846: 2771: 2706: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2607: 2480: 2337: 2300: 2084: 2018: 1971: 1749: 1567: 1453: 1450:Actions of 30 September – 4 October 1917 1336: 1061: 5667:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3972: 3939:(1st hbk. ed.). Solihull: Helion. 3915: 3848: 3822: 3685: 3666: 3396: 3355: 3287: 3272: 3255: 3240: 3228: 3180: 3168: 3152: 3140: 3116: 3077: 3065: 3029: 3010: 2998: 2982: 2970: 2931: 2916: 2834: 2822: 2730: 2694: 2595: 2571: 2519: 2492: 2464: 2425: 2421: 2361: 2325: 1573:Anglo-French objectives, 4 October 1917 1138: 6170: 3752: 3558: 3486: 3089: 2904: 2646: 1439: 5620:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4963:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 4035: 3953: 3733: 3589:A History of Modern Wars of Attrition 3530: 3467: 3418: 2888: 2567: 2555: 2531: 2468: 2385: 2373: 2308: 2288: 502: 278: 6024:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3505: 3489:Douglas Haig and the First World War 3336: 3308: 3216: 3104: 3041: 2994: 2955: 2900: 2810: 2798: 2783: 2754: 2742: 2718: 2619: 2583: 2543: 2507: 2440: 2409: 2397: 6193:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade 5953:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4754:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3884: 3610:. London: Arms & Armour Press. 3156: 2198:, from the 3rd Australian Division. 2053:prisoners, increasing the total to 2045:The 45th Reserve Division suffered 2037:, the official historians recorded 13: 4693:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3909: 3360:. Sydney, NSW: Pan Macmillan Aus. 1856: 1008:was fought on 4 October 1917 near 14: 6239: 3992: 3755:The Nineteenth Division 1914–1918 3629:. Camberwell: Penguin Australia. 3438:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1956) . 3421:Passchendaele: The Hollow Victory 2106: 1834: 1638:The first objective was taken at 528: 5056:Second Battle of the Piave River 4678:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3669:The German Army at Passchendaele 2169:of the 11th (Northern) Division. 1656:and two attempts to mass around 1648:Dame House, from Celtic Wood at 1411:In the II Anzac Corps area, the 1392:guns and howitzers supported by 197: 181: 166: 153: 139: 43: 6120:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5320:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4061: 3781:The Journal of Military History 3671:. London: Pen and Sword Books. 3648:Passchendaele: The Untold Story 2231: 1906: 5943:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5802:Deportations from East Prussia 5599:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3644:Prior, R.; Wilson, W. (1996). 1563: 1380:in the Reutelbeek valley, the 1148: 1088:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge 1: 5854:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3296: 2178:48th (South Midland) Division 2101:First Battle of Passchendaele 2054: 2014: 1745: 1732:48th (South Midland) Division 1718:and the ground consolidated. 1155:27 September – 4 October 1917 1056: 6009:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5308:Estonian War of Independence 4983:Southern Palestine offensive 2276: 2064:the II Anzac Corps suffered 1962: 1101:) had been costly failures. 1095:methodical counter-attacks ( 7: 5963:USA against Austria-Hungary 5362:Turkish War of Independence 5314:Latvian War of Independence 5046:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4637:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3878: 3772: 3423:. London: Pen & Sword. 1967: 1545:Infantry Regiment suffered 1084:British Expeditionary Force 991:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 6244: 6046:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5594:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5061:Second Battle of the Marne 4948:Second battle of the Aisne 4817:Second Battle of Champagne 4658:German invasion of Belgium 3935:Mitchinson, K. W. (2017). 2201:Acting Lieutenant Colonel 2112:Acting Lieutenant-Colonel 1755:Men of the 8th Battalion, 1742:reached and consolidated. 1443: 1396:and medium pieces. In the 1142: 1133: 1028:armies against the German 6152: 6111: 6032: 5971: 5933: 5877: 5866: 5827:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5770: 5742: 5690: 5612: 5586: 5538: 5431: 5424: 5356:Irish War of Independence 5252: 5134: 5106:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5091:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5016: 4918: 4845: 4746: 4703:First Battle of the Marne 4650: 4612: 4547: 4538: 4481: 4355: 4344: 4310: 4282: 4244: 4196: 4149: 4142: 4069: 3816: 3591:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 3472:. New York: Grove Press. 3380:Haig: Master of the Field 3193:McRandle & Quirk 2006 1558: 1429:artillery was to stop at 1016:, at the east end of the 538: 488:The Menin Road (painting) 316: 256: 243: 210: 131: 53: 42: 30: 25: 6223:History of West Flanders 5979:Constantinople Agreement 5272:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5135:Co-belligerent conflicts 5111:Second Romanian campaign 5081:Third Transjordan attack 4792:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4698:Battle of Grand Couronné 3302: 2269:took part in the battle. 2224: 2160:11th (Northern) Division 1778:11th (Northern) Division 1508:regiment of each of the 1090:on 20 September and the 1020:plateau, by the British 394:30 September – 4 October 6042:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5994:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5302:Greater Poland Uprising 5202:National Protection War 5086:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5036:German spring offensive 5031:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4807:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4782:Second Battle of Artois 4663:Battle of the Frontiers 3916:Clayton, Derek (2023). 3849:Snowden, K. L. (2001). 3559:Jones, H. A. (2002a) . 3054:Prior & Wilson 1996 2635:Prior & Wilson 1996 2453:Prior & Wilson 1996 2305:Prior & Wilson 1996 2189:3rd Australian Division 1757:East Yorkshire Regiment 1413:3rd Australian Division 1406:2nd Australian Division 1402:1st Australian Division 1376:was to attack with the 1368:was to attack with the 1332: 1108:had met Plumer and the 879:German spring offensive 308:Flanders Offensive 1917 63:; 106 years ago 6067:Paris Peace Conference 6055:Ukraine–Central Powers 5849:Massacres of Albanians 5817:Late Ottoman genocides 5624:Bulgarian occupations 5332:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5296:Hungarian–Romanian War 5121:Naval Victory Bulletin 5116:Armistice with Germany 5066:Hundred Days Offensive 4993:Battle of La Malmaison 4943:Second battle of Arras 4910:Battle of Transylvania 4764:Second Battle of Ypres 4632:Sarajevo assassination 4521:South African Republic 3977:. Stroud: Spellmount. 3973:Simpson, Andy (2006). 3734:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 3719:. London: Leo Cooper. 3587:Malkasian, C. (2002). 3531:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 3487:Harris, J. P. (2008). 2132:Acting Sergeant-Major 2097:Battle of Poelcappelle 2031: 2026: 2006: 1984: 1979: 1923: 1917: 1898: 1891: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1863:Unternehmen Höhensturm 1862: 1764: 1737: 1709: 1703: 1669:Unternehmen Höhensturm 1668: 1658: 1631: 1601: 1575: 1552:Unternehmen Höhensturm 1551: 1532: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1344: 1326:Unternehmen Höhensturm 1325: 1302: 1293: 1097: 1092:Battle of Polygon Wood 1047:Battle of Poelcappelle 337:Battles of Ypres, 1917 234:Crown Prince Rupprecht 211:Commanders and leaders 6077:Treaty of St. Germain 6050:Russia–Central Powers 6004:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5832:Pontic Greek genocide 5807:Destruction of Kalisz 5783:Eastern Mediterranean 5344:Polish–Lithuanian War 5126:Armistice of Belgrade 5096:Armistice of Salonica 5026:Operation Faustschlag 4973:Third Battle of Oituz 4895:Baranovichi offensive 4863:Lake Naroch offensive 4837:Battle of Robat Karim 4812:Vistula–Bug offensive 4787:Battles of the Isonzo 4718:First Battle of Ypres 3954:Plews, Derek (2024). 3793:10.1353/jmh.2006.0180 3686:Stewart, H. (2014) . 3625:Pedersen, P. (2007). 3606:McCarthy, C. (1995). 3419:Evans, M. M. (2005). 2267:45th Reserve Division 2259:19th Reserve Division 2247:6th Bavarian Division 2243:4th Bavarian Division 2099:on 9 October and the 2085:Subsequent operations 2022: 1975: 1924:Flandern III Stellung 1753: 1652:and at Flint Farm at 1584:19th Reserve Division 1571: 1491:Flandern III Stellung 1488:(fifth position) and 1457: 1340: 1316:hurricane bombardment 1104:On 28 September, Sir 1068:Third Battle of Ypres 1062:Tactical developments 1034:Third Battle of Ypres 1006:Battle of Broodseinde 328:Capture of Wytschaete 257:Casualties and losses 33:Third Battle of Ypres 26:Battle of Broodseinde 6072:Treaty of Versailles 5788:Mount Lebanon famine 5703:in the United States 5671:Russian occupations 5385:Turkish–Armenian War 5326:Polish–Ukrainian War 5266:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5213:Central Asian Revolt 5003:Armistice of Focșani 4733:Battle of Sarikamish 4683:Battle of Tannenberg 4079:Military engagements 3886:"New Zealand Herald" 3823:Freeman, J. (2011). 3753:Wyrall, E. (2009) . 3667:Sheldon, J. (2007). 3356:Carlyon, L. (2006). 3092:, pp. 375, 377. 2251:10th Ersatz Division 1918:Flandern II Stellung 1659:Flandern II Stellung 1485:Flandern II Stellung 1417:New Zealand Division 1139:British preparations 1070:), conducted by the 986:French Army mutinies 981:1914 Christmas truce 751:Hohenzollern Redoubt 478:Nieuport, 10–11 July 453:Hooge in World War I 104:50.85194°N 2.89056°E 6228:October 1917 events 6139:They shall not pass 6062:Treaty of Bucharest 6019:Treaty of Bucharest 5958:USA against Germany 5935:Declarations of war 5639:German occupations 5552:British casualties 5411:Soviet–Georgian War 5338:Egyptian Revolution 5278:Armeno-Georgian War 5142:Somaliland campaign 5101:Armistice of Mudros 4978:Battle of Caporetto 4968:Battle of Mărășești 4938:Zimmermann telegram 4933:February Revolution 4878:Battle of the Somme 4802:Bug-Narew Offensive 4777:Battle of Gallipoli 4769:Sinking of the RMS 4561:Scramble for Africa 4555:Franco-Prussian War 4211:Sinai and Palestine 3470:A Storm in Flanders 3195:, pp. 667–701. 3183:, pp. 364–365. 3119:, pp. 195–196. 3107:, pp. 181–182. 3080:, pp. 206–208. 3068:, pp. 316–317. 2985:, pp. 315–317. 2919:, pp. 192–198. 2907:, pp. 202–203. 2891:, pp. 175–176. 2879:, pp. 102–103. 2849:, pp. 100–101. 2721:, pp. 861–862. 2622:, pp. 837–838. 2598:, pp. 184–186. 2574:, pp. 190–191. 2558:, pp. 307–308. 2522:, pp. 300–301. 2149:Royal Tank Regiment 1738:Flandern I Stellung 1710:Flandern I Stellung 1704:Flandern I Stellung 1632:Flandern I Stellung 1482:(fourth position), 1479:Flandern I Stellung 1470:(second position), 1440:German preparations 1157: 975:Associated articles 692:Hartmannswillerkopf 552:Invasion of Belgium 442:Associated articles 100: / 80:Broodseinde Ridge, 61:4 October 1917 6099:Treaty of Lausanne 6014:Paris Economy Pact 5948:UK against Germany 5878:Entry into the war 5844:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5563:Ottoman casualties 5373:Franco-Turkish War 5253:Post-War conflicts 5237:Russian Revolution 5219:Invasion of Darfur 5184:Kelantan rebellion 5172:Kurdish rebellions 5148:Mexican Revolution 4988:October Revolution 4953:Kerensky offensive 4928:Capture of Baghdad 4905:Monastir offensive 4890:Brusilov offensive 4728:Battle of Kolubara 4567:Russo-Japanese War 4027:(1921) Stewart, H. 3468:Groom, W. (2002). 2239:4th Guard Division 2027: 1980: 1945:Herbert Shoubridge 1765: 1576: 1476:(third position), 1462: 1345: 1149: 1112:commander General 266:New Zealand: 1,853 6183:Conflicts in 1917 6165: 6164: 6148: 6147: 6132:The Golden Virgin 6126:Mutilated victory 6107: 6106: 6087:Treaty of Trianon 6082:Treaty of Neuilly 5989:Damascus Protocol 5862: 5861: 5822:Armenian genocide 5779:Allied blockades 5751:Belgian refugees 5534: 5533: 5444:Strategic bombing 5420: 5419: 5405:Franco-Syrian War 5379:Greco-Turkish War 5367:Anglo-Turkish War 5350:Polish–Soviet War 5284:German Revolution 5260:Russian Civil War 5243:Finnish Civil War 5076:Battle of Megiddo 5051:Battle of Goychay 4998:Battle of Cambrai 4958:Battle of Mărăști 4873:Battle of Jutland 4853:Erzurum offensive 4708:Siege of Przemyśl 4688:Siege of Tsingtao 4673:Battle of Galicia 4603:Second Balkan War 4591:Italo-Turkish War 4548:Pre-War conflicts 4534: 4533: 4424:Portuguese Empire 4340: 4339: 4302:German New Guinea 4284:Asian and Pacific 3984:978-1-86227-292-7 3965:978-1-80451-429-0 3946:978-1-911512-54-7 3927:978-1-80451-233-3 3764:978-1-84342-208-2 3745:978-0-8371-5029-1 3726:978-0-436-51732-7 3678:978-1-84415-564-4 3659:978-0-300-06692-0 3636:978-0-670-04124-4 3617:978-1-85409-217-5 3598:978-0-275-97379-7 3572:978-1-84342-415-4 3544:978-1-84342-413-0 3498:978-0-521-89802-7 3479:978-0-304-36635-4 3430:978-1-84415-368-8 3411:978-0-89839-166-4 3389:978-1-84884-362-2 3367:978-1-4050-3799-0 3348:978-0-19-967046-8 3337:Boff, J. (2018). 3329:978-0-7022-1710-4 2709:, pp. 98–99. 2697:, pp. 76–90. 2673:, pp. 97–98. 2340:, pp. 82–97. 2156:Charles Coverdale 2145:Clement Robertson 2078:2,616 casualties, 2066:3,500 casualties, 2039:35,000 casualties 1828:t Goed ter Vesten 1587:the objective by 1289: 1288: 1156: 999: 998: 825:Nivelle offensive 599:Trouée de Charmes 496: 495: 423:2nd Passchendaele 411:1st Passchendaele 370:Gheluvelt Plateau 273: 272: 264:Australian: 6,423 127: 126: 109:50.85194; 2.89056 6235: 6092:Treaty of Sèvres 5984:Treaty of London 5875: 5874: 5653:Northeast France 5584: 5583: 5556:Parliamentarians 5489: 5488: 5451:Chemical weapons 5429: 5428: 5190:Senussi campaign 5160:Muscat rebellion 5154:Maritz rebellion 5071:Vardar offensive 4900:Battle of Romani 4868:Battle of Asiago 4858:Battle of Verdun 4822:Kosovo offensive 4597:First Balkan War 4545: 4544: 4444:Russian Republic 4353: 4352: 4147: 4146: 4089:Economic history 4056: 4049: 4042: 4033: 4032: 3988: 3969: 3950: 3931: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3812: 3768: 3749: 3730: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3682: 3663: 3651: 3640: 3621: 3602: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3502: 3483: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3434: 3415: 3393: 3371: 3352: 3333: 3291: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2429: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2270: 2235: 2165:Acting Corporal 2126:Victoria Crosses 2079: 2075: 2074:(1,853 according 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2009: 1999: 1998:4,700 prisoners. 1987: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1937:Alexander Godley 1933:William Birdwood 1926: 1920: 1901: 1894: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1843: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1793:1st Tank Brigade 1790: 1783: 1774: 1740: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1612: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1507: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1467:Albrechtstellung 1436: 1432: 1427: 1395: 1391: 1328: 1305: 1298: 1158: 1154: 1100: 938:St Quentin Canal 533: 523: 516: 509: 500: 499: 311: 309: 299: 292: 285: 276: 275: 230:Erich Ludendorff 203: 201: 200: 191: 187: 185: 184: 176: 172: 170: 169: 158: 157: 145: 143: 142: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 71: 69: 64: 55: 54: 47: 23: 22: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6178:1917 in Belgium 6168: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6144: 6103: 6035: 6028: 5999:Treaty of Darin 5967: 5929: 5885:Austria-Hungary 5871: 5858: 5839:Rape of Belgium 5766: 5738: 5686: 5680:Western Armenia 5675:Eastern Galicia 5608: 5582: 5546: 5545:Civilian impact 5544: 5530: 5487: 5416: 5248: 5178:Ovambo Uprising 5130: 5012: 4914: 4841: 4759:Battle of Łomża 4742: 4738:Christmas truce 4713:Race to the Sea 4646: 4608: 4530: 4501:Austria-Hungary 4477: 4412:Empire of Japan 4349: 4347: 4336: 4320:U-boat campaign 4306: 4278: 4240: 4192: 4138: 4119:Popular culture 4065: 4060: 3995: 3985: 3966: 3947: 3928: 3912: 3910:Further reading 3907: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3868: 3866: 3855: 3839: 3837: 3819: 3775: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3702: 3700: 3679: 3660: 3637: 3618: 3599: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3521: 3519: 3499: 3480: 3458: 3456: 3431: 3412: 3390: 3376:Davidson, J. H. 3368: 3349: 3330: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3262: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155:, p. 271; 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3013:, p. 485; 3009: 3005: 2997:, p. 877; 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903:, p. 869; 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570:, p. 307; 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2432: 2424:, p. 318; 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2315: 2307:, p. 131; 2303:, p. 278; 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2194:Lance-Corporal 2143:Acting Captain 2109: 2103:on 12 October. 2087: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:for the period 2038: 2025: 2017: 1997: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1909: 1859: 1857:German 4th Army 1841: 1837: 1815: 1810: 1800: 1788: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1748: 1722: 1715: 1698: 1691: 1682: 1673: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1626: 1622: 1610: 1596: 1588: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1547:356 casualties. 1546: 1542: 1537: 1473:Wilhelmstellung 1460: 1452: 1444:Main articles: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1393: 1389: 1343: 1335: 1165: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1064: 1059: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 972: 776:Vimy Ridge 1916 653:Race to the Sea 621:1st St. Quentin 543: 534: 529: 527: 497: 492: 439: 433:Polderhoek Spur 334: 312: 307: 305: 303: 265: 263: 236: 232: 223: 219: 198: 196: 182: 180: 167: 165: 152: 140: 138: 123:British victory 108: 106: 102: 99: 94: 91: 89: 87: 86: 85: 67: 65: 62: 48: 37:First World War 17: 12: 11: 5: 6241: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6034:Peace treaties 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5920:United Kingdom 5917: 5912: 5910:Ottoman Empire 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5812:Sack of Dinant 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5760:United Kingdom 5757: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5720: 5714:POW locations 5712: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5514:United Kingdom 5511: 5509:Ottoman Empire 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5486: 5485: 5483:Trench warfare 5480: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5196:Volta-Bani War 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Zeebrugge Raid 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4832:Battle of Loos 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4723:Black Sea raid 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4625:Historiography 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4579:Bosnian Crisis 4576: 4573:Tangier Crisis 4570: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4506:Ottoman Empire 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4483:Central Powers 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4466:British Empire 4461:United Kingdom 4458: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4439:Russian Empire 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4357:Entente Powers 4350: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4325:North Atlantic 4316: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4236:Central Arabia 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4198:Middle Eastern 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099:Historiography 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3993:External links 3991: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3970: 3964: 3951: 3945: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3846: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3750: 3744: 3731: 3725: 3709: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3571: 3556: 3543: 3528: 3503: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3465: 3435: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3398:Edmonds, J. E. 3394: 3388: 3372: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3334: 3328: 3310:Bean, C. E. W. 3304: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3290:, p. 308. 3277: 3275:, p. 310. 3260: 3258:, p. 313. 3245: 3243:, p. 311. 3233: 3231:, p. 302. 3221: 3219:, p. 882. 3209: 3207:, p. 103. 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3056:, p. 138. 3046: 3044:, p. 866. 3034: 3032:, p. 315. 3019: 3017:, p. 257. 3003: 3001:, p. 487. 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 316. 2960: 2958:, p. 180. 2948: 2936: 2934:, p. 318. 2921: 2909: 2893: 2881: 2866: 2864:, p. 101. 2851: 2839: 2837:, p. 263. 2827: 2825:, p. 260. 2815: 2813:, p. 865. 2803: 2801:, p. 863. 2788: 2786:, p. 851. 2776: 2759: 2757:, p. 854. 2747: 2745:, p. 847. 2735: 2733:, p. 481. 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2649:, p. 118. 2639: 2637:, p. 135. 2624: 2612: 2610:, p. 278. 2600: 2588: 2576: 2560: 2548: 2546:, p. 857. 2536: 2534:, p. 284. 2524: 2512: 2510:, p. 838. 2497: 2485: 2483:, p. 256. 2473: 2471:, p. 207. 2467:, p. 70; 2457: 2455:, p. 133. 2445: 2443:, p. 837. 2430: 2414: 2412:, p. 858. 2402: 2400:, p. 839. 2390: 2388:, p. 106. 2378: 2376:, p. 292. 2366: 2364:, p. 238. 2354: 2350:Malkasian 2002 2342: 2330: 2328:, p. 296. 2313: 2311:, p. 107. 2293: 2291:, p. 207. 2280: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2210: 2199: 2192: 2181: 2170: 2163: 2152: 2141: 2134:James Ockendon 2122: 2121: 2108: 2107:Victoria Cross 2105: 2086: 2083: 2023: 2016: 2013: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1941:Thomas Morland 1913:John Charteris 1908: 1905: 1858: 1855: 1836: 1835:Air operations 1833: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1533:Sturmbattalion 1458: 1441: 1438: 1350:II Anzac Corps 1341: 1334: 1331: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1123:Operation Hush 1076:Herbert Plumer 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 997: 996: 994: 993: 988: 983: 971: 970: 968:Lys and Escaut 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 870: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 822: 815: 804: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 715: 714: 704: 699: 697:Neuve Chapelle 694: 689: 678: 677: 672: 670:Winter actions 667: 666: 665: 660: 650: 645: 640: 635: 633:Grand Couronné 630: 625: 624: 623: 618: 613: 603: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 571: 570: 569: 564: 559: 549: 539: 536: 535: 526: 525: 518: 511: 503: 494: 493: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 473:Operation Hush 470: 468:Messines mines 465: 460: 455: 450: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 420: 419: 418: 408: 403: 398: 397: 396: 386: 385: 384: 374: 373: 372: 367: 362: 352: 351: 350: 333: 332: 331: 330: 317: 314: 313: 302: 301: 294: 287: 279: 271: 270: 267: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 241: 240: 238:Sixt von Armin 227: 221:Herbert Plumer 213: 212: 208: 207: 194: 193: 192: 189:United Kingdom 177: 162: 147:British Empire 134: 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 79: 77: 73: 72: 59: 51: 50: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6240: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5925:United States 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5537: 5527: 5526:United States 5524: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5476:Convoy system 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471:Naval warfare 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231:Kaocen revolt 5229: 5226: 5225:Easter Rising 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797:Great Retreat 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Battle of Cer 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585:Agadir Crisis 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4473:United States 4471: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4390:French Empire 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4343: 4333: 4332:Mediterranean 4330: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4312:Naval warfare 4309: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4188:Italian Front 4186: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4176:Eastern Front 4174: 4172: 4171:Western Front 4169: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Puppet states 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3358:The Great War 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3205:McCarthy 1995 3201: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3171:, p. 91. 3170: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3143:, p. 92. 3142: 3137: 3131:, p. 96. 3130: 3129:Foerster 1956 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3015:Pedersen 2007 3012: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2946:, p. 54. 2945: 2944:Davidson 2010 2940: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2877:McCarthy 1995 2873: 2871: 2863: 2862:McCarthy 1995 2858: 2856: 2848: 2847:McCarthy 1995 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2774:, p. 99. 2773: 2772:McCarthy 1995 2768: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2707:McCarthy 1995 2703: 2696: 2691: 2685:, p. 98. 2684: 2683:McCarthy 1995 2679: 2672: 2671:McCarthy 1995 2667: 2661:, p. 97. 2660: 2659:McCarthy 1995 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2608:Terraine 1977 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2495:, p. 74. 2494: 2489: 2482: 2481:Pedersen 2007 2477: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2428:, p. 70. 2427: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2352:, p. 41. 2351: 2346: 2339: 2338:McCarthy 1995 2334: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:Terraine 1977 2297: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2268: 2264: 2263:20th Division 2260: 2256: 2255:16th Division 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2219: 2218:37th Division 2215: 2211: 2208: 2207:21st Division 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196:Walter Peeler 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138:29th Division 2135: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2082: 2058: 10,000 2043:1–10 October. 2035: 2034: 2033:Der Weltkrieg 2021: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985:Der Weltkrieg 1974: 1960: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1842:1:40,000 map; 1832: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1820:29th Division 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1779: 1770: 1762: 1761:Ernest Brooks 1758: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1705: 1695: 1687: 1678: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1636: 1633: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1570: 1556: 1553: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:I Anzac Corps 1387: 1383: 1382:21st Division 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:37th Division 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1339: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1296: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1146: 1131: 1129: 1128:Westroosebeke 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1098:Gegenangriffe 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Ypres Salient 1077: 1073: 1069: 1054: 1052: 1051:Passchendaele 1048: 1042: 1039: 1038:bite-and-hold 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 977: 976: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Meuse-Argonne 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886: 882: 881: 880: 877: 876: 875: 874: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 857:Passchendaele 855: 853: 850: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 820: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 808: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719:2nd Champagne 717: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 687:1st Champagne 685: 684: 683: 682: 676: 673: 671: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606:Great Retreat 604: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 575: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 542: 537: 532: 531:Western Front 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 504: 501: 489: 486: 484: 483:Tactics, 1917 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 448:Ypres Salient 446: 445: 444: 443: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 356: 353: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343:Pilckem Ridge 341: 340: 339: 338: 329: 326: 325: 324: 323: 322: 321: 315: 310: 300: 295: 293: 288: 286: 281: 280: 277: 268: 262:Total: 20,000 261: 260: 255: 251: 248: 247: 242: 239: 235: 231: 228: 226: 222: 218: 215: 214: 209: 206: 205:German Empire 195: 190: 178: 175: 163: 161: 156: 151: 150: 149: 148: 136: 135: 130: 122: 119: 118: 113: 83: 82:West Flanders 78: 75: 74: 60: 57: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 6137: 6130: 6118: 5725: / 5657: 5492:Conscription 5456:Cryptography 5393:Iraqi Revolt 4827:Siege of Kut 4770: 4348:participants 4297:German Samoa 4231:South Arabia 4024: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3917: 3897:. Retrieved 3867:. Retrieved 3851: 3838:. Retrieved 3825: 3784: 3780: 3754: 3735: 3716: 3713:Terraine, J. 3701:. Retrieved 3688: 3668: 3647: 3626: 3607: 3588: 3576:. Retrieved 3561: 3548:. Retrieved 3533: 3520:. Retrieved 3507: 3488: 3469: 3457:. Retrieved 3445: 3440: 3420: 3401: 3379: 3357: 3338: 3314: 3288:Edmonds 1991 3273:Edmonds 1991 3256:Edmonds 1991 3241:Edmonds 1991 3236: 3229:Edmonds 1991 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3181:Edmonds 1991 3176: 3169:Snowden 2001 3164: 3153:Stewart 2014 3148: 3141:Snowden 2001 3136: 3124: 3117:Sheldon 2007 3112: 3085: 3078:Sheldon 2007 3073: 3066:Edmonds 1991 3061: 3049: 3037: 3030:Edmonds 1991 3011:Carlyon 2006 3006: 2999:Carlyon 2006 2990: 2983:Edmonds 1991 2978: 2971:Edmonds 1991 2951: 2939: 2932:Edmonds 1991 2917:Sheldon 2007 2912: 2896: 2884: 2842: 2835:Stewart 2014 2830: 2823:Stewart 2014 2818: 2806: 2779: 2750: 2738: 2731:Carlyon 2006 2726: 2714: 2702: 2695:Snowden 2001 2690: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2615: 2603: 2596:Sheldon 2007 2591: 2579: 2572:Sheldon 2007 2563: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2520:Edmonds 1991 2515: 2493:Snowden 2001 2488: 2476: 2465:Freeman 2011 2460: 2448: 2426:Freeman 2011 2422:Edmonds 1991 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2362:Edmonds 1991 2357: 2345: 2333: 2326:Edmonds 1991 2296: 2284: 2233: 2167:Fred Greaves 2123: 2120:, 1 October. 2118:7th Division 2088: 2051:4,759 German 2028: 2007:Reichsarchiv 2003: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1930: 1910: 1907:Exploitation 1888: 1875:Gegenangriff 1869:Gegenangriff 1860: 1838: 1827: 1825: 1805: 1797:4th Division 1786: 1766: 1728: 1720: 1696: 1688: 1679: 1664: 1637: 1620: 1616: 1594: 1581: 1577: 1529: 1524:Gegenangriff 1501: 1463: 1422: 1410: 1386:7th Division 1378:5th Division 1363: 1346: 1313: 1309: 1290: 1150: 1114:Hubert Gough 1106:Douglas Haig 1103: 1065: 1043: 1037: 1005: 1003: 974: 973: 933:Saint-Mihiel 901:Belleau Wood 884: 872: 871: 862:La Malmaison 818: 806: 805: 771:Kink Salient 739: 738: 734:Gas: Wieltje 680: 679: 540: 441: 440: 428:1/2 December 406:Poelcappelle 400: 389:Polygon Wood 382:25 September 336: 335: 318: 252:10 divisions 249:12 divisions 225:Hubert Gough 217:Douglas Haig 137: 132:Belligerents 31:Part of the 18: 5755:Netherlands 5732:Switzerland 5613:Occupations 5604:Spanish flu 5381:(1919–1922) 5375:(1918–1921) 5369:(1918–1923) 5358:(1919–1921) 5352:(1919–1921) 5346:(1919–1920) 5322:(1918–1920) 5316:(1918–1920) 5310:(1918–1920) 5292:(1918–1920) 5274:(1918–1920) 5268:(1917–1921) 5262:(1917–1921) 5209:(1916-1918) 5207:Arab Revolt 5198:(1915–1917) 5192:(1915–1917) 5180:(1914-1917) 5174:(1914–1917) 5168:(1914–1921) 5162:(1913–1920) 5150:(1910–1920) 5144:(1900–1920) 4642:July Crisis 4563:(1880–1914) 4226:Mesopotamia 4104:Home fronts 4063:World War I 3459:15 November 3090:Harris 2008 2905:Jones 2002a 2647:Wyrall 2009 2214:Thomas Sage 2203:Lewis Evans 2185:Lewis McGee 2174:Arthur Hutt 2158:, from the 2114:Philip Bent 2072:Zealanders 1953:10:30 a.m., 1851:21 Squadron 1769:XVIII Corps 1564:Second Army 1543:210 Reserve 1072:Second Army 953:2nd Cambrai 791:Boar's Head 781:Mont Sorrel 463:Celtic Wood 401:Broodseinde 174:New Zealand 107: / 6172:Categories 5972:Agreements 5772:War crimes 5648:Luxembourg 5541:Casualties 4419:Montenegro 4254:South West 4134:Technology 4124:Propaganda 4114:Opposition 3297:References 2889:Jones 2002 2568:Wynne 1976 2556:Wynne 1976 2532:Wynne 1976 2469:Groom 2002 2386:Evans 2005 2374:Wynne 1976 2309:Evans 2005 2289:Groom 2002 2068:including 2015:Casualties 1847:4 Squadron 1746:Fifth Army 1640:7:15 a.m., 1589:12:30 p.m. 1431:11:20 a.m. 1426:zero + 130 1400:area, the 1110:Fifth Army 1057:Background 766:Wulverghem 729:3rd Artois 707:2nd Artois 675:1st Artois 458:Wurst Farm 416:22 October 377:Menin Road 355:Langemarck 92:50°51′07″N 68:1917-10-04 5869:Diplomacy 5576:Olympians 5499:Australia 5466:Logistics 5399:Vlora War 5328:(1918–19) 5304:(1918–19) 5298:(1918–19) 5286:(1918–19) 5233:(1916–17) 5215:(1916–17) 5166:Zaian War 5156:(1914–15) 4883:first day 4771:Lusitania 4599:(1912–13) 4593:(1911–12) 4581:(1908–09) 4575:(1905–06) 4557:(1870–71) 4346:Principal 4206:Gallipoli 4109:Memorials 4094:Geography 4084:Aftermath 3894:1170-0777 3864:690664905 3835:767827490 3809:159930725 3801:0899-3718 3698:904059689 3578:23 August 3517:565067054 3454:257129831 3400:(1991) . 3378:(2010) . 3312:(1941) . 3217:Bean 1941 3105:Boff 2018 3042:Bean 1941 2995:Bean 1941 2956:Boff 2018 2901:Bean 1941 2811:Bean 1941 2799:Bean 1941 2784:Bean 1941 2755:Bean 1941 2743:Bean 1941 2719:Bean 1941 2620:Bean 1941 2584:USWD 1920 2544:Bean 1941 2508:Bean 1941 2441:Bean 1941 2410:Bean 1941 2398:Bean 1941 2277:Footnotes 2216:from the 2205:, of the 2183:Sergeant 2176:from the 2154:Sergeant 2092:watershed 2070:1,663 New 1963:Aftermath 1957:5:00 p.m. 1949:2:00 p.m. 1816:3:00 p.m. 1811:6:00 a.m. 1807:XIV Corps 1801:1:00 p.m. 1789:6:00 a.m. 1782:5:00 p.m. 1773:6:00 a.m. 1723:5:30 a.m. 1716:9:12 a.m. 1699:8:10 a.m. 1692:7:20 a.m. 1683:6:00 a.m. 1674:6:00 a.m. 1654:2:30 p.m. 1650:1:00 p.m. 1645:8:10 a.m. 1627:6:00 a.m. 1623:5:30 a.m. 1611:9:00 a.m. 1597:6:00 a.m. 1538:5:30 a.m. 1496:Zonnebeke 1435:1:44 p.m. 1394:417 heavy 1390:972 field 1358:divisions 1074:(General 1018:Gheluvelt 948:5th Ypres 928:2nd Somme 906:2nd Marne 896:3rd Aisne 845:The Hills 840:2nd Aisne 801:Fromelles 796:1st Somme 746:The Bluff 712:Hébuterne 702:2nd Ypres 663:1st Ypres 643:1st Aisne 638:1st Marne 611:Le Cateau 589:Charleroi 574:Frontiers 365:22 August 360:19 August 160:Australia 95:2°53′26″E 84:, Belgium 6157:Category 5744:Refugees 5710:Italians 5699:Germans 5659:Ober Ost 5439:Aviation 4540:Timeline 4511:Bulgaria 4292:Tsingtao 4269:Togoland 4216:Caucasus 4151:European 4143:Theatres 3879:Websites 3840:23 March 3773:Journals 3715:(1977). 3550:9 August 3157:NZH 2008 2212:Private 2172:Private 1968:Analysis 1899:Eingreif 1892:Eingreif 1882:Eingreif 1607:ricochet 1602:Eingreif 1518:Eingreif 1511:Eingreif 1366:IX Corps 1303:Eingreif 1295:Eingreif 1119:XV Corps 1036:. Using 1030:4th Army 958:Courtrai 913:Soissons 852:Messines 819:Alberich 628:Maubeuge 584:Ardennes 579:Lorraine 547:Moresnet 348:Westhoek 320:Messines 244:Strength 76:Location 5895:Germany 5795:Germany 5723:Germany 5643:Belgium 5628:Albania 5587:Disease 5567:Sports 5519:Ireland 5432:Warfare 5425:Aspects 4620:Origins 4613:Prelude 4516:Senussi 4496:Germany 4491:Leaders 4429:Romania 4370:Belgium 4365:Leaders 4264:Kamerun 4246:African 4181:Romania 4159:Balkans 4074:Outline 3899:29 June 3869:29 June 3703:21 July 3522:22 July 2187:of the 2147:of the 2136:of the 2116:of the 2062:12,256; 1928:range. 1767:In the 1374:X Corps 1354:V Corps 1151:Weather 1134:Prelude 1014:Belgium 923:Ailette 891:The Lys 885:Michael 867:Cambrai 761:Hulluch 756:St Eloi 648:Antwerp 66: ( 35:in the 5915:Russia 5890:France 5718:Canada 5633:Serbia 5504:Canada 5461:Horses 5413:(1921) 5407:(1920) 5401:(1920) 5395:(1920) 5387:(1920) 5340:(1919) 5334:(1919) 5280:(1918) 5245:(1918) 5239:(1917) 5227:(1916) 5221:(1916) 5186:(1915) 4605:(1913) 4587:(1911) 4569:(1905) 4526:Darfur 4451:Serbia 4434:Russia 4397:Greece 4385:France 4375:Brazil 4221:Persia 4164:Serbia 3981: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3892: 3862: 3833: 3817:Theses 3807: 3799: 3761: 3742: 3723: 3696: 3675: 3656: 3633: 3614: 3595: 3569: 3541: 3515: 3495: 3476: 3452: 3427: 3408: 3386: 3364: 3345: 3326: 1896:local 1559:Battle 1321:morass 1022:Second 963:Sambre 918:Amiens 786:Verdun 616:Étreux 562:Dinant 202: 186: 171: 144: 120:Result 6112:Other 5905:Japan 5900:Italy 5727:camps 5571:Rugby 4407:Japan 4402:Italy 4380:China 4274:North 3856:(PDF) 3805:S2CID 3444:[ 3303:Books 2225:Notes 2124:Nine 2047:2,883 1285:dull 1271:dull 1257:rain 1243:fine 1229:fine 1215:fine 1201:dull 1187:dull 1161:Date 1026:Fifth 1010:Ypres 830:Arras 813:Ancre 567:Namur 557:Liège 5692:POWs 5018:1918 4920:1917 4846:1916 4747:1915 4651:1914 4456:Siam 4259:East 3979:ISBN 3960:ISBN 3941:ISBN 3922:ISBN 3901:2013 3890:ISSN 3871:2013 3860:OCLC 3842:2014 3831:OCLC 3797:ISSN 3759:ISBN 3740:ISBN 3721:ISBN 3705:2017 3694:OCLC 3673:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3612:ISBN 3593:ISBN 3580:2015 3567:ISBN 3552:2014 3539:ISBN 3524:2017 3513:OCLC 3493:ISBN 3474:ISBN 3461:2012 3450:OCLC 3425:ISBN 3406:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3362:ISBN 3343:ISBN 3324:ISBN 2237:The 1921:and 1889:The 1849:and 1505:Stoß 1448:and 1384:and 1364:The 1333:Plan 1164:Rain 1024:and 1004:The 873:1918 835:Vimy 807:1917 740:1916 724:Loos 681:1915 658:Yser 594:Mons 541:1914 58:Date 3789:doi 1697:At 1279:4.6 1265:1.2 1251:2.7 1237:0.0 1223:0.0 1209:0.0 1195:0.0 1181:0.0 1166:mm 1012:in 6174:: 3803:. 3795:. 3785:70 3783:. 3318:. 3280:^ 3263:^ 3248:^ 3097:^ 3022:^ 2963:^ 2924:^ 2869:^ 2854:^ 2791:^ 2762:^ 2627:^ 2500:^ 2433:^ 2316:^ 2261:, 2257:, 2253:, 2249:, 2245:, 2241:, 2055:c. 1282:60 1268:64 1254:76 1240:69 1226:67 1220:30 1212:65 1206:29 1198:67 1192:28 1184:67 1178:27 1170:°F 5543:/ 4055:e 4048:t 4041:v 3987:. 3968:. 3949:. 3930:. 3903:. 3873:. 3844:. 3811:. 3791:: 3767:. 3748:. 3729:. 3707:. 3681:. 3662:. 3639:. 3620:. 3601:. 3582:. 3554:. 3526:. 3501:. 3482:. 3433:. 3414:. 3392:. 3370:. 3351:. 3332:. 3159:. 2586:. 2220:. 2209:. 2191:. 2180:. 2162:. 2151:. 2140:. 1276:4 1262:3 1248:2 1234:1 522:e 515:t 508:v 298:e 291:t 284:v 70:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Battle of Broodseinde

Index