2108:, to capture Tower Hamlets spur. The advance was hampered by overnight rain, which affected the valley more than the plateau to the north. Fire from camouflaged German machine-gun nests in the valley caused confusion and delay to the infantry, who lost the barrage. The Bassevillebeek stream in the valley was eventually crossed, with the 122nd Brigade struggling forward and the 124th Brigade being held up near the British front line, by numerous machine-guns in the Quadrilateral, three ruined cottages that had been fortified behind a digging 400 yd Ă— 100 yd (366 m Ă— 91 m) at the south end of the spur. The Quadrilateral commanded the western approach to the spur and the rise northwards to the pillboxes at Tower Hamlets. The left hand brigade of the division reached the third objective and threw back its right flank to the brigade on the right, which had advanced just beyond the second objective and then joined the left flank of 39th Division. Despite the failure to capture Tower Hamlets, parts of the two leading battalions of 124th Brigade running away before being rallied and two dead and three wounded battalion commanders, the division defeated all German counter-attacks during the day.
2631:"unprecedented" concentration of fire. The Second Army had three times the artillery and the Fifth Army double the guns of 31 July. The British gunners produced a "wall of fire" 1,000 yd (910 m) deep, that swept the ground and then continued as a standing barrage for several hours after the end of the infantry advance. The attack had not been uniformly successful but the average advance was 1,250 yd (1,140 m) and German casualties were about the same as the British, most of their counter-attacks being deluged with artillery-fire and becoming costly failures. Harris wrote that Haig got over-enthusiastic and wanted the next attack to begin on 26 September, followed by two more in quick succession. Moving guns forward reduced the British rate of fire and gave the Germans sufficient respite to make a methodical counter-attack (
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objective was reached a few minutes after the barrage and consolidated along the source of the
Bassevillebeek. The 69th Brigade on the left managed to get through Inverness Copse but German troops emerged from cover and fired on the troops behind as they moved up to attack the second objective, causing severe losses, before they were killed or captured. The troops, who had been severely reduced in numbers following on through the Copse, were still able to capture a line of German fortifications along Menin Road, north of the hamlet of Kantinje Cabaret. Of four tanks attached for the attack along Menin Road, one bogged early and the infantry advance was too swift for the other three tanks to keep up. A tank was knocked out on the road and the other two carried ammunition and equipment to the troops at the final objective.
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take the final objective. Hanebeek Wood on the right was barraged with smoke and high explosive shell rather than shrapnel, except for a lane along which a company was able to move behind the wood. When the artillery fire moved beyond the wood it was rushed from both directions and captured with fifty prisoners and four machine-guns. The South
African Brigade on the left did the same thing at Borry Farm. In the mist, the strong points were easily overrun except for four pillboxes around Potsdam House, which were eventually attacked on three sides and captured, after inflicting heavy casualties on the attackers. Delays caused by machine-gun nests dug in along the Ypres–Roulers railway did not stop the division reaching the first objective as the barrage began to creep forward again at
52:
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attempt on 3 September failed. Next day, the division attacked Aisne Farm and was repulsed but the neighbouring 58th (2/1st London) Division took Spot Farm. On 5 September, the 61st (2nd South
Midland) Division tried again at night, took a German outpost on Hill 35 and then lost it to a counter-attack. An attack from south of Hill 35 by the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division with the 125th Brigade and part of the 127th Brigade took place on 6 September. For several days, practice barrages were conducted and a daylight reconnaissance by a small party probed to within 25 yd (23 m) of Beck House. During the night, the Germans sent up many flares and rockets, disclosing their barrage line and many undetected posts.
2376:. Captured German machine-gun nests and strong points were garrisoned and wired with German barbed wire found in the area. The final objective became the outpost zone and the second objective the main line of resistance, a chain of irregular posts using shell-holes concealed by folds of the ground and reverse slopes, avoiding trenches which attracted German shellfire. Communication between the infantry and artillery was established with runners, messenger dogs and pigeons. Wireless transmitters and power buzzers were set up at brigade headquarters and artillery observation posts, one for each artillery group. Engineer and pioneer units began to dig in telephone lines, which took until the afternoon of 21 September.
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then advancing again, to lead the troops to the third objective. German counter-attacks were stopped before they reached the new
British and Australian outposts. The German artillery only managed to fire a disjointed and sparse reply, which did little to obstruct the troops ready to advance to the third objective as they moved up but snipers and long-range machine-gun fire began to harass the troops consolidating the second objective. Local operations were mounted to stop sniping, using the methods that had been so successful earlier in the morning, leading to Black Watch Corner at the south-west of Polygon Wood and Garter Point east of Anzac House and other strong-points being captured.
2617:, the British official historian, wrote that with the exception of the failure to capture Tower Hamlets atop the Bassevillebeek Spur, the objectives of the attack had been achieved and the Germans tactically confounded. The French and British public knew little of the success but the contending armies in Flanders were well aware of its significance. The British replaced many of the attacking divisions, whose troops reported that if all attacks could be so well prepared, they would be content. On 20 September and the next few days of local fighting, the German had been driven from the positions on the Gheluvelt Plateau that had been the site of the main defensive effort (
2112:
2725:, part of which fell short on two regiments of the 50th Reserve Division, which fell back until the bombardment began its creep towards the British positions. The German infantry advanced in the morning mist, either side of the Reutelbeek stream as the artillery boxed the British opposite, isolated them from their supports and preventing ammunition and other supplies from being brought to the front line. The German attack made little progress on the British right, lost direction in the gloom and veered north, joined with the German battalion there and reached Black Watch Corner, in the south-west angle of Polygon Wood, which was lost during the
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205:
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late August, destructive fire by super-heavy artillery began and counter-battery fire commenced in early
September, in poor visibility. The RFC plan incorporated standardised methods used by battery commanders and artillery observation crews, as informal liaison methods had been found to be insufficient with the increase in the amount of artillery and the number of aircraft in the BEF since 1915. Wireless codes were harmonised and better training introduced for air–ground liaison. Attacks were to be made on German billets, railways, aerodromes and infantry counter-attacks. The
1806:
party for a group of soldiers working in no man's land, discovered an
Inniskilling Fusilier, who had lain wounded since 11 August, subsisting on rations recovered from dead soldiers. On 13 September, the Guards Division was pushed back from the far side of the Broembeek and the Wijdendreft road. Next day a battalion of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division edged forward 100 yd (91 m) and a battalion of the 58th (2/1st London) Division attacked the Winnipeg pillbox; in the evening a German counter-attack took ground towards Springfield. On 15 September, covered by a
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strong points, pillboxes and fortified farms east of the
Hanebeek and Steenbeek streams were mostly intact, despite numerous attempts to smash them with artillery fire. The artillery brought to the Ypres salient in September went to the Second Army so the Fifth Army adopted a new infantry formation, where moppers-up were reorganised into small groups of up to half a platoon, moving with the leading assault waves, to capture specific strong-points and then garrison them. XVIII Corps adopted the same practice, which became standard in the Fifth Army soon after the battle.
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first
British strong point, the British defensive barrage arrived with such force that the German infantry "stampeded". No Germans were seen in the area until night, when patrols occupied an outpost. On the 55th (West Lancashire) Division front, "an extraordinarily gallant" German counter-attack by Reserve Infantry Regiment 459 (236th Division) from Gravenstafel, on Hill 37, through the positions of Reserve Infantry Regiment 91, was stopped by artillery and enfilade fire by machine-guns at Keir Farm and Schuler Galleries. A German attack down Poelcappelle spur at
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front line. The II Brigade covered the Second Army front east to the
Roulers–Menin railway. The area was divided into three sectors, each with a counter-attack patrol of two fighters, maintained for eight hours after "zero-hour", flying below 500 ft (150 m) and using the special maps, to attack any German units they caught on the move and to drive off German low-flying aircraft. On return they were to telephone a report direct to the Second Army Report Centre at Locre, similar arrangements being made for the Fifth Army.
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creeping barrage started quickly, lifting 100 yd (91 m) every four minutes and this allowed the
British infantry to surprise the German outpost garrisons while the Germans were still in their shelters, by looming out of the mist. After four lifts, the barrage slowed to 100 yd (91 m) every six minutes. Most German troops encountered were so stunned by the bombardment, that they were incapable of resistance and surrendered immediately, despite few of the concrete pillboxes and
1768:. More infantry was provided for the later stages of the advance to defeat German counter-attacks, by an infantry advance of no more than 1,500 yd (1,400 m) before consolidating. When the Germans counter-attacked they would encounter a British defence-in-depth, protected by artillery and suffer heavy casualties to little effect, rather than the small and disorganised groups of British infantry that the Germans had driven back to the black line on the XIX Corps front on 31 July.
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144:
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flank along the Ypres–Roulers railway. The capture of the green line from the southern flank of XIX Corps to the northern flank of XIV Corps, required an advance of 2,500–3,500 yd (1.4–2.0 mi; 2.3–3.2 km). An advance of 5,000 yd (2.8 mi; 4.6 km) to the red line was not fundamental to the plan and discretion to attempt advances towards it was left with the divisional commanders, based on the extent of local German resistance, in accordance with the manual
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mid-August, German satisfaction at their achievements was accompanied by concern at the extent of casualties. The rain, constant bombardments and British air attacks had also put great strain on the German defenders between British attacks. After 31 July, Gough had ceased attempts to exploit opportunities created by Fifth Army attacks and began a process of tactical revision, which with the better weather in September, inflicted several costly defeats on the Germans.
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narrower fronts in greater depth. The practice of attacking the first objective with two battalions and the following objectives with a battalion each was reversed, in view of the greater density of German defences the further the attack penetrated; double the medium and heavy artillery was available than for on 31 July. Reorganisation in this manner had been recommended in a report of 25 August, by the Fifth Army General Officer Commanding RA (GOCRA), Major-General
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Schuler Galleries and nine machine-guns were dug in near Keir Farm, with which the British stopped German counter-attacks from making further progress. In the afternoon the rest of the reserve brigade captured Hills 35 and 37, which dominated the Zonnebeke spur. The right of the division established touch with the 9th (Scottish) Division but the centre and left of 55th (West Lancashire) Division were 500 yd (460 m) short of the final objective.
2709:, then attacked Eagle Trench from both ends, capturing it despite determined German resistance. Crown Prince Rupprecht wrote in his diary for 23 and 24 September that he could not allow the British to remain in control of the higher ground around Zonnebeke or the Gheluvelt Plateau and that counter-strokes during the next enemy attack must reach their objectives. The 4th Army lacked reserves and needed time to meet another attack.
2261:, with V Corps on the right and XVIII Corps on the left, to finish the capture of the line from Schuler Farm to Langemarck and then advance 500–800 yd (460–730 m) east towards Poelcappelle; XIV Corps formed the northern flank with the 20th (Light) Division. V Corps had more field guns than the I Anzac Corps to the right and fewer heavy guns, so only a three-layer barrage was possible. A creeping barrage by
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1974:(Chief of Staff, Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht) doubted that the offensive had ended but by 13 September had changed his mind. Despite urging caution, Kuhl sent two divisions, thirteen heavy batteries and twelve field batteries of artillery, three fighter squadrons and four other air force units from the 4th Army. In the area about to be attacked, the army had six ground-holding divisions backed by three
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success on the Gheluvelt Plateau took less ground than on 31 July. Prior and Wilson wrote that the success of the Second Army was exaggerated because of the lower expectations created by the partial repulses inflicted by the Germans on 31 July, the failures in the rains during August and the British success against the German counter-attacks on 20 September, especially on the Gheluvelt Plateau.
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right battalion reached the objective on time but the two to the left had many casualties, lost touch with their flanking units and the barrage, until the pause on the red line (first objective) allowed them to reorganise, mop-up and regain touch with units which had lost direction. The third battalion on the left was still held up by Hessian Wood so a defensive flank was formed facing north.
1721:, against Allied penetrations. Plumer issued a preliminary order on 1 September, which defined the Second Army area of operations as Broodseinde and the area southwards. The plan was based on the use of much more medium and heavy artillery, which had been brought to the Gheluvelt Plateau from VIII Corps on the right of the Second Army and by transferring more guns from the
2161:) shelters were captured quickly, while the German defenders were dazed by the bombardment and unable to resist. Few accounts survive from the Bavarian Ersatz Division companies holding the ground either side of the Menin Road, as they were quickly overwhelmed by the 23rd and 1st Australian divisions. Machine-gun fire was heard from the
1717:(BEF) quickly studied the results of the attack of 31 July and on 7 August sent questionnaires to the army headquarters about the new conditions produced by German defence-in-depth. The 4th Army had spread strong points and pillboxes in the areas between their defensive lines and made rapid counter-attacks with local reserves and
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part of the front, because the depleted British units missed several German strong points and dugouts, from which the Germans were able to stop the British support waves from moving up. The advanced troops realising this either halted or turned back and lost the barrage. The difficulties of the division were made worse at
2090:, on a 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) front on the Gheluvelt plateau. Steady pressure in early September from the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, had advanced the British front line near Inverness Copse for a considerable distance, which made better jumping-off positions for the attack by the Australians.
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main attack by three battalions one behind the other, captured Vancouver Farm, Keerselaere and Hubner Farm. The two following battalions passed through the leading battalion and turned right halfway up the spur, to reach Wurst Farm on a tactically vital part of the spur, at the same time as the barrage. Nearly
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Minor attacks took place after 20 September; in the Second Army area, on 21 September, a 41st Division brigade attacked by short rushes towards Bassevillbeek Copse over extremely boggy ground, consolidating posts on the Bassevillebeek. Several German counter-attacks in the afternoon were repulsed and
2531:
into the area held by the 55th (West Lancashire), 58th (2/1st London) and 51st (Highland) divisions. In the 58th (2/1st London) Division area, fire was opened on the Germans after half an hour, which forced the Germans to deploy into open order. When the Germans were 150 yd (140 m) from the
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objective was 1,000 yd (910 m) ahead, among German strong points on the west end of Gravenstafel spur. As a frontal attack here had failed, the division feinted with its right brigade, while the left brigade made the real attack from the flank. The feint captured Winnipeg crossroads, as the
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were left out of the battle, having arrived too late to be trained for the attack. German artillery and machine-gun fire from Reserve Regiment 91 of the 2nd Guards Reserve Division, engaged the infantry with massed small-arms fire as the attack began. The mist worked to the Germans' advantage in this
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Plumer planned to capture Gheluvelt Plateau in four steps at six-day intervals, for time to bring forward artillery and supplies, a faster tempo of operations than that envisaged by Gough before 31 July. Each step was to have even more limited geographical objectives, with infantry units attacking on
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being engaged on 31 July; the other corps had four divisions each, with two being used in the attack and two in reserve. The green line for II Corps varied from a depth of 1,000 yd (910 m) on the southern flank at Klein Zillibeke, to 2,500 yd (1.4 mi; 2.3 km) on the northern
2626:
In 1996, Prior and Wilson wrote that the battle had been more costly relative to the ground gained on 31 July, even with the artillery reinforcements and better weather, that made British artillery-fire more accurate. The German artillery was still able to inflict casualties at a higher rate and the
2523:
a similar barrage for forty minutes in front of the 2nd Australian Division, on a regiment of the 236th Division advancing from Molenaarelsthoek and downhill from Broodseinde, stopped the counter-attack long before it came within range of the Australian infantry. On the southern edge of the plateau,
2445:
the British standing barrage in front of the new line ended. British air reconnaissance from zero hour was conducted by a contact aeroplane over each corps area, to observe the progress of the British infantry and one counter-attack observation machine watching for German counter-attacks, from which
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on the left was badly hit by German machine-gun fire from Hill 37, as delays to the 55th (West Lancashire) Division meant that it was well short of the hill. The South Africans managed to capture Bremen Redoubt and Waterend House in the Zonnebeek valley and extend a defensive flank back to the first
2225:
until noon, which caused the division many losses but the ground at the final objective proved to be dry enough for the troops to dig in. The two Australian divisions reached the third objective in half an hour, finding the Germans in those strong points which had not been subdued during the halt on
2210:
No German counter-attacks were mounted for the two hours that the British and Australians consolidated the second objective. The creeping barrage stood for fourteen minutes in front of the second objective, then advanced 2,000 yd (1,800 m) before returning to the new British front line and
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was held up for a short time by a German strong point in Dumbarton Wood, which had been missed by the barrage and caused many casualties. Despite the delay and the difficulty of navigating through clouds of dust and smoke caused by the barrage and the marshy ground north of Dumbarton Lake, the first
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German defensive tactics had been costly but succeeded on the front of XIX Corps on 31 July and against II Corps on the Gheluvelt Plateau on 31 July and during August, although the counter-attacks had been stopped in their turn by British artillery fire, when they reached areas where observation and
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showing stages of attack and timetable for the corps involved; corps moves and the time of attack were briefly noted. Nine divisions were to attack on a 10,000 yd (5.7 mi; 9.1 km) front; the Second Army had three times and the Fifth Army twice the ammunition than for Pilckem Ridge. In
2503:
British medium and heavy artillery fired on the German units, which were forced to deploy and advance from cover. After a considerable delay, the survivors reached British machine-gun range, as their artillery support overshot the British positions. Visibility was still exceptionally good, with the
2479:
approximately three German infantry battalions were reported north of the Menin Road, moving up the Reutelbeek valley towards Polderhoek and a similar force with field artillery was seen moving west towards I Anzac Corps at Polygon Wood and Anzac spur. Another force was observed descending from the
2138:
Infiltration was also used against German machine-gunners in concrete shelters along the sunken road in the north end of the wood, who had caused many casualties. Close reserves worked behind the shelters, fought their way in and killed or captured the garrison. Nonne Bosschen was crossed by moving
2133:
on the right of I Anzac Corps, advanced on a 1,000 yd (910 m) front north of the Menin Road, with its right aimed at FitzClarence Farm, against part of the Bavarian Ersatz Division and most of the 121st Division. The Australians passed through Glencorse Wood, which had changed hands twice
2056:
On the front of the 57th Brigade, the Germans at Wood Farm and Belgian Wood were overrun by a bayonet charge and the blue line (third objective) reached on time. During this advance, machine-gun sections and a battalion liaison detachment of the 39th Division pushed forward to North Farm, which was
1805:
Two battalions of the 58th (2/1st London) Division conducted raids on 8 September and next day the 24th Division withstood another determined German attack at Inverness Copse. On 11 September, a night attack by a battalion of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division failed to capture The Hut. A covering
1358:
The German 4th Army had defeated British attacks on the black and green (second and third) lines set for 31 July, in the centre and on the Gheluvelt Plateau on the southern flank of the battlefield during the frequent weather interruptions in August. These defensive successes had been costly and by
2402:
Ninth Wing aircraft were to patrol at low altitude east of Zarren–Oostnieukerke–Menin, beginning two hours after the start of the attack, to harass German reinforcements. Corps squadrons were to maintain counter-attack patrols on their Corps fronts, calling for immediate artillery fire and warning
2398:
Observing and reporting on German counter-attack movements was made a duty for all aircraft and patrol areas were given to II and V Brigades and the Headquarters Ninth Wing to observe. "Hostile Tactical Maps" were issued, showing German assembly points and the likely routes to them and towards the
2293:
The 9th (Scottish) Division and the 55th (West Lancashire) Division of V Corps were to attack on fronts of 1,800 yd (1,600 m) over ground held by the right of the German 121st Division and the 2nd Guards Reserve Division, which had also changed hands twice in August. The large numbers of
1845:
The British began a "desultory" bombardment on 31 August and also sought to neutralise the German artillery with gas, including gas bombardments on the three evenings before the assault. Aircraft were reserved for systematic counter-attack reconnaissance, to avoid the failures of previous battles,
1818:
attack using dummies. A day later, a German attack on the strong point renamed Cryer Farm, captured by the 47th (1/2nd London) Division was a costly failure and in the XIV Corps area, another attack was stopped by small-arms fire by the 20th (Light) Division. A party of the Guards Division was cut
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offensive had been defeated and several divisions and air units were transferred elsewhere. Drier weather and extensive road repairs made it much easier for the British to move vast amounts of supplies forward from the original front line. Visibility increased except for frequent ground fog around
2351:
were ready for them and fought until they were almost annihilated, in new machine-gun nests that they had dug in front of their front line, which had avoided the worst of the artillery bombardment. The division reached the final objective in sight of Poelcappelle village. By these advances, XVIII
2297:
The 9th (Scottish) Division was confronted by the morass of the Hanebeek valley, where the stream had been choked by frequent bombardment and turned into a swamp and water-filled shell-holes. Both brigades sent two battalions forward to the first objective and leapfrogged two more through them to
1786:
The British barrage schedule had required four rounds per-gun-per-minute but the gunners fired up to ten. The 125th Brigade attacked Iberian, Borry and Beck House farms and captured Beck House but small-arms fire from Hill 35 stopped the rest of the attack, which was a costly failure. The Germans
1782:
During the lull in early September, both sides tried to improve their positions; on 1 September, a determined German attack at Inverness Copse was repulsed. Further north in the XIX Corps area, a battalion of the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division rushed Hill 35 but only took a small area; another
1748:
guns and howitzers. The extra artillery was to destroy German concrete shelters and machine-gun nests, more numerous in German "battle zones", than the "outpost zones" which had been captured in July and August and to engage in more counter-battery fire. The new guns allowed the equivalent to one
2341:
and fifty machine-guns were taken and outposts were established to the left, overlooking the Stroombeek valley. The division ascribed the success to the excellence of their training, an excellent creeping barrage and smoke shell, which had thickened the mist and blinded the German defenders; gas
2331:
XVIII Corps was to advance onto the Gravenstafel and Poelcappelle spurs, held by the German 36th Division since 8 September. The divisions had to assemble east of the Steenbeek between St Julien and Langemarck in low ground which was still muddy and full of flooded shell-holes despite the better
2093:
The four divisions advanced behind a creeping barrage of unprecedented weight. The increased amount of artillery allowed the heavy guns to place two belts of fire beyond the two from the field artillery; a machine-gun barrage in the middle made five belts, each 200 yd (180 m) deep. The
2039:
the barrage began. On the right, the short advance to the first objective (red line) was met with opposition from dugouts south-west of Hessian Wood, Jarrocks Farm, Pioneer House and a small wood nearby. Machine-gun fire was also encountered from Hollebeke Château and the railway embankment. The
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and 207th divisions, on a 1,600 yd (1,500 m) front, from the Comines canal to Groenenburg Farm, on the west slope of the Bassevillebeek valley. The six attacking battalions of the 58th Brigade on the right and the 57th Brigade on the left and their supporting battalions had a difficult
2704:
A German raid on posts of the 8th Division (II Corps) next day failed and in the X Corps area the 23rd Division and the 1st Australian Division (I Anzac Corps) re-took the front line. In the XVIII Corps area, the 58th (2/1st London) Division held Stroppe Farm; in the evening the 51st (Highland)
2630:
In his 2008 biography of Haig, J. P. Harris wrote that the British had attacked exceptionally strong defences frontally, with an apparently unfavourable number of troops but that they had been given much more fire support, the British artillery enjoying a 3:1 superiority in numbers, creating an
2327:
from the 166th Brigade, which allowed the 165th and 164th brigades to take the first objective around Gallipoli Farm and the Schuler Galleries in front of Schuler Farm, by noon. Fighting at Hill 35 continued and the Germans regained Hill 37 with a counter-attack. Machine-guns were placed in the
2048:
The second and final lines (red and blue) were contiguous on the right from Hessian Wood but the Germans defending the wood were still fighting when the advance was due to resume. Two companies of the right hand battalion managed to advance after suffering many losses and then a platoon went to
2043:
The 57th Brigade advanced to the red line against slight opposition on the right, while the two battalions on the left had to cross an extremely boggy area, which slowed them and they lost the barrage. The delay resulted in them being caught by machine-gun fire from dugouts near Top House while
2218:
the barrage resumed its forward movement towards the third objective, another 300–400 yd (270–370 m) away. The 23rd Division had to fight forward through pillboxes hidden in ruined cottages along the Menin Road, concrete shelters in Veldhoek and a hedgerow in front, before the German
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on Anzac House spur, the next rise to the east, were blinded by smoke grenades, at which the garrisons ran off. Further to the left, Anzac House, an important German artillery observation post, which overlooked the Steenbeek valley to the north, was captured as the garrison tried to engage the
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on the right, prolonged the southern defensive flank, from Groenenburg Farm northwards, down the slope to the Bassevillebeek. The division suffered badly from German fire as it advanced 800 yd (730 m) to its objective, from hidden dug-outs in the area further north, which had already
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the protective barrage lifted 200 yd (180 m) and patrols were sent forward to establish outposts and to clear the area of remaining German troops; Moat Farm and Funny Farm were mopped-up. Consolidation was begun despite machine-gun fire from Hollebeke Château, the green line (first
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attacked with two brigades, one either side of the Westhoek–Zonnebeke road, against the German 121st Division, down the Hanebeek valley to the near bank. The German outpost garrisons were surprised and overrun and on the far side of the stream, the advance overwhelmed the Germans who mostly
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shelters being destroyed by the British artillery. In the few areas where the German defenders were capable of resisting, they inflicted many losses but were quickly outflanked in the mist. The new system of local reserves allowed the British to maintain momentum, despite local checks.
1108:
stopped once they reached their objective and consolidated the ground, while supporting waves passed through the objective to attack the next one and the earlier waves became the tactical reserve. General adoption of the method was made possible when more artillery was brought into the
1960:. LoĂźberg also judged that there was little prospect of British attacks being delayed by their need to move artillery forward and build supply routes. The British had a huge mass of artillery and the infrastructure necessary to supply it with ammunition, much of it built opposite the
2044:
bunched up, because of the heavy going. The red line (second objective) which here was little further forward from the first objective (green line) was reached and two platoons from each attacking company moved up, ready to advance to the blue line (final objective) which began at
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a much larger German attack was dispersed by artillery and small-arms fire. In the evening, a German attack was made on Hill 37 behind a creeping barrage against the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, taking some ground, until a British counter-attack restored the position by
2504:
sun behind the British and Australians, who were easily able to see movement in front of them on the Gheluvelt plateau. The German force moving up the Reutelbeek valley into the area of the 23rd and 1st Australian divisions, was watched by the infantry for an hour, when at
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for a mile south of Broodseinde. On 10 August, II Corps attacked to reach the black line of 31 July, an advance of 400–900 yd (370–820 m) and at the Battle of Langemarck on 16 August, the Fifth Army objective was the green line 1,500 yd (1,400 m)
2355:
The 20th (Light) Division on the right of XIV Corps had to form the northern defensive flank of the offensive, on a front of 1,400 yd (1,300 m) from Poelcappelle spur to the Ypres–Staden railway. Two brigades attacked with two battalions each. The German
2430:
During the British infantry advances, German artillery managed a considerable amount of counter-battery fire, particularly from Zillebeke to Verbrandenmolen but this was not enough to stop the British artillery heavily bombarding German reserve battalions of the
1138:, sent to reinforce them, by massed artillery and small-arms fire. German defences on the Gheluvelt Plateau, which had been retained or quickly recaptured in July and August were lost and the British began a run of success which lasted into early October.
1862:, to avoid adding more craters to the ground. The Second Army and both corps did visibility tests to decide when zero hour should be set; the use of wireless and gun-carrying tanks, were discussed with Plumer on 15 September. X Corps issued its first
2745:
The information given in the Official History (1991 ) demonstrated that far from neglecting Haig's desire to concentrate on the Gheluvelt plateau, Gough had put a disproportionate amount of the Fifth Army artillery at the disposal of II Corps
2407:
German aircraft attempting to intervene during the battle suffered from the presence of anti-aircraft guns near the front line and a Lewis gunner of a pioneer battalion in the 19th (Scottish) Division, shot down a German aircraft in flames at
1970:
communications between British infantry and artillery had been restored. Ludendorff later wrote that losses in the August battles had been unexpectedly high. The pause in British operations in early September helped to mislead the Germans.
1379:
boundary was shifted north into the area vacated by II Corps on the Gheluvelt plateau. Haig put more emphasis on the southern fringe of the plateau, by giving to the Second Army the bulk of the heavy artillery reinforcements moved from
1362:
II Corps had been ordered to capture the rest of the black line on 2 August. The three corps of the Fifth Army to the north were then to complete the capture of their part of the green line on 4 August, while XIV Corps and the French
4020:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. IV (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2403:
British infantry by smoke signal. Not all of these measures were possible on the day due to the weather, because it had rained on 19 September and was misty next morning but air operations commenced as soon as the mist cleared at
2230:
by eight German aircraft, (one of which was shot down by ground fire) and some shelling by German artillery caused minor losses, as the Australian divisions consolidated captured trenches and shell holes in their new front line.
1948:, who believed that a tactical withdrawal by trench garrisons would disorganise the counter-attacking reserves, leading to the loss of the sector and danger to flanking units. LoĂźberg ordered the front line of sentry groups (
2369:
The British offensive had captured most of the German outpost zones to a depth of about 1,500 yd (1,400 m). As the ground was captured it was prepared for defence, in anticipation of counter-attacks by the German
2206:
a breeze blew away the mist and revealed the magnitude of their achievement. The British and Australians had carried the defences which had held them up through August and had gained observation all the way to Broodseinde.
2589:
in readiness to move.... In spite of this the counter-attacks did not take effect until the late afternoon; for the tremendous British barrage fire caused most serious loss of time and crippled the thrust power of the
1842:. The evolution in organisation and method was to ensure that more infantry were on tactically advantageous ground, having had time to consolidate and regain contact with their artillery before German counter-attacks.
2281:
guns was to sweep ground 450–1,200 yd (410–1,100 m) in front of the creeping barrage. Artillery not needed for counter-battery fire was to put standing barrages on the most dangerous German positions, like
3894:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
2524:
German troops dribbling forward in the 39th Division area, managed to reinforce the garrison at Tower Hamlets, then tried twice to advance to the Bassevillebeek and were "smashed" by artillery and machine-gun fire.
4103:
2712:
A bigger German attack on 25 September, on a 1,800 yd (1,600 m) front, from the Menin Road to Polygon Wood, began as the 23rd Division was being relieved by the 33rd Division. A German bombardment from
2366:(which fell behind the German trench and illuminated the British infantry as they advanced). By the end of the day the division was still short of the first objective, except on the left next to the railway.
1175:
repeated his view that the British campaign at Ypres was necessary to shield the other armies of the alliance, regardless of the slow geographical progress being made in the unusually wet weather of August.
2512:
The 16th Bavarian Division was a high quality formation, but all the skill and dash in the world stood no chance in the face of the torrent of fire the British artillery could bring to bear at the critical
1762:) divisions. By further reorganising infantry reserves, Plumer ensured that the depth of the attacking divisions roughly corresponded to the depth of local German counter-attack reserves and their
1886:
from Coudekerque, beginning the night before the attack. After dawn, aerodromes were periodically to be attacked by small formations of low-flying fighters and by day bombers from high-altitude.
1802:
Another night attack by the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division on Hill 35 failed and in the XVIII Corps area, a company of the 51st (Highland) Division made an abortive raid on Pheasant Trench.
2769:(December 1916), which laid down the means by which divisions would organise attacks. Had the German defence collapsed and the red line been reached, the fifth Army would still have to attack
2527:
In the Fifth Army area, from 800 yd (730 m) south of the Ypres–Roulers railway, north to the Ypres–Staden railway, many Germans were seen moving west down Passchendaele ridge around
2134:
in August and quickly suppressed German resistance. The Germans at FitzClarence Farm were kept under cover by rifle grenade fire, while other groups got behind and rushed the garrison, taking
1756:
The tactical refinements of the Second Army sought to undermine the German defence by making a shallower penetration and then fighting the principal battle against German counter-attack (
1753:. Few German concrete pill-boxes and machine gun nests had been destroyed during earlier preparatory bombardments and attempts at precision bombardment between attacks had also failed.
2345:
The 51st (Highland) Division further north, had the same task on Poelcappelle spur. The division advanced with one brigade on a 1,400 yd (1,300 m) front. The Germans in the
593:
1132:
The British infantry succeeded in capturing most of their objectives and then holding them against German counter-attacks, inflicting many casualties on the German defenders and
2546:, before the British counter-attacked and pushed the Germans back to the line of the first objective, 600 yd (550 m) short of the final objective. Gough wrote later
2086:. When the division reached its objective it swung back its left flank to link with the right hand brigade of the 41st Division. The main attack was made by X Corps and the
4531:
2352:
Corps got observation of Poelcappelle and up the Lekkerboterbeek and Lauterbeek valleys, the capture of which allowed British artillery to move forward of the Steenbeek.
2314:
To the north of 9th (Scottish) Division the 55th (West Lancashire) Division began the day under strength after the losses of 31 July. Replacements had arrived slowly and
2637:) on 25 September, south of Polygon Wood and although the attackers had "massive" casualties, the British attack the next day was disorganised and captured less ground.
1155:
by Russia in July had accelerated the disintegration of the Russian Army, increasing the prospect of substantial German reinforcements for the Western Front. The French
1795:
by fresh storm-troops, forced the battalion to retire, except from a small area 150 yd (140 m) forward, which was abandoned next day; the division suffered
1810:, a battalion of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division attacked and captured a strong point near Inverness Copse, fire from which had devastated earlier attacks and took
1129:
dawn, which helped conceal British infantry during the attack, before clearing to expose German preparations for counter-attacks to British observation and attack.
17:
2661:
and inflicted many casualties on the German defenders. The calculations of German losses by Edmonds have been severely criticised ever since. In Volume XIII of
2623:) since July. On 21 September, Haig issued orders for the next attack of the Second Army scheme, to complete the capture of Polygon Wood and part of Zonnebeke.
2486:, 16th Bavarian from Gheluwe, 236th Division from Moorslede and 234th Division from Oostniewkirke. The 16th Bavarian Division counter-attack plan "Get Closer" (
1371:. Some objectives were still occupied by the Germans after operations later in the month. Principal responsibility for the offensive was transferred to General
4526:
4521:
1854:, the X and I Anzac corps commanders, at a conference of 27 August. The attacking corps made their plans within the framework of the Second Army plan, using
586:
2053:
were taken, which enabled the centre battalion to get into the north end of the wood and gain touch with the left-hand battalion in the south-west corner.
91:
4536:
4506:
369:
2362:, here known as Eagle trench, was held as determinedly as that part in the 51st (Highland) Division sector (Pheasant Trench) despite a bombardment from
2066:
objective) was dug-in and the ground forward to the blue line (final objective) defended in depth by outposts. A German counter-attack was attempted at
1895:
4476:
4516:
1839:
3996:. Document (United States. War Department) No. 905. Washington D.C.: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920.
2705:
Division, with artillery and small-arms fire, repulsed a big German attack from Poelcappelle. The 20th (Light) Division repulsed a German attack at
4511:
2195:. Visibility began to improve to 200–300 yd (180–270 m) and on breasting the rise, machine-guns in Albert and Iron Cross redoubts in the
1097:. During the pause in British and French general attacks from late August to 20 September, the British changed some infantry tactics, adopting the
823:
579:
1777:
1398:
885:
442:
2273:
howitzer fire were to comb the area in front of the creeping barrage, from 100–400 yd (91–366 m) deep and a neutralising barrage by
2104:
The 41st Division had to advance across the Bassevillebeek valley, against the right of the German 9th Reserve Division and the left of the
1367:
crossed the Steenbeek on the left flank. The unusually wet weather caused the attacks to be postponed until 10 August and 16–18 August, the
2020:
approach. The 58th Brigade had to pass through obstructions in Opaque Wood and Imperfect Copse and then at midnight it began to rain until
466:
2550:
On the V Corps front they launched no less than six counter-attacks.... Their losses were very heavy and we captured over 1,300 prisoners.
163:
2116:
Men of the 13th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry, 23rd Division, resting in trenches during their advance on Veldhoek, 20 September 1917
1846:
where too few aircraft had been burdened with too many duties, in bad weather. The three-week pause originated from lieutenant-generals
1714:
806:
2536:
towards the 51st (Highland) Division, had much better artillery support and although stopped in the area of the Lekkerboterbeek by
2306:
when the 9th (Scottish) Division began the advance to the final objective, the right hand brigade found only minor opposition. The
2797:
362:
2508:
a field artillery and machine-gun barrage fell on the Germans for an hour, stopping all movement towards the British positions,
2323:
when the scheduled advance to the final objective coincided with the dispersal of the mist. Reserves were pushed forward around
540:
2202:
Australians by moving their machine-guns outside. As the divisions on the Gheluvelt plateau reached their second objective at
4460:
4441:
4422:
4398:
4260:
4241:
4222:
4200:
4178:
4159:
4137:
4092:
4047:
4025:
3979:
3956:
3903:
3877:
3851:
2480:
Poelcappelle spur at Westroosebeek, towards positions held by the Fifth Army. The troops were the leading regiments of three
3916:
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Dreizehnter Band, Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917
3869:
2016:
1791:
and enfiladed the rest of the attackers, who were withdrawn, except on the extreme right. Another German counter-attack at
4277:
McRandle, J. H.; Quirk, J. (July 2006). "The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I".
2307:
1869:
A pattern for British attacks was established and Second Army orders and artillery instructions became routine, with an
355:
4108:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery.
1171:
in June but morale in the French army was still poor. In reports to the War Cabinet on 21 August and 2 September, Sir
671:
311:
51:
624:
500:
2139:
along the edges of shell craters, the second objective along the west edge of Polygon Wood being reached on time at
4541:
1954:) to be held rigidly; British attacks would exhaust themselves and then be repulsed by local German reserves or by
1814:
A battalion of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division captured Sans Souci and the 51st (Highland) Division launched a
1040:
3921:
The World War 1914 to 1918 Military Land Operations Volume Thirteen, The Warfare in the Summer and Autumn of 1917
1997:
742:
4551:
2122:
2083:
2078:
495:
3992:
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)
1944:
and Passchendaele. "Elastic" defence tactics had been rejected by the 4th Army Chief of Staff, Major-General
764:
505:
483:
332:
4477:
Order of Battle – France and Flanders 1917, Battle # 98 – Order of Battle for the Battle of Menin Road Ridge
2579:, 16th Bavarian Division at Gheluwe, 236th Division at Moorslede and 234th Division at Oostniewkerke in the
2420:
688:
4390:
3892:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)
2333:
1726:
1376:
863:
693:
256:
1749:
artillery piece for every 5 ft (1.5 m) of the attack front, more than double the density in the
2689:
1910:
From mid-1917, the area east of Ypres was defended by six German defensive positions the front position,
1722:
1368:
1094:
1063:
1035:
1015:
848:
603:
555:
454:
427:
260:
2111:
705:
4496:
4147:
3971:
3914:
2814:
were steel reinforced concrete shelters, capable of withstanding anything less than a direct hit by an
1010:
1000:
978:
912:
828:
818:
791:
619:
4352:
4322:
550:
4546:
4328:
2012:
1168:
1156:
1058:
1030:
985:
968:
924:
838:
759:
715:
710:
560:
488:
392:
1098:
4501:
2185:
2105:
2074:
1815:
1164:
1160:
1025:
963:
939:
843:
769:
437:
265:
244:
3948:
2130:
2008:
1879:
1750:
990:
951:
929:
779:
720:
646:
432:
415:
379:
2726:
1005:
973:
934:
902:
833:
801:
774:
747:
656:
535:
478:
461:
21:
4453:
How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front 1917–1918
2412:; the feat was repeated next day and several German formations were broken up by ground fire.
2245:
784:
2240:
1827:
1807:
1082:
1020:
995:
853:
735:
639:
530:
473:
400:
193:
43:
4481:
3887:
3861:
2614:
1081:, sometimes called "Battle of the Menin Road", was the third British general attack of the
907:
525:
1945:
8:
4058:
1900:
1883:
917:
873:
868:
683:
661:
420:
4324:
The Infantry Cannot Do with a Gun Less: The Place of the Artillery in the BEF, 1914–1918
3990:
1940:(under construction). Between the German defence positions, lay the Belgian villages of
4302:
1875:
1152:
1114:
1110:
890:
730:
651:
629:
4456:
4437:
4418:
4394:
4358:
4332:
4306:
4294:
4256:
4237:
4218:
4196:
4174:
4155:
4133:
4109:
4088:
4064:
4043:
4021:
3997:
3975:
3952:
3924:
3899:
3873:
3847:
2560:
2500:
the division had advanced towards the area between Polygon Wood and Inverness Copse.
1718:
1364:
956:
897:
700:
2219:
garrisons retreated. The left hand brigade was held up by a dozen pill-boxes in the
4286:
4035:
3839:
2363:
1971:
1851:
858:
634:
240:
236:
1905:
The British front line and the German defences in the area east of Ypres, mid-1917
1878:(RFC) contributed 26 squadrons, including the two night-bombing squadrons and the
4415:
Londoners on the Western Front: The 58th (2/1st London) Division in the Great War
4171:
Command and Control on the Western Front: The British Army's Experience 1914–1918
4018:
The War in the Air: Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
1086:
1053:
725:
296:
4215:
The Road to Passchendaele: The Flanders Offensive 1917, A Study in Inevitability
2437:(ground-holding divisions), as they made futile attempts to counter-attack from
1858:
of 29 August, which described the multi-layered creeping barrage and the use of
1113:, by increasing the number of aircraft involved in close air support and by the
4482:
Canadian Military Journal: Passchendaele – Canada's Other Vimy Ridge, Leach, N.
2390:
2342:
shell barrages on the German reinforcement routes had depressed German morale.
1847:
1819:
off near Ney Copse and fought its way out; a lull followed until 20 September.
1372:
796:
666:
545:
227:
148:
2721:
batteries (nearly four times the usual amount for a German division) began at
4490:
4362:
4336:
4298:
4210:
4113:
4068:
4001:
3928:
2087:
2015:
covered the southern defensive flank of the attack front, against the German
1090:
678:
520:
210:
106:
93:
81:
4188:
3923:] (in German). Vol. XIII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler.
1859:
1172:
231:
223:
4354:
The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18
4290:
3866:
No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War
2833:), 121st, Bavarian Ersatz, 9th Reserve, 234th and 16th Bavarian divisions.
347:
2290:
and German assembly areas in the dips behind Zonnebeke and Gravenstafel.
4434:
Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18
1124:
In early September, optimism increased among German commanders that the
1117:
giving the tasks of air defence, contact-patrol, counter-attack patrol,
3947:(facs. repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Offices of
2255:
The Fifth Army attacked on the left of the Second Army to capture the
2265:
field guns was to move at the same speed as that of the Second Army.
2032:
so all ranks had to lie quiet in the rain for more than three hours.
1941:
1118:
178:
1740:
guns and howitzers in the Second Army on 31 July, were increased to
2462:
messages were received from British observation aircraft and about
2227:
1125:
1105:
4389:. Translated by Zabecki, D. T.; Biedekarken, D. J. Lexington, KY:
4387:
Lossberg's War: The World War I Memoirs of a German Chief of Staff
3355:
2049:
assist the centre battalion. A number of dugouts were cleared and
2818:
shell, similar to pill-boxes but not loop-holed for machine-guns.
85:
3739:
2993:
2384:
2226:
the second objective, as stunned as those met early in the day.
571:
2024:
Zero hour was decided according to the weather and the time of
1381:
4255:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
3844:
Fire-Power: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904–1945
3799:
3679:
3200:
2918:
2882:
2653:
from 20 to 25 September; the 19th (Western) Division suffered
2002:
German troop dispositions opposite 1 ANZAC Corps, 1 Sept 1917.
1866:
on 1 September, giving times and boundaries to its divisions.
1089:. The battle took place from 20 to 25 September 1917, in the
77:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3292:
3103:
3101:
3064:
3062:
2942:
1856:
General Principles on Which the Artillery Plan Will be Drawn
1832:
Map showing British objective lines on the Gheluvelt Plateau
1423:
4236:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber.
3895:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3128:
3005:
2971:
2969:
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2894:
3811:
3787:
3715:
3667:
3655:
3607:
3571:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3475:
3451:
3427:
3379:
3367:
3343:
3319:
3277:
3034:
3032:
3017:
2954:
1966:
in the period between the attack at Messines and 31 July.
3775:
3304:
3289:
3098:
3074:
3059:
3049:
3047:
2981:
2858:
2846:
2563:
the editor of Volume XIII of the German official history
2425:
Reproduction of captured German trench map, 20 Sept 1917.
3212:
3140:
2966:
2175:
the British and Australians were well on the way to the
4417:(illus. ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
3631:
3265:
3118:
3116:
3029:
2540:
pushed the British left back to Pheasant trench in the
4085:
The Third Ypres: Passchendaele, the Day-By-Day Account
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3643:
3619:
3595:
3583:
3487:
3463:
3439:
3415:
3403:
3331:
3253:
3188:
3176:
3044:
2472:
of the reports resulting in immediate artillery fire.
2458:
at Menin, Moorslede and Westroosebeek. During the day
1121:
observation and ground-attack to particular aircraft.
3703:
3691:
3559:
3391:
3086:
2906:
2870:
3241:
3229:
3164:
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and "annihilated" by small-arms and artillery fire.
56:
A British Vickers machine gun crew during the battle
4532:
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
4234:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
3152:
3989:
3938:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek.
4488:
3727:
154:
4455:(Pen & Sword ed.). London: Routledge.
4168:
3361:
1713:The staff of General Headquarters (GHQ) of the
1159:in August had inflicted a defeat on the German
337:Menin Road, between Ypres and Menin in Flanders
184:
4527:Battles of World War I involving South Africa
4276:
3846:(repr. ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
3838:
3745:
2999:
1896:German defensive preparations: June–July 1917
587:
363:
4522:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand
4152:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army
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1975:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
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1757:
1133:
4127:
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3685:
3283:
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2948:
1778:Gheluvelt Plateau actions, July–August 1917
377:
169:
4537:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
4507:Battles of World War I involving Australia
594:
580:
370:
356:
16:For the battle that took place during the
4146:
4101:
4034:
3945:42nd (East Lancashire) Division 1914–1918
3038:
2975:
2936:
2250:Frezenberg Ridge, September–October 1917.
1399:The British set-piece attack in late 1917
201:
4517:Battles of World War I involving Germany
4409:1914–1918, Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1939
4384:
4209:
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2419:
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1996:
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318:
4512:Battles of World War I involving France
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3053:
3023:
3011:
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2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
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2035:Around dawn a heavy mist formed and at
1392:
1163:similar in extent to the defeat of the
1146:
297:
4489:
4412:
4320:
4250:
4105:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919
3965:
3942:
3709:
3697:
3565:
3313:
3298:
3146:
3092:
3080:
2827:208th, 2nd Guard Reserve, 36th, 25th (
2811:Mannschafts – Eisenbeton – Unterstände
2152:Mannschafts – Eisenbeton – Unterstände
1889:
4231:
4056:
4040:A History of Modern Wars of Attrition
4015:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3170:
3122:
2750:). II Corps had five divisions, with
575:
351:
4060:The 47th (London) Division 1914–1919
3988:
3968:Douglas Haig and the First World War
3870:University of British Columbia Press
3860:
3733:
3158:
2585:were assembled at their stations at
2057:captured with four machine-guns and
4087:. London: Arms & Armour Press.
2677:from 11 to 20 September, including
2452:units were seen advancing from the
1771:
13:
4378:
4357:(PhD). London: London University.
4169:Sheffield, G.; Todman, D. (2004).
2415:
14:
4563:
4470:
4253:The Nineteenth Division 1914–1918
3913:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1956) .
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1186:Allied divisions engaged at Ypres
601:
4193:The German Army at Passchendaele
317:
310:
203:
186:
171:
156:
142:
50:
4279:The Journal of Military History
4195:. London: Pen and Sword Books.
4130:Passchendaele: the Untold Story
4011:– via Archive Foundation.
2821:
2803:
2791:
2739:
1822:
4128:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (1996).
1992:
1402:
1183:
1079:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
37:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
1:
4407:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege
4285:(3). Lexington, VA: 667–701.
4173:. Stroud: The History Press.
4063:. London: Amalgamated Press.
3826:
2640:
2234:
1796:
1141:
4391:University Press of Kentucky
4102:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962).
2840:
2603:
2334:58th (2/1st London) Division
2149:(third line) pill-boxes and
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1294:
7:
4270:
3362:Sheffield & Todman 2004
2690:Action of 25 September 1917
2608:
1715:British Expeditionary Force
1339:
1322:
1305:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1064:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
4568:
3972:Cambridge University Press
2687:
2238:
1893:
1775:
1396:
1387:
15:
4385:Lossberg, F. von (2017).
4329:Columbia University Press
4314:
3746:McRandle & Quirk 2006
3000:Bidwell & Graham 2004
1987:
611:
561:The Menin Road (painting)
389:
305:
284:
271:
250:
217:
134:
60:
49:
41:
36:
3832:
2927:, pp. 180–186, 190.
2891:, pp. 153, 433–436.
2732:
2106:Bavarian Ersatz Division
1189:31 July – 31 August 1917
467:30 September – 4 October
4542:Battle of Passchendaele
4154:. London: Aurum Press.
3943:Gibbon, F. P. (2003) .
3806:Prior & Wilson 1996
3686:Prior & Wilson 1996
3284:Prior & Wilson 1996
3207:Prior & Wilson 1996
2949:Prior & Wilson 1996
2186:2nd Australian Division
2131:1st Australian Division
2009:19th (Western) Division
1880:Royal Naval Air Service
1751:Battle of Pilckem Ridge
1729:in Artois and Picardy.
952:German spring offensive
381:Flanders Offensive 1917
4436:. Stroud: Spellmount.
4232:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
4217:. London: Leo Cooper.
4016:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
3966:Harris, J. P. (2008).
3842:; Graham, D. (2004) .
2829:
2810:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2727:Battle of Polygon Wood
2669:
2663:
2633:
2619:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2521:
2492:) had been ordered at
2488:
2482:
2454:
2448:
2439:10:00 a.m. – 1.30 p.m.
2433:
2427:
2395:
2372:
2358:
2347:
2257:
2252:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2118:
2096:
2028:was passed forward at
2004:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1834:
1800: 800 casualties.
1764:
1758:
1134:
410:Battles of Ypres, 1917
218:Commanders and leaders
22:Battle of Menin (1793)
4552:September 1917 events
4451:Travers, T. (2005) .
4291:10.1353/jmh.2006.0180
4083:McCarthy, C. (1995).
4057:Maude, A. H. (1922).
4042:. Westport: Praeger.
2684:Subsequent operations
2582:Flandern III Stellung
2571:
2548:
2510:
2455:Flandern III Stellung
2423:
2387:
2308:South African Brigade
2248:
2241:Capture of Wurst Farm
2114:
2000:
1937:Flandern III Stellung
1934:(fifth position) and
1903:
1830:
1808:hurricane bombardment
1787:retook Beck House at
1180:Tactical developments
1083:Third Battle of Ypres
401:Capture of Wytschaete
285:Casualties and losses
44:Third Battle of Ypres
4432:Simpson, A. (2006).
4351:Simpson, A. (2001).
4251:Wyrall, E. (2009) .
3137:, pp. 237, 441.
3014:, pp. 238, 244.
2673:historians recorded
1931:Flandern II Stellung
1393:British preparations
1369:Battle of Langemarck
1147:Strategic background
1059:French Army mutinies
1054:1914 Christmas truce
824:Hohenzollern Redoubt
551:Nieuport, 10–11 July
526:Hooge in World War I
333:class=notpageimage|
107:50.90028°N 3.01667°E
68:20–25 September 1917
4413:Martin, D. (2014).
4321:Marble, S. (2003).
3951:and George Newnes.
3820:, pp. 282–284.
3808:, pp. 126–128.
3796:, pp. 165–166.
3748:, pp. 667–701.
3724:, pp. 278–279.
3688:, pp. 122–123.
3676:, pp. 278–280.
3664:, pp. 275–276.
3616:, pp. 274–276.
3580:, pp. 272–273.
3556:, pp. 271–272.
3544:, pp. 270–271.
3532:, pp. 269–270.
3508:, pp. 266–268.
3484:, pp. 265–266.
3460:, pp. 263–264.
3436:, pp. 258–259.
3388:, pp. 256–258.
3376:, pp. 255–256.
3364:, pp. 119–139.
3352:, pp. 253–255.
3328:, pp. 261–262.
3316:, pp. 110–112.
3301:, pp. 109–110.
3226:, pp. 180–187.
3209:, pp. 114–115.
3083:, pp. 100–101.
3026:, pp. 238–239.
3002:, pp. 127–128.
2963:, pp. 445–446.
2939:, pp. 232–237.
2867:, pp. 209–210.
2855:, pp. 235–236.
2784:Flandern I Stellung
2657:. The British took
2649:British casualties
2600:had been defeated.
2434:Stellungsdivisionen
1963:Flandern I Stellung
1928:(fourth position),
1925:Flandern I Stellung
1916:(second position),
1890:German preparations
1411:
1409:1–20 September 1917
1192:
1101:method of advance.
1048:Associated articles
765:Hartmannswillerkopf
625:Invasion of Belgium
515:Associated articles
103: /
3520:, p. 268–269.
2951:, pp. 98–110.
2597:Eingreifdivisionen
2576:Eingreifdivisionen
2483:Eingreifdivisionen
2428:
2396:
2373:Eingreifdivisionen
2253:
2119:
2077:to the north, the
2005:
1957:Eingreifdivisionen
1922:(third position),
1908:
1876:Royal Flying Corps
1835:
1765:Eingreifdivisionen
1719:Eingreif divisions
1403:
1375:on 25 August. The
1184:
1169:Battle of Messines
1153:Kerensky Offensive
1135:Eingreifdivisionen
1115:Royal Flying Corps
1093:in Belgium on the
4497:Conflicts in 1917
4462:978-1-84415-207-0
4443:978-1-86227-292-7
4424:978-1-78159-180-2
4400:978-0-8131-6980-4
4327:(PhD). New York:
4262:978-1-84342-208-2
4243:978-0-8371-5029-1
4224:978-0-436-51732-7
4202:978-1-84415-564-4
4180:978-1-86227-083-1
4161:978-1-84513-691-8
4139:978-0-300-07227-3
4094:978-1-85409-217-5
4049:978-0-275-97379-7
4027:978-1-84342-415-4
3981:978-0-521-89802-7
3958:978-1-84342-642-4
3905:978-0-89839-166-4
3879:978-0-7748-0740-1
3853:978-1-84415-216-2
3784:, pp. 81–82.
3110:, pp. 67–69.
3071:, pp. 66–67.
2990:, pp. 66–69.
2675:25,000 casualties
2645:Edmonds recorded
2594:By nightfall the
2561:Wolfgang Foerster
2364:Livens Projectors
2167:(second line) at
1946:Fritz von LoĂźberg
1711:
1710:
1410:
1356:
1355:
1190:
1072:
1071:
898:Nivelle offensive
672:Trouée de Charmes
569:
568:
496:2nd Passchendaele
484:1st Passchendaele
443:Gheluvelt Plateau
346:
345:
130:
129:
112:50.90028; 3.01667
29:Battle during WW1
18:Flanders Campaign
4559:
4547:History of Ypres
4466:
4447:
4428:
4404:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4310:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4206:
4184:
4165:
4143:
4132:. London: Yale.
4124:
4122:
4120:
4098:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4053:
4031:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3995:
3985:
3962:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3909:
3883:
3857:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2798:Shelford Bidwell
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:1,933 casualties
2652:
2648:
2636:
2622:
2599:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2519:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2411:
2406:
2375:
2361:
2350:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2224:
2217:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:Albrechtstellung
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2099:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
1983:
1979:
1972:General von Kuhl
1965:
1959:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1913:Albrechtstellung
1852:William Birdwood
1813:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1772:Minor operations
1767:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1412:
1408:
1193:
1188:
1157:attack at Verdun
1137:
1011:St Quentin Canal
606:
596:
589:
582:
573:
572:
384:
382:
372:
365:
358:
349:
348:
325:Menin Road Ridge
321:
320:
314:
299:
241:Prince Rupprecht
237:Erich Ludendorff
213:
209:
207:
206:
196:
192:
190:
189:
181:
177:
175:
174:
166:
162:
160:
159:
147:
146:
145:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
62:
61:
54:
34:
33:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4502:1917 in Belgium
4487:
4486:
4473:
4463:
4444:
4425:
4405:Translation of
4401:
4381:
4379:Further reading
4376:
4367:
4365:
4341:
4339:
4317:
4273:
4263:
4244:
4225:
4203:
4181:
4162:
4140:
4118:
4116:
4095:
4073:
4071:
4050:
4028:
4006:
4004:
3982:
3959:
3933:
3931:
3906:
3880:
3854:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2800:and Toby Graham
2796:
2792:
2778:III -stellungen
2766:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2659:3,243 prisoners
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2611:
2606:
2586:
2557:
2554:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2442:
2438:
2426:
2418:
2416:German 4th Army
2409:
2404:
2394:
2382:
2338:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2215:
2203:
2172:
2168:
2140:
2135:
2117:
2088:1st Anzac Corps
2067:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1840:Herbert Uniacke
1833:
1825:
1811:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1745:
1744:and medium and
1741:
1737:
1733:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1149:
1144:
1087:First World War
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1045:
849:Vimy Ridge 1916
726:Race to the Sea
694:1st St. Quentin
616:
607:
602:
600:
570:
565:
512:
506:Polderhoek Spur
407:
385:
380:
378:
376:
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
327:
326:
322:
294:
259:
245:Friedrich Armin
243:
239:
230:
226:
204:
202:
187:
185:
172:
170:
157:
155:
143:
141:
126:British victory
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
88:
55:
30:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4471:External links
4469:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4448:
4442:
4429:
4423:
4410:
4399:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4348:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4242:
4229:
4223:
4207:
4201:
4185:
4179:
4166:
4160:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4099:
4093:
4080:
4054:
4048:
4032:
4026:
4013:
3986:
3980:
3963:
3957:
3940:
3910:
3904:
3888:Edmonds, J. E.
3884:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3712:, p. 113.
3702:
3700:, p. 373.
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3652:, p. 273.
3642:
3640:, p. 262.
3630:
3628:, p. 161.
3618:
3606:
3604:, p. 157.
3594:
3592:, p. 156.
3582:
3570:
3568:, p. 114.
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3496:, p. 267.
3486:
3474:
3472:, p. 264.
3462:
3450:
3448:, p. 260.
3438:
3426:
3424:, p. 258.
3414:
3412:, p. 155.
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3340:, p. 253.
3330:
3318:
3303:
3288:
3286:, p. 114.
3276:
3274:, p. 257.
3264:
3262:, p. 210.
3252:
3250:, p. 291.
3240:
3238:, p. 284.
3228:
3211:
3199:
3197:, p. 139.
3187:
3185:, p. 136.
3175:
3173:, p. 181.
3163:
3161:, p. 149.
3151:
3139:
3127:
3125:, p. 109.
3112:
3097:
3095:, p. 102.
3085:
3073:
3058:
3056:, p. 247.
3043:
3039:Malkasian 2002
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2978:, p. 308.
2976:Nicholson 1962
2965:
2953:
2941:
2937:Sheffield 2011
2929:
2917:
2915:, p. 127.
2905:
2893:
2881:
2879:, p. 119.
2869:
2857:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2820:
2802:
2790:
2772:Flandern I, II
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2679:6,500 missing.
2642:
2639:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2552:
2543:Wilhemstellung
2515:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2393:escort fighter
2391:Hannover CL.II
2388:
2381:
2380:Air operations
2378:
2359:Wilhemstellung
2348:Wilhemstellung
2316:1,000 soldiers
2277:howitzers and
2258:Wilhemstellung
2249:
2236:
2233:
2222:Wilhemstellung
2198:Wilhemstellung
2181:(third line).
2178:Wilhemstellung
2146:Wilhemstellung
2115:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1980:divisions and
1919:Wilhemstellung
1904:
1894:Main article:
1891:
1888:
1848:Thomas Morland
1831:
1824:
1821:
1776:Main article:
1773:
1770:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1397:Main article:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1373:Herbert Plumer
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1181:
1178:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1041:Lys and Escaut
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
895:
888:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
777:
772:
770:Neuve Chapelle
767:
762:
751:
750:
745:
743:Winter actions
740:
739:
738:
733:
723:
718:
713:
708:
706:Grand Couronné
703:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
644:
643:
642:
637:
632:
622:
612:
609:
608:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
546:Operation Hush
543:
541:Messines mines
538:
533:
528:
523:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
493:
492:
491:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
459:
458:
457:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
425:
424:
423:
406:
405:
404:
403:
390:
387:
386:
375:
374:
367:
360:
352:
344:
343:
336:
331:
330:
324:
323:
316:
315:
309:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
291:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
253:
252:
251:Units involved
248:
247:
234:
228:Herbert Plumer
220:
219:
215:
214:
199:
198:
197:
182:
167:
164:United Kingdom
149:British Empire
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4564:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4148:Sheffield, G.
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:Malkasian, C.
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3970:. Cambridge:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3868:. Vancouver:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3782:McCarthy 1995
3778:
3772:, p. 81.
3771:
3770:McCarthy 1995
3766:
3760:, p. 96.
3759:
3758:Foerster 1956
3754:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3638:Terraine 1977
3634:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3400:, p. 45.
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3272:Terraine 1977
3268:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3108:McCarthy 1995
3104:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3069:McCarthy 1995
3065:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3041:, p. 41.
3040:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2988:McCarthy 1995
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2831:
2824:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2710:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2664:Der Weltkrieg
2651:(3,148 fatal)
2638:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:James Edmonds
2601:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2566:Der Weltkrieg
2562:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2525:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2435:
2422:
2413:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:300 prisoners
2335:
2332:weather. The
2329:
2312:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2259:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2136:41 prisoners.
2132:
2127:
2124:
2123:23rd Division
2113:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:41st Division
2080:
2079:39th Division
2076:
2071:
2059:29 prisoners.
2054:
2041:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1999:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1884:Handley-Pages
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1812:36 prisoners.
1809:
1803:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1338:
1321:
1304:
1287:
1270:
1253:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:Western Front
1092:
1091:Ypres Salient
1088:
1084:
1080:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Meuse-Argonne
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
959:
955:
954:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Passchendaele
928:
926:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
894:
893:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
881:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:2nd Champagne
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:1st Champagne
758:
757:
756:
755:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:Great Retreat
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
615:
610:
605:
604:Western Front
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
574:
562:
559:
557:
556:Tactics, 1917
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Ypres Salient
519:
518:
517:
516:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:Pilckem Ridge
414:
413:
412:
411:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
388:
383:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
353:
350:
334:
313:
304:
300:
295:3,243 (
292:
289:
288:
283:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
264:
262:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
242:
238:
235:
233:
229:
225:
222:
221:
216:
212:
200:
195:
183:
180:
168:
165:
153:
152:
151:
150:
139:
138:
133:
125:
122:
121:
116:
87:
83:
82:West Flanders
79:
78:Ypres Salient
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
27:
23:
19:
4452:
4433:
4414:
4406:
4386:
4366:. Retrieved
4353:
4340:. Retrieved
4323:
4282:
4278:
4252:
4233:
4214:
4211:Terraine, J.
4192:
4170:
4151:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4104:
4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4059:
4039:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
3991:
3967:
3949:Country Life
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3920:
3915:
3891:
3865:
3843:
3818:Edmonds 1991
3813:
3801:
3794:Sheldon 2007
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3722:Edmonds 1991
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3674:Edmonds 1991
3669:
3662:Edmonds 1991
3657:
3650:Edmonds 1991
3645:
3633:
3626:Sheldon 2007
3621:
3614:Edmonds 1991
3609:
3602:Sheldon 2007
3597:
3590:Sheldon 2007
3585:
3578:Edmonds 1991
3573:
3561:
3554:Edmonds 1991
3549:
3542:Edmonds 1991
3537:
3530:Edmonds 1991
3525:
3518:Edmonds 1991
3513:
3506:Edmonds 1991
3501:
3494:Edmonds 1991
3489:
3482:Edmonds 1991
3477:
3470:Edmonds 1991
3465:
3458:Edmonds 1991
3453:
3446:Edmonds 1991
3441:
3434:Edmonds 1991
3429:
3422:Edmonds 1991
3417:
3410:Sheldon 2007
3405:
3398:Edmonds 1991
3393:
3386:Edmonds 1991
3381:
3374:Edmonds 1991
3369:
3357:
3350:Edmonds 1991
3345:
3338:Edmonds 1991
3333:
3326:Edmonds 1991
3321:
3279:
3267:
3260:Edmonds 1991
3255:
3243:
3231:
3202:
3195:Simpson 2001
3190:
3183:Simpson 2001
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3135:Edmonds 1991
3130:
3088:
3076:
3054:Edmonds 1991
3024:Edmonds 1991
3019:
3012:Edmonds 1991
3007:
2995:
2983:
2961:Edmonds 1991
2956:
2944:
2932:
2925:Edmonds 1991
2920:
2913:Edmonds 1991
2908:
2903:, Sketch 10.
2901:Edmonds 1991
2896:
2889:Edmonds 1991
2884:
2877:Sheldon 2007
2872:
2865:Edmonds 1991
2860:
2853:Edmonds 1991
2848:
2823:
2805:
2793:
2741:
2711:
2693:
2670:Reichsarchiv
2644:
2634:Gegenangriff
2629:
2625:
2612:
2593:
2572:
2559:
2555:Hubert Gough
2549:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2502:
2474:
2460:394 wireless
2429:
2401:
2397:
2368:
2354:
2344:
2330:
2313:
2296:
2292:
2254:
2213:
2209:
2189:surrendered
2183:
2128:
2120:
2103:
2092:
2082:stopped the
2072:
2055:
2051:50 prisoners
2042:
2034:
2006:
1968:
1951:Postengraben
1909:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1844:
1836:
1823:British plan
1804:
1785:
1781:
1755:
1731:
1712:
1404:
1361:
1357:
1185:
1173:Douglas Haig
1150:
1131:
1123:
1103:
1078:
1076:
1047:
1046:
1006:Saint-Mihiel
974:Belleau Wood
957:
945:
944:
935:La Malmaison
891:
879:
878:
844:Kink Salient
812:
811:
807:Gas: Wieltje
753:
752:
613:
514:
513:
501:1/2 December
479:Poelcappelle
462:Polygon Wood
455:25 September
449:
409:
408:
391:
277:11 divisions
232:Hubert Gough
224:Douglas Haig
194:South Africa
140:
135:Belligerents
42:Part of the
26:
4189:Sheldon, J.
4119:27 December
3840:Bidwell, S.
3710:Wyrall 2009
3698:Harris 2008
3566:Wyrall 2009
3314:Wyrall 2009
3299:Wyrall 2009
3147:Marble 2003
3093:Gibbon 2003
3081:Gibbon 2003
2781:except for
2748:43 per cent
2667:(1942) the
2620:Schwerpunkt
2573:The German
2489:Näher heran
2311:objective.
2017:9th Reserve
1993:Second Army
1864:Instruction
1727:Fourth Army
1377:Second Army
1026:2nd Cambrai
864:Boar's Head
854:Mont Sorrel
536:Celtic Wood
474:Broodseinde
280:5 divisions
257:Second Army
110: /
4491:Categories
3827:References
3248:Wynne 1976
3236:Wynne 1976
3224:Jones 2002
3171:Jones 2002
3123:Maude 1922
2729:next day.
2641:Casualties
2538:7:00 p.m.,
2529:5:30 p.m.,
2498:9:00 a.m.,
2477:3.00 p.m.,
2325:10:00 a.m.
2321:7:08 a.m.,
2279:60-pounder
2267:18-pounder
2263:18-pounder
2239:See also:
2235:Fifth Army
2204:7:45 a.m.,
2063:8:10 a.m.,
2030:1:45 a.m.,
1871:Attack Map
1789:10.45 a.m.
1723:Third Army
1365:First Army
1142:Background
839:Wulverghem
802:3rd Artois
780:2nd Artois
748:1st Artois
531:Wurst Farm
489:22 October
450:Menin Road
428:Langemarck
261:Fifth Army
98:03°01′00″E
95:50°54′01″N
4363:557496951
4337:312713944
4307:159930725
4299:0899-3718
4114:557523890
4069:565301027
4002:565067054
3929:257129831
3890:(1991) .
3734:USWD 1920
3159:Cook 2000
3149:, App 22.
2841:Footnotes
2723:5:15 a.m.
2707:6.30 a.m.
2702:9:15 p.m.
2697:7:00 p.m.
2613:In 1948,
2604:Aftermath
2590:reserves.
2587:8:00 a.m.
2534:5:30 p.m.
2506:7:02 p.m.
2494:5:15 a.m.
2443:1:48 p.m.
2410:1:30 p.m.
2405:8.00 a.m.
2304:7:08 a.m.
2300:7:08 a.m.
2216:9:53 a.m.
2173:9:00 a.m.
2169:8:30 a.m.
2141:7:45 a.m.
2068:7:30 a.m.
2046:6:24 a.m.
2037:5:40 a.m.
2026:5:40 a.m.
2022:5:00 a.m.
1942:Zonnebeke
1816:"Chinese"
1793:7.30 p.m.
1746:720 field
1742:575 heavy
1738:210 field
1734:112 heavy
1119:artillery
1104:Waves of
1099:leap-frog
1021:5th Ypres
1001:2nd Somme
979:2nd Marne
969:3rd Aisne
918:The Hills
913:2nd Aisne
874:Fromelles
869:1st Somme
819:The Bluff
785:HĂ©buterne
775:2nd Ypres
736:1st Ypres
716:1st Aisne
711:1st Marne
684:Le Cateau
662:Charleroi
647:Frontiers
438:22 August
433:19 August
179:Australia
4271:Journals
4213:(1977).
4191:(2007).
4150:(2011).
4074:23 March
4038:(2002).
3864:(2000).
3862:Cook, T.
2830:Eingreif
2788:distant.
2719:44 field
2715:20 heavy
2609:Analysis
2553:—
2516:—
2449:Eingreif
2271:4.5-inch
2228:Strafing
2192:en masse
2013:IX Corps
1860:Fuze 106
1759:Eingreif
1165:4th Army
1161:5th Army
1126:Flanders
1106:infantry
1031:Courtrai
986:Soissons
925:Messines
892:Alberich
701:Maubeuge
657:Ardennes
652:Lorraine
620:Moresnet
421:Westhoek
393:Messines
272:Strength
266:4th Army
73:Location
4007:22 July
3934:29 June
2759:⁄
2569:wrote,
2518:Sheldon
2513:points.
2496:and by
2467:⁄
2446:German
2389:German
2288:Hill 40
2284:Hill 37
2171:but by
2075:X Corps
1977:Eingref
1882:(RNAS)
1405:Weather
1388:Prelude
1216:French
1167:in the
1111:salient
1085:in the
996:Ailette
964:The Lys
958:Michael
940:Cambrai
834:Hulluch
829:St Eloi
721:Antwerp
293:25,000
211:Germany
86:Belgium
4459:
4440:
4421:
4397:
4368:5 June
4361:
4342:5 June
4335:
4315:Theses
4305:
4297:
4259:
4240:
4221:
4199:
4177:
4158:
4136:
4112:
4091:
4067:
4046:
4024:
4000:
3978:
3955:
3927:
3902:
3876:
3850:
2816:8-inch
2767:SS 135
2647:20,255
2475:After
2275:6-inch
1988:Battle
1984:guns.
1382:Artois
1284:162nd
1247:Guards
1213:Corps
1208:Corps
1203:Corps
1198:Corps
1036:Sambre
991:Amiens
859:Verdun
689:Étreux
635:Dinant
290:20,255
208:
191:
176:
161:
123:Result
20:, see
4303:S2CID
3919:[
3833:Books
2733:Notes
1707:dull
1693:fine
1679:fine
1665:dull
1651:dull
1637:dull
1623:dull
1595:dull
1581:fine
1567:fine
1525:dull
1511:dull
1497:fine
1483:fine
1469:fine
1455:dull
1441:dull
1415:Date
1267:51st
1206:XVIII
903:Arras
886:Ancre
640:Namur
630:Liège
4457:ISBN
4438:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4370:2014
4359:OCLC
4344:2014
4333:OCLC
4295:ISSN
4257:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4197:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4134:ISBN
4121:2012
4110:OCLC
4089:ISBN
4076:2014
4065:OCLC
4044:ISBN
4022:ISBN
4009:2017
3998:OCLC
3976:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3936:2021
3925:OCLC
3900:ISBN
3896:HMSO
3874:ISBN
3848:ISBN
2775:and
2717:and
2286:and
2269:and
2184:The
2158:Mebu
2143:The
2129:The
2121:The
2097:Mebu
2007:The
1850:and
1736:and
1732:The
1725:and
1553:fog
1539:fog
1505:24.6
1418:Rain
1340:56th
1323:47th
1306:14th
1292:61st
1289:25th
1281:29th
1278:11th
1275:36th
1272:18th
1264:20th
1261:48th
1258:16th
1250:2nd
1244:51st
1241:55th
1238:30th
1233:1st
1230:38th
1227:39th
1224:15th
1221:24th
1151:The
1077:The
946:1918
908:Vimy
880:1917
813:1916
797:Loos
754:1915
731:Yser
667:Mons
614:1914
65:Date
4287:doi
2695:at
2441:At
2302:At
2214:At
2073:In
2061:At
2011:in
1982:750
1701:0.0
1687:5.1
1673:0.4
1659:0.0
1645:0.0
1631:0.1
1617:0.4
1603:1.7
1589:0.0
1575:0.0
1561:0.0
1547:0.0
1533:0.0
1519:0.1
1491:5.1
1477:0.0
1463:0.0
1449:1.1
1435:0.2
1420:mm
1255:8th
1211:XIV
1201:XIX
298:POW
4493::
4393:.
4331:.
4301:.
4293:.
4283:70
4281:.
3974:.
3898:.
3872:.
3306:^
3291:^
3214:^
3115:^
3100:^
3061:^
3046:^
3031:^
2968:^
1797:c.
1704:66
1698:20
1690:72
1684:19
1676:65
1670:18
1662:67
1656:17
1648:73
1642:16
1634:67
1628:15
1620:66
1614:14
1609:—
1606:61
1600:13
1592:62
1586:12
1578:71
1572:11
1564:66
1558:10
1550:71
1536:72
1522:72
1508:77
1494:74
1480:71
1466:69
1452:63
1438:59
1424:°F
1384:.
1352:—
1335:—
1318:—
1301:—
1196:II
84:,
80:,
4465:.
4446:.
4427:.
4403:.
4372:.
4346:.
4309:.
4289::
4265:.
4246:.
4227:.
4205:.
4183:.
4164:.
4142:.
4123:.
4097:.
4078:.
4052:.
4030:.
3984:.
3961:.
3908:.
3882:.
3856:.
3736:.
2761:3
2757:1
2754:+
2752:3
2746:(
2469:3
2465:1
2155:(
1544:9
1530:8
1516:7
1502:6
1488:5
1474:4
1460:3
1446:2
1432:1
1349:—
1346:—
1343:—
1332:—
1329:—
1326:—
1315:—
1312:—
1309:—
1298:—
1295:—
595:e
588:t
581:v
371:e
364:t
357:v
301:)
24:.
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