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airports can handle in the neighborhood of fifty additional airplanes per day. These would have to be C-47s, C-54s or planes with similar landing characteristics, as our airports cannot take larger planes. LeMay is urging two C-54 groups. With this airlift, we should be able to bring in 600 or 700 tons a day. While 2,000 tons a day is required in normal foods, 600 tons a day (utilizing dried foods to the maximum extent) will substantially increase the morale of the German people and will unquestionably seriously disturb the Soviet blockade. To accomplish this, it is urgent that we be given approximately 50 additional transport planes to arrive in
Germany at the earliest practicable date, and each day's delay will of course decrease our ability to sustain our position in Berlin. Crews would be needed to permit maximum operation of these planes.
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European theatre. The entire United States Army had been reduced to 552,000 men by
February 1948. Military forces in the western sectors of Berlin numbered only 8,973 Americans, 7,606 British and 6,100 French. Of the 98,000 American troops in West Germany in March 1948, only 31,000 were combat forces, and only one reserve division was immediately available in the United States. Soviet military forces in the Soviet sector that surrounded Berlin totaled 1.5 million. The two United States regiments in Berlin could have provided little resistance against a Soviet attack. Because of the imbalance, US war plans were based on using hundreds of atomic bombs, but only about 50
2400:
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highest priority and further maximised utilisation. Tunner also shortened block times to six hours to squeeze in another shift, making 1,440 (the number of minutes in a day) landings in Berlin a daily goal. His purpose, illustrating his basic philosophy of the airlift business, was to create a "conveyor belt" approach to scheduling that could be sped up or slowed down as situations might dictate. The most effective measure taken by Tunner, and the most initially resisted until it demonstrated its efficiency, was creation of a single control point in the CALTF for controlling all air movements into Berlin, rather than each air force doing its own.
131:
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zones. Over the following months, this counter-blockade would have a damaging impact on East
Germany, as the drying up of coal and steel shipments seriously hindered industrial development in the Soviet zone. On 25 June, the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin. Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted, but this required a 23-kilometre (14 mi) detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged "repairs" to a bridge. They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin, using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone.
2477:
addressed to "Uncle Wiggly Wings", "The
Chocolate Uncle" and "The Chocolate Flier". His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news, but when Tunner heard about it, he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into "Operation Little Vittles". Other pilots participated, and when news reached the US, children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out. Soon, major candy manufacturers joined in. In the end, over three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin and the "operation" became a major propaganda success. German children christened the candy-dropping aircraft "
2791:
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144:
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operation for the
Western Allies. One of the longest-lasting fogs ever experienced in Berlin blanketed the entire European continent for weeks. All too often, aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin. On 20 November 1948, 42 aircraft departed for Berlin, but only one landed there. At one point, the city had only a week's supply of coal left. However, the weather eventually improved, and more than 171,000 tons were delivered in January 1949, 152,000 tons in February, and 196,223 tons in March.
3399:
238:
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3205:
272:
156:
816:
327:
59:
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206:
808:
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2192:
2136:
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2147:, as the provisional task force commander of the airlift. Smith had been chief of staff in LeMay's B-29 command in India during World War II and had no airlift experience. On 25 June 1948, Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles. The next day, 32 C-47s lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo, including milk, flour and medicine. The first British aircraft flew on 28 June. At that time, the airlift was expected to last three weeks.
11882:
744:
2453:, one of the many airlift pilots, decided to use his off-time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand-held camera. He arrived at Tempelhof on 17 July 1948 on one of the C-54s and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft. He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights. As a goodwill gesture, he handed out his only two sticks of
2718:
1916:, Soviet guards halted all passenger trains and traffic on the autobahn to Berlin, delayed Western and German freight shipments and required that all water transport secure special Soviet permission. On 21 June, the day the Deutsche Mark was introduced, the Soviet military halted a United States military supply train to Berlin and sent it back to western Germany. On 22 June, the Soviets announced that they would introduce the
1924:
Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning
Britain, the United States and France by radio, newspaper and loudspeaker. The Soviets conducted well-advertised military maneuvers just outside the city. Rumors of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly. German communists demonstrated, rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders attending meetings for the municipal government in the Soviet sector.
2052:, which the British called the "Dakota"), nominally 96 aircraft, each of which could carry about 3.5 tons of cargo. LeMay believed that "with an all-out effort" of 100 daily round trips these would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day. The RAF was somewhat better prepared, since it had already moved some aircraft into the German area, and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day.
937:) was established, with representatives of the states, the central offices, political parties, trade unions, and consumer organisations. As indicated by its name, the zonal advisory board had no legislative power, but was merely advisory. The Control Commission for Germany – British Element made all decisions with its legislative power. In reaction to the Soviet and British advances, in October 1945 the
2523:(Soviet fighter aircraft) used to come and buzz you and go over the top of you at about twenty feet which can be off-putting. One day I was buzzed about three times. The following day it started again and he came across twice and I got a bit fed up with it. So when he came for the third time, I turned the aircraft into him and it was a case of chicken, luckily he was the one who chickened out."
665:
would resume the blockade and were only trying to disrupt western supply lines. The Berlin
Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 after fifteen months. The US Air Force had delivered 1,783,573 tons (76.4% of total) and the RAF 541,937 tons (23.3% of total), totalling 2,334,374 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin. In addition
2022:
coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, 5 tons of whole milk for children, 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking, 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables, 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese. In all, 1,534 tons were required each day to feed the over two million people of Berlin. Additionally, for heat and power, 3,475 tons of coal, diesel and petrol were also required daily.
2367:
landed, bringing in 300 tons. Accident rates and delays dropped immediately. Tunner decided, as he had done during the Hump operation, to replace the C-47s in the airlift with C-54s or larger aircraft when it was realised that it took just as long to unload a 3.5-ton C-47 as a 10-ton C-54. One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the
2200:
2657:, who had already once been elected lord mayor in early 1946 but prevented from taking office by a Soviet veto. Thus two separate city governments officiated in the city divided into East and West versions of its former self. In the east, a communist system supervised by house, street, and block wardens was quickly implemented.
2355:
at
Tempelhof had lost control of the situation while the commander of the airlift was circling overhead. Tunner radioed for all stacked aircraft except his to be sent home immediately. This became known as "Black Friday", and Tunner personally noted it was from that date onward that the success of the airlift stemmed.
2419:
The
Berliners themselves solved the problem of the lack of manpower. Crews unloading and making airfield repairs at the Berlin airports were made up almost entirely of local civilians, who were given additional rations in return. As the crews increased in experience, the times for unloading continued
2415:
To maximise the utilisation of a limited number of aircraft, Tunner altered the "ladder" to three minutes and 500 feet (150 m) of separation, stacked from 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200 to 1,800 m). Maintenance, particularly adherence to 25-hour, 200-hour, and 1,000-hour inspections, became the
2095:
Look, I am ready to try an airlift. I can't guarantee it will work. I am sure that even at its best, people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry. And if the people of Berlin won't stand that, it will fail. And I don't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people
2067:
With this fleet, the
British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term, albeit at the cost of suspending all air traffic except for the airlift to Berlin. For a longer-term operation, the US would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible, and those would have to
1923:
That same day, a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that "We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone." The
1108:
or for bartering. The Soviets opposed western plans for a reform. They interpreted the new currency as an unjustified, unilateral decision, and responded by cutting all land links between West Berlin and West Germany. The Soviets believed that the only currency that should be allowed to circulate was
1073:
On 9 April, Soviet officials demanded that American military personnel maintaining communication equipment in the Eastern zone must withdraw, thus preventing the use of navigation beacons to mark air routes. On 20 April, the Soviets demanded that all barges obtain clearance before entering the Soviet
850:
informed German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within their occupation zone, that the United States would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united Germany under communist control within the Soviet orbit. Stalin
2940:
Nevertheless, supply flights to Berlin continued for some time in order to build up a comfortable surplus, though night flying and then weekend flights could be eliminated once the surplus was deemed to be large enough. By 24 July 1949, three months' worth of supplies had been amassed, ensuring that
2924:
The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949. A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin, and the first train from West Germany reached Berlin at 5:32 a.m. Later that day, an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the blockade. General Clay, whose
2506:
Throughout the airlift, Soviet and German communists subjected the hard-pressed West Berliners to sustained psychological warfare. In radio broadcasts, they relentlessly proclaimed that all Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city by the Western occupying
2498:
As the tempo of the airlift grew, it became apparent that the Western powers might be able to pull off the impossible: indefinitely supplying an entire city by air alone. In response, starting on 1 August 1948, the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their
2354:
from 3,000 to 12,000 feet (910 to 3,660 m) in bad weather, creating an extreme risk of mid-air collision. Newly unloaded planes were denied permission to take off to avoid that possibility and created a backup on the ground. While no one was killed, Tunner was embarrassed that the control tower
2267:
Accommodating the large number of flights to Berlin of dissimilar aircraft with widely varying flight characteristics required close co-ordination. Smith and his staff developed a complex timetable for flights called the "block system": three eight-hour shifts of a C-54 section to Berlin followed by
2119:
to China. His endorsement of the airlift option gave it a major boost. The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay; the US action was dubbed "Operation Vittles", while the British action was called "Operation Plainfare". The Australian contribution to the airlift, begun
1994:
Although the ground routes had never been negotiated, the same was not true of the air. On 30 November 1945, it had been agreed in writing that there would be three twenty-mile-wide air corridors providing free access to Berlin. Additionally, unlike a force of tanks and trucks, the Soviets could not
664:
could work, the Soviets found its continued success an increasing embarrassment. On 12 May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin, due to economic issues in East Berlin, although for a time the Americans and British continued to supply the city by air as they were worried that the Soviets
2944:
On 18 August 1949, Flt Lt Roy Mather DFC AFC and his crew of Flt Lt Roy Lewis Stewart Hathaway AFC, Flt Lt Richardson and Royston William Marshall AFM of 206 squadron, flew back to Wunstorf for the 404th time during the blockade, the record number of flights for any pilot of any nationality, either
2867:
From noon on 15 April to noon on 16 April 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered in 1,383 flights, without a single accident. A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general were boosted, and tonnage increased from 6,729 tons
2580:
The crowd surged towards the Soviet-occupied sector and someone climbed up and ripped down the Soviet flag flying from atop the Brandenburg Gate. Soviet military police (MPs) quickly responded, resulting in the killing of one in the unruly crowd. The tense situation could have escalated further and
2460:
Gum. The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could, even passing around the wrapper for others to smell. He was so impressed by their gratitude and that they didn't fight over them, that he promised the next time he returned he would drop off more. Before he left them, a child asked
2423:
By the end of August 1948, after two months, the airlift was succeeding; daily operations flew more than 1,500 flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo, enough to keep West Berlin supplied. From January 1949 onwards, 225 C-54s (40% of USAF and USN Skymasters worldwide) were devoted
1973:
Believing that Britain, France, and the United States had little option other than to acquiesce, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany celebrated the beginning of the blockade. General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing about Berlin since they would not want to be viewed as starting a
1931:
Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones to Berlin was blockaded, leaving open only the air corridors. The Soviets rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain, France and the United
842:
or Soviet orientation. The SED leaders then called for the "establishment of an anti-fascist, democratic regime, a parliamentary democratic republic" while the Soviet Military Administration suppressed all other political activities. Factories, equipment, technicians, managers and skilled personnel
2859:
By April 1949, airlift operations were running smoothly and Tunner wanted to shake up his command to discourage complacency. He believed in the spirit of competition between units and, coupled with the idea of a big event, felt that this would encourage them to greater efforts. He decided that, on
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Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on: two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow—neither of which was designed to support the loads the C-54s were putting on them. All of the existing runways required hundreds of labourers, who ran onto them between landings and dumped sand into the
2775:
Although the early estimates were that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons per day would be needed to supply the city, this was made in the context of summer weather, when the airlift was only expected to last a few weeks. As the operation dragged on into autumn, the situation changed considerably. The food
2366:
would have only one chance to land in Berlin, returning to its air base if it missed its approach, where it was slotted back into the flow. Stacking was eliminated. With straight-in approaches, the planners found that in the time it had taken to unstack and land nine aircraft, 30 aircraft could be
2344:
Two weeks after his arrival, on 13 August, Tunner decided to fly to Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins, an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up to that time, a symbol of the entire effort to date. Cloud cover over Berlin dropped to the height of the buildings, and
2158:
I have already arranged for our maximum airlift to start on Monday . For a sustained effort, we can use seventy Dakotas . The number which the British can make available is not yet known, although General Robertson is somewhat doubtful of their ability to make this number available. Our two Berlin
2055:
This was not nearly enough to move the approximately 5,000 total tons a day that would be needed, but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly. It could fly additional
1032:
On 25 March 1948, the Soviets issued orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American, British and French occupation zones and Berlin. These new measures began on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the
3489:
Altogether, BEA was responsible to the RAF for the direction and operation of 25 British airlines taking part in "Operation Plainfare". The British also used flying boats, particularly for transporting corrosive salt. These included civilian aircraft operated by Aquila Airways. These took off and
3105:
It has been claimed that animosities between Germans and the Western Allies were greatly reduced by the airlift, with the former enemies recognising common interests. The Soviets refused to return to the Allied Control Council in Berlin, rendering the four-power occupation authority set up at the
3097:
operating within the terms of a three-power occupation statute. The Blockade also helped to unify German politicians in these zones in support of the creation of a West German state; some of them had hitherto been fearful of Soviet opposition. The blockade also increased the perception among many
2279:
Despite the excitement engendered by glamorous publicity extolling the work (and over-work) of the crews and the daily increase of tonnage levels, the airlift was not close to being operated to its capability because USAFE was a tactical organisation without any airlift expertise. Maintenance was
2806:
Far from ideal, with the approach being over Berlin's apartment blocks, the runway nevertheless was a major upgrade to the airport's capabilities. With it in place, the auxiliary runway was upgraded from Marston Matting to asphalt between September and October 1948. A similar upgrade program was
2395:
in that snack bar. They knew we couldn't date them, we had no time. So they were very friendly." Operations officers handed pilots their clearance slips and other information while they ate. With unloading beginning as soon as engines were shut down on the ramp, turnaround before takeoff back to
1939:
had an estimated 36 days worth of food, and 45 days worth of coal. Militarily, the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered because of the postwar scaling back of their armies. The United States, like other Western countries, had disbanded most of its troops and was largely inferior in the
1927:
On 24 June, the Soviets severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin. That same day, they halted all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin. The West answered by introducing a counter-blockade, stopping all rail traffic into East Germany from the British and US
1040:
The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948, but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days, while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft. Some 20 flights a day continued through
3643:
Miller acknowledges that most histories credit Smith with coining the term by dramatically stating: "Hell's Fire! We're hauling grub. Call it Operation Vittles!" However, he states that the origin is "probably more prosaic" and due to Col. William O. Large, Jr., a duty officer in the Operations
1956:
specification B-29 aircraft built through the end of 1947—and a few trained flight and assembly crews were available. Three B-29 groups arrived in Europe in July and August 1948. Despite the intention to signal the threat of the West's ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons if necessary, the
2021:
Based on a minimum daily ration of 1,990 kilocalories (July 1948), the American military government set a total of daily supplies needed at 646 tons of flour and wheat, 125 tons of cereal, 64 tons of fat, 109 tons of meat and fish, 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes, 180 tons of sugar, 11 tons of
854:
A further factor contributing to the blockade was that there had never been a formal agreement guaranteeing rail and road access to Berlin through the Soviet zone. At the end of the war, western leaders had relied on Soviet goodwill to provide them with access. At that time, the western allies
2850:
radar system (GCA) was flown to Europe for installation at Tempelhof, with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in West Germany. With the installation of GCA, all-weather airlift operations were assured. November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift
2476:
The next day on his approach to Berlin, he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below. Every day after that, the number of children increased and he made several more drops. Soon, there was a stack of mail in Base Ops
1998:
The airlift option critically depended on scale and effectiveness. If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough, Soviet help would eventually be needed to prevent starvation. Clay was told to take advice from General LeMay to see if an airlift was possible. "We can haul anything," LeMay
1112:
Anticipating the introduction of a new currency by the other countries in the non-Soviet zones, the Soviet Union in May 1948 directed its military to introduce its own new currency and to permit only the Soviet currency to be used in their sector of Berlin if the other countries brought in a
1932:
States a legal claim to use of the highways, tunnels, railroads, and canals. Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war, Britain, France, and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land-based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone.
993:
In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings, in late January 1948, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities. As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948, all of the governments present approved the extension of the
2978:
The cost of the airlift was shared between the US, UK, and German authorities in the Western sectors of occupation. Estimated costs range from approximately US$ 224 million to over US$ 500 million (equivalent to approximately $ 2.27 billion to $ 5.07 billion in 2023).
2378:
Having noticed on his first inspection trip to Berlin on 31 July that there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft after getting refreshments from the terminal, Tunner banned aircrew from leaving their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin. Instead, he equipped
799:, Berlin was also divided into four occupation zones, despite the city's location, 100 miles (160 km) inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany. The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector.
2864:, the airlift would break all records. To do this, maximum efficiency was needed and so, to simplify cargo-handling, only coal would be airlifted. Coal stockpiles were built up for the effort and maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of aircraft were available.
2268:
a C-47 section. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every four minutes, flying 1,000 feet (300 m) higher than the flight in front. This pattern began at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) and was repeated five times. This system of stacked inbound serials was later dubbed "the ladder".
2600:) in the British sector, boycotted by the members of SED, which had gained 19.8% of the electoral votes in 1946. On 30 November 1948 the SED gathered its elected parliament members and 1,100 further activists and held an unconstitutional so-called "extraordinary city assembly" (
3679:
The figure of 225 Skymasters—201 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy—represents only those in Germany at any one time. Another 75 were always in the maintenance pipeline (raised in April 1949 to 100), and 19 more were assigned to the airlift replacement training unit at
2908:
on exports from the entire Eastern bloc, severely hampering the East German economy in particular. The embargo had been exacting a higher toll on the Soviets than the airlift was costing the Western bloc, leading Stalin to recognize the futility of continuing the blockade.
1968:
There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis… We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American
1005:
After a 9 March meeting between Stalin and his military advisers, a secret memorandum was sent to Molotov on 12 March 1948, outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by "regulating" access to Berlin. The
1041:
June, building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions, so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June, at least 18 days' supply per major food type, and in some types, much more, had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift.
2489:
The Soviets had an advantage in conventional military forces, but were preoccupied with rebuilding their war-torn economy and society. The US had a stronger navy and air force, and had nuclear weapons. Neither side wanted a war; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift.
2634:("divisive election"). The SED did not nominate any candidates for this election and appealed to the electorate in the western sectors to boycott the election, while the democratic parties ran for seats. The turnout amounted to 86.3% of the western electorate with the
648:
air forces flew over Berlin more than 250,000 times, dropping necessities such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies daily. By the spring of 1949, that number was often met twofold, with the peak daily delivery totalling 12,941
2833:
For the second runway at Tegel, heavy equipment was needed to level the ground, equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing cargo aircraft. The solution was to dismantle large machines and then re-assemble them. Using the five largest American
878:, responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany to the Soviet Union. In response, the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four zones of occupation.
3009:
Following the end of the blockade, the western allied powers required the senate of Berlin to stockpile six months worth of food and basic necessities as preparation against a potential second Berlin blockade. The reserves were liquidated following reunification.
2080:, 168 in the troop carrier groups, and 80 Navy R5Ds in miscellaneous commands. Planners calculated that including C-54s already ordered to Germany and drawing on those flying with civilian carriers, 447 Skymasters could be available for an "extreme emergency".
2830:. French military engineers, managing German construction crews, were able to complete the construction in under 90 days. Because of a shortage of heavy equipment, the first runway was mostly built by hand, by thousands of labourers who worked day and night.
2280:
barely adequate, crews were not being efficiently used, transports stood idle and disused, necessary record-keeping was scant, and ad hoc flight crews of publicity-seeking desk personnel were disrupting a business-like atmosphere. This was recognised by the
2589:. Never before this incident had so many Berliners gathered in unity. The resonance worldwide was enormous, notably in the United States, where a strong feeling of solidarity with Berliners reinforced a general widespread determination not to abandon them.
2510:
During the early months of the airlift, the Soviets used various methods to harass allied aircraft. These included buzzing by Soviet planes, obstructive parachute jumps within the corridors, and shining searchlights to dazzle pilots at night. Although the
1069:
Internal Soviet reports in April stated that "Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow to the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany" and that the Americans have "admitted" that the idea of an airlift would be too expensive.
6199:
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stated that the "way appears clear" for the blockade to end. Soon afterwards, the four powers began serious negotiations, and a settlement was reached on Western terms. On 4 May 1949, the Allies announced an agreement to end the blockade in eight days.
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transports, it was possible to fly the machinery into West Berlin. This not only helped to build the airfield, but also demonstrated that the Soviet blockade could not keep anything out of Berlin. The Tegel airfield was subsequently developed into
2205:
2948:
The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949, after fifteen months. In total, the USAF delivered 1,783,573 tons and the RAF 541,937 tons, totalling 2,326,406 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin. The
2803:(pierced steel planking) to soften the surface and help the planking survive. Since this system could not endure through the winter, between July and September 1948 a 1,800-metre (5,900 ft)-long asphalt runway was constructed at Tempelhof.
2549:, the provisional city hall (located on Parochialstraße since all other central municipal buildings had been destroyed in the War), interrupted the parliament's sessions, and menaced its non-Communist members. The Kremlin organised an attempted
2202:
1014:
demanded to know the outcome of the London Conference and, on being told by negotiators that they had not yet heard the final results from their governments, he said, "I see no sense in continuing this meeting, and I declare it adjourned."
2883:
Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof, displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 American airmen who lost their lives during the operation. Similar monuments are located at the military airfield of Wietzenbruch near the former
722:
The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe. It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers, and in drawing
1978:. He believed that Stalin did not want a war and that Soviet actions were aimed at exerting military and political pressure on the West to obtain concessions, relying on the West's prudence and unwillingness to provoke a war. General
2271:
During the first week, the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day, but by the second week it reached 1,000 tons. This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks, as originally believed. The Communist press in
1117:
would be introduced, but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin. The Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutsche marks into the city and it quickly became the standard currency in all four sectors.
1022:
for most of Germany, this act merely formalised what had been an obvious fact for some time, namely, that the four-power control machinery had become unworkable. For the city of Berlin, however, this was an indication for a major
990:), was concluded. Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953, the repayable amount was reduced by 50% to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years, and compared to the fast-growing German economy were of minor impact.
3228:
2576:
took the microphone and pleaded for his city, "You peoples of the world, you people of America, of England, of France, look on this city, and recognise that this city, this people, must not be abandoned—cannot be abandoned!"
855:
assumed that the Soviets' refusal to grant any cargo access other than one rail line, limited to ten trains per day, was temporary, but the Soviets refused expansion to the various additional routes that were later proposed.
2349:
after mistakenly landing on a runway under construction. In accordance with the standard procedures then in effect, all incoming transports including Tunner's, arriving every three minutes, were stacked above Berlin by
2203:
893:
noted, "What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe." Berlin had suffered enormous damage; its prewar population of 4.3 million people was reduced to 2.8 million.
965:. While the British and Soviet central administrations were allied institutions, these US zone committees were not OMGUS subdivisions, but instead were autonomous bodies of German self-rule under OMGUS supervision.
2619:
and consisting only of Communists. This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin, but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin from further acting in the eastern sector.
1986:(USAFE), reportedly favored an aggressive response to the blockade, in which his B-29s with fighter escort would approach Soviet air bases while ground troops attempted to reach Berlin; Washington vetoed the plan.
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The British used a considerable variety of aircraft types. Many aircraft were either former bombers or civil versions of bombers. In the absence of enough transports, the British chartered many civilian aircraft.
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became Soviet leader in the same year. Khrushchev tried to push Eisenhower on Berlin in 1958–59. The Soviets backed down when Eisenhower's resolve seemed to match that of Truman. When Eisenhower was replaced by
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requirements would remain the same (around 1,500 tons), but the need for additional coal to heat the city dramatically increased the total amount of cargo to be transported by an additional 6,000 tons a day.
2519:, air-to-air fire, rocketing, bombing, and explosions, this is now considered to be exaggerated. None of these measures were effective. Former RAF Dakota pilot Dick Arscott described one "buzzing" incident. "
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Division of Headquarters USAF in the Pentagon. At the time a codename was needed to coordinate activities. Large suggested "Vittles" because of its probable unfamiliarity to the Soviets. (Miller 2000, p. 58)
2324:(CALTF) to control both the USAFE and RAF lift operations from a central location, which went into effect in mid-October 1948. MATS immediately deployed eight squadrons of C-54s—72 aircraft—to Wiesbaden and
2328:
to reinforce the 54 already in operation, the first by 30 July and the remainder by mid-August, and two-thirds of all C-54 aircrew worldwide began transferring to Germany to allot three crews per aircraft.
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to fall, with a record set for the unloading of an entire 10-ton shipment of coal from a C-54 in ten minutes, later beaten when a twelve-man crew unloaded the same quantity in five minutes and 45 seconds.
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Potsdam Conference useless. It has been argued that the events of the Berlin Blockade are proof that the Allies conducted their affairs within a rational framework, since they were keen to avoid war.
881:
Until the blockade began in 1948, the Truman Administration had not decided whether American forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government, planned for 1949.
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landed on water and were designed to be corrosion-resistant. In winter, when ice covered the Berlin rivers and made the use of flying boats difficult, the British used other aircraft in their place.
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heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor. A C-54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway, and a second one landing behind it burst its tires while trying to avoid it. A third transport
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In the autumn of 1948 it became impossible for the non-Communist majority in Greater Berlin's citywide parliament to attend sessions at city hall within the Soviet sector. The parliament (
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At the same time, Soviet military aircraft began to violate West Berlin airspace and would harass, or what the military called "buzz", flights in and out of West Berlin. On 5 April, a
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After harsh treatment, forced emigration, political repression and the particularly harsh winter of 1945–1946, Germans in the Soviet-controlled zone were hostile to Soviet endeavours.
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2284:
at a meeting with Clay on 22 July 1948, when it became clear that a long-term airlift was necessary. Wedemeyer immediately recommended that the deputy commander for operations of the
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resulted in a massive anti-communist protest vote, especially in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Berlin's citizens overwhelmingly elected non-Communist members to its city government.
2953:
delivered 7,968 tons of freight and 6,964 passengers during 2,062 sorties. The C-47s and C-54s together flew over 92,000,000 miles (148,000,000 km) in the process, almost the
2826:) to support its own troops, and they were too small and slow to be of much help. However, France agreed to build a complete, new and larger airport in its sector on the shores of
1104:. The Soviets continued the debasing of the Reichsmark, which had undergone severe inflation during the war, by excessive printing, resulting in many Germans using cigarettes as a
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powers. The Soviets also harassed members of the democratically elected citywide administration, which had to conduct its business in the city hall located in the Soviet sector.
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there, and almost 22 thousand Berliners received their cards until 4 August 1948. The great majority of West Berliners, however, rejected Soviet offers of food and supplies.
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Given the feasibility assessment made by the British, an airlift appeared to be the best course of action. One remaining concern was the population of Berlin. Clay called in
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3609:
A fleet of 104 varied transports from 25 civilian companies was integrated into Operation Plainfare and brought in 146,980 tons or 27% of the RAF tonnage (Miller 1998 p. 40)
640:"Berlin Air Bridge") from 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949 to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the size of the city and the population.
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To maintain the airlift under these conditions, the current system would have to be greatly expanded. Aircraft were available, and the British started adding their larger
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The city parliament, boycotted by its SED members, then voted for its re-election on 5 December 1948, however, inhibited in the eastern sector and defamed by the SED as a
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3295:, which could carry up to 10 tons and were faster. These made up a total of 330 aircraft, which made them the most used types. Other American aircraft such as the five
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3657:", a noted British hauling (US="moving") firm. A caustic Soviet jest prompted the change to "Plainfare", a deliberate pun on "plane fare" (airplane/food), on 19 July.
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Base of the Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof with inscription "They gave their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service of the Berlin Airlift 1948/49"
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Soviets possibly knew that none of the bombers were atomic-capable. The first Silverplate bombers only arrived in Europe near the end of the crisis in April 1949.
1675:
2225:. However, unlike the Americans, the British also ran some round-trips, using their southeast corridor. To save time many flights didn't land in Berlin, instead
2006:
about a possible joint airlift, they learned the RAF was already running an airlift in support of British troops in Berlin. General Clay's counterpart, General
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The British asked Canada to contribute planes and crews. It refused, primarily on the grounds that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted.
1983:
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Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation. A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40
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American planners had privately decided during the war that it would need a strong, allied Germany to assist in the rebuilding of the West European economy.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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2446:, who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles"
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ridiculed the project. It derisively referred to "the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin."
1553:
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10921:
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7305:
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Berlin Airport Company – Special Report on Air France's 25th Anniversary at Berlin Tegel, March 1985 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tegel Airport
3386:
2188:, then returned due west flying out on through the British air corridor. After reaching the British Zone, they turned south to return to their bases.
1037:
ordered a halt to all military trains and required that supplies to the military garrison be transported by air, in what was dubbed the "Little Lift."
6051:
Fenton Jr, Robert. "The Berlin Airlift and the Use of Air Mobility as a Function of U.S. Policy." (Air War College, Air University Maxwell AFB, 2016)
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Operational control of the three Allied air corridors was assigned to BARTCC (Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center) air traffic control located at
2375:
C-54's cargo deck was level, so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly. The change went into full effect after 28 September 1948.
2256:
river next to Gatow, their corrosion-resistant hulls suited them to the particular task of delivering baking powder and other salt into the city. The
917:
To coordinate the economies of the British and United States occupation zones, these were combined on 1 January 1947 into what was referred to as the
11839:
3026:, and Berlin became a major escape route. This led to major-power conflict over Berlin that stretched at least from 1946 to the construction of the
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2007:
976:) in the first half of 1948 to discuss the future of Germany, going ahead despite Soviet threats to ignore any resulting decisions. Eventually the
276:
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10774:
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3090:, convinced Western leaders that they had to take swift and decisive measures to strengthen the portions of Germany not occupied by the Soviets.
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2107:, the US Army chief of plans and operations, was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis broke out. He had been the commander of the US
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Reuter, although skeptical, assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions.
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Berlin quickly became the focal point of both US and Soviet efforts to re-align Europe to their respective visions. As Soviet Foreign Minister
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1964:, in charge of the US Occupation Zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable on June 13, 1948, to Washington, D.C.:
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in the British sector. The airlift was working so far, but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually discontinue it. Then-
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It is interesting to contrast this with Military Airlift Command's hot-war requirements of only 1,600 sorties a day for all of Europe. See
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2292:, command the operation. When Wedemeyer had been the commander of US forces in China during World War II, Tunner, as commander of the
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and other leaders told visiting Bulgarian and Yugoslavian delegations in early 1946 that Germany must be both Soviet and communist.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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Theodore D. Raphael (1 September 1982). "Integrative Complexity Theory and Forecasting International Crises: Berlin 1946-1962".
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urged Berliners to protest against the actions of the communists. On 9 September 1948 a crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the
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be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports. Only one aircraft type was suitable, the four-engined
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Altogether, a total of 692 aircraft were engaged in the Berlin Airlift, more than 100 of which belonged to civilian operators.
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in 1944–45 and he had a detailed knowledge of the previously largest airlift—the World War II American airlift from India over
1600:
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3238:, called Spirit of Freedom, operated as a flying museum. It is owned and operated by the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation.
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in November, but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem. Tunner looked to the Germans once again, hiring former
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The US, British and French authorities also agreed to replace their military administrations in their occupation zones with
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to Germany, finalised the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a
874:. In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany, and the American commander,
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791:: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union (thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the
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653:. Among these was the work of the later concurrent Operation Little Vittles in which candy-dropping aircraft dubbed "
429:
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3442:(BEA) coordinated all British civil aircraft operations. Apart from BEA itself, the participating airlines included
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to take over the operation. He revamped the entire airlift operation, reaching an agreement with LeMay to form the
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1944:-specification bombs, the only version available to the US military, existed in mid-1948. In March 1948, only 35 "
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5233:(Constitution of Berlin ), Berlin (West): Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit Berlin, 1982, pp. 34, 37.
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equivalent, the R5D, of which the US military had approximately 565, with 268 Air Force and Navy Skymasters in
1781:
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795:). These zones were located roughly around the then-current locations of the allied armies. As the seat of the
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Daum, Andreas W. (2000). "America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.).
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Fifty years ago, a massive airlift into Berlin showed the Soviets that a post-WW II blockade would not work
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To improve air traffic control, which would be critical as the number of flights grew, the newly developed
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aircraft in from Britain in a single hop, bringing the RAF fleet to about 150 Dakotas and 40 of the larger
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transport airplanes, together, flew over 92,000,000 miles (148,000,000 km) in the process, almost the
391:
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Over 17,000 Berliners, working three shifts for slightly over a mark an hour and a hot meal, did the work.
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in the British Sector, and then also returning out on the center corridor, turning for home or landing at
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Young, Ken (January 2007). "US 'Atomic Capability' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War".
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carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period, also adding a second runway, using concrete.
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C-54s stand out against the snow at Wiesbaden Air Base during the Berlin Airlift in the Winter of 1948–49
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different currency there. On 18 June the United States, Britain and France announced that on 21 June the
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2541:) had been elected under the provisional constitution of Berlin two years earlier (20 October 1946). As
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The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 2000, pp. 49–73
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Pilots came from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa.
2612:) and its democratically elected city councillors to be deposed and replaced it with a new one led by
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2387:, handing out refreshments to the crews at their aircraft while it was being unloaded. Airlift pilot
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On 24 June 1948 LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith, headquarters commandant for USAFE at
2108:
1949:
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on 3 May 1949, was saluted by 11,000 US soldiers and dozens of aircraft. Once home, Clay received a
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On 21 April, the tonnage of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail.
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31:
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3953:. The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49–73
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708:, flew as well. At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds.
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Soviet commander. Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities. On 2 April,
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5509:"Occupation of Germany, including the Berlin air lift, cost the UK taxpayer £35 million in 1948"
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951:), with the power to legislate for the entire US zone. It created its own central bodies called
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Clarks, Delbert (6 April 1948). "Soviet-British Plane Collision Kills 15; Russian Apologizes".
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611:. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced
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for control of all of Berlin through a 6 September takeover of the city hall by SED members.
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By 1 July, the system was getting under way. C-54s were starting to arrive in quantity, and
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6146:(June 1962) Vol. 6, pp. 375–384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online.
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45-59595, with a payload of 20 tons—a gigantic load for that time—were only sparsely used.
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plane at Gatow airfield on 19 August with more than 20 tons of flour from the United States
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airlift between India and China, doubling the tonnage and hours flown. USAF Chief of Staff
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492:
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O'Connell, Kaete M. "'Uncle Wiggly Wings': Children, chocolates, and the Berlin Airlift."
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to 8,893 tons per day thereafter. In total, the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April.
2815:
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2025:
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1055:
941:(OMGUS) encouraged the states in the US zone to form a co-ordinating body, the so-called
783:
on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of defeated Germany, west of the
755:(light beige) was ceded to Poland, while a portion of the easternmost section of Germany
701:
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7772:
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4525:
Dawson, R.; Rosecrance, R. (1966). "Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance".
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and a housing development. In October 2020, the expansion of Schönefeld into the larger
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West-Berlin-only city parliament elected a new city government in West Berlin headed by
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787:, into four temporary occupation zones each one controlled by one of the four occupying
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BBC Radio 4 programme "The Reunion, The Berlin Airlift," first broadcast 22 August 2014
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Petr Lunak, "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis: Soviet brinkmanship seen from inside."
30:"Operation Vittles" redirects here. For the 1948 American short documentary film, see
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political partition of Berlin and replaced the provisional constitution with the new
2545:-controlled policemen looked on passively, Communist-led mobs repeatedly invaded the
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The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945
2957:. At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds.
2461:
him how they would know it was him flying over. He replied, "I'll wiggle my wings."
587:(24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the
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6255:
6022:"America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Frank Trommler (ed.),
5815:
The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour
5551:
5466:
5446:
5301:
5119:
4705:"Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation, Air Commodore R N Waite (16017)"
4616:
4534:
3684:, Montana. At its maximum, 312 of the 441 USAF C-54s were committed to the airlift.
3358:
3332:
2963:
A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40
2811:
2691:
2561:
2404:
2234:
1917:
1537:
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Creation of an economically stable western Germany required reform of the unstable
1087:
1066:, this event exacerbated tensions between the Soviets and the other allied powers.
792:
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also conducted flights, but only to provide supplies for their military garrison.
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Thody, Phillip Malcom Waller (2000), "Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and 1958–1962",
4269:
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2362:(IFR) would be in effect at all times, regardless of actual visibility, and each
2305:
2003:
1632:
645:
627:
374:
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3071:
was developed into West Berlin's principal airport. During the 1970s and 1980s
2606:) in East Berlin's Metropol-Theater which declared the elected city government (
2213:
The British ran a similar system, flying southeast from several airports in the
2180:
retained a mix of C-54s and C-47s. Aircraft flew northeast through the American
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5949:
Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe
5083:"Opinion | The 'Candy Bomber' showed that in wartime, kindness is a superpower"
3471:
3312:
3287:. These machines could carry a payload of up to 3.5 tons, but were replaced by
3004:
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2885:
2520:
2478:
2450:
2443:
2433:
2388:
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2015:
1961:
1841:
1652:
1048:
1034:
875:
712:
654:
265:
161:
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2975:. Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation.
2916:
reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade. The next day, the
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5547:
5302:"Berlin blockade | Overview, Significance, History, & Facts | Britannica"
5094:
4620:
3497:
3429:
2819:
2642:
19.4% (= 26 seats), and the Liberal-Demokratische Partei (LDP, merged in the
2586:
1975:
1913:
1851:
1714:
1642:
1595:
1379:
1114:
1091:
995:
847:
612:
608:
354:
149:
12153:
6112:
5876:
Larson, Deborah Welch. "The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin,"
3098:
Europeans that the Soviets posed a danger, helping to prompt the entry into
1999:
responded, after initially taken aback by the inquiry, "Can you haul coal?"
760:
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3185:
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The Soviets' contravention by the blockade of the agreement reached by the
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3019:
2672:
restricted to the western sectors only, also renaming city parliament from
2654:
2573:
2241:
2230:
2088:
2084:
2049:
1979:
1308:
1134:
1083:
815:
764:
756:
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724:
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596:
447:
443:
424:
407:
386:
237:
223:
136:
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4155:" (Economic Growth Center, Yale University, 2004) pp. 17, 20–21, 27–28, 30
2991:. Diplomatic approval was granted by a four-power organisation called the
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7351:
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6069:
Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath
5423:
3076:
3056:
3027:
2800:
2526:
2500:
2273:
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1945:
1936:
1771:
1761:
1411:
1370:
1348:
802:
616:
468:
463:
459:
211:
92:
58:
6107:. Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command.
5114:
Michael Laird, "Wars averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948."
4628:
4098:
The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present
2392:
12148:
12092:
10600:
10508:
10414:
10347:
10120:
8646:
8357:
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7787:
7502:
7191:
7079:
6685:
4546:
3475:
3327:
2827:
2742: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2457:
2191:
2135:
1734:
1612:
1097:
999:
10436:
7300:
5863:
Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War
3122:
in Brandenburg. As a result of the development of these two airports,
2904:
Near the start of the blockade, the Western powers had established an
2358:
As a result of Black Friday, Tunner instituted a number of new rules;
2040:
The postwar demobilisation left the US forces in Europe with only two
1018:
The entire Soviet delegation rose and walked out. Truman later noted,
807:
12038:
10266:
9885:
9735:
9290:
9153:
8942:
8787:
8636:
8609:
8422:
8377:
8286:
8254:
8234:
8226:
7555:
7345:
6240:– A 1948 film about the airlift, told from the British point of view.
3634:, Germany. In all, about 90 conventionally-armed B-29s were assigned.
3467:
3378:
3322:
3127:
2988:
2784:
2384:
2317:
2218:
2177:
2116:
2057:
1622:
1424:
1059:
962:
871:
716:
199:
6197:
Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, 23 July 1948
4538:
2717:
2229:
material, such as coal, into the airfields. On 6 July the Yorks and
12082:
10642:
10580:
10352:
10271:
8521:
8362:
8259:
8134:
7953:
7857:
6997:
6855:
6309:
4839:"Operation Pelican: The Australian Air Force in the Berlin Airlift"
4153:
Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement
2971:
member was killed in an aircraft crash at Lübeck while attached to
2301:
2226:
2112:
1796:
1494:
743:
588:
50:
7641:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
6209:
Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success
6181:
6137:
The Berlin Airlift: The Relief Operation that Defined the Cold War
5396:"RAAF Participation in Berlin Airlift 1948–49 – Operation Pelican"
4152:
3884:
Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success
2592:
Berlin's parliament decided to meet instead in the canteen of the
2585:
then intervened and pointedly pushed the Soviet MPs back with his
2018:
had calculated the resources required to support the entire city.
11927:
9336:
9295:
8467:
8352:
8342:
8291:
7832:
6577:
6060:
The Berlin Airlift: The World's Largest Ever Air Supply Operation
5349:
5347:
2249:
2222:
2214:
2061:
1941:
1474:
1418:
1375:
969:
863:
826:
In the eastern zone, the Soviet authorities forcibly unified the
661:
508:
6033:
Defrance, Corine; Greiner, Bettina; Pfeil, Ulrich, eds. (2018),
9105:
8535:
8337:
8276:
7211:
5485:
4876:. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 33.
3782:
3780:
3478:(which used their Lancaster tankers to deliver aviation fuel),
2861:
2550:
2363:
919:
604:
187:
6264:"Candy Bomber rededicates Frankfurt's Berlin Airlift Memorial"
6173:– A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
5344:
3446:(BOAC) and most British independent airlines of that era—e.g.
9020:
8976:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
8482:
8265:
6344:
5220:
MacDonogh, G "After the Reich" John Murray London 2007 p. 533
3132:
Bundeswehr Museum of Military History – Berlin-Gatow Airfield
2512:
2408:
2253:
2209:
1950s film by the British Government about the Berlin airlift
1287:
650:
5971:, Duell, Sloan and Pearce (USAF History and Museums Program)
3777:
2684:(House of Representatives of Berlin), city government (from
884:
12228:
Non-combat military operations involving the United Kingdom
11951:
8560:
8442:
6334:
6278:
3099:
2913:
2245:
1333:
1298:
1161:
968:
Representatives of these three governments, along with the
927:
when France joined on 1 August 1948). After March 1946 the
732:
728:
12223:
Non-combat military operations involving the United States
11896:
6035:
Die Berliner Luftbrücke. Erinnerungsort des Kalten Krieges
3853:"La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin"
3540:
about the experiences of some Americans during the airlift
2967:
and 31 Americans, mostly due to non-flying accidents. One
2668:, meant for all Berlin, with effect of 1 October 1950 and
9015:
8995:
8990:
5134:
Wetzlaugk U. Berliner Blokade 1948/49. Berlin, 1998. S.54
3562:, chairman of the East German administration at the time
293:
39 British, 31 Americans killed and 1 Australian killed
3063:
had become too short to accommodate the new-generation
2941:
there was ample time to restart the airlift if needed.
2937:, and was honoured with a medal from President Truman.
2427:
2396:
Rhein-Main or Wiesbaden was reduced to thirty minutes.
1912:
The day after the 18 June 1948 announcement of the new
1027:
112:
West Berlin remains under the control of Western Allies
5370:"Germany remembers Berlin airlift on 60th anniversary"
3141:
3138:
was completed, making Tegel mostly redundant as well.
2087:, the mayor-elect of Berlin, accompanied by his aide,
803:
Soviet zone and the Allies' rights of access to Berlin
5865:(2012), University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY,
4252:
Clarks, Delbert (2 April 1948). "Clay Halts Trains".
1756:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1062:, killing all aboard both aircraft. Later dubbed the
747:
The red area of Germany (above) is Soviet controlled
593:
multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany
11980:
6032:
5252:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 110–111.
3772:
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society
2424:
to the lift. Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day.
909:
681:
air crews assisted the RAF during the blockade. The
603:' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of
12338:
20th-century history of the United States Air Force
6251:
Berlin Air Lift (Outtakes From "Operation Vittles")
5914:, US Government printing office, 1998-433-155/92107
5889:
The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War
5531:
3079:and communist fortifications for western citizens.
2010:, was ready with some concrete numbers. During the
1010:(ACC) met for the last time on 20 March 1948, when
12233:Non-combat military operations involving Australia
6254:is available for free viewing and download at the
6187:Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin
6182:The Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation's Website
3857:Histoire, économie et société; Volume 13; numéro 1
3813:
3653:The original code name for the RAF operation was "
3102:of Portugal, Iceland, Italy, Denmark, and Norway.
2515:reported 733 separate harassing events, including
1995:claim that cargo aircraft were a military threat.
6216:Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift)
4860:In Defence of Canada: volume 4: Growing Up Allied
3514:, 1963 novel by Leon Uris chronicling the airlift
2581:ended up in more bloodshed, but a British deputy
657:" generated much goodwill among German children.
12209:
9580:
8961:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
6065:
5716:, Flight International, 7 November 1968, p. 742"
4979:
4969:
4967:
4885:
4883:
4524:
4462:The Berlin Airlift: Breaking the Soviet Blockade
838:, claiming at the time that it would not have a
660:Having initially concluded there was no way the
7398:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
6805:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
5242:
3850:
3746:Air Force Story, The Cold War, 1948–1950 (1953)
2818:, so it could only bring up a few French built
2371:C-47s, which made truck loading difficult. The
12283:Soviet Union–United Kingdom military relations
4836:
4602:
4600:
4386:
4305:
2925:retirement had been announced by US President
1121:
775:From 17 July to 2 August 1945, the victorious
738:
12288:Soviet Union–United States military relations
11912:
9851:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
9566:
9121:
6294:
6066:Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E. (1988).
5921:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949
5908:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949
5438:
5420:"The Berlin Airlift – Die Luftbrücke 1948–49"
5246:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949
4964:
4952:
4880:
4245:
3045:tried again, with essentially the same result
2933:in New York City, was invited to address the
2707:
2638:gaining 64.5% of the votes (= 76 seats), the
2411:near Berlin unloading salt during the airlift
1893:
562:
10775:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
9037:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
6588:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
6102:
5843:
5747:
5735:
5661:"An Era Ends with Closing of Berlin Airport"
5595:
5593:
5584:, Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1985
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
4900:
4898:
4518:
4101:. Cornell University Press. pp. 63–67.
3668:"The Cognitive Dynamics of Computer Science"
3544:Deutsche Mark § Currency reform of June 1948
3279:In the early days, the Americans used their
2695:
2685:
2673:
2629:
2607:
2603:außerordentliche Stadtverordnetenversammlung
2601:
2536:
2139:Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound aircraft
1126:
985:
956:
946:
939:Office of Military Government, United States
932:
12238:20th-century history of the Royal Air Force
7898:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
5978:The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
4597:
4508:
4506:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4211:
4209:
4184:
4182:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4135:
4133:
4120:
4118:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3500:/3m which were operated briefly by France.
2675:Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin
2660:West Berlin's parliament accounted for the
2538:Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin
2391:later noted, "he put some beautiful German
2195:Germans watching supply planes at Tempelhof
2154:with an estimate of the current situation:
11919:
11905:
9573:
9559:
9128:
9114:
9001:United States involvement in regime change
6556:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
6301:
6287:
5605:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4606:
4057:
4055:
4042:
4040:
3970:
3968:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3774:. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. p. 828.
3013:
1989:
1900:
1886:
1109:the currency that they issued themselves.
569:
555:
12343:Germany–United Kingdom military relations
10299:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
6262:McFadden, SSG Joe W. (28 November 2016).
6103:Launius, Roger D.; Cross, Coy F. (1989).
5938:The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift
5886:
5763:
5647:
5629:
5590:
5284:
5282:
5195:
4895:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4479:
3927:
3925:
3894:, Major Gregory C. Tine, Army Logistician
2912:On 15 April 1949, the Soviet news agency
2758:Learn how and when to remove this message
2002:When American forces consulted Britain's
978:London Agreement on German External Debts
885:Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946
12348:Germany–United States military relations
9272:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
6261:
6105:MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift
5465:
5445:
5355:The Berlin Airlift – Facts & Figures
5137:
4917:MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift
4784:
4782:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4573:
4561:
4503:
4491:
4402:
4369:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4206:
4179:
4158:
4130:
4115:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3428:Handley Page Hastings on display at the
3075:had its own crossing points through the
2895:
2878:
2814:, meanwhile, had become involved in the
2789:
2463:
2437:
2398:
2331:
2217:area through their second corridor into
2198:
2190:
2134:
2048:transports (the military version of the
2024:
814:
806:
742:
165:
12278:Germany–Soviet Union military relations
10454:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
7127:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
5965:Tunner, LTG (USAF) William H. (1998) ,
5784:
5488:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
5180:
4921:
4585:
4233:
4076:
4052:
4037:
3965:
3897:
3120:Berlin-Schönefeld International Airport
2995:, also located in the American sector.
2770:
2282:United States National Security Council
14:
12210:
9376:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
8971:Russian espionage in the United States
7243:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6037:(in German), Berlin: Christoph Links,
5993:
5975:
5964:
5918:
5904:
5839:, New York: Cambridge University Press
5808:
5635:
5611:
5599:
5288:
5279:
5208:
5168:
5156:
5069:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5021:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4985:
4973:
4958:
4946:
4904:
4889:
4871:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4788:
4773:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4740:
4728:
4674:
4668:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4512:
4497:
4485:
4458:
4425:
4380:
4363:
4340:
4328:
4311:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4139:
4124:
4061:
4046:
4031:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3878:
3876:
3874:
2874:
2472:dropping candy over Berlin, c. 1948/49
719:, mostly due to non-flying accidents.
12293:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
11900:
11382:
11144:
10806:
9610:
9554:
9342:1949 East German State Railway strike
9314:World Federation of Democratic Youth
9109:
8966:Soviet espionage in the United States
7122:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
6901:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
6566:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
6282:
6142:Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises"
5943:
5844:Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980),
5658:
5486:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
5063:
5027:
5015:
4991:
4794:
4779:
4767:
4734:
4722:
4643:
4392:
4221:
4094:
3576:1949 East German State Railway strike
3050:
2623:
2176:became exclusively a C-54 hub, while
2014:in April 1948, British Air Commodore
1100:German currency introduced after the
904:
83:24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949 (323 days)
9213:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
9042:Soviet Union–United States relations
7393:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
6024:Berlin: The New Capital in the East.
5831:
5659:Hebel, Christina (30 October 2008).
5623:
5269:from the original on 26 March 2020.
4874:The World That Came in from the Cold
3943:
3806:
3626:were deployed to England, while the
3444:British Overseas Airways Corporation
3018:Millions of East Germans escaped to
2982:
2740:adding citations to reliable sources
2711:
2690:(City Council of Greater Berlin) to
2678:(City Council of Greater Berlin) to
1435:World Federation of Democratic Youth
1028:April Crisis and the Little Air Lift
961:) headed by a secretariat seated in
9006:Soviet involvement in regime change
5848:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
4940:
4910:
4746:
4284:
4262:
3947:Berlin: The New Capital in the East
3871:
3786:Smoler, Fredric (April/May 2003). "
3670:, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, p. 213
3142:Aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift
2493:
2484:
2316:On 28 July 1948, Tunner arrived in
2120:in September 1948, was designated "
24:
10141:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
10131:Assassination of James A. Garfield
9435:Sovietization of the Baltic states
9047:Soviet Union–United States summits
6521:1947 Polish parliamentary election
6406:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
6013:
5923:, Texas A&M University Press,
5883:13#1 Winter 2011, pp. 180–212
4085:, "Background on Conflict" chapter
3549:East German mark § Currency reform
3126:was closed in October 2008, while
3055:In the late 1950s, the runways at
1984:United States Air Forces in Europe
1509:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1077:
843:were removed to the Soviet Union.
27:USSR blockade of Berlin, 1948–1949
25:
12364:
12258:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War
10173:Assassination of William McKinley
9306:World Federation of Trade Unions
7808:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
7743:United States invasion of Grenada
7013:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
6954:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
6266:. 52d Fighter Wing Public Affairs
6150:
5996:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
4439:"Berlin 1948–1949 A Divided City"
2998:
2130:
1952:bombers—just over half of the 65
910:Moves towards a West German state
622:The Western Allies organised the
430:Bombing of Berlin in World War II
11960:
11880:
11871:
11870:
11835:
11834:
10392:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
10185:Nadir of American race relations
10064:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
9523:January 1991 events in Lithuania
9181:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
9135:
7883:United States invasion of Panama
7733:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
7373:1971 Turkish military memorandum
7336:Communist insurgency in Thailand
7306:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
7238:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
7065:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
6993:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
6511:Restatement of Policy on Germany
5818:, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons,
5741:
5729:
5704:
5679:
5652:
5641:
5617:
5575:
5562:
5525:
5501:
5412:
5388:
5362:
5327:"A Record in the Berlin Airlift"
3687:
3556:, American medal for the airlift
3432:(Allied Museum), Berlin, Germany
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3371:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3146:
3109:
3088:Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948
3034:became US president in 1953 and
2854:
2716:
1430:World Federation of Trade Unions
1143:
700:. British transports, including
325:
270:
259:
248:
236:
216:
204:
192:
180:
167:
154:
142:
129:
57:
12313:1948 in international relations
12308:1949 in international relations
10094:First transcontinental railroad
9247:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
8603:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7984:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
7913:Fall of the inner German border
7813:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
7463:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
7453:Spanish transition to democracy
7413:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
7040:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
6546:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
6427:Occupation of the Baltic states
5714:One-Eleven 500 into service ...
5319:
5294:
5236:
5223:
5214:
5186:
5174:
5162:
5128:
5108:
5075:
4865:
4852:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4697:
4609:Journal of Contemporary History
4452:
4431:
4145:
4088:
4067:
3937:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3637:
3612:
3460:Lancashire Aircraft Corporation
2727:needs additional citations for
2694:, and head of government (from
2311:
751:. German territory east of the
425:Deportation of Jews from Berlin
7383:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
7018:Mozambican War of Independence
6457:Indonesian National Revolution
5951:, Princeton University Press,
5535:Journal of Conflict Resolution
5357:, National Cold War Exhibition
3844:
3765:
3737:
3709:
3603:
3456:British South American Airways
2955:distance from Earth to the Sun
2286:Military Air Transport Service
972:nations, met twice in London (
858:The Soviets also granted only
731:orbit several years later in
698:distance from Earth to the Sun
13:
1:
9528:January 1991 events in Latvia
9518:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9267:Socialist Republic of Romania
9242:People's Republic of Bulgaria
9234:People's Republic of Albania
9203:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
8981:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
7996:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
7949:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
7671:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
7636:Seven Days to the River Rhine
7368:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
6655:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
6583:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
5756:
4837:Dr Chris Clark (March 2008).
3820:South Africa: a country study
3788:Where Berlin and America Meet
3695:government-owned corporations
3511:Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin
3196:Lockheed C-121A Constellation
3118:was joined by a re-developed
2646:in 1949) 16.1% (= 17 seats).
2598:Technische Universität Berlin
2308:endorsed the recommendation.
1872:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
836:Socialist Unity Party ("SED")
12263:Allied occupation of Germany
11262:Hispanic and Latino American
10116:Second Industrial Revolution
9950:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
9656:Exploration of North America
9582:History of the United States
9513:Collapse of the Soviet Union
9503:Fall of communism in Albania
7974:Fall of communism in Albania
7944:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
7893:Polish Round Table Agreement
7233:1968 Polish political crisis
7050:Eritrean War of Independence
6816:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
6711:East German uprising of 1953
6643:Chinese Communist Revolution
6308:
5998:, Rowman & Littlefield,
5976:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987),
5480:American Antiquarian Society
5460:American Antiquarian Society
5116:Journal of Strategic Studies
4203:, "Eye of the Storm" chapter
3718:Journey Across Berlin (1961)
3703:
3591:
3568:, 15-year-old killed by the
3404:Short Sunderland flying boat
3283:or its civilian counterpart
2322:Combined Air Lift Task Force
2096:will be heavily in approval.
1867:Fall of communism in Albania
1822:Polish Round Table Agreement
1777:Cuban intervention in Angola
1000:federal system of government
392:Assassination of Talat Pasha
7:
11926:
10786:Indictments of Donald Trump
9977:First Industrial Revolution
9811:Declaration of Independence
9801:Second Continental Congress
9488:End of communism in Hungary
9257:Hungarian People's Republic
7848:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
7576:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
7321:Corrective Movement (Syria)
7285:New People's Army rebellion
7280:Sino-Soviet border conflict
7008:Angolan War of Independence
6871:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
6751:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
6396:Jamaican political conflict
5919:Miller, Roger Gene (2000),
5905:Miller, Roger Gene (1998),
5887:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2008),
5879:Journal of Cold War Studies
5359:. Retrieved 2 January 2013
4095:Layne, Christopher (2007).
3503:
3274:Lockheed C-69 Constellation
3158:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
3153:Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter
2681:Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin
2531:in the municipal government
1255:Allied and satellite states
1122:Start of the Berlin Airlift
953:joint interstate committees
819:The only three permissible
739:Postwar division of Germany
509:Federal Republic of Germany
10:
12369:
12243:Cold War history of Berlin
11383:
11145:
10807:
10678:Killing of Osama bin Laden
9766:First Continental Congress
9611:
9252:German Democratic Republic
8044:Sino-Indian border dispute
7873:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
7803:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
7561:1976 Argentine coup d'état
7473:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
7423:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
7107:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
7075:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
6764:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
6531:Asian Relations Conference
6192:Agreement to divide Berlin
5626:, pp. 2, 5, 7, 38‒41.
5229:Cf. articles 25 and 40 of
3581:Berlin Crisis of 1958-1959
3338:Bristol Type 170 Freighter
3306:
3136:Berlin Brandenburg Airport
3002:
2969:Royal Australian Air Force
2951:Royal Australian Air Force
2848:ground-controlled approach
2708:Winter 1948 to spring 1949
2431:
2428:"Operation Little Vittles"
2258:Royal Australian Air Force
1081:
862:for access to Berlin from
828:Communist Party of Germany
335:Margraviate of Brandenburg
295:15 German civilians killed
29:
12141:
12124:American Air Mail Society
12116:
12075:
12037:
11973:
11958:
11934:
11856:
11822:
11766:
11730:
11718:
11457:
11431:
11393:
11389:
11378:
11151:
11140:
10813:
10802:
10668:
10571:
10499:
10400:
10311:
10262:Wall Street Crash of 1929
10193:
10074:
10059:Emancipation Proclamation
9990:
9913:
9861:
9828:Articles of Confederation
9781:
9666:Native American epidemics
9646:
9621:
9617:
9606:
9588:
9463:
9440:Information dissemination
9417:
9367:1956 Hungarian Revolution
9357:1953 East German uprising
9325:
9283:
9226:
9163:
9143:
9080:
9029:
8951:
8928:William Appleman Williams
8873:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
8655:
8627:
8576:
8508:
8501:
8435:
8300:
8225:
8155:
8148:
8057:
8004:
7936:
7649:
7388:Bangladesh Liberation War
7378:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
7293:
7265:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
7253:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
6916:
6691:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
6668:
6378:
6316:
5980:, Yale University Press,
5231:Die Verfassung von Berlin
5124:10.1080/01402399608437643
5118:(1996) 19#3 pp. 343–364.
3824:Federal Research Division
3803:. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
3222:Douglas C-74 Globemasters
3163:Consolidated PBY Catalina
3084:London 6-Power Conference
2702:Governing Mayor of Berlin
2687:Magistrat von Groß-Berlin
2109:China Burma India Theater
2036:during the Berlin Airlift
1950:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
1792:1984 Los Angeles Olympics
1127:Beginning of the blockade
987:Londoner Schuldenabkommen
974:London 6-Power Conference
811:Sectors of divided Berlin
282:
229:
122:
75:
56:
48:
43:
12253:1949 in military history
12248:1948 in military history
11748:Northern Mariana Islands
10321:Strike wave of 1945–1946
9425:Emigration and defection
9262:Polish People's Republic
7703:1980 Turkish coup d'état
7538:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
7508:1978 Somali coup attempt
7468:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
7433:1973 Chilean coup d'état
7258:Revolutionary Government
7152:South African Border War
6944:1960 Turkish coup d'état
6861:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
6716:1953 Iranian coup d'état
6696:1952 Egyptian revolution
6223:US Department of Defense
5994:Wettig, Gerhard (2008),
5748:Eglin & Ritchie 1980
5736:Eglin & Ritchie 1980
5687:"Home of Eagle – G-AJBL"
5243:Roger G. Miller (2008).
4872:Partos, Gabriel (1993).
4621:10.1177/0022009407071626
4465:. Capstone. p. 36.
4459:Burgan, Michael (2008).
3851:Jacques Bariéty (1994).
3596:
3560:Heinrich Rau § 1945–1949
3496:Other aircraft included
3440:British European Airways
3177:Douglas C-74 Globemaster
2993:Berlin Air Safety Center
2150:On 27 June, Clay cabled
1613:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990
1053:British European Airways
1051:fighter collided with a
846:In a June 1945 meeting,
32:Operation Vittles (film)
11283:Middle Eastern American
11100:Technology and industry
9970:Seneca Falls Convention
9771:Continental Association
9671:Settlement of Jamestown
9483:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9409:1981 protests in Kosovo
9347:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
7908:Fall of the Berlin Wall
7853:People Power Revolution
7838:Central American crisis
7778:1986 Black Sea incident
7428:1973 Afghan coup d'état
7326:Western Sahara conflict
7137:1966 Syrian coup d'état
7060:1963 Syrian coup d'état
7003:Portuguese Colonial War
6966:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
6731:1954 Syrian coup d'état
6608:Annexation of Hyderabad
6551:1947–1949 Palestine war
5785:Canwell, Diane (2008),
3890:16 January 2007 at the
3815:"5 – National Security"
3554:Medal for Humane Action
3526:Navy Occupation Service
3014:Berlin crises 1946–1962
2655:Lord Mayor Ernst Reuter
2649:On 7 December the new,
2360:instrument flight rules
2264:to the British effort.
1990:Decision for an airlift
1857:End of the Soviet Union
1832:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1392: (until 1948)
1367: (until 1977)
1356: (until 1989)
1290: (until 1961)
1269: (until 1961)
899:Local elections in 1946
832:Social Democratic Party
821:air corridors to Berlin
499:Fall of the Berlin Wall
420:Welthauptstadt Germania
63:West Berliners watch a
11403:Admission to the Union
10769:Afghanistan withdrawal
10764:January 6 insurrection
10683:Rise in mass shootings
10655:Virginia Tech shooting
10208:Paris Peace Conference
9982:Second Great Awakening
9721:American Enlightenment
8202:Neoclassical economics
7713:Gulf of Sidra incident
7270:1969 Libyan revolution
6961:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
6746:1954 Geneva Conference
6506:Turkish straits crisis
6501:Corfu Channel incident
6214:Royal Engineers Museum
6062:(Pen and Sword, 2019).
5861:Harrington, Daniel F.
5771:, Simon and Schuster,
4151:Timothy W. Guinnane, "
3793:28 August 2008 at the
3301:YC-97A Stratofreighter
3262:Fairchild XC-82 Packet
3250:Boeing Stratofreighter
3236:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
3168:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
2945:civilian or military.
2901:
2893:
2795:
2696:
2686:
2674:
2666:Constitution of Berlin
2630:
2608:
2602:
2537:
2473:
2470:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
2447:
2412:
2341:
2210:
2196:
2170:
2140:
2098:
2037:
1971:
1546:Protests and uprisings
1102:1920s German inflation
1025:
1008:Allied Control Council
986:
957:
947:
933:
823:
812:
797:Allied Control Council
772:
291:In aircraft accidents:
230:Commanders and leaders
65:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
12318:Airbridge (logistics)
12184:Humber-Sommer biplane
11395:Territorial evolution
10759:George Floyd Protests
10742:Unite the Right rally
10611:Oklahoma City bombing
10606:Republican Revolution
10553:Space Shuttle program
10375:Civil Rights Movement
10343:North Atlantic Treaty
10151:Sherman Antitrust Act
10136:Chinese Exclusion Act
9726:French and Indian War
9716:Prelude to Revolution
9701:First Great Awakening
9661:European colonization
9533:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9052:Russia–NATO relations
8933:Jonathan Reed Winkler
8217:Democratic capitalism
8212:Supply-side economics
8180:American conservatism
7979:Breakup of Yugoslavia
7868:Bougainville conflict
7783:South Yemen civil war
7718:Martial law in Poland
7581:Nicaraguan Revolution
7556:Dirty War (Argentina)
7363:1971 JVP insurrection
7177:Years of Lead (Italy)
7055:North Yemen civil war
6973:Berlin Crisis of 1961
6949:Albanian–Soviet split
6881:1959 Tibetan uprising
6846:Syrian Crisis of 1957
6701:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
6561:1948 Arab–Israeli War
6132:25.2 (2017): 142–159.
5765:Beschloss, Michael R.
4690:spiritoffreedom.org:
3586:Berlin Crisis of 1961
3518:Berlin Airlift Device
3486:and Ciro's Aviation.
3476:Flight Refuelling Ltd
3346:Handley Page Hastings
3342:Douglas DC-3 (Dakota)
3210:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
3191:Fairchild C-82 Packet
3182:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
2899:
2882:
2793:
2781:Handley Page Hastings
2594:Technische Hochschule
2564:, next to the ruined
2467:
2441:
2432:Further information:
2402:
2335:
2298:Air Transport Command
2208:
2194:
2156:
2138:
2093:
2028:
1966:
1862:Post-Soviet conflicts
1847:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1750:Albanian–Soviet split
1461:Anti-Soviet partisans
1404:Related organizations
1082:Further information:
1020:
982:London Debt Agreement
818:
810:
763:, was annexed by the
746:
480:Berlin Crisis of 1961
365:Free State of Prussia
283:Casualties and losses
11309:Palestinian American
10736:Obergefell v. Hodges
10628:September 11 attacks
10464:Second-wave feminism
10385:Cuban Missile Crisis
10245:Bath School disaster
10163:Spanish–American War
10126:The Gospel of Wealth
10005:California Gold Rush
9965:Mexican–American War
9955:Nullification crisis
9923:Era of Good Feelings
9823:Confederation period
9731:Proclamation of 1763
9681:Atlantic slave trade
9381:1970 Polish protests
9362:1956 Poznań protests
9227:Soviet-allied states
8473:Non-Aligned Movement
8095:Peaceful coexistence
8049:North Borneo dispute
7964:German reunification
7959:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
7657:Salvadoran Civil War
7606:Grand Mosque seizure
7601:Yemenite War of 1979
7493:Mozambican Civil War
7448:Carnation Revolution
7403:Yemenite War of 1972
7341:1970 Polish protests
7172:1967 Hong Kong riots
7147:Argentine Revolution
7097:Guatemalan Civil War
7025:Cuban Missile Crisis
6939:Bay of Pigs Invasion
6811:1956 Poznań protests
6789:Geneva Summit (1955)
6391:Hukbalahap Rebellion
6370:Non-Aligned Movement
6158:"The Berlin Airlift"
6125:(John Murray, 2021).
5936:Schrader, Helena P.
5691:www.britisheagle.net
4272:. PlaneCrashInfo.com
3566:Wolfgang Scheunemann
3351:Handley Page Halifax
3043:in 1961, Khrushchev
3032:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2841:Berlin Tegel Airport
2771:Preparing for winter
2736:improve this article
2527:Attempted Communist
2481:" or candy bombers.
2294:India-China Division
2091:. Clay told Reuter:
1842:Barricades in Latvia
1787:1980 Moscow Olympics
1767:Cuban Missile Crisis
980:, also known as the
702:Handley Page Haltons
493:Tear down this wall!
486:Ich bin ein Berliner
11967:Curtis "Jenny" JN-4
11758:U.S. Virgin Islands
11244:Lithuanian American
11200:Vietnamese American
10546:End of the Cold War
10536:Invasion of Grenada
10486:Iran hostage crisis
10235:Tulsa race massacre
10042:Election of Lincoln
10037:Dred Scott decision
10025:Kansas–Nebraska Act
9928:Missouri Compromise
9846:Northwest Ordinance
9836:Pennsylvania Mutiny
9831:and Perpetual Union
9791:American Revolution
9706:War of Jenkins' Ear
9498:Romanian revolution
9471:Revolutions of 1989
9352:1953 Plzeň uprising
8918:Alex von Tunzelmann
8908:Vladimir Tismăneanu
8833:Thomas J. McCormick
8828:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
8728:Robert Hugh Ferrell
8591:Crusade for Freedom
8388:Illiberal democracy
8272:Ho Chi Minh Thought
8075:Eisenhower Doctrine
7928:Peaceful Revolution
7923:Romanian Revolution
7903:Revolutions of 1989
7888:1988 Polish strikes
7798:Operation INFEKTION
7793:1987 Lieyu massacre
7698:Eritrean Civil Wars
7681:Peruvian Revolution
7631:1979 Herat uprising
7621:Sino-Vietnamese War
7586:Uganda–Tanzania War
7566:Egyptian–Libyan War
7533:Third Indochina War
7528:Sino-Albanian split
7518:Ethiopian Civil War
7418:Eritrean Civil Wars
7358:Ping-pong diplomacy
7331:Cambodian Civil War
7157:Korean DMZ Conflict
7142:Cultural Revolution
7112:Dominican Civil War
7090:Tlatelolco massacre
6876:1959 Mosul uprising
6866:1958 Lebanon crisis
6593:Al-Wathbah uprising
6516:First Indochina War
6486:Iran crisis of 1946
6202:12 May 2016 at the
6177:Operation Plainfare
6162:American Experience
6139:(Icon Books, 2017).
6123:Checkmate in Berlin
5846:Fly me, I'm Freddie
5788:Berlin Airlift, the
4657:Airbridge to Berlin
4397:, London: Routledge
4201:Airbridge to Berlin
4083:Airbridge to Berlin
3828:Library of Congress
3572:during the blockade
3452:Silver City Airways
3364:Vickers VC.1 Viking
3130:became home of the
2973:No. 27 Squadron RAF
2918:US State Department
2890:Rhein-Main Air Base
2875:End of the blockade
2822:(known as A.A.C. 1
2816:First Indochina War
2617:Friedrich Ebert Jr.
2442:US Air Force pilot
2352:air traffic control
2326:Rhein-Main Air Base
2174:Rhein-Main Air Base
2008:Sir Brian Robertson
1827:Revolutions of 1989
860:three air corridors
632:Berliner Luftbrücke
543:Timeline of Berlin
12062:First flight cover
11974:Specific countries
11408:Historical regions
11364:Transgender people
10922:Capital punishment
10781:Support of Ukraine
10730:Black Lives Matter
10638:War in Afghanistan
10563:Invasion of Panama
10519:Iran–Contra affair
10380:Early–mid Cold War
10250:Harlem Renaissance
10109:Compromise of 1877
10084:Reconstruction era
10020:Fugitive Slave Act
10015:Compromise of 1850
9960:Westward expansion
9898:Louisiana Purchase
9741:Stamp Act Congress
9686:King William's War
9508:Singing Revolution
9391:June 1976 protests
9176:Soviet occupations
9072:Russian Revolution
8868:Mary Elise Sarotte
8853:William B. Pickett
8778:Patrick J. Hearden
8758:Gabriel Gorodetsky
8753:Timothy Garton Ash
8738:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
8333:Ethnic nationalism
8085:Hallstein Doctrine
7969:Yemeni unification
7758:1985 Geneva Summit
7723:Casamance conflict
7626:New Jewel Movement
7611:Iranian Revolution
7596:Chadian–Libyan War
7543:Cambodian conflict
7523:Lebanese Civil War
7513:Western Sahara War
7488:June 1976 protests
7483:Cambodian genocide
7248:17 July Revolution
7202:Nigerian Civil War
7117:Rhodesian Bush War
7102:Colombian conflict
7045:Ramadan Revolution
6784:Bandung Conference
6660:Operation Valuable
6541:Partition of India
6244:The Berlin Airlift
5793:Pelican Publishing
5572:3.2 (2003): 53–82.
5306:www.britannica.com
5291:, pp. 219–222
5171:, pp. 129–130
5012:, pp. 153–155
4907:, pp. 116–117
4762:The Berlin Airlift
4692:The Berlin Airlift
4399:. N. pag. Print.
4315:The New York Times
4270:"Accident Details"
4255:The New York Times
3751:Universal Newsreel
3723:Universal Newsreel
3522:Army of Occupation
3095:High Commissioners
3073:Schönefeld Airport
3051:Other developments
2931:ticker tape parade
2902:
2894:
2796:
2624:December elections
2474:
2448:
2413:
2342:
2306:Hoyt S. Vandenberg
2300:, had reorganised
2288:(MATS), Maj. Gen.
2211:
2197:
2141:
2038:
1817:Singing Revolution
1591:Novocherkassk 1962
1064:Gatow air disaster
1060:RAF Gatow airfield
905:Political division
891:Vyacheslav Molotov
824:
813:
773:
769:Kaliningrad Oblast
523:History of Germany
399:Greater Berlin Act
345:Kingdom of Prussia
12205:
12204:
12132:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12012:Air Mail Facility
11986:
11968:
11942:Airmail etiquette
11894:
11893:
11852:
11851:
11848:
11847:
11413:American frontier
11374:
11373:
11304:Lebanese American
11289:Egyptian American
11224:Estonian American
11214:Albanian American
11208:European American
11185:Japanese American
11175:Filipino American
11136:
11135:
10798:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10747:COVID-19 pandemic
10650:Hurricane Katrina
10591:Los Angeles riots
10481:Watergate scandal
10326:Start of Cold War
10294:Manhattan Project
9881:Whiskey Rebellion
9711:King George's War
9676:Thirteen Colonies
9637:Pre-Columbian Era
9548:
9547:
9493:Velvet Revolution
9455:Telephone tapping
9429:list of defectors
9218:Tito–Stalin split
9103:
9102:
9090:List of conflicts
8938:Rudolph Winnacker
8883:Giles Scott-Smith
8858:Ronald E. Powaski
8813:Melvyn P. Leffler
8743:John Lewis Gaddis
8718:Robert D. English
8683:Warren H. Carroll
8673:Michael Beschloss
8642:Nuclear arms race
8623:
8622:
8529:Neues Deutschland
8431:
8430:
8413:White nationalism
8383:Liberal democracy
8120:Ulbricht Doctrine
8110:Brezhnev Doctrine
7918:Velvet Revolution
7662:Soviet–Afghan War
7478:Angolan Civil War
7275:Goulash Communism
7132:ASEAN Declaration
7085:Mexican Dirty War
6983:Annexation of Goa
6934:1960 U-2 incident
6908:Sino-Soviet split
6886:Laotian Civil War
6726:Bricker Amendment
6706:Mau Mau rebellion
6650:Malayan Emergency
6638:Chinese Civil War
6598:Tito–Stalin split
6452:Division of Korea
6130:Food and Foodways
6044:978-3-86153-991-9
6005:978-0-7425-5542-6
5958:978-0-691-05040-9
5898:978-88-95145-27-3
5837:Kennedy in Berlin
5825:978-0-399-15496-6
5802:978-1-58980-550-7
4594:, pp. 24, 31
4472:978-0-7565-3486-8
4395:Europe since 1945
3989:, pp. 96–100
3800:American Heritage
3693:independent from
3630:were assigned to
3624:307th Bomb Groups
3484:Scottish Airlines
3392:Bristol Freighter
3061:Tempelhof Airport
3036:Nikita Khrushchev
2983:Subsequent events
2768:
2767:
2760:
2697:Oberbürgermeister
2614:Oberbürgermeister
2556:Three days later
2290:William H. Tunner
2206:
2186:Tempelhof Airport
2122:Operation Pelican
2034:Tempelhof Airport
1948:" atomic-capable
1910:
1909:
1745:Sino-Soviet split
1725:Tito–Stalin split
1720:Czechoslovak coup
1698:
1697:
1638:Ukraine 1989–1991
1576:East Germany 1953
1518:Soviet occupation
1106:de facto currency
1056:Vickers Viking 1B
1012:Vasily Sokolovsky
943:council of states
781:Potsdam Agreement
706:Short Sunderlands
639:
579:
578:
527:History of Europe
299:
298:
243:Vasily Sokolovsky
118:
117:
69:Tempelhof Airport
16:(Redirected from
12360:
12328:Combat incidents
12130:
12024:
12019:Air Mail scandal
12017:
12010:
11984:
11966:
11964:
11921:
11914:
11907:
11898:
11897:
11884:
11874:
11873:
11838:
11837:
11767:Outlying islands
11724:Washington, D.C.
11719:Federal District
11418:Manifest destiny
11391:
11390:
11380:
11379:
11322:Native Americans
11294:Iranian American
11268:Mexican American
11254:Serbian American
11239:Italian American
11229:Finnish American
11219:English American
11170:Chinese American
11157:African American
11142:
11141:
10947:Direct democracy
10937:The Constitution
10896:Higher education
10819:American Century
10804:
10803:
10257:Great Depression
10230:Women's suffrage
10220:Roaring Twenties
10146:Haymarket affair
10104:Enforcement Acts
9893:Jeffersonian era
9841:Shays' Rebellion
9761:Intolerable Acts
9756:Boston Tea Party
9691:Queen Anne's War
9619:
9618:
9608:
9607:
9575:
9568:
9561:
9552:
9551:
9337:Goryani Movement
9317:
9309:
9275:
9237:
9171:Yalta Conference
9130:
9123:
9116:
9107:
9106:
8848:David S. Painter
8773:John Earl Haynes
8703:Nicholas J. Cull
8688:Adrian Cioroianu
8668:Thomas A. Bailey
8615:Voice of America
8506:
8505:
8418:White separatism
8398:Social democracy
8393:Guided democracy
8373:Authoritarianism
8323:Ultranationalism
8313:Anti-imperialism
8240:Marxism–Leninism
8153:
8152:
8140:Kinmen Agreement
8105:Johnson Doctrine
8090:Kennedy Doctrine
8006:Frozen conflicts
7989:1991 August Coup
7878:Afghan Civil War
7773:Reykjavík Summit
7768:Somali Rebellion
7708:Ugandan Bush War
7686:Gdańsk Agreement
7207:Protests of 1968
7187:War of Attrition
6896:Cuban Revolution
6832:We will bury you
6799:Cyprus Emergency
6779:Kashmir Princess
6769:Jebel Akhdar War
6618:Western betrayal
6303:
6296:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6256:Internet Archive
6239:
6237:
6235:
6229:"Berlin Airlift"
6172:
6170:
6168:
6116:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6086:. Archived from
6047:
6020:Daum, Andreas W.
6008:
5990:
5972:
5961:
5933:
5915:
5913:
5901:
5871:978-08131-3613-4
5858:
5840:
5828:
5805:
5781:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5738:, pp. 14–19
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5667:. Spiegel Online
5656:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5579:
5573:
5570:Cold War History
5566:
5560:
5559:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5483:
5477:
5463:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5422:. Archived from
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5259:978-1-60344090-5
5251:
5240:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4988:, pp. 62–64
4983:
4977:
4971:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4930:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4893:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4863:
4862:(1980) pp. 39–51
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4757:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4701:
4695:
4687:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4243:
4242:, pp. 27–28
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3895:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3859:. pp. 29–44
3848:
3842:
3841:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3713:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:Fürstenfeldbruck
3628:301st Bomb Group
3616:
3610:
3607:
3430:Alliiertenmuseum
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3375:
3359:Short Sunderland
3333:Avro Lancastrian
3271:
3259:
3247:
3231:
3219:
3207:
2812:French Air Force
2763:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2720:
2712:
2699:
2692:Senate of Berlin
2689:
2677:
2633:
2611:
2605:
2572:city councillor
2562:Brandenburg Gate
2540:
2494:Initial reaction
2485:Soviet responses
2405:Short Sunderland
2338:C-74 Globemaster
2235:Short Sunderland
2207:
2168:
2105:Albert Wedemeyer
1918:East German mark
1902:
1895:
1888:
1811:
1758:
1709:
1554:Poland 1944–1989
1538:Operation Jungle
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1405:
1256:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1088:East German mark
1046:Soviet Air Force
989:
960:
950:
936:
931:advisory board (
840:Marxist–Leninist
793:Yalta Conference
785:Oder-Neisse line
753:Oder-Neisse line
635:
571:
564:
557:
515:
514:
452:
435:Battle of Berlin
412:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
301:
300:
275:
274:
273:
264:
263:
262:
255:Robert A. Lovett
253:
252:
251:
241:
240:
222:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
198:
196:
195:
186:
184:
183:
177:
173:
171:
170:
160:
158:
157:
148:
146:
145:
135:
133:
132:
108:Blockade lifted
77:
76:
61:
41:
40:
21:
12368:
12367:
12363:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12333:1940s in Berlin
12273:1949 in Germany
12268:1948 in Germany
12218:Berlin Blockade
12208:
12207:
12206:
12201:
12159:Boeing Model 40
12137:
12112:
12071:
12033:
11969:
11965:
11956:
11930:
11925:
11895:
11890:
11844:
11818:
11762:
11726:
11714:
11453:
11427:
11385:
11370:
11276:Jewish American
11249:Polish American
11190:Korean American
11180:Indian American
11147:
11132:
10987:Merchant Marine
10957:Law enforcement
10809:
10790:
10664:
10660:Great Recession
10567:
10541:Reagan Doctrine
10495:
10474:Stonewall riots
10396:
10370:Project Mercury
10331:Truman Doctrine
10307:
10215:First Red Scare
10189:
10158:Progressive Era
10070:
10030:Bleeding Kansas
9986:
9933:Monroe Doctrine
9909:
9857:
9816:Treaty of Paris
9777:
9751:Boston Massacre
9746:Sons of Liberty
9642:
9613:
9602:
9584:
9579:
9549:
9544:
9459:
9413:
9400:Soviet reaction
9386:Croatian Spring
9330:
9328:
9321:
9315:
9307:
9279:
9273:
9235:
9222:
9208:Berlin Blockade
9159:
9158:
9139:
9134:
9104:
9099:
9076:
9067:Second Cold War
9025:
8953:
8947:
8923:Odd Arne Westad
8913:Patrick Vaughan
8898:Athan Theoharis
8878:Ellen Schrecker
8863:Yakov M. Rabkin
8838:Timothy Naftali
8783:Tvrtko Jakovina
8768:Jussi Hanhimäki
8651:
8629:
8619:
8597:Paix et Liberté
8572:
8516:Active measures
8497:
8427:
8408:White supremacy
8368:Totalitarianism
8296:
8221:
8144:
8130:Reagan Doctrine
8125:Carter Doctrine
8065:Truman Doctrine
8053:
8000:
7932:
7827:Soviet reaction
7738:Ndogboyosoi War
7645:
7616:Saur Revolution
7443:1973 oil crisis
7408:Munich massacre
7316:Alcora Exercise
7311:Black September
7289:
7035:Sino-Indian War
6929:Simba rebellion
6912:
6756:Capture of the
6664:
6603:Berlin Blockade
6536:May 1947 crises
6526:Truman Doctrine
6491:Greek Civil War
6480:Blacklist Forty
6447:Gouzenko Affair
6434:Cursed soldiers
6386:Morgenthau Plan
6374:
6312:
6307:
6269:
6267:
6248:The short film
6233:
6231:
6227:
6204:Wayback Machine
6166:
6164:
6156:
6153:
6135:Turner, Barry.
6093:
6091:
6090:on 6 March 2002
6084:
6045:
6016:
6014:Further reading
6011:
6006:
5988:
5959:
5931:
5911:
5899:
5891:, Milan: IPOC,
5856:
5826:
5803:
5779:
5759:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5591:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5567:
5563:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5467:McCusker, J. J.
5455:
5447:McCusker, J. J.
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5352:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5320:
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5308:
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5299:
5295:
5287:
5280:
5266:
5260:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5228:
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5219:
5215:
5207:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5087:Washington Post
5081:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
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4992:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4922:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4857:
4853:
4843:
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4835:
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4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4747:
4739:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4675:
4667:
4663:
4655:
4644:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4539:10.2307/2009841
4523:
4519:
4511:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4457:
4453:
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4441:
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4432:
4424:
4403:
4391:
4387:
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4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
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4310:
4306:
4296:
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4285:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4250:
4246:
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4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4053:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3898:
3892:Wayback Machine
3881:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3795:Wayback Machine
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3682:Great Falls AFB
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3655:Carter Paterson
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3506:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3390:
3381:
3376:
3309:
3289:C-54 Skymasters
3275:
3272:
3263:
3260:
3251:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3149:
3144:
3112:
3059:'s city centre
3053:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2877:
2857:
2773:
2764:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2733:
2721:
2710:
2626:
2596:in Berlin (now
2547:Neues Stadthaus
2533:
2496:
2487:
2436:
2430:
2373:tricycle geared
2314:
2233:were joined by
2199:
2169:
2163:
2133:
2004:Royal Air Force
1992:
1982:, commander of
1976:Third World War
1920:in their zone.
1906:
1877:
1876:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1754:
1730:Berlin Blockade
1710:
1708:Cold War events
1707:
1700:
1699:
1623:Kazakhstan 1986
1454:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1094:
1080:
1078:Currency crisis
1030:
912:
907:
887:
805:
741:
609:Western control
585:Berlin Blockade
581:
580:
575:
512:
511:
474:Berlin Blockade
450:
410:
377:
375:Weimar Republic
367:
357:
347:
337:
317:
310:
294:
292:
277:Brian Robertson
271:
269:
268:
260:
258:
257:
249:
247:
235:
217:
215:
214:
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
190:
181:
179:
178:
168:
166:
164:
155:
153:
152:
143:
141:
130:
128:
99:
62:
44:Berlin Blockade
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12366:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12199:
12194:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12135:
12126:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12052:Astrophilately
12049:
12043:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12031:
12030:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11981:Berlin Airlift
11977:
11975:
11971:
11970:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11938:
11936:
11932:
11931:
11924:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11901:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11888:
11878:
11868:
11866:Historiography
11863:
11857:
11854:
11853:
11850:
11849:
11846:
11845:
11843:
11842:
11832:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11804:Navassa Island
11801:
11796:
11791:
11789:Johnston Atoll
11786:
11781:
11779:Howland Island
11776:
11770:
11768:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11738:American Samoa
11734:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11720:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11660:South Carolina
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11625:North Carolina
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11451:
11449:The West Coast
11446:
11441:
11435:
11433:
11429:
11428:
11426:
11425:
11423:Indian removal
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11399:
11397:
11387:
11386:
11376:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11344:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11330:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11314:Saudi American
11311:
11306:
11301:
11299:Iraqi American
11296:
11291:
11279:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11258:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11234:Irish American
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11204:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11164:Asian American
11160:
11152:
11149:
11148:
11138:
11137:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11092:Sexual slavery
11082:
11075:
11068:
11067:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10990:
10983:
10976:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10962:Postal service
10959:
10954:
10952:Foreign policy
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10907:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10829:
10822:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10800:
10799:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10744:
10739:
10732:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10630:
10625:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10577:
10575:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10528:
10526:Crack epidemic
10523:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10505:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10493:
10491:Moral Majority
10488:
10483:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10469:Gay liberation
10466:
10461:
10459:Counterculture
10456:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10447:Fall of Saigon
10444:
10439:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10425:Apollo program
10422:
10420:Project Gemini
10412:
10406:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10338:Early Cold War
10335:
10334:
10333:
10323:
10317:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10291:
10286:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10217:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10199:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10118:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10080:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10061:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10033:
10032:
10022:
10017:
10010:Prelude to War
10007:
10002:
10000:Antebellum Era
9996:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9945:Trail of Tears
9940:Jacksonian era
9937:
9936:
9935:
9930:
9919:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9876:Federalist Era
9873:
9871:Bill of Rights
9867:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9806:Lee Resolution
9803:
9798:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9633:
9625:
9623:
9615:
9614:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9595:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9578:
9577:
9570:
9563:
9555:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9473:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9311:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9173:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9133:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9110:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8893:Timothy Snyder
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8823:Vojtech Mastny
8820:
8818:Geir Lundestad
8815:
8810:
8808:Walter Laqueur
8805:
8803:Walter LaFeber
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8733:André Fontaine
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8663:Gar Alperovitz
8659:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8633:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8563:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8512:
8510:
8503:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8403:Third-Worldism
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8231:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8192:Libertarianism
8189:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8170:Chicago school
8167:
8161:
8159:
8150:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8115:Nixon Doctrine
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8058:Foreign policy
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7843:Operation RYAN
7840:
7835:
7830:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7748:Able Archer 83
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7498:Oromo conflict
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7438:Yom Kippur War
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7070:Aden Emergency
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6988:Papua conflict
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6893:
6891:Kitchen Debate
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6851:Sputnik crisis
6848:
6843:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6821:Polish October
6818:
6813:
6808:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6721:Pact of Madrid
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6676:Bamboo Curtain
6672:
6670:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6259:
6246:
6241:
6225:
6220:Berlin Airlift
6217:
6211:
6206:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6152:
6151:External links
6149:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6117:
6100:
6082:
6074:Presidio Press
6063:
6058:Grehan, John.
6056:
6049:
6043:
6030:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5991:
5986:
5973:
5962:
5957:
5941:
5934:
5929:
5916:
5902:
5897:
5884:
5874:
5859:
5854:
5841:
5829:
5824:
5810:Cherny, Andrei
5806:
5801:
5782:
5777:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5740:
5728:
5703:
5678:
5651:
5648:Lewkowicz 2008
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5589:
5574:
5561:
5542:(3): 423–450.
5524:
5500:
5484:1800–present:
5437:
5426:on 16 May 2008
5411:
5387:
5376:. 26 June 2008
5374:New York Times
5361:
5343:
5318:
5293:
5278:
5258:
5235:
5222:
5213:
5194:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5136:
5127:
5107:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4920:
4909:
4894:
4879:
4864:
4851:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4778:
4766:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4696:
4673:
4661:
4642:
4615:(1): 117–136.
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4527:World Politics
4517:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4471:
4451:
4430:
4401:
4385:
4368:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4304:
4283:
4261:
4244:
4232:
4220:
4205:
4193:
4178:
4157:
4144:
4129:
4114:
4107:
4087:
4075:
4066:
4051:
4036:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3964:
3936:
3921:
3896:
3870:
3843:
3836:
3805:
3776:
3764:
3736:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3636:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3529:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3472:Aquila Airways
3448:Eagle Aviation
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Avro Lancaster
3308:
3305:
3299:, and the one
3277:
3276:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3111:
3108:
3052:
3049:
3015:
3012:
3005:Senate Reserve
3003:Main article:
3000:
2999:Senate reserve
2997:
2984:
2981:
2876:
2873:
2856:
2853:
2820:Junkers Ju 52s
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2625:
2622:
2532:
2525:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:raisin bombers
2451:Gail Halvorsen
2444:Gail Halvorsen
2434:Raisin Bombers
2429:
2426:
2407:moored on the
2389:Gail Halvorsen
2313:
2310:
2240:. Flying from
2165:Lucius D. Clay
2161:
2152:William Draper
2132:
2131:Airlift begins
2129:
2070:C-54 Skymaster
2060:with a 10-ton
2030:C-47 Skytrains
2016:Reginald Waite
1991:
1988:
1962:Lucius D. Clay
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:January Events
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:Lithuania 1991
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Czechoslovakia
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1079:
1076:
1058:airliner near
1049:Yakovlev Yak-3
1029:
1026:
911:
908:
906:
903:
886:
883:
876:Lucius D. Clay
804:
801:
740:
737:
655:raisin bombers
624:Berlin Airlift
601:Western Allies
577:
576:
574:
573:
566:
559:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:
537:
536:
532:
531:
530:
529:
517:
516:
513:(1990–present)
505:
504:
503:
502:
496:
489:
482:
477:
471:
466:
454:
453:
440:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
414:
413:
404:
403:
402:
401:
396:
395:
394:
381:
380:
371:
370:
361:
360:
351:
350:
341:
340:
331:
330:
322:
321:
312:
311:
304:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
266:Lucius D. Clay
245:
232:
231:
227:
226:
162:United Kingdom
139:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
105:
101:
100:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
18:Berlin Airlift
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12365:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12215:
12213:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12192:
12191:Graf Zeppelin
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12140:
12134:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12117:Organizations
12115:
12109:
12108:Zeppelin mail
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12074:
12068:
12067:Postage stamp
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12047:Aerophilately
12045:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12036:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12008:
12007:
12006:United States
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11982:
11979:
11978:
11976:
11972:
11963:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11947:Airmail stamp
11945:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11917:
11915:
11910:
11908:
11903:
11902:
11899:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11877:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11861:List of years
11859:
11858:
11855:
11841:
11833:
11831:
11830:Urban history
11828:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11809:Palmyra Atoll
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11784:Jarvis Island
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11769:
11765:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:Insular areas
11729:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11700:West Virginia
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11605:New Hampshire
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11565:Massachusetts
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11456:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11430:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11381:
11377:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11345:
11343:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11265:
11264:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11195:Thai American
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11167:
11166:
11165:
11161:
11159:
11158:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11143:
11139:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11088:
11087:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11033:Party Systems
11030:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10984:
10982:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10972:Voting rights
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10912:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10816:
10815:
10812:
10805:
10801:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10737:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10634:
10633:War on terror
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10623:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10570:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10531:Late Cold War
10529:
10527:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:Great Society
10408:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10393:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10365:Post-war boom
10363:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10310:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10255:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10086:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9860:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9634:
9632:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9576:
9571:
9569:
9564:
9562:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9539:
9538:Yugoslav Wars
9536:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9372:Prague Spring
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9324:
9318:
9312:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9284:Organizations
9282:
9276:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9186:Baltic states
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9131:
9126:
9124:
9119:
9117:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9057:War on terror
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8952:Espionage and
8950:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8903:Andrew Thorpe
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8798:Gabriel Kolko
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8763:Fred Halliday
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8748:Lloyd Gardner
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8708:Norman Davies
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8693:John Costello
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8628:Technological
8626:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:Pro-communist
8507:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:Organizations
8434:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8250:Eurocommunism
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8080:Domino theory
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8056:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8034:South Ossetia
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7818:8888 Uprising
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7763:Iran–Iraq War
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:Falklands War
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7591:NDF Rebellion
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7571:German Autumn
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:Metapolitefsi
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7220:
7219:Prague Spring
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Al-Wadiah War
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7162:12-3 incident
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6741:Domino theory
6739:
6737:
6736:Petrov Affair
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Madiun Affair
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Marshall Plan
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:United States
6319:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6265:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6145:
6144:History Today
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6089:
6085:
6083:0-89141-329-4
6079:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5989:
5987:0-300-03865-8
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:Over the Hump
5963:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5945:Stent, Angela
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:0-89096-967-1
5926:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:0-297-77746-7
5851:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5833:Daum, Andreas
5830:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:0-7432-6085-6
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5614:, p. 174
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5528:
5510:
5504:
5489:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5397:
5391:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5211:, p. 173
5210:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5189:
5183:, p. 200
5182:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5060:, p. 169
5059:
5054:
5048:, p. 164
5047:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5011:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4949:, p. 160
4948:
4943:
4937:, C.V. Glines
4936:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4858:James Eayrs,
4855:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4494:
4488:, p. 168
4487:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4108:9780801474118
4104:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4073:Larson (2011)
4070:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3934:, p. 218
3933:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3837:0-8444-0796-8
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3498:Junkers Ju 52
3494:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:Douglas DC-4s
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:C-47 Skytrain
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:United States
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:Post-Cold War
3107:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:Easter Sunday
2855:Easter parade
2852:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2762:
2759:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2725:This section
2723:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2587:swagger stick
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:"taildragger"
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2347:ground looped
2339:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:C-47 Skytrain
2043:
2035:
2032:unloading at
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:At the time,
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:Deutsche Mark
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Yugoslav Wars
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Secret Speech
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Marshall Plan
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:North Vietnam
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1119:
1116:
1115:Deutsche Mark
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:Deutsche Mark
1089:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:Marshall Plan
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
940:
935:
930:
929:British zonal
926:
923:(renamed the
922:
921:
915:
902:
900:
895:
892:
882:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
849:
844:
841:
837:
834:(SPD) in the
833:
829:
822:
817:
809:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:Allied powers
786:
782:
778:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
736:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
679:South African
676:
672:
668:
663:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
613:Deutsche Mark
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:. During the
590:
586:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
552:
550:
549:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
510:
507:
506:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
481:
478:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
449:
445:
442:
441:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
409:
406:
405:
400:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
376:
373:
372:
366:
363:
362:
356:
355:German Empire
353:
352:
346:
343:
342:
336:
333:
332:
328:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
290:
287:
286:
281:
278:
267:
256:
246:
244:
239:
234:
233:
228:
225:
213:
201:
189:
176:
163:
151:
150:United States
140:
138:
127:
126:
121:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
12303:Eastern Bloc
12190:
12179:Douglas O-38
12174:Douglas DC-4
12169:Curtiss JN-4
12088:Balloon mail
11799:Midway Atoll
11794:Kingman Reef
11774:Baker Island
11753:Puerto Rico
11665:South Dakota
11655:Rhode Island
11650:Pennsylvania
11630:North Dakota
11346:
11339:
11320:
11281:
11274:
11260:
11206:
11162:
11155:
11098:
11084:
11077:
11070:
11031:
11005:Marine Corps
10992:
10985:
10978:
10942:Debt ceiling
10927:Civil Rights
10909:
10902:
10888:
10874:
10860:
10831:
10826:Antisemitism
10824:
10817:
10773:
10734:
10670:2008–present
10622:Bush v. Gore
10620:
10558:War on drugs
10432:Mid Cold War
10284:Pearl Harbor
10279:World War II
10099:Ku Klux Klan
9696:Dummer's War
9635:
9628:
9622:Pre-Colonial
9475:
9207:
9149:Soviet Union
9137:Eastern Bloc
9062:Brinkmanship
8954:intelligence
8843:Marius Oprea
8793:Harvey Klehr
8723:Herbert Feis
8713:Willem Drees
8678:Archie Brown
8595:
8583:
8565:
8555:Trybuna Ludu
8553:
8546:
8542:Radio Moscow
8534:
8527:
8520:
8348:Anti-Zionism
8264:
8187:Keynesianism
8175:Conservatism
8039:Transnistria
8019:China-Taiwan
7676:Gera Demands
7549:
7350:
7225:
7030:El Porteñazo
6924:Congo Crisis
6839:
6774:Algerian War
6757:
6633:Western Bloc
6628:Eastern Bloc
6623:Iron Curtain
6602:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6440:
6420:
6412:
6329:Soviet Union
6327:
6320:
6268:. Retrieved
6250:
6232:. Retrieved
6222:
6165:. Retrieved
6161:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6120:Giles Milton
6104:
6092:. Retrieved
6088:the original
6068:
6059:
6034:
6023:
5995:
5977:
5967:
5948:
5937:
5920:
5907:
5888:
5877:
5862:
5845:
5836:
5814:
5787:
5768:
5750:, p. 17
5743:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5713:
5706:
5694:. Retrieved
5690:
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5664:
5654:
5643:
5638:, p. 30
5631:
5619:
5607:
5602:, p. 28
5581:
5577:
5569:
5564:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5503:
5491:. Retrieved
5471:
5451:
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5424:the original
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5373:
5364:
5354:
5334:. Retrieved
5330:
5321:
5309:. Retrieved
5305:
5296:
5270:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5216:
5188:
5181:Canwell 2008
5176:
5164:
5159:, p. 29
5130:
5115:
5110:
5098:. Retrieved
5086:
5077:
5072:, p. 92
5065:
5053:
5041:
5036:, p. 63
5029:
5024:, p. 65
5017:
5005:
5000:, p. 64
4993:
4981:
4976:, p. 93
4961:, p. 87
4954:
4942:
4933:
4916:
4912:
4892:, p. 90
4873:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4842:. Retrieved
4832:
4827:, p. 65
4820:
4815:, p. 58
4808:
4803:, p. 50
4796:
4791:, p. 30
4776:, p. 22
4769:
4761:
4743:, p. 28
4736:
4731:, p. 20
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4708:
4699:
4691:
4671:, p. 35
4664:
4659:, Chapter 11
4656:
4612:
4608:
4587:
4582:, p. 29
4575:
4570:, p. 30
4563:
4533:(1): 21–51.
4530:
4526:
4520:
4515:, p. 33
4500:, p. 28
4493:
4481:
4461:
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4433:
4428:, p. 32
4394:
4388:
4383:, p. 24
4366:, p. 31
4343:, p. 27
4336:
4331:, p. 23
4324:
4318:. p. 1.
4313:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4264:
4258:. p. 1.
4253:
4247:
4235:
4230:, p. 15
4223:
4218:, p. 26
4200:
4196:
4191:, p. 19
4176:, p. 20
4147:
4142:, p. 23
4127:, p. 18
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4034:, p. 13
4013:, p. 12
4006:
4001:, p. 11
3994:
3982:
3955:. Retrieved
3946:
3939:
3919:, p. 27
3883:
3861:. Retrieved
3856:
3846:
3819:
3808:
3798:
3771:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3745:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3717:
3711:
3689:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3639:
3614:
3605:
3570:Volkspolizei
3533:The Big Lift
3531:
3509:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3458:(BSAA), the
3436:
3353:
3318:Avro Lincoln
3297:C-82 Packets
3285:Douglas DC-3
3278:
3186:Douglas DC-3
3172:Douglas DC-4
3113:
3104:
3092:
3081:
3065:jet aircraft
3054:
3024:East Germany
3020:West Germany
3017:
3008:
2986:
2977:
2962:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2923:
2911:
2903:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2778:
2774:
2754:
2745:
2734:Please help
2729:verification
2726:
2679:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2627:
2591:
2579:
2574:Ernst Reuter
2555:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2509:
2505:
2501:ration cards
2497:
2488:
2475:
2449:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2377:
2357:
2343:
2321:
2315:
2312:Black Friday
2278:
2270:
2266:
2242:Finkenwerder
2238:flying boats
2227:air dropping
2212:
2182:air corridor
2171:
2157:
2149:
2145:Camp Lindsey
2142:
2126:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2089:Willy Brandt
2085:Ernst Reuter
2082:
2066:
2054:
2050:Douglas DC-3
2039:
2020:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1980:Curtis LeMay
1972:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1729:
1686:to Hong Kong
1681:East Germany
1633:Tbilisi 1989
1618:Romania 1977
1586:Hungary 1956
1581:Georgia 1956
1417:
1410:
1309:East Germany
1136:Eastern Bloc
1111:
1095:
1084:Heinrich Rau
1072:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1035:General Clay
1031:
1021:
1017:
1004:
992:
981:
967:
952:
942:
924:
918:
916:
913:
896:
888:
880:
857:
853:
845:
825:
779:reached the
774:
757:East Prussia
749:East Germany
725:West Germany
721:
710:
687:
659:
631:
623:
621:
599:blocked the
597:Soviet Union
584:
582:
473:
448:East Germany
444:West Germany
408:Nazi Germany
387:1920s Berlin
224:South Africa
137:Soviet Union
123:Belligerents
107:
49:Part of the
36:
12164:Boeing P-12
12142:Conveyances
12103:Rocket mail
12098:Pigeon post
12057:Crash cover
11814:Wake Island
11580:Mississippi
11495:Connecticut
11439:New England
11106:Agriculture
11025:Coast Guard
11020:Space Force
10868:Immigration
10596:WTC bombing
10514:Reaganomics
10442:Vietnam War
10358:McCarthyism
10240:Second Klan
10225:Prohibition
10203:World War I
10178:Square Deal
10168:Imperialism
9903:War of 1812
9630:Prehistoric
9464:Dissolution
9404:Martial law
9327:Revolts and
9301:Warsaw Pact
8888:Shen Zhihua
8698:Michael Cox
8630:competition
8577:Pro-Western
8567:Soviet Life
8493:Safari Club
8463:Warsaw Pact
8318:Nationalism
8308:Imperialism
8207:Reaganomics
8070:Containment
7863:Perestroika
7352:Realpolitik
7182:Six-Day War
7167:Greek junta
6978:Berlin Wall
6826:Suez Crisis
6794:Vietnam War
6681:McCarthyism
6496:Baruch Plan
6441:Unthinkable
6401:Dekemvriana
6340:Warsaw Pact
6270:30 November
6048:, in German
5665:Der Spiegel
5636:Turner 1987
5612:Wettig 2008
5600:Turner 1987
5586:(in German)
5493:29 February
5464:1700–1799:
5444:1634–1699:
5289:Tunner 1964
5209:Wettig 2008
5169:Cherny 2008
5157:Turner 1987
5070:Miller 1998
5058:Tunner 1964
5046:Tunner 1964
5034:Miller 1998
5022:Miller 1998
5010:Tunner 1964
4998:Miller 1998
4986:Miller 1998
4974:Miller 2000
4959:Miller 2000
4947:Tunner 1964
4905:Miller 2000
4890:Miller 2000
4844:14 February
4825:Miller 2000
4813:Miller 2000
4801:Miller 1998
4789:Miller 1998
4774:Miller 1998
4741:Miller 1998
4729:Miller 1998
4669:Miller 2000
4592:Miller 1998
4580:Miller 2000
4568:Miller 2000
4513:Miller 2000
4498:Miller 2000
4486:Wettig 2008
4426:Miller 2000
4381:Turner 1987
4364:Miller 2000
4341:Miller 2000
4329:Miller 2000
4240:Miller 1998
4228:Miller 1998
4216:Miller 2000
4189:Miller 2000
4174:Miller 2000
4140:Turner 1987
4125:Miller 2000
4064:, p. 7
4062:Miller 2000
4049:, p. 6
4047:Miller 2000
4032:Miller 2000
4011:Miller 2000
3999:Miller 2000
3987:Wettig 2008
3977:, p. 4
3975:Miller 2000
3932:Tunner 1964
3917:Turner 1987
3757:22 February
3729:22 February
3077:Berlin Wall
3057:West Berlin
3028:Berlin Wall
2935:US Congress
2836:C-82 Packet
2801:Marston Mat
2787:mechanics.
2700:(Mayor) to
2631:Spalterwahl
2274:East Berlin
2262:contributed
2167:, June 1948
2012:Little Lift
1954:Silverplate
1946:Silverplate
1937:West Berlin
1772:Vietnam War
1762:Berlin Wall
1691:North Korea
1628:Brașov 1987
1596:Prague 1968
1559:Poznań 1956
1412:Warsaw Pact
1371:South Yemen
1349:North Korea
1262:Afghanistan
1182:Byelorussia
934:Zonenbeirat
675:New Zealand
617:West Berlin
476:(1948–1949)
469:Berlin Wall
464:East Berlin
460:West Berlin
451:(1945–1990)
411:(1933–1945)
378:(1919–1933)
368:(1918–1947)
358:(1871–1918)
348:(1701–1918)
338:(1157–1806)
316:History of
212:New Zealand
93:West Berlin
12212:Categories
12154:Blériot XI
12149:Airco DH.4
12093:Mail plane
11695:Washington
11615:New Mexico
11610:New Jersey
11485:California
10980:Journalism
10932:Corruption
10911:Government
10862:Demography
10849:Newspapers
10698:Sandy Hook
10601:Waco siege
10509:Reagan era
10415:Space Race
10348:Korean War
10289:home front
10121:Gilded Age
10089:Amendments
9418:Conditions
9396:Solidarity
9329:opposition
8656:Historians
8647:Space Race
8548:Rudé právo
8502:Propaganda
8358:Neo-Nazism
8328:Chauvinism
8282:Trotskyism
8197:Monetarism
8165:Liberalism
8157:Capitalism
8149:Ideologies
8100:Ostpolitik
7823:Solidarity
7788:Toyota War
7691:Solidarity
7548:Operation
7503:Ogaden War
7192:Dhofar War
7080:Shifta War
6838:Operation
6686:Korean War
6478:Operation
6470:Operation
6462:Operation
6439:Operation
6419:Operation
6411:Operation
6234:22 October
6094:18 January
5791:, Gretna:
5757:References
5671:31 October
5331:Rob Mather
5100:31 October
4709:rafweb.org
4297:27 October
4292:"Accident"
4276:27 October
3468:Air Flight
3416:Avro Tudor
3328:Avro Tudor
3086:, and the
2828:Lake Tegel
2558:RIAS Radio
2458:Doublemint
2385:snack bars
2383:as mobile
2058:Avro Yorks
1782:Afghan War
1735:Korean War
1571:Plzeň 1953
1450:Opposition
1390:Yugoslavia
1344:Mozambique
1242:Uzbekistan
1227:Tajikistan
1197:Kazakhstan
1177:Azerbaijan
1098:Reichsmark
1002:for them.
958:Ausschüsse
761:Königsberg
671:Australian
12353:War scare
12298:Blockades
12039:Philately
11705:Wisconsin
11670:Tennessee
11575:Minnesota
11550:Louisiana
11444:The South
11015:Air Force
10890:Education
10752:recession
10708:Las Vegas
10616:Columbine
10573:1991–2008
10501:1980–1991
10402:1964–1980
10313:1945–1964
10267:Dust Bowl
10195:1917–1945
10076:1865–1917
10054:Civil War
10047:Secession
9992:1849–1865
9915:1815–1849
9886:Quasi-War
9863:1789–1815
9783:1776–1789
9736:Sugar Act
9477:Die Wende
9450:Economies
9291:Cominform
9274:(to 1948)
9236:(to 1961)
9164:Formation
9154:Communism
8943:Ken Young
8788:Tony Judt
8637:Arms race
8610:Red Scare
8478:NN States
8423:Apartheid
8378:Autocracy
8287:Stalinism
8255:Guevarism
8245:Castroism
8235:Communism
8227:Socialism
7753:Star Wars
7346:Koza riot
6472:Beleaguer
6464:Masterdom
5624:Daum 2008
5556:Q64022945
5548:0022-0027
5404:5 January
5380:6 January
5095:0190-8286
4760:pbs.org:
4637:159815831
4555:155057300
4444:12 August
3704:Citations
3592:Footnotes
3538:1950 film
3379:Avro York
3323:Avro York
3124:Tempelhof
3114:In 2007,
3030:in 1961.
2989:Tempelhof
2886:RAF Celle
2799:runway's
2785:Luftwaffe
2748:June 2011
2609:Magistrat
2566:Reichstag
2455:Wrigley's
2393:Fräuleins
2318:Wiesbaden
2219:RAF Gatow
2178:Wiesbaden
2117:Himalayas
1653:Riga 1991
1643:Baku 1990
1533:Lithuania
1425:Cominform
1329:Kampuchea
1232:Turkmenia
1212:Lithuania
1202:Kirghizia
1157:Republics
963:Stuttgart
948:Länderrat
872:Frankfurt
868:Bückeburg
767:, as the
727:into the
717:Americans
688:American
200:Australia
12323:Airlifts
12083:Aerogram
11876:Category
11690:Virginia
11640:Oklahoma
11620:New York
11595:Nebraska
11585:Missouri
11570:Michigan
11560:Maryland
11545:Kentucky
11525:Illinois
11500:Delaware
11490:Colorado
11480:Arkansas
11359:Lesbians
11333:Comanche
11328:Cherokee
11121:Medicine
11079:Genocide
11072:Religion
10994:Military
10967:Taxation
10917:Abortion
10833:Cultural
10713:Parkland
10643:Iraq War
10581:Gulf War
10353:Ivy Mike
10272:New Deal
9648:Colonial
9593:Timeline
9445:Politics
9095:Timeline
9085:Category
9030:See also
8522:Izvestia
8363:Islamism
8260:Hoxhaism
8135:Rollback
8014:Abkhazia
7954:Gulf War
7858:Glasnost
7228:incident
6998:Sand War
6856:Ifni War
6365:Rio Pact
6310:Cold War
6200:Archived
6113:21306003
5947:(2000),
5835:(2008),
5812:(2008),
5767:(2003),
5552:Wikidata
5469:(1992).
5449:(1997).
5311:11 April
5264:Archived
4714:11 April
4629:30036432
3888:Archived
3830:. 1997.
3791:Archived
3520:for the
3504:See also
2670:de facto
2662:de facto
2651:de facto
2302:the Hump
2162:—
2113:the Hump
2103:General
2072:and its
1960:General
1797:Gulf War
1601:Invasion
1475:Bulgaria
1339:Mongolia
1314:Ethiopia
1283:Bulgaria
1217:Moldavia
667:Canadian
642:American
589:Cold War
535:See also
495:" (1987)
488:" (1963)
307:a series
305:Part of
88:Location
67:land at
51:Cold War
12197:more...
12189:LZ 127
12076:Methods
12001:Ireland
11991:Denmark
11985:Germany
11935:General
11928:Airmail
11710:Wyoming
11685:Vermont
11590:Montana
11530:Indiana
11510:Georgia
11505:Florida
11475:Arizona
11465:Alabama
11432:Regions
11354:Gay men
11126:Railway
11086:Slavery
10882:Banking
10876:Economy
10718:El Paso
10703:Orlando
10437:Détente
9598:Outline
9296:COMECON
9196:Romania
9191:Hungary
8585:Amerika
8468:Comecon
8353:Fascism
8343:Zionism
8292:Titoism
7833:Contras
7301:Détente
6578:Comecon
6167:5 March
5721:30 June
5696:30 June
5517:30 June
5430:24 June
5336:30 June
5275:Alt URL
4547:2009841
3957:2 March
3863:11 June
3480:Skyways
3464:Airwork
3307:British
3041:Kennedy
2965:Britons
2906:embargo
2888:and at
2583:provost
2403:An RAF
2296:of the
2252:to the
2250:Hamburg
2244:on the
2231:Dakotas
2223:Hanover
2215:Hamburg
2115:of the
2074:US Navy
2062:payload
1969:intent.
1942:Fat Man
1662:Dissent
1564:1980–89
1523:Estonia
1500:Ukraine
1490:Romania
1480:Croatia
1470:Albania
1419:Comecon
1376:Vietnam
1365:Somalia
1360:Romania
1324:Hungary
1319:Grenada
1267:Albania
1237:Ukraine
1192:Georgia
1187:Estonia
1172:Armenia
1160:of the
1023:crisis.
970:Benelux
925:Trizone
864:Hamburg
715:and 31
713:Britons
662:airlift
646:British
97:Germany
12131:French
12129:FISA (
12026:Stamps
11996:Greece
11886:Portal
11840:Cities
11823:Cities
11645:Oregon
11600:Nevada
11540:Kansas
11515:Hawaii
11470:Alaska
11458:States
11384:Places
11146:Groups
11116:Lumber
11054:Fourth
11044:Second
10854:Sports
10839:Cinema
10808:Topics
10723:Uvalde
10693:Aurora
10688:Tucson
9612:Events
9316:(WFDY)
9308:(WFTU)
8536:Pravda
8338:Racism
8277:Maoism
8029:Kosovo
7550:Condor
7226:Pueblo
7212:May 68
6840:Gladio
6758:Tuapse
6421:Jungle
6413:Priboi
6111:
6080:
6053:online
6041:
6028:online
6002:
5984:
5955:
5940:(2011)
5927:
5895:
5869:
5852:
5822:
5799:
5775:
5554:
5546:
5256:
5093:
4635:
4627:
4553:
4545:
4469:
4105:
3834:
3753:. 1953
3725:. 1957
3528:Medals
3354:Halton
3067:, and
2927:Truman
2824:Toucan
2551:putsch
2529:putsch
2364:sortie
2042:groups
1676:Poland
1671:Soviet
1606:Moscow
1528:Latvia
1495:Serbia
1485:Poland
1354:Poland
1273:Angola
1222:Russia
1207:Latvia
1090:, and
1074:zone.
920:Bizone
870:, and
848:Stalin
777:Allies
683:French
628:German
607:under
605:Berlin
595:, the
501:(1989)
318:Berlin
309:on the
221:
209:
197:
188:Canada
185:
175:France
172:
159:
147:
134:
104:Result
71:, 1948
11675:Texas
11555:Maine
11520:Idaho
11348:LGBTQ
11341:Women
11111:Labor
11064:Sixth
11059:Fifth
11049:Third
11039:First
10844:Music
10586:NAFTA
9021:Stasi
8488:SAARC
8483:ASEAN
8448:SEATO
8301:Other
8266:Juche
8024:Korea
7937:1990s
7650:1980s
7294:1970s
6917:1960s
6669:1950s
6379:1940s
6360:NEATO
6355:SEATO
6345:ANZUS
5912:(PDF)
5512:(PDF)
5476:(PDF)
5456:(PDF)
5399:(PDF)
5267:(PDF)
5250:(PDF)
4633:S2CID
4625:JSTOR
4551:S2CID
4543:JSTOR
3951:(PDF)
3597:Notes
3128:Gatow
3116:Tegel
3069:Tegel
3022:from
2513:USAFE
2409:Havel
2381:jeeps
2260:also
2254:Havel
2248:near
2184:into
1294:Congo
1288:China
1278:Benin
615:from
11952:Mail
11743:Guam
11680:Utah
11635:Ohio
11535:Iowa
11010:Navy
11000:Army
10904:Flag
8561:TASS
8453:METO
8443:NATO
7669:and
7667:1980
7224:USS
6350:METO
6335:NATO
6272:2016
6236:2007
6169:2007
6109:OCLC
6096:2008
6078:ISBN
6039:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5982:ISBN
5953:ISBN
5925:ISBN
5893:ISBN
5867:ISBN
5850:ISBN
5820:ISBN
5797:ISBN
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