1946 Italian institutional referendum

2611: 5318: 2668:, deemed this appeal admissible. In his indictment Pilotti believed that the spirit and letter of the decrees as well as jurisprudence provide for the counting of voters, without excluding blank or invalid ballots. But the Supreme Court of Cassation ruled against him, with 12 votes against to 7. On the one hand, it was believed that the vote, as a legal act, manifested a will and that the blank or null vote could be assimilated to the absence of expression of will. The Supreme Court of Cassation also identified another decree which specified that only "validly cast" votes should be preserved. The Supreme Court of Cassation finally announced that no law or decree dealt with the need for an absolute majority. 2070: 4309: 2934: 2176:. Two other movements challenged these institutions: the Republican Party on the one hand, and the maximalist socialists. In the 1919 elections, the parties most imbued with republican ideology (the maximalist socialists and the Republican Party) won, obtaining 165 out of 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In the 1921 elections, after the foundation of the Italian Communist Party, the three parties republican, maximalist socialist and communist obtained 145 deputies out of 535. Overall, at the beginning of the interwar period, less than 30% of those elected were in favor of the establishment of a republican regime. In this context, the rise of 2162: 2374: 2590:. Umberto II confirmed his promise to respect the popular decision regarding the referendum. The representatives of the parties in favor of the Republic protested, arguing the assumption of royal powers by the lieutenant general conflicted with an article of the legislative decree of 16 March 1946 that aimed at guaranteeing institutional stability before the announcement of the results. For observers, the gap between republicans and monarchists was narrowing, which increased tension in the final phase of the electoral campaign. In fact, some scuffles broke out between activists of the two sides in the tense climate. 2895: 2388:(CLN) was created, which brought together the parties and movements opposed to fascism and German occupation. It was made up of representatives of the Italian Communist Party, members of the Action Party, Christian Democrats, liberals, socialists and progressive democrats. The National Liberation Committee gave priority to the fight against the Nazi-fascists, postponing the question of the institutional form of the Italian state until after the victory, but made the abdication of the king in favor of his son a prerequisite for the establishment of an anti-fascist government. The patriotic 2228: 4994: 235: 41: 4846:, undoubtedly favored an increase in the importance of the socialist and communist parties in this region, which were republican in tendency. During these dark years, the populations concerned placed part of their hopes in dreams of revolution, or at least of change. The South, not having experienced this situation and having welcomed King Victor Emmanuel III and his government, was perhaps more wary of these parties and placed its trust in the monarchic regime, preferring continuity to the "leap into the unknown" represented by the republican form. Furthermore, the 2743: 2769: 5181: 4919:. The crowd saw a red flag, but also a tricolor flag from which the royal coat of arms had been cut. Despite the presence of armored vehicles, the demonstrators attempted to storm the communist party headquarters. Protesters and law enforcement officers exchange gunfire. According to the prefect's report, the demonstrators shot first. In any case the response was deadly, with machine gun fire. There were nine deaths among royalist demonstrators and a large number of injuries. Calm returned to the city only on 13 June. 153: 4873: 5350: 4808: 5080: 5632: 2640:

were announced, and the final ones were communicated later due to missing data in some polling stations and after the examination of numerous appeals regarding the contested referendum ballots. In fact, 21,000 disputes occurred over the referendum ballots, most of which were quickly resolved. However, the period of uncertainty between the end of the vote and the final official announcement of the results only strengthened tensions in the country. In the city of

1617: 5286: 11031: 2599: 5202: 2544: 2586:. The act of abdication, drawn up privately, is dated 9 May 1946. This abdication was desired by the monarchists, since the crown prince was less compromised than his father in Mussolini's rise to power and in coexistence with the fascist forces. It is also possible that the command of the allied forces present on Italian territory encouraged the sovereign to abdicate in favor of his son. The former king immediately left Italy for 1832: 4301: 2926: 131: 4951:'s invitation. The Prime Minister received a written communication from the King, in which he said he was ready to respect the verdict of the electors' vote, but adding that he would await the final declaration of the Supreme Court of Cassation. The letter and the protests of the monarchists, like the bloody events of the day before in Naples, as well as the new demonstrations announced by the monarchists worried the ministers. 4936: 8169: 5010: 11020: 5604: 2626: 2422: 5618: 2080: 2113:, one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs. In 1882, a new electoral law lowered the census limit for voting rights, increasing the number of voters to over two million, equal to 7% of the population. In the same year the Italian Workers' Party was created, which in 1895 became the 5826:, who has never suffered limitations on access and residence in the Italian territory. Indeed, on 7 July 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's kinsman and dynastic rival, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta declared himself to be the head of the House of Savoy and Duke of Savoy, claiming that Vittorio Emanuele had lost his dynastic rights when he married without the permission of Umberto II in 1971. 2476:

particular Victor Emmanuel III, had had a responsibility in the success of the fascist movement. The final agreement between the parties was to ask that at the end of the war, as soon as conditions were favourable, the calling of elections, an institutional referendum and the formation of a constituent assembly. Until then, on 31 January 1945, the

4966:, decided to leave Italy on 13 June, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, to avoid the clashes between monarchists and republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in 2663:

is particularly delicate. This controversy was over the definition of "majority". The monarchists believed that it was necessary to take into account not the majority of votes cast, but the "majority of electors", as an article of the electoral law provided. The public prosecutor of the Supreme Court

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was responsible for examining the appeals. Its role was to be limited to observing the progress of voting operations and consolidating the bulletins issued by the offices that communicated the results in each constituency. The counting of the ballots of the candidates for the constituent assembly had

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elite. However, the Americans and English, anxious to prepare for the post-war period, facilitated the entry into German-occupied territory of Italian democratic and republican activists aimed at counterbalancing the communist influence in the leadership of the National Liberation Committee. This was

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came into force, the content of which was discussed within the Constituent Assembly. It proclaims in particular that "Italy is a democratic republic founded on labour" and that "the former kings of the House of Savoy, their wives and their male descendants are prohibited from entering and staying in

2671:

The final results were announced on 18 June 1946. According to these results, 24,947,187 people participated in the vote, or 89% of the electorate. The official results of the referendum recorded 12,718,641 votes for the republic, or 54.3% of the votes cast, and 10,718,502 votes for the monarchy, or

4954:

On 13 June, the Council of Ministers, extending the meeting begun the previous day, resolved that, following the proclamation of the provisional results on 10 June, the functions of provisional head of state would be exercised by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, without wait for the final official

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activists, especially young people, increasingly distanced themselves from the monarchy. During the local meetings of the leaders of this party, in Rome and Milan, motions were presented aimed at making official a political line favorable to a democratic republic. The central political office tried

5228:

On 18 June 1946 at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation proceeded to proclaim the results of the referendum, without accompanying this formalization with reservations as it had done previously. Many years later, in 1960, the president of this

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begins, which the ground columns of military personnel saluting the President with eyes left or right with their colours dipped as they march past the dais. Mobile column crew contingent colour guards perform the salute in a like manner. The military parade also includes some military delegations

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gave the majority to the republic, while those located to the south chose the monarchy. The electoral college of Rome was very divided and gave a slight majority to the choice of the monarchic regime. The Republican choice turned into a plebiscite, with over 80% of the votes cast in the electoral

2639:

The vote for the choice between monarchy or republic took place on 2 June and on the morning of 3 June 1946. After the transfer of the electoral cards from all of Italy and the minutes of the 31 constituencies to Rome, the results were expected on 8 June. On 10 June, the still provisional results

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authorized Catholics to participate individually in political life, but in 1909 he condemned the National Democratic League created by Romolo Murri, who was excommunicated. Finally, a law of 3 June 1912 marked Italy's evolution towards a certain political liberalism by establishing universal male

2089:

The balance of power between the Chamber and Senate initially shifted in favor of the Senate, composed mainly of nobles and industrial figures. Little by little, the Chamber of Deputies took on more and more importance with the evolution of the bourgeoisie and the large landowners, concerned with

2558:

to verify that the conditions existed for voting in a country torn apart by the civil war only a few months earlier, partial municipal and provincial elections were held in March and April 1946 in half of the Italian municipalities and provinces. These elections, which mainly involved left-wing

5532:, gets down the vehicle, and processes there to meet other dignitaries and as he arrives in his spot in the dais the Corazzieri's mounted troopers, which had provided the rear escort during the review phrase, salute the President as the anthem is played. It is tradition, for the members of the 5527:

on a motorcycle where, together with the military commander of the capital garrison, usually a Major General, he reviews the parade formations presenting arms as the bands play their service or inspection marches. The Head of State then processes to the presidential tribune which is located in

4922:

The protests of the monarchists, like those bloodily repressed the day before in Naples and a new monarchist demonstration dispersed on 12 June, aroused the concerns of the ministers intending to establish the Republic as soon as possible (according to the famous phrase of the socialist leader

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of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the Savoy coat of arms, which represented the monarchy. This triggered various controversies, given that the iconography of the allegorical

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was elected provisional head of the State, in the first round with 396 votes out of 501. In addition to his personal qualities, the choice of a man born in Naples and long monarchic history, it was a sign of pacification and union towards the populations of southern Italy, in this accelerated

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and Benedetto Croce, as well as Palmiro Togliatti. Although temporarily put aside, the question of Italian institutions remained one of the main open political questions. Most of the forces supporting the National Liberation Committee were openly republicans and believed that the monarchy, in

1981: 4896:

read out the partial results of the referendum, postponing the definitive proclamation of the results to Parliament for 18 June, after having taken the relevant decisions on appeals, protests and complaints. At the same time, republican demonstrations took place in many cities. The Milanese

2121:. Two years later, the far left reached its historical maximum level in Parliament with 81 deputies, for the three radical-democratic, socialist components and Republican. With the death of Felice Cavallotti in 1898, the radical left gave up on posing the institutional problem. 4835:. In the South, however, the monarchist choice reached nearly 80% in the college of Naples. But, in other regions, the vote was very fragmented. There was not a total break with the past, but an interference between the two possible choices, which was expressed everywhere. 6525: 5241:

transition towards the Republic. He was initially only provisional head of state and not president of Italy, since the latter did not yet have a constitution. Alcide De Gasperi resigned and then regained the task of forming a new government, thus becoming the last

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Although some members of his entourage encouraged him to oppose this decision, the king, informed, decided to leave the country the following day, thus making a peaceful transfer of power possible, not without having denounced De Gasperi's "revolutionary gesture".

5034:. The Italian flag was modified with the decree of the president of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchic banner, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated. This decision was later confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the 4914:

In Naples, a city with a population largely supportive of the monarchy, an incident occurred on 11 June. A procession of supporters of the monarchy advanced towards the municipal buildings and then changed objective and headed towards the headquarters of the

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Court, Giuseppe Pagano, declared that the law establishing the organization of the referendum was incompatible with the slowness of the counting and the very unequal transmission of the minutes, not giving the Court time to complete all investigations.

5865: 5143:... On the proposal of the Minister of War it was established that the oath of the Armed Forces to the Republic and to its Chief would be carried out on November 4th p.v. and that, temporarily, the anthem of Mameli is adopted as the national anthem ... 6978:

n. 298 del 27 dicembre 1947 edizione straordinaria (published in the Official Gazette No. 298 of 27 December 1947 extraordinary edition) "La bandiera della Repubblica è il tricolore italiano: verde, bianco, e rosso, a tre bande verticali di eguali

8125: 5935: 2849: 2283:, the popular Catholic movement and other liberal movements. This coalition dissolved on 5 May 1934 and, in August of the same year, the pact of unity of action was signed between the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Communist Party. 2444:, called for the formation of a government of national unity and no longer required the king's abdication as a prerequisite. This declaration pushed the parties of the National Liberation Committee to rally around a compromise drawn up by 2184:", the fear of social unrest and the rejection of revolutionary, republican and Marxist ideology. The liberal political system and part of the aristocracy chose to erect fascism as a bulwark against, in their way of seeing, these dangers. 2370:. In these dramatic circumstances, in the two territories the civil administration gave way to a military and police administration. However, the parties that existed before fascism were reconstituted, alongside new political parties. 2171:

After World War I, Italian political life was animated by four great movements. Two of these movements were in favor of democratic development within the framework of existing monarchical institutions: the reformist socialists and the

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45.7%. 1,498,136 ballots were annulled. The analysis of the data by region showed an Italy practically divided in two: in the North the Republic won with 66.2% of the votes cast, and the Monarchy in the South with 63.8% of the votes.

6529: 2525:

decreed, as expected in 1944, that the question of the institutional form of the state would be decided by a referendum organized simultaneously with the election of a constituent assembly. The date was set for 2 June 1946. The

1788:, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With the entry into force of the new 1948:

movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the

2693:

However, some voters were unable to vote. Before the closure of the electoral lists in April 1945, many Italian soldiers were still outside the national territory, in detention or internment camps abroad. Citizens of the

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personification of Italy had, and still has, a universal and unifying meaning that should have been common to all Italians and not only to a part of them: this was the last appearance in the institutional context of

5592:. All over the world, Italian embassies organize ceremonies to which the Heads of State of the host country are invited. Greetings from the other Heads of State reach the President of Italy from all over the world. 4911:, a Turin daily newspaper, declared more soberly: "The government confirms the victory of the republicans", and completed its coverage by asking: "the question is whether the republic has been proclaimed or not". 2206:

Not only did Victor Emmanuel III appeal to Mussolini to form the government in 1922 and allow him to proceed with the domestication of Parliament, but he did not even draw the consequences of the assassination of

5139:, in which the armed services of the republic will perform their oath of loyalty to the young republic, as a provisional anthem, "Il Canto degli Italiani" would have been adopted. The press release stated that: 5869: 2014:, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason. While a laborious administrative unification began, a 4854:

or the Catholic press. Other authors have highlighted more structural factors, such as differences in family organization or production by region. Thus Carlo Bacetti compared, in Tuscany, the importance of

2041:, elected by census vote. In 1861 only 2% of Italians had the right to vote. In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier 5978: 2722:

authorities, which were still under occupation pending a final settlement of the status of the territories (in fact in 1947 most of these territories were then annexed by Yugoslavia after the

7417: 5269:

had already been authorized to return to Italy in 1987 since, with the death of her husband Umberto II and having become a widow, her status as "spouse" was recognized as having ceased.

2199:

was progressively emptied of its content. Parliament was subject to the will of the new government. The legal opposition disintegrated. On 27 June 1924, 127 deputies left Parliament and

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At first glance, the referendum seemed to simply divide Italy in two, between North and South, but the situation was more complex. For example, the districts located to the north of

2346:

was announced on 8 September 1943, the Germans reacted by placing under their control all the part of Italian territory that still escaped the Allied advance and by disarming the

1933:. Mazzini formulated a concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting 7326: 7724: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9012: 9007: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8867: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8832: 8827: 8817: 8812: 8807: 7257: 5847: 5076:

bearing its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that described and regulated the way the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays.

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of the liberal party and by the king's entourage. As foreseen in this agreement, upon the liberation of Rome, on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel III proclaimed his son Umberto

6730:

La nascita della Repubblica (Atti del Convegno di studi storici. Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. Comitato per le celebrazioni del 40° anniversario della Repubblica

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confirmation from the Court of Cassation. The Prime Minister collected all the votes of the government members, with the exception of the liberal minister Leone Cattani.

2255:

With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the

9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 2259:. Some of these parties expatriated and reconstituted themselves abroad, especially in France. Thus an anti-fascist coalition was formed on 29 March 1927 in Paris, the " 7788: 7279: 5495: 5261:

ceased with the entry into force of the Constitutional Law of 23 October 2002, No. 1, after a debate in parliament and in the country that lasted many years and

5712: 5106:", the national anthem of the Kingdom of Italy. For the choice of the national anthem a debate was opened which identified, among the possible options: the " 2366:, heavily dependent on the Germans, and by the division of Italy into two antagonistic territories, one occupied by the allied forces, the other occupied by 1731:

troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the

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anthem of the Italian Republic. Over the decades there were several unsuccessful attempts to make it the official national anthem, until it finally gained

5153:"Il Canto degli Italiani" was therefore chosen, on 12 October 1946, as the provisional national anthem, a role that it later preserved while remaining the 5120:", the "Inno di Garibaldi" and the confirmation of "La Leggenda del Piave". The political class of the time then approved the proposal of the War Minister 1770:

on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of the republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy. The event is commemorated annually by the

2723: 7395: 2656:, the monarchists carried out protest demonstrations, sometimes violent. On 7 June, a monarchist student, soon transformed into a martyr, was killed. 8135: 5439:, monarchy or republic. On 2 June the birth of the modern Italian Republic is celebrated in a similar way to the French 14 July (anniversary of the 2109:. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 8030: 4940: 10090: 5665: 2460:, and the parties took political control of the nation, even if the war continued, stabilizing on the front on the Gothic line until April 1945. 1645: 2338:. On 25 July 1943, Victor Emmanuel III revoked Mussolini's mandate as prime minister and had him arrested, entrusting the government to Marshal 2734:). These provinces, however, were all located in the north of the country, an area where the Republican vote obtained a fairly large majority. 2503:

in December 1945. The question of the future form of the state, monarchy or republic, absorbed the minds of political circles. The majority of

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prevalent in the South favored a vote that tended to be conservative, and therefore monarchist. Some analysts also cite the influence of the

17: 2575:. After these administrative elections, the monarchists, already worried about the outcome of the referendum, became even more discouraged. 10753: 10105: 7444: 5823: 5580:

for the local authorities, which are preceded by solemn public demonstrations with reduced military parades that have been reviewed by the

5487: 2203:, a clumsy maneuver which, in effect, left the field open to the fascists. They then had the fate of Italy in their hands for two decades. 7866: 5576:(4 November). Official ceremonies are held throughout the national territory. Among them are the traditional receptions organized by each 9442: 8157: 8089: 5568:

in high uniform is carried out in solemn form. This solemn rite is only performed on two other occasions, during the celebrations of the

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led by the National Liberation Committee was also, for a significant part of its supporters, a war of social liberation, a war against a

7081: 5265:, son of King Umberto II, was able to enter Italy with his family already in the following December for a short visit. The former queen 5060:

The Republican tricolour was then officially and solemnly delivered to the Italian military corps on 4 November 1947 on the occasion of

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in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the

2610: 11055: 10758: 7305:"Festa della Repubblica. Il Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella ha reso omaggio al Milite Ignoto all'Altare della Patria" 4884:

On 10 June, at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa ("Hall of the Wolf"), which owes its name to the presence of a bronze sculpture of the

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in the organization of work on the land, and the weight of the Communist Party in this region, which had republican tendencies.

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Results by district showing percentage of support for the republic (blue) or monarchy (red). White signifies no referendum held.

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with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the

2038: 346: 11001: 9280: 9230: 7941: 7855: 7581: 7522: 2272: 2069: 1293: 7656: 10798: 10073: 9881: 9487: 9437: 9290: 7144: 6596: 6206: 6122: 5700: 2260: 2019: 1789: 1426: 8071: 2124:

In Italian politics, the socialist party progressively divided into two tendencies: a maximalist one, led among others by

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and for the presidents of the two chambers of parliament, to have pinned on their jacket, during the whole ceremony, an

1866:

there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient

10846: 10431: 10058: 9891: 9652: 9412: 8019: 7997: 7975: 7893: 7836: 7814: 7759: 7713: 7691: 7645: 7560: 7541: 7494: 7454: 5987: 5772: 5503: 5050:

The flag of the Republic is the Italian tricolour: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions.

4893: 4877: 2660: 2630: 2527: 2504: 2015: 2002:. The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity. After having obtained the conquest of the whole of 1767: 1513: 1323: 783: 8165: 7534:

L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii – xxi siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle

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was held on the same day. As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the

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in his capacity as the highest governmental authority in the province. Similar ceremonies are also organized by the

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From June 1944 to December 1945, three provisional coalition governments followed one another. The first was led by

2117:. In 1895 the intransigent republicans agreed to participate in the political life of the Kingdom, establishing the 10450: 9731: 9617: 9422: 9220: 8771: 8716: 8696: 8676: 8656: 8636: 8616: 8596: 8576: 8556: 8541: 8526: 8516: 8506: 8501: 5317: 5211: 2615: 2315: 2173: 1471: 1142: 7228: 1383: 10574: 10486: 10333: 10328: 10159: 10027: 9195: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8551: 8546: 8536: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8150: 7968:

Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane

5660: 5483: 5170: 6117: 5755: 10522: 10110: 9587: 9477: 9472: 9457: 9432: 9427: 7145:"De Nicola Elected Italian President; Three Major Parties Reach Compromise on Neapolitan Who Had Quit Politics" 5695: 5670: 2034: 1995: 1631: 477: 8040: 1398: 11075: 11070: 10773: 10604: 10491: 10022: 10017: 9492: 9452: 9407: 8726: 8404: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 7742: 5789: 5650: 5645: 5233: 5035: 2532: 2385: 2378: 1994:

The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister

1744: 1740: 768: 6971: 2298:, Mazzini's former republican party, was re-established. Between the end of 1942 and the beginning of 1943, 1378: 11090: 11085: 10532: 10471: 10456: 10308: 10169: 9622: 9502: 9497: 9482: 9467: 9462: 9417: 9210: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9082: 9047: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9002: 8977: 8952: 8927: 8902: 8872: 8857: 8837: 8822: 8802: 5565: 5128: 2908:(southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised 2578:

But a political event changed the situation during the referendum campaign. A month before the referendum,

2477: 2426: 2129: 1681: 1593: 1556: 1476: 1436: 1338: 1333: 10876: 10594: 10440: 10222: 10132: 10032: 9918: 9886: 9571: 9447: 5680: 5499: 5479: 5475: 5190: 4811: 4686: 4081: 3673: 2500: 2402: 2307: 1328: 3451: 1882:, Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism. But it was 10931: 10559: 10379: 10286: 10259: 10194: 10068: 9602: 9528: 8143: 5127:"La Leggenda del Piave" then had the function of the national anthem of the Italian Republic until the 2212: 2094: 2030: 2007: 1431: 1132: 803: 5892:"Savoia – Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone – Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H" 11060: 10961: 10727: 10650: 10614: 9632: 9597: 9592: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 8185: 7876: 5420: 5296: 4308: 4173: 3665: 3585: 3501: 2933: 1441: 1408: 1308: 1303: 973: 590: 2484:

was thus recognized, after the vain attempts made in 1881 and 1907 by women of the various parties.

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In the meantime, in Italy, clandestine anti-fascist nuclei were formed, in particular in Milan with

2161: 10976: 10966: 10946: 10916: 10871: 10569: 10411: 10343: 10313: 10293: 10174: 9850: 9815: 9612: 9285: 9225: 9215: 9205: 9200: 7607:(in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria. 5440: 5132: 4764: 4751: 2682: 2488: 2373: 2264: 2118: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1358: 933: 336: 5266: 2093:

The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the

713: 10856: 10619: 10476: 10446: 10421: 10338: 10298: 10237: 10136: 9901: 9871: 9305: 9265: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 7176: 5793: 5519:

Following the ceremony the President is then driven to Via di San Gregorio with the presidential

5508: 5491: 5242: 5215: 5117: 5087: 4916: 4843: 4712: 4699: 3795: 3047: 2572: 2568: 2492: 2468: 2441: 2363: 2280: 2268: 2114: 1705: 1491: 1481: 1446: 1162: 808: 399: 311: 1973:

promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a

11065: 10554: 10542: 10318: 10303: 9995: 9637: 7725:"1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica" 7201: 5951: 5529: 5462:

The official ceremony of the Rome celebration includes the solemn flag-raising ceremony at the

5456: 5382: 5362: 5309: 5280: 4604: 2894: 2719: 2555: 2343: 2327: 2256: 2140:, as well as a Catholic social and democratic movement, the National Democratic League, led by 1772: 1760: 1501: 1486: 1018: 953: 502: 492: 429: 7620: 5741: 5124:, who foresaw the adoption of "Il Canto degli Italiani" as a provisional anthem of the State. 2101:. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. 1879: 615: 10861: 10788: 10768: 10682: 10631: 10389: 10369: 10179: 9773: 9741: 9627: 9607: 9521: 9315: 7736: 7465: 7085: 5731: 5249: 5099: 4738: 4169: 4073: 3841: 3753: 3093: 2393: 1906: 1546: 1368: 1182: 1063: 675: 655: 565: 409: 291: 7258:"2 Giugno, la prima parata con Mattarella ai Fori tra bandiere, applausi e frecce tricolori" 10712: 10527: 10416: 10394: 10048: 9946: 9830: 9698: 9182: 8177: 7059: 5785: 5121: 5039: 4889: 4777: 4211: 4131: 3997: 3921: 3669: 3627: 3535: 3497: 3009: 2318:

and the young people of Catholic associations, in particular of the University Federation.

2295: 2105:

was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the

1957:

and this republican program precedes in time the proposals for the unification of Italy of

1826: 1693: 1531: 1273: 1212: 575: 497: 404: 371: 7348: 6734: 5257:. The validity of the provision that prohibited the entry in Italy of some members of the 2227: 8: 10996: 10986: 10941: 10707: 10672: 10667: 10384: 10005: 9941: 9861: 8415: 8076: 7374:"Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore" 5736: 5655: 5533: 5463: 5334: 5300: 4963: 4900: 4815: 4653: 4639: 4631: 4600: 4219: 4177: 4165: 4123: 4115: 4077: 4035: 4001: 3917: 3883: 3803: 3761: 3707: 3577: 3539: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3409: 3371: 3333: 3253: 3215: 3211: 3173: 3089: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2548: 2522: 2389: 2188: 2132:, and supporting the use of strikes; the other, reformist and pro-government, was led by 1890: 1777: 1756: 1724: 1506: 1451: 1373: 1283: 1172: 685: 467: 457: 452: 341: 234: 5431:

were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following World War II and

5164: 2742: 10971: 10956: 10936: 10793: 10734: 10687: 10609: 10466: 10436: 10426: 10401: 10374: 10281: 10274: 10210: 9966: 9961: 9678: 8173: 8007: 7957: 7903:

Mosca, Oreste (24 January 1960). "Giuseppe Pagano racconta come nacque la repubblica".

7149: 6975: 6601: 6211: 5806: 5690: 5424: 5254: 5193: 5043: 4930: 4127: 4039: 3959: 3879: 3807: 3799: 3757: 3661: 3623: 3493: 3367: 3329: 3321: 3287: 3249: 3177: 3097: 3005: 2481: 2347: 2046: 2011: 1999: 1918: 1894: 1871: 1843: 1797: 1673: 1587: 1561: 1403: 1393: 1363: 1318: 1263: 1249: 1112: 1053: 828: 743: 462: 244: 88: 6776: 1913:

and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president

10921: 10911: 10783: 10697: 10662: 10589: 10579: 10357: 10227: 10141: 9971: 9951: 9925: 9913: 9708: 9703: 9688: 9683: 9668: 8105:

I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema

8053: 8015: 7993: 7971: 7937: 7889: 7851: 7832: 7810: 7755: 7709: 7687: 7641: 7577: 7556: 7537: 7518: 7490: 7450: 6004: 5983: 5354: 5322: 5207: 4948: 4839: 4643: 4215: 3993: 3715: 3711: 3619: 3581: 3489: 3405: 3325: 3135: 3131: 3085: 3043: 3001: 2711: 2564: 2437: 2359: 2299: 2233: 2208: 2196: 2181: 2110: 2083: 2026: 1958: 1902: 1898: 1801: 1720: 1598: 1571: 1348: 1288: 1268: 1152: 923: 833: 585: 482: 270: 4993: 2480:, chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi, issued a decree which recognized women's right to vote. 868: 326: 10991: 10813: 10763: 10744: 10739: 10692: 10599: 10537: 10517: 10505: 10461: 10264: 10244: 10232: 10095: 9976: 9693: 9556: 9548: 8478: 8085: 7824: 7802: 7668: 7473: 6528:(in Italian). ISSPE Istituto siciliano di studi politici ed economi. Archived from 5675: 5585: 5561: 5537: 5513: 5391: 5291: 5237: 5186: 5016: 5000: 4880:

on 10 June 1946, which approved the results of the Italian institutional referendum

4635: 4621: 4596: 4119: 3955: 3749: 3573: 3169: 3051: 2731: 2715: 2707: 2531:

to precede that of the referendum. If the monarchy had won, it would have been the

2496: 2445: 2177: 2165: 2137: 2098: 2054: 1988: 1930: 1883: 1863: 1855: 1835: 1793: 1752: 1701: 1677: 1659: 1581: 1541: 1258: 1092: 998: 898: 883: 793: 723: 630: 625: 600: 507: 487: 472: 331: 99: 10063: 6597:"Italian Court Proclaims Republic Victor; Official Count Shows Little Vote Change" 5064:. The universally adopted ratio is 2:3, while the war flag is squared (1:1). Each 913: 823: 10901: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10778: 10702: 10564: 10083: 9981: 9866: 9766: 9673: 5706: 5637: 5541: 5520: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5370: 5358: 5091: 5031: 4885: 4851: 2665: 2633: 2618: 2582:

abdicated in favor of his son Umberto, who was proclaimed king and took the name

2453: 2339: 2335: 2287: 2125: 2042: 1984: 1934: 1621: 1313: 1298: 938: 818: 778: 753: 733: 680: 665: 517: 512: 381: 376: 366: 321: 296: 7163: 5564:, the Changing of the Guard with the Corazzieri Regiment and the Fanfare of the 718: 545: 11034: 10981: 10951: 10896: 10803: 10677: 10624: 10584: 10254: 10249: 10100: 10000: 9956: 9908: 9856: 9810: 9778: 9736: 9713: 7701: 6379:, Prg. Les Alliés et les Comités de Libération et la question constitutionnelle 5623: 5554: 5546: 5258: 2904: 2718:, located in territories not administered by the Italian government but by the 2677: 2355: 2291: 2133: 2106: 2102: 2073: 2050: 2003: 1970: 1922: 1914: 1867: 1847: 1839: 1809: 1689: 1551: 1278: 1244: 1043: 1033: 988: 948: 943: 888: 878: 873: 858: 788: 773: 758: 748: 660: 560: 550: 540: 7638:

L'altra metà della storia: spunti e riflessioni su Napoli da Lauro a Bassolino

6881:"2 giugno. Ricordo di un galantuomo: Umberto II di Savoia, ultimo Re d'Italia" 5866:"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana – Istituto Luigi Sturzo" 2768: 2187:

In October 1922, the nomination of Benito Mussolini as prime minister by King

2090:

economic progress, but supporters of order and a certain social conservatism.

843: 11049: 10906: 10547: 10117: 9805: 9783: 9642: 7985: 7929: 7657:"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international" 7591: 7396:"2 Giugno: Festa della Repubblica, Festa degli Italiani - Uniti per il Paese" 5792:. The political party with the largest number of partisan groups is then the 5750:: "Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. 5569: 5471: 5180: 5135:

belief), officially announced that during the celebrations of 4 November for

5102:" was temporarily chosen as the provisional national anthem, which replaced " 5027: 4983: 4872: 2464: 2192: 2058: 1388: 1222: 1192: 1102: 1008: 1003: 978: 958: 798: 670: 645: 620: 605: 595: 580: 535: 301: 277: 152: 8035: 7871: 7672: 7515:

Fratelli d'Italia: I grandi personaggi del Risorgimento, la musica e l'unità

7202:"Decreto legislativo del Capo provvisorio dello Stato 28 maggio 1947, n.387" 5557:

and representatives of multinational departments with an Italian component.

2275:, the Italian League for Human Rights and the foreign representation of the 1953:. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian 11024: 10831: 10636: 10406: 10010: 9876: 9825: 9800: 7304: 5609: 5404: 5400: 5349: 5107: 5103: 4924: 4592: 2967: 2727: 2621:

announces the results of the votes for the Italian institutional referendum

2511: 2472: 2457: 2367: 2311: 2248: 2216: 2141: 1962: 1954: 1805: 1748: 1713: 1709: 1058: 1038: 1023: 983: 968: 928: 863: 848: 738: 640: 306: 7477: 4807: 2342:. The new government contacted the Allies to reach an armistice. When the 2010:, Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia 10926: 10866: 10836: 10189: 9820: 8067: 7846:

Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002).

5788:, reformed in 1942, constituted in 1944-1945 the second force within the 5079: 4847: 2398: 2150: 2145: 2045:. Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the 1945: 1910: 1838:. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them 1808:) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient 1728: 1536: 1073: 1013: 963: 908: 703: 635: 361: 356: 7573:

Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri

5631: 5285: 4905:, on Tuesday 11 June, ran the headline: "The Italian Republic is born". 1965:, aimed at reunifying the Italian territory under the presidency of the 1616: 10184: 9793: 7327:"2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria" 6207:"Father Murri, Leader of Italian Catholic Democrats, Cut Off by Church" 5746: 5577: 5524: 5326: 2625: 2603: 2598: 2538: 1974: 1926: 1851: 1576: 1566: 1028: 993: 918: 903: 838: 763: 708: 610: 555: 434: 419: 5459:

in Rome; 2 June was definitively declared a national holiday in 1949.

5201: 2350:. Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio's government fled Rome and reached 2025:

From 1861 to 1946, Italy was a constitutional monarchy founded on the

8111: 7848:

Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera

7611: 6014: 5756:

Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource

5165:

Final announcement of results and first steps of the Italian Republic

5083: 5072: 4977: 4907: 4838:

The occupation of the North by the German army and the period of the

2306:, which laid the foundations of the new Catholic-inspired party, the 1941: 1048: 728: 424: 316: 7571: 5253:

the national territory". Enrico De Nicola then assumed the title of

4931:

Early establishment of the republic and departure of the former king

2079: 1901:

inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for

10841: 10826: 10821: 10722: 9756: 9751: 8094: 7920: 7905: 7793: 6127: 5428: 5154: 4971: 4856: 4494: 2649: 2543: 2410: 2406: 2351: 2153:, Italy began to be counted among the world's liberal democracies. 1831: 1785: 1736: 1732: 893: 650: 414: 351: 7731:(in Italian) (11). Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. 7418:"Gli auguri di Capi di Stato esteri per la Festa della Repubblica" 6026: 4935: 4300: 2925: 2559:

cities, brought out three parties, with a clear advantage for the

2180:'s fascist movement was based on the bitterness generated by the " 1980: 130: 9788: 9513: 5958: 5581: 5158: 5112: 4967: 4828: 4463: 2433: 2421: 1781: 6256: 6254: 6189: 6187: 5009: 4664: 2384:

On 9 September 1943, in Rome (still occupied by the Germans), a

2211:

in 1924. He accepted the title of emperor in 1936 at the end of

1820: 10481: 7349:"Verso il 2 giugno:Festa della Repubblica insieme per il Paese" 5589: 5408: 5066: 5030:

with the Savoy coat of arms in the centre was lowered from the

4832: 4556: 4432: 3845: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2508:

to curb these pressures and maintain an intermediate position.

2331: 2239: 2195:, paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. The 1875: 570: 240: 5919: 5917: 2912:(northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%). 1886:

who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century.

9761: 9544: 8168: 7789:"La situation des partis après les élections administratives" 6726: 6708: 6445: 6251: 6184: 5451:

took place on 2 June 1947, while in 1948 there was the first

4607:

pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.

4401: 4370: 4339: 4254: 2746:

Electoral ballot of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum

1763:

pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.

1685: 6423: 6421: 6360: 6358: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6138: 6136: 5423:. The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by 2606:

at the polls to vote in the Italian institutional referendum

10269: 9746: 7532:

Baquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007).

6999: 6997: 6099: 6097: 6082: 6060: 6058: 5914: 5550: 5412: 5366: 5338: 5304: 4823: 4525: 2860:

Institutional referendum results (excluding invalid votes)

2222: 2053:

and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern

1966: 7466:"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)" 6938: 6148: 2018:

was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was

7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7014: 7012: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6418: 6355: 6340: 6239: 6227: 6160: 6133: 6045: 6043: 6041: 5993: 5443:) and to 4 July in the United States (anniversary of the 1780:

voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed for

7621:"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno" 7036: 6994: 6839: 6791: 6576: 6574: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6094: 6055: 5245:

of the monarchic era and the first of republican Italy.

2512:

Organization of the institutional referendum and results

6955: 6953: 6899: 6733:(in Italian). Quaderni di vita italiana. Archived from 6561: 6559: 6486: 6484: 6433: 2675:

The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the

2401:, future member of the triumvirate responsible for the 2136:. A nationalist movement emerged, led in particular by 1708:, which eventually resulted in engaging the country in 7243: 7009: 6982: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6660: 6626: 6609: 6172: 6038: 5822:, as a pretender to the throne, preferring his cousin 2064: 1250: 7229:"Festa della Repubblica: le foto della parata a Roma" 6571: 6287: 6266: 5411:

each year, with the main celebration taking place in

4867: 2358:. The war continued, but was also accompanied by the 2219:

and Italy's entry into World War II on 10 June 1940.

1716:, considerably weakened the role of the royal house. 7531: 7108:"LEGGE 4 dicembre 2017, n. 181 - Gazzetta Ufficiale" 6950: 6815: 6696: 6672: 6556: 6544: 6526:"Vaticano, DC e alleati sul referendum del 2 giugno" 6496: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6382: 6070: 6032: 6020: 6003:(illustrated ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. 5964: 5848:"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali" 5818:

Many Italian monarchists, however, do not recognize

5599: 5026:

On the same day as the former king's departure, the

2737: 2539:

Abdication and departure of King Victor Emmanuel III

2471:. His government included the anti-fascist liberals 10028:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

8012:

L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922)

7953:"Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini" 7024: 6911: 6859:"UMBERTO II re d'Italia in "Enciclopedia Italiana"" 6827: 6803: 5979:

Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne

5116:, the drafting of a completely new musical piece, " 5038:, which decreed the insertion of article 12 of the 2029:, named after the king who promulgated it in 1848, 7916:"Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République" 7280:"Normattiva, art. 1, legge 27 maggio 1949, n. 260" 6749: 6684: 5131:of 12 October 1946, when Cipriano Facchinetti (of 4978:Changing the national flag and the national anthem 2037:, whose members were appointed by the king, and a 1937:and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. 7122: 5713:Spouses and companions of the presidents of Italy 4586: 2593: 2535:that would have had to choose the head of state. 2279:. Some movements remained outside, including the 11047: 6591: 6589: 6394: 1897:tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of 1669:referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato 7508:(in Italian). Vol. I. Vito Bianco Editore. 7082:"I simboli della Repubblica - L'inno nazionale" 6415:, Prg.De la libération de Rome au 25 avril 1945 2567:, which exceeded the sum of votes cast for the 2304:The reconstructive ideas of Christian Democracy 7823: 7782:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. 7506:Parlamenti e Governi d'Italia dal 1848 al 1970 7299: 7297: 6714: 6646:"Ma chi è il volto della Repubblica Italiana?" 5445:declaration of independence from Great Britain 5055:Article 12 of Constitution of Italian Republic 4947:On the night of 12 June the government met at 9529: 8151: 6586: 5686:List of presidents of Italy by time in office 4898: 4802: 4665:Results of the Constituent Assembly elections 1821:Republican ideas and the unification of Italy 1667: 1639: 8048:Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). 7928: 7446:Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours 7368: 7366: 7139: 7137: 6974:Art. 12, 22 dicembre 1947, pubblicata nella 6965: 5936:Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 134 del 20 giugno 1946 5923: 4941:Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport 1796:became the first to assume the functions of 7865:Marongiu, Jean-Baptiste (3 February 2005). 7294: 7223: 7221: 7219: 5666:History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 5506:. After the playing of the National Anthem 4609: 9536: 9522: 8158: 8144: 7936:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. 7886:Declino e crollo della Monarchia in Italia 7801: 7777: 7503: 6451: 6427: 6364: 6349: 6260: 6245: 6233: 6193: 6166: 6142: 6103: 6088: 5098:After the birth of the Italian Republic, " 2273:Socialist Unitary Party of Italian Workers 1646: 1632: 8006: 7913: 7850:(in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. 7749: 7618: 7550: 7363: 7134: 7042: 7003: 6439: 6334: 6281: 6064: 5272: 4939:Former King Umberto II leaves Italy from 4669:The distribution of votes is as follows: 4288: 2294:. Under the impetus of these groups, the 8126:Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 134, 20 June 1946 8084: 7864: 7845: 7786: 7661:Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps 7470:Parlement(s): Revue d'histoire politique 7216: 7018: 6905: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6502: 6463: 6388: 6115: 5970: 5348: 5316: 5295:, with the smoke trail representing the 5284: 5078: 4934: 4871: 4806: 2893: 2741: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2542: 2420: 2372: 2362:, with the creation by Mussolini of the 2226: 2223:Anti-fascist parties in Italy and abroad 2160: 2078: 2068: 1979: 1830: 8066: 8047: 7965: 7768: 7654: 7635: 7569: 7536:(in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. 7484: 7164:Constitution de la République italienne 7048: 6988: 6944: 6932: 6833: 6797: 6666: 6632: 6580: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6178: 6154: 6049: 5754:is the book of the republicans." — see 4603:, which were still under occupation by 4278: 2659:One of the complaints submitted to the 2321: 2277:Italian General Confederation of Labour 1800:. It was the first time that the whole 1759:, which were still under occupation by 1203:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 11048: 8031:"Les "foibe", une tragédie européenne" 8028: 7722: 7700: 7602: 7174: 6972:Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana 6959: 6821: 6755: 6727:Archivio centrale dello Stato (1987). 6690: 5945: 5943: 5220:Founding Fathers of the European Union 4253: 2416: 2310:. It brought together the veterans of 2149:suffrage. In 1914, at the outbreak of 9517: 8139: 8102: 7984: 7902: 7590: 7512: 7463: 7442: 7128: 7030: 6920: 6845: 6702: 6678: 6620: 6565: 6550: 6508: 6490: 6475: 6412: 6376: 6076: 5496:President of the Constitutional Court 5492:President of the Council of Ministers 5390: 4321: 4295: 2946: 2917: 1696:in 1861 and previously rulers of the 1354:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1294:Spanish American wars of independence 33:1946 Italian institutional referendum 10074:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 8131:Constitution of the Italian Republic 7950: 7883: 7769:Garrone, Alessandro Galante (1973). 7686:(in French). Éditions Armand Colin. 7679: 7576:(in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. 7449:(in French). Éditions Armand Colin. 6809: 6400: 6322: 6310: 6299: 6123:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 5976:Swinburne, Algernon Charles (2013). 5929: 5701:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 5488:President of the Chamber of Deputies 5480:most important officers of the State 4927:: "either the Republic or chaos!"). 2261:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana 1790:Constitution of the Italian Republic 7934:Elections in Europe: A data handboo 7787:Hospital, Jean d' (17 April 1946). 7175:Willan, Philip (24 December 2002). 5940: 5820:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 5574:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 5263:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 5137:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 5062:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 4591:The referendum was not held in the 2065:Albertine Statute and liberal Italy 1766:The results were proclaimed by the 1123:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 24: 9543: 7914:Nobécourt, Jacques (2 June 1986). 7605:Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia 7472:(in French). 1/2007 (7): 141–153. 6126:(in Italian), vol. VI, Rome: 6033:Baquiast, Dupuy & Ridolfi 2007 6021:Baquiast, Dupuy & Ridolfi 2007 5965:Baquiast, Dupuy & Ridolfi 2007 5773:Chamber of Fasces and Corporations 4868:First results and events in Naples 4844:last gasps of the fascist movement 25: 11102: 8119: 8107:(in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. 8029:Sapori, Julien (14 August 2009). 6887:from the original on 7 April 2022 6523: 2738:Details of the referendum results 2458:lieutenant general of the kingdom 1987:, the first martyr of the modern 11030: 11029: 11018: 8167: 8090:"Vers la constituante italienne" 7951:Pace, Eric (30 September 1999). 7771:I radicali in Italia (1849-1925) 7754:(in Italian). Donzelli Editore. 7752:Il 1946, le donne, la Repubblica 7596:Storia della Repubblica italiana 7553:Storia della resistenza Italiana 7410: 5630: 5616: 5602: 5447:). The first celebration of the 5392:[ˈfɛstadellareˈpubblika] 5200: 5179: 5008: 4992: 4307: 4299: 2932: 2924: 2767: 1969:. Subsequently, the philosopher 1615: 1143:Discourses Concerning Government 233: 151: 129: 39: 11056:History of the Italian Republic 10759:Orders, decorations, and medals 7992:(in Italian). Editori Laterzi. 7970:(in Italian). Mondadori Bruno. 7487:La Destra in Italia - 1945-1969 7388: 7341: 7319: 7272: 7194: 7177:"Exiled Italian royals go home" 7168: 7157: 7100: 7074: 6873: 6851: 6761: 6720: 6638: 6406: 6370: 6316: 6199: 6109: 5812: 5799: 5778: 5761: 5661:History of the Italian Republic 5341:during the celebrations of the 5307:during the celebrations of the 5171:History of the Italian Republic 5042:, subsequently ratified by the 4571: 4566: 4553: 4540: 4535: 4522: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4251: 4234: 4229: 4205: 4192: 4187: 4159: 4146: 4141: 4109: 4096: 4091: 4067: 4054: 4049: 4029: 4016: 4011: 3987: 3974: 3969: 3949: 3936: 3931: 3911: 3898: 3893: 3873: 3860: 3855: 3835: 3822: 3817: 3789: 3776: 3771: 3743: 3724: 3719: 3701: 3682: 3677: 3655: 3636: 3631: 3613: 3594: 3589: 3567: 3548: 3543: 3529: 3510: 3505: 3483: 3464: 3459: 3437: 3418: 3413: 3399: 3380: 3375: 3361: 3342: 3337: 3315: 3296: 3291: 3281: 3262: 3257: 3243: 3224: 3219: 3205: 3186: 3181: 3163: 3144: 3139: 3125: 3106: 3101: 3079: 3060: 3055: 3037: 3018: 3013: 2995: 2976: 2971: 2961: 2516: 1944:, Giuseppe Mazzini founded the 1680:on 2 June 1946, a key event of 1409:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 7884:Mola, Aldo Alessandro (2008). 7504:Bartolotta, Francesco (1971). 7110:(in Italian). 15 December 2017 5884: 5858: 5852:elezionistorico.interno.gov.it 5840: 5725: 5696:Presidential standard of Italy 5671:Italian presidential elections 5523:escorted by a patrol group of 4587:Provinces excluded from voting 2889: 2594:Counting of referendum ballots 2263:", which brought together the 2201:retreated to the Aventine Hill 1996:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 1344:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1324:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13: 1: 8072:"Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia" 7640:(in Italian). Guida Editori. 7329:(in Italian). 6 February 2018 5833: 5790:National Liberation Committee 5651:Constituent Assembly of Italy 5646:1946 Italian general election 2386:National Liberation Committee 2379:National Liberation Committee 1815: 1745:Constituent Assembly of Italy 1741:1946 Italian general election 1658:An institutional referendum ( 27:Birth of the Italian Republic 18:Birth of the Italian Republic 9488:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 7750:Gabrielli, Patrizia (2009). 7084:(in Italian). Archived from 7058:(in Italian). Archived from 5805:Anniversary of the death of 5566:Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment 5540:. Following the anthem, the 5232:In the first session of the 4862: 2724:Paris peace treaties of 1947 2427:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 2033:. The parliament included a 1682:contemporary Italian history 1594:Republic without republicans 1339:11 September 1922 Revolution 1334:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 7: 10799:Water supply and sanitation 10223:Italian geographical region 10091:Monarchy and the World Wars 10033:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 9919:War of the Sicilian Vespers 9572:Timeline of Italian history 8050:Gli italiani e il tricolore 8039:(in French). Archived from 7875:(in French). Archived from 7619:Calabrese, Michele (2011). 7570:Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). 7551:Battaglia, Roberto (1953). 7485:Baldoni, Adalberto (2000). 6775:(in French). Archived from 6001:The Political Theory Reader 5681:List of presidents of Italy 5595: 5161:status on 4 December 2017. 4831:, and even more in that of 2501:First De Gasperi government 2440:, general secretary of the 1688:was a kingdom ruled by the 1329:Turkish War of Independence 1251: 10: 11107: 11081:June 1946 events in Europe 10718:Inventions and discoveries 10128:Fall of the Fascist regime 10111:Fourth War of Independence 10069:Expedition of the Thousand 10059:Second War of Independence 8014:(in Italian). Le Monnier. 7966:Ridolfi, Maurizio (2003). 7436: 5278: 5168: 4981: 4962:The former King of Italy, 4894:Supreme Court of Cassation 4878:Supreme Court of Cassation 4803:Analysis of voting results 4789: 4776: 4763: 4750: 4737: 4724: 4711: 4698: 4685: 4674: 4652: 4630: 4620: 4612: 4555: 4524: 4493: 4462: 4431: 4400: 4369: 4338: 4247: 4207: 4161: 4111: 4069: 4031: 3989: 3951: 3913: 3875: 3837: 3791: 3745: 3703: 3657: 3615: 3569: 3531: 3485: 3439: 3401: 3363: 3317: 3283: 3245: 3207: 3165: 3127: 3081: 3039: 2997: 2963: 2837:Registered voters/turnout 2661:Supreme Court of Cassation 2631:Supreme Court of Cassation 2528:Supreme Court of Cassation 2499:in June 1945, then by the 2397:the case, for example, of 2213:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2156: 2031:Charles Albert of Sardinia 2008:Expedition of the Thousand 1940:In July 1831, in exile in 1929:and Indian prime minister 1824: 1768:Supreme Court of Cassation 1384:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1133:The Commonwealth of Oceana 11014: 10812: 10658: 10649: 10513: 10504: 10492:Security and intelligence 10365: 10356: 10218: 10209: 10152: 10079:Third War of Independence 10054:First War of Independence 10041: 9934: 9843: 9724: 9661: 9580: 9564: 9555: 9402: 9314: 9181: 8795: 8477: 8414: 8184: 8052:(in Italian). Il Mulino. 7932:; Stöver, Philip (2010). 7888:(in Italian). Mondadori. 7867:"La Storia des partisans" 7831:. Yale University Press. 7778:Guichonnet, Paul (1975). 7741:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7708:(in Italian). Mondadori. 7376:(in Italian). 31 May 2015 7260:(in Italian). 2 June 2015 7231:(in Italian). 2 June 2015 6715:Mack Smith & 1990 (2) 5516:cross the skies of Rome. 5470:with the deposition of a 5421:national symbols of Italy 5407:, which is celebrated on 5297:national colours of Italy 4726:National Democratic Union 4317: 4314: 4306: 4298: 2942: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2878: 2859: 2847: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2215:, then the alliance with 1925:, Israeli prime minister 1917:, British prime minister 1557:The Emperor's New Clothes 1309:5 October 1910 revolution 1304:French Revolution of 1848 327:Liberty as non-domination 232: 223: 208:Registered voters/turnout 122: 119: 110: 105: 94: 84: 77: 53: 37: 10170:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 10165:Institutional referendum 7655:Dreyfus, Michel (2000). 7603:Busico, Augusta (2005). 7489:(in Italian). Pantheon. 7464:Attal, Frédéric (2007). 7443:Attal, Frédéric (2004). 6769:"Alessandro Marzo Magno" 5999:Schumaker, Paul (2010). 5924:Nohlen & Stöver 2010 5771:was replaced in 1939 by 5718: 5538:Italian tricolor cockade 5441:storming of the Bastille 5357:on the presidential car 5110:" from Giuseppe Verdi's 4765:National Bloc of Freedom 4752:Italian Republican Party 4281:Ministry of the Interior 2902:The conservative, rural 2683:national personification 2616:Minister of the Interior 2495:) were succeeded by the 2487:The Bonomi governments ( 2265:Italian Republican Party 2119:Italian Republican Party 2020:proclaimed king of Italy 2016:first Italian parliament 1704:and the creation of the 1664:referendum istituzionale 1399:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1359:1952 Egyptian revolution 337:Political representation 10693:Emigration and diaspora 9902:Guelphs and Ghibellines 9887:the Sardinian Judicates 8103:Villa, Claudio (2010). 7773:(in Italian). Garzanti. 7680:Foro, Philippe (2006). 7673:10.3406/mat.2000.404234 7636:Demarco, Marco (2007). 7555:(in Italian). Einaudi. 7517:(in Italian). Paoline. 7513:Bassi, Adriano (2011). 6116:Lodolini, Elio (1964), 5794:Italian Communist Party 5560:On the holiday, at the 5509:Il Canto degli Italiani 5484:President of the Senate 5478:in the presence of the 5468:Italian Unknown Soldier 5466:and the tribute to the 5331:Italian Unknown Soldier 5250:Republican Constitution 5248:On 1 January 1948, the 5216:Prime Minister of Italy 5118:Il Canto degli Italiani 5088:Il Canto degli Italiani 4917:Italian Communist Party 4713:Italian Communist Party 4700:Italian Socialist Party 2809:Invalid or blank votes 2573:Italian Socialist Party 2569:Italian Communist Party 2469:Italian Socialist Party 2442:Italian Communist Party 2364:Italian Social Republic 2281:Italian Communist Party 2269:Italian Socialist Party 2115:Italian Socialist Party 1706:Fascist regime in Italy 1700:. In 1922, the rise of 1379:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1163:Discourse on Inequality 312:Consent of the governed 179:Invalid or blank votes 10575:Science and technology 10523:Italian regions by GDP 10324:Marine protected areas 9996:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 7829:Italy and Its Monarchy 7723:Furlan, Paola (2006). 7598:(in Italian). Rizzoli. 5530:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5457:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5449:Festa della Repubblica 5427:in 1946, in which the 5417:Festa della Repubblica 5383:Festa della Repubblica 5378: 5375:Festa della Repubblica 5363:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5346: 5343:Festa della Repubblica 5329:, pays tribute to the 5314: 5310:Festa della Repubblica 5281:Festa della Repubblica 5274:Festa della Repubblica 5151: 5095: 5058: 4944: 4899: 4881: 4819: 4289:By most populated city 2899: 2747: 2726:, such as most of the 2636: 2629:The prosecutor of the 2622: 2607: 2551: 2429: 2381: 2344:Armistice of Cassibile 2316:Italian People's Party 2257:National Fascist Party 2252: 2174:Italian People's Party 2168: 2086: 2076: 1991: 1859: 1773:Festa della Repubblica 1668: 1663: 10774:Public administration 9882:the Holy Roman Empire 9443:Friuli-Venezia Giulia 8088:(27 September 1945). 7478:10.3917/parl.007.0141 5949:King, Bolton (2019). 5824:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 5732:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5352: 5320: 5288: 5141: 5100:La leggenda del Piave 5082: 5048: 4938: 4875: 4810: 2897: 2745: 2628: 2613: 2601: 2546: 2432:On 31 March 1944, in 2424: 2376: 2326:On 10 July 1943, the 2290:and in Florence with 2251:group founded in 1921 2230: 2164: 2082: 2072: 1983: 1907:Constitution of Italy 1834: 1792:, on 1 January 1948, 1692:, reigning since the 1547:Criticism of monarchy 1369:North Yemen civil war 1183:The Federalist Papers 478:Federal parliamentary 79:Republic or Monarchy? 11076:Monarchy referendums 11071:Referendums in Italy 11002:World Heritage Sites 10457:Council of Ministers 10195:Coronavirus pandemic 9593:Currency and coinage 9408:Elections in Abruzzo 8178:referendums in Italy 7879:on 4 September 2013. 7807:I Savoia re d'Italia 7780:Histoire de l'Italie 5572:(7 January) and the 5234:Constituent Assembly 5148:Cipriano Facchinetti 5133:republican political 5129:Council of Ministers 5122:Cipriano Facchinetti 5040:Italian Constitution 5036:Constituent Assembly 4890:Palazzo Montecitorio 4814:in Milan during the 4678:Percentage of votes 2696:provinces of Bolzano 2533:Constituent Assembly 2505:Christian Democratic 2478:Council of Ministers 2322:Institutional crisis 1827:Unification of Italy 1694:unification of Italy 1532:Classical radicalism 1274:Republic of Florence 1213:Democracy in America 372:Separation of powers 347:Public participation 11091:Umberto II of Italy 11086:Victor Emmanuel III 10533:Automotive industry 10472:Metropolitan cities 10018:Early Modern period 9991:Kingdom of Sardinia 9942:Italian city-states 8112:IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389 8077:Corriere della Sera 8008:Spadolini, Giovanni 7809:(in Italian). Bur. 7625:Quaderni del Bobbio 7612:IT\ICCU\UBO\2771748 6947:, pp. 337–338. 5982:. Delphi Classics. 5952:The Life of Mazzini 5769:Chamber of Deputies 5742:Niccolò Machiavelli 5737:The Social Contract 5656:Democracy in Europe 5500:Minister of Defense 5464:Altare della Patria 5353:President of Italy 5335:Altare della Patria 5321:President of Italy 5301:Altare della Patria 5236:, on 28 June 1946, 4901:Corriere della Sera 4816:liberation of Italy 4687:Christian Democracy 4601:province of Bolzano 2874:10,718,502 (45.7%) 2752: 2751:Referendum results 2588:Alexandria in Egypt 2580:Victor Emmanuel III 2561:Christian Democrats 2549:Umberto II of Italy 2450:Chamber of Deputies 2448:, president of the 2417:Institutional truce 2308:Christian Democracy 2237:, an axe cutting a 2189:Victor Emmanuel III 2039:Chamber of Deputies 1951:Kingdom of Sardinia 1891:Italian nationalist 1880:Niccolò Machiavelli 1757:province of Bolzano 1725:Liberation of Italy 1698:Kingdom of Sardinia 1622:Politics portal 1427:Antigua and Barbuda 1374:Zanzibar Revolution 1284:American Revolution 1173:The Social Contract 342:Popular sovereignty 34: 10595:Telecommunications 9962:Maritime republics 7958:The New York Times 7150:The New York Times 7062:on 7 February 2015 6976:Gazzetta Ufficiale 6848:, p. 141-142. 6602:The New York Times 6454:, p. 119-120. 6337:, p. 254-257. 6263:, p. 111-112. 6212:The New York Times 6196:, p. 105-106. 6157:, p. 129-131. 6118:"BARSANTI, Pietro" 5807:Giuseppe Garibaldi 5691:President of Italy 5534:Italian government 5476:President of Italy 5425:universal suffrage 5379: 5347: 5325:, escorted by the 5315: 5255:President of Italy 5194:president of Italy 5096: 5044:Italian Parliament 4945: 4882: 4820: 4739:Common Man's Front 4218: • 4214: • 4176: • 4172: • 4168: • 4130: • 4126: • 4122: • 4118: • 4080: • 4076: • 4038: • 4000: • 3996: • 3958: • 3920: • 3882: • 3844: • 3806: • 3802: • 3798: • 3760: • 3756: • 3752: • 3714: • 3710: • 3672: • 3668: • 3664: • 3626: • 3622: • 3584: • 3580: • 3576: • 3538: • 3500: • 3496: • 3492: • 3454: • 3450: • 3446: • 3408: • 3370: • 3332: • 3328: • 3324: • 3252: • 3214: • 3176: • 3172: • 3134: • 3096: • 3092: • 3088: • 3050: • 3046: • 3008: • 3004: • 2900: 2868:12,718,641 (54.3%) 2750: 2748: 2637: 2623: 2608: 2552: 2521:On 16 March 1946, 2482:Universal suffrage 2430: 2382: 2348:Italian Royal Army 2253: 2169: 2087: 2077: 2047:Royal Italian Army 2012:Victor Emmanuel II 2000:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1992: 1919:David Lloyd George 1895:historical radical 1872:maritime republics 1860: 1844:David Lloyd George 1798:president of Italy 1776:. The former King 1674:universal suffrage 1588:Primus inter pares 1404:Nepalese Civil War 1394:Iranian Revolution 1364:14 July Revolution 1319:Russian Revolution 1314:Chinese Revolution 1264:Republic of Venice 1113:Discourses on Livy 89:Universal suffrage 32: 11043: 11042: 11010: 11009: 10645: 10644: 10580:Southern question 10500: 10499: 10432:Political parties 10380:Foreign relations 10352: 10351: 10205: 10204: 9926:Kingdom of Naples 9914:Kingdom of Sicily 9511: 9510: 8086:Vaussard, Maurice 8070:(9 August 1993). 8043:on 4 August 2013. 7943:978-3-8329-5609-7 7857:978-88-04-50946-2 7825:Mack Smith, Denis 7803:Mack Smith, Denis 7683:L'Italie fasciste 7583:978-88-96817-06-3 7524:978-88-315-3994-4 6532:on 2 October 2023 6524:Gaeta, Vittorio. 5399:) is the Italian 5355:Sergio Mattarella 5323:Sergio Mattarella 5208:Alcide De Gasperi 5086:copy of 1847 of " 4949:Alcide De Gasperi 4840:Italian Civil War 4812:Italian partisans 4800: 4799: 4662: 4661: 4584: 4583: 4286: 4285: 2887: 2886: 2855: 2854: 2565:Alcide De Gasperi 2438:Palmiro Togliatti 2390:war of liberation 2360:Italian Civil War 2300:Alcide De Gasperi 2245:Arditi del Popolo 2234:Arditi del Popolo 2209:Giacomo Matteotti 2197:Albertine Statute 2182:mutilated victory 2111:Felice Cavallotti 2084:Felice Cavallotti 2059:republican ideals 2027:Albertine Statute 1959:Vincenzo Gioberti 1903:popular democracy 1899:social-democratic 1870:and the medieval 1802:Italian Peninsula 1721:Italian Civil War 1656: 1655: 1599:Republican empire 1572:List of republics 1421:National variants 1349:Spanish Civil War 1289:French Revolution 1269:Republic of Genoa 1153:The Spirit of Law 1086:Theoretical works 430:Neo-republicanism 264: 263: 219: 218: 68: 67: 16:(Redirected from 11098: 11061:1946 referendums 11033: 11032: 11025:Italy portal 11022: 11021: 10962:National symbols 10656: 10655: 10511: 10510: 10363: 10362: 10216: 10215: 10096:Kingdom of Italy 10023:Napoleonic Italy 9562: 9561: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9515: 9514: 8172: 8171: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8137: 8136: 8115: 8099: 8081: 8063: 8044: 8025: 8003: 7981: 7962: 7947: 7925: 7910: 7899: 7880: 7861: 7842: 7820: 7798: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7719: 7697: 7676: 7651: 7632: 7615: 7599: 7587: 7566: 7547: 7528: 7509: 7500: 7481: 7460: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7254: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7225: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7141: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7056:"Inno nazionale" 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6800:, p. 29-30. 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6623:, p. 14-16. 6618: 6607: 6606: 6593: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6264: 6258: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6092: 6091:, p. 90-92. 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6023:, p. 88-90. 6018: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5898:. Archived from 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5868:. Archived from 5862: 5856: 5855: 5844: 5827: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5782: 5776: 5765: 5759: 5729: 5676:Kingdom of Italy 5640: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5562:Quirinale Palace 5514:Frecce Tricolori 5504:Chief of Defense 5394: 5389: 5292:Frecce Tricolori 5238:Enrico De Nicola 5204: 5187:Enrico De Nicola 5183: 5149: 5056: 5046:, which states: 5017:Italian Republic 5012: 5001:Kingdom of Italy 4996: 4904: 4672: 4671: 4610: 4597:province of Zara 4311: 4303: 4293: 4292: 2936: 2928: 2915: 2914: 2857: 2856: 2850:Official Gazette 2771: 2753: 2749: 2732:province of Zara 2497:Parri government 2446:Enrico De Nicola 2405:insurrection in 2394:collaborationist 2191:, following the 2178:Benito Mussolini 2166:Benito Mussolini 2138:Enrico Corradini 2099:Giuseppe Mazzini 2057:and a symbol of 2055:Italian Republic 1989:Italian Republic 1931:Jawaharlal Nehru 1884:Giuseppe Mazzini 1864:history of Italy 1856:Jawaharlal Nehru 1836:Giuseppe Mazzini 1794:Enrico De Nicola 1753:province of Zara 1702:Benito Mussolini 1678:Kingdom of Italy 1671: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1620: 1619: 1604:Republican Party 1582:Peasant republic 1542:Communitarianism 1259:Classical Athens 1254: 1228: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1128: 1118: 1108: 1098: 332:Mixed government 266: 265: 257: 251: 237: 228: 227: 209: 155: 133: 112: 111: 100:Italian Republic 73: 72: 55: 54: 49: 48: 44: 43: 42: 35: 31: 21: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11019: 11006: 10977:Public holidays 10808: 10754:Life expectancy 10641: 10496: 10412:Law enforcement 10348: 10201: 10148: 10137:Social Republic 10101:Colonial Empire 10084:Capture of Rome 10037: 9930: 9839: 9732:Ancient peoples 9720: 9657: 9618:Historic states 9576: 9551: 9542: 9512: 9507: 9398: 9310: 9177: 8791: 8473: 8410: 8180: 8166: 8164: 8122: 8060: 8022: 8000: 7978: 7944: 7896: 7858: 7839: 7817: 7762: 7734: 7733: 7729:Storia e Futuro 7716: 7702:Franco, Massimo 7694: 7648: 7584: 7563: 7544: 7525: 7497: 7457: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7153:. 29 June 1946. 7143: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7088:on 7 April 2014 7080: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6737:on 3 March 2016 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6610: 6605:. 19 June 1946. 6595: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6522: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6452:Guichonnet 1975 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6428:Guichonnet 1975 6426: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6365:Guichonnet 1975 6363: 6356: 6350:Guichonnet 1975 6348: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6267: 6261:Guichonnet 1975 6259: 6252: 6246:Bartolotta 1971 6244: 6240: 6234:Bartolotta 1971 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6215:. 22 March 1909 6205: 6204: 6200: 6194:Guichonnet 1975 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6167:Guichonnet 1975 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6143:Guichonnet 1975 6141: 6134: 6114: 6110: 6104:Guichonnet 1975 6102: 6095: 6089:Mack Smith 1990 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 5998: 5994: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5930: 5926:, p. 1047. 5922: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5872:on 5 March 2018 5864: 5863: 5859: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5783: 5779: 5766: 5762: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5707:Semestre bianco 5638:Politics portal 5636: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5542:military parade 5521:Lancia Flaminia 5453:military parade 5387: 5371:military parade 5359:Lancia Flaminia 5283: 5277: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5218:and one of the 5205: 5197: 5196: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5150: 5147: 5092:national anthem 5090:", the Italian 5057: 5054: 5032:Quirinal Palace 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4943:on 13 June 1946 4933: 4886:Capitoline Wolf 4876:Session of the 4870: 4865: 4852:Catholic Church 4805: 4667: 4589: 4291: 4082:Reggio Calabria 2892: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2740: 2666:Massimo Pilotti 2634:Massimo Pilotti 2619:Giuseppe Romita 2596: 2541: 2519: 2514: 2454:Benedetto Croce 2452:until 1924, by 2419: 2340:Pietro Badoglio 2336:Operation Husky 2324: 2288:Ferruccio Parri 2247:was a militant 2225: 2159: 2126:Arturo Labriola 2067: 2043:Pietro Barsanti 1985:Pietro Barsanti 1935:intellectualism 1829: 1823: 1818: 1652: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1299:Trienio Liberal 1240: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1186: 1176: 1166: 1156: 1146: 1136: 1126: 1116: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1079: 1078: 814:Flynn (Stephen) 699: 691: 690: 531: 523: 522: 448: 440: 439: 395: 387: 386: 382:Social equality 377:Social contract 367:Self-governance 322:Democratization 297:Anti-corruption 292:Anti-monarchism 287: 271:Politics series 260: 259: 255: 253: 249: 247: 226: 225: 224: 207: 117: 80: 71: 70: 69: 47: 46: 45: 40: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11027: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10585:Stock exchange 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10487:Municipalities 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10447:Prime Minister 10444: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10334:Regional parks 10331: 10329:National parks 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10238:Climate change 10230: 10225: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10103: 10098: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10003: 10001:Duchy of Savoy 9998: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9911: 9909:Lombard League 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9831:Western Empire 9823: 9818: 9816:Roman conquest 9813: 9808: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9737:Italic peoples 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9518: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9438:Emilia-Romagna 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9187: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8163: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8120:External links 8118: 8117: 8116: 8100: 8082: 8064: 8058: 8045: 8026: 8021:978-8800856256 8020: 8004: 7999:978-8842074915 7998: 7990:Vita di Cavour 7986:Romeo, Rosario 7982: 7977:978-8842494997 7976: 7963: 7948: 7942: 7930:Nohlen, Dieter 7926: 7911: 7900: 7895:978-8804579885 7894: 7881: 7862: 7856: 7843: 7838:978-0300046618 7837: 7821: 7816:978-8817115674 7815: 7799: 7784: 7775: 7766: 7761:978-8860364401 7760: 7747: 7720: 7715:978-8852012891 7714: 7698: 7693:978-2200269944 7692: 7677: 7652: 7647:978-8860422699 7646: 7633: 7627:(in Italian). 7616: 7600: 7592:Bocca, Giorgio 7588: 7582: 7567: 7562:978-8806285715 7561: 7548: 7543:978-2296027954 7542: 7529: 7523: 7510: 7501: 7496:978-8874340262 7495: 7482: 7461: 7456:978-2200262150 7455: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7409: 7387: 7362: 7340: 7318: 7293: 7271: 7242: 7215: 7193: 7167: 7156: 7133: 7121: 7099: 7073: 7047: 7045:, p. 110. 7043:Calabrese 2011 7035: 7023: 7008: 7006:, p. 112. 7004:Calabrese 2011 6993: 6991:, p. 363. 6981: 6964: 6949: 6937: 6935:, p. 333. 6925: 6910: 6908:, p. 273. 6898: 6883:(in Italian). 6872: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6812:, p. 106. 6802: 6790: 6779:on 5 June 2012 6760: 6748: 6719: 6717:, p. 340. 6707: 6705:, p. 150. 6695: 6683: 6681:, p. 149. 6671: 6669:, p. 173. 6659: 6637: 6635:, p. 172. 6625: 6608: 6585: 6570: 6568:, p. 148. 6555: 6553:, p. 145. 6543: 6507: 6495: 6493:, p. 141. 6480: 6478:, p. 143. 6468: 6456: 6444: 6440:Gabrielli 2009 6432: 6430:, p. 121. 6417: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6367:, p. 120. 6354: 6352:, p. 119. 6339: 6335:Battaglia 1953 6327: 6315: 6298: 6286: 6282:Nobécourt 1986 6265: 6250: 6248:, p. 179. 6238: 6236:, p. 174. 6226: 6198: 6183: 6181:, p. 363. 6171: 6169:, p. 102. 6159: 6147: 6145:, p. 101. 6132: 6108: 6093: 6081: 6079:, p. 290. 6069: 6067:, p. 491. 6065:Spadolini 1989 6054: 6052:, p. 172. 6037: 6025: 6013: 5992: 5988:978-1909496699 5969: 5957: 5939: 5928: 5913: 5902:on 7 July 2018 5883: 5857: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5811: 5798: 5777: 5760: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5627: 5624:History portal 5613: 5597: 5594: 5590:Municipalities 5555:European Union 5547:United Nations 5429:Italian people 5419:is one of the 5279:Main article: 5276: 5271: 5259:House of Savoy 5243:Prime Minister 5206: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169:Main article: 5166: 5163: 5145: 5052: 5019:(1946–present) 5014: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982:Main article: 4979: 4976: 4932: 4929: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4570: 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3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3012: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2919: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2739: 2736: 2688:Italia turrita 2678:Italia turrita 2664:of Cassation, 2595: 2592: 2554:Wanted by the 2540: 2537: 2523:Prince Umberto 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2418: 2415: 2356:southern Italy 2323: 2320: 2292:Riccardo Bauer 2224: 2221: 2158: 2155: 2134:Filippo Turati 2107:House of Savoy 2103:Carlo Cattaneo 2074:Carlo Cattaneo 2066: 2063: 2051:Savoy monarchy 2004:southern Italy 1971:Carlo Cattaneo 1923:Mahatma Gandhi 1915:Woodrow Wilson 1868:Roman Republic 1848:Mahatma Gandhi 1840:Woodrow Wilson 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1810:Roman Republic 1784:, in southern 1719:Following the 1690:House of Savoy 1684:. Until 1946, 1672:) was held by 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552:Egalitarianism 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1526:Related topics 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1497:United Kingdom 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1279:Dutch Republic 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1247: 1245:Roman Republic 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 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92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 63: 58: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11103: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066:1946 in Italy 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11036: 11028: 11026: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180:Years of Lead 10178: 10176: 10175:Economic Boom 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10118:Fascist Italy 10116: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10064:Niçard exodus 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9784:Magna Graecia 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9532: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9401: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 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8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8161: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8080:(in Italian). 8079: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8059:88-15-07163-6 8055: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7909:(in Italian). 7908: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7667:(57): 22–28. 7666: 7663:(in French). 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7391: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7322: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7281: 7275: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7165: 7160: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7130: 7125: 7109: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7033:, p. 47. 7032: 7027: 7021:, p. 72. 7020: 7019:Maiorino 2002 7015: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6990: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6962:, p. 71. 6961: 6956: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6923:, p. 33. 6922: 6917: 6915: 6907: 6906:Maiorino 2002 6902: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6824:, p. 36. 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6663: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6583:, p. 44. 6582: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6503:Hospital 1946 6499: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6464:Vaussard 1945 6460: 6453: 6448: 6442:, p. 80. 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6389:Marongiu 2005 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6296:, p. 22. 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6106:, p. 95. 6105: 6100: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6035:, p. 91. 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6009:9781405189972 6006: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5967:, p. 85. 5966: 5961: 5955:. Good Press. 5954: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5901: 5897: 5896:www.simone.it 5893: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5744:and his work 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5614: 5611: 5600: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5570:Tricolour Day 5567: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472:laurel wreath 5469: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028:flag of Italy 5018: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4984:Flag of Italy 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4892:in Rome, the 4891: 4887: 4879: 4874: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605:Allied forces 4602: 4598: 4594: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4282: 4277: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174:Caltanissetta 4171: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3939: 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2680: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465:Ivanoe Bonomi 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:march on Rome 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761:Allied forces 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743:to elect the 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1514:United States 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1389:Metapolitefsi 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1223:On Revolution 1220: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1193:Rights of Man 1190: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103:De re publica 1100: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:Jones (Lynne) 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 704:Adams (Gerry) 702: 701: 695: 694: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 527: 526: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 503:Revolutionary 501: 499: 496: 494: 493:Parliamentary 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 302:Civil society 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 279: 278:Republicanism 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 246: 242: 236: 231: 222: 214: 211: 206: 205: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 184: 181: 178: 177: 173: 170: 167: 166: 162: 159: 157: 154: 149: 148: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 127: 126: 114: 113: 109: 104: 101: 98:Birth of the 97: 93: 90: 87: 85:Voting system 83: 76: 64: 62: 59: 57: 56: 52: 36: 30: 19: 10862:Architecture 10832:Quattrocento 10789:Social class 10769:Prostitution 10683:Demographics 10605:Trade unions 10548:Central Bank 10390:Human rights 10370:Constitution 10164: 10153:Contemporary 10123:World War II 10011:Italian Wars 9935:Early modern 9877:Papal States 9855:Italy under 9801:Ancient Rome 9413:Aosta Valley 9316:By-elections 9190: 8403: 8104: 8098:(in French). 8093: 8075: 8068:Valiani, Leo 8049: 8041:the original 8034: 8011: 7989: 7967: 7956: 7933: 7924:(in French). 7919: 7904: 7885: 7877:the original 7870: 7847: 7828: 7806: 7797:(in French). 7792: 7779: 7770: 7751: 7737:cite journal 7728: 7705: 7682: 7664: 7660: 7637: 7628: 7624: 7604: 7595: 7572: 7552: 7533: 7514: 7505: 7486: 7469: 7445: 7422:. Retrieved 7420:(in Italian) 7412: 7400:. Retrieved 7398:(in Italian) 7390: 7378:. Retrieved 7353:. Retrieved 7351:(in Italian) 7343: 7331:. Retrieved 7321: 7309:. Retrieved 7307:(in Italian) 7286:28 September 7284:. Retrieved 7282:(in Italian) 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7233:. Retrieved 7206:. Retrieved 7204:(in Italian) 7196: 7184:. Retrieved 7181:The Guardian 7180: 7170: 7159: 7148: 7124: 7112:. Retrieved 7102: 7090:. Retrieved 7086:the original 7076: 7064:. Retrieved 7060:the original 7050: 7038: 7026: 6989:Tarozzi 1999 6984: 6967: 6945:Tarozzi 1999 6940: 6933:Tarozzi 1999 6928: 6901: 6889:. Retrieved 6875: 6863:. Retrieved 6861:(in Italian) 6853: 6841: 6834:Valiani 1993 6829: 6817: 6805: 6798:Demarco 2007 6793: 6783:25 September 6781:. Retrieved 6777:the original 6772: 6763: 6751: 6741:25 September 6739:. Retrieved 6735:the original 6729: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6667:Bazzano 2011 6662: 6650:. Retrieved 6648:(in Italian) 6640: 6633:Bazzano 2011 6628: 6600: 6581:Baldoni 2000 6546: 6536:23 September 6534:. Retrieved 6530:the original 6498: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6330: 6318: 6294:Dreyfus 2000 6289: 6241: 6229: 6219:22 September 6217:. Retrieved 6210: 6201: 6179:Garrone 1973 6174: 6162: 6155:Garrone 1973 6150: 6121: 6111: 6084: 6072: 6050:Ridolfi 2003 6028: 6016: 6000: 5995: 5977: 5972: 5960: 5950: 5931: 5904:. Retrieved 5900:the original 5895: 5886: 5874:. Retrieved 5870:the original 5860: 5851: 5842: 5814: 5801: 5786:Action Party 5780: 5763: 5751: 5745: 5735: 5727: 5705: 5610:Italy portal 5559: 5518: 5507: 5482:, or of the 5461: 5448: 5416: 5405:Republic Day 5401:National Day 5397:Republic Day 5396: 5381: 5380: 5374: 5342: 5308: 5299:, above the 5290: 5273: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5152: 5142: 5126: 5111: 5108:Va, pensiero 5104:Marcia Reale 5097: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5025: 5015:Flag of the 4999:Flag of the 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4925:Pietro Nenni 4921: 4913: 4906: 4883: 4837: 4821: 4818:, April 1945 4778:Action Party 4668: 4593:Julian March 4590: 4572: 4567: 4541: 4536: 4504: 4499: 4473: 4468: 4442: 4437: 4411: 4406: 4380: 4375: 4349: 4344: 4235: 4230: 4193: 4188: 4147: 4142: 4097: 4092: 4055: 4050: 4017: 4012: 3975: 3970: 3937: 3932: 3899: 3894: 3861: 3856: 3823: 3818: 3777: 3772: 3725: 3720: 3683: 3678: 3637: 3632: 3595: 3590: 3549: 3544: 3511: 3506: 3465: 3460: 3419: 3414: 3381: 3376: 3343: 3338: 3297: 3292: 3263: 3258: 3225: 3220: 3187: 3182: 3145: 3140: 3107: 3102: 3061: 3056: 3019: 3014: 2977: 2972: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2879: 2865: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2798:Valid votes 2780: 2775: 2728:Julian March 2692: 2687: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2658: 2638: 2577: 2553: 2520: 2517:Organization 2486: 2473:Carlo Sforza 2462: 2431: 2383: 2377:Flag of the 2368:Nazi Germany 2325: 2312:Luigi Sturzo 2303: 2296:Action Party 2285: 2254: 2249:anti-fascist 2244: 2238: 2232: 2217:Nazi Germany 2205: 2186: 2170: 2142:Romolo Murri 2130:Enrico Ferri 2123: 2095:Action Party 2092: 2088: 2024: 1993: 1963:Cesare Balbo 1955:Risorgimento 1939: 1888: 1861: 1806:Vatican City 1771: 1765: 1749:Julian March 1718: 1714:Nazi Germany 1710:World War II 1657: 1586: 1353: 1221: 1211: 1201: 1191: 1181: 1171: 1161: 1151: 1141: 1131: 1121: 1111: 1101: 1091: 904:Jones (Elin) 809:Flynn (Paul) 769:Clarke (Tom) 764:Clark (Katy) 709:Adams (John) 530:Philosophers 307:Civic virtue 269:Part of the 241:municipality 200: 195: 190: 168:Valid votes 150: 143: 138: 128: 60: 29: 10927:Italophilia 10887:Coat of arm 10837:Cinquecento 10713:Immigration 10663:Aristocracy 10528:Agriculture 10422:Nationality 10395:LGBT rights 10309:Earthquakes 10190:Mani pulite 10106:World War I 10049:Unification 10042:Late modern 10006:Renaissance 9851:Middle Ages 9844:Middle Ages 9821:Roman Italy 9588:Citizenship 9183:Referendums 7114:15 December 6979:dimensioni" 6960:Busico 2005 6822:Franco 2010 6756:Furlan 2006 6691:Sapori 2009 5395:; English: 5369:during the 5214:republican 5084:Holographic 5070:also has a 5003:(1861–1946) 4897:newspaper, 4848:clientelism 4842:, with the 4827:college of 4616:Population 3048:Alessandria 2905:Mezzogiorno 2890:By district 2840:28,005,449 2821:Total votes 2801:23,437,143 2790:10,718,502 2399:Leo Valiani 2151:World War I 2146:Pope Pius X 2144:. In 1904, 2006:during the 1946:Young Italy 1911:Europeanism 1804:(excluding 1537:Common good 1477:New Zealand 1472:Netherlands 1217:(1835–1840) 1187:(1787–1788) 1097:(c. 375 BC) 1019:Robespierre 794:Etherington 729:Benn (Tony) 698:Politicians 676:Tocqueville 636:Montesquieu 616:Machiavelli 362:Rule of law 357:Res publica 239:Results by 212:28,005,449 191:Total votes 171:23,437,143 160:10,718,502 61:2 June 1946 11050:Categories 10997:Traditions 10987:Television 10972:Philosophy 10937:Literature 10877:Cathedrals 10847:Settecento 10708:Healthcare 10673:Corruption 10668:Censorship 10427:Parliament 10385:Government 10185:Maxi Trial 10133:Resistance 9862:Ostrogoths 9794:Messapians 9679:Villanovan 9669:Prehistory 9662:Prehistory 9423:Basilicata 9406:See also: 9296:2016 (Dec) 9291:2016 (Apr) 8036:Libération 7872:Libération 7380:21 January 7311:19 January 7264:19 January 7235:19 January 7208:4 November 7129:Mosca 1960 7066:9 November 7031:Bassi 2011 6921:Villa 2010 6865:4 November 6846:Attal 2007 6703:Attal 2007 6679:Attal 2007 6652:26 January 6621:Bocca 1981 6566:Attal 2007 6551:Attal 2007 6491:Attal 2007 6476:Attal 2007 6413:Attal 2004 6377:Attal 2004 6077:Romeo 2011 5876:8 December 5834:References 5752:The Prince 5747:The Prince 5734:notes, in 5578:prefecture 5525:Corazzieri 5327:Corazzieri 5267:Marie-José 5094:since 1946 4964:Umberto II 4648:1,300,000 4271:24,946,878 4265:10,718,502 4259:12,718,641 3846:Campobasso 2921:Provinces 2826:24,946,878 2812:1,509,735 2776:12,718,641 2604:Umberto II 2584:Umberto II 2330:landed in 2061:in Italy. 1977:republic. 1927:Golda Meir 1852:Golda Meir 1825:See also: 1816:Background 1778:Umberto II 1712:alongside 1577:Monarchism 1567:Liberalism 1562:Jacobinism 1252:Gaṇasaṅgha 1107:(54–51 BC) 591:Harrington 468:Democratic 458:Capitalist 453:Autonomous 435:Venizelism 420:Khomeinism 196:24,946,878 182:1,509,735 139:12,718,641 10957:Mythology 10932:Libraries 10852:Ottocento 10794:Terrorism 10735:Languages 10688:Education 10610:Transport 10560:Companies 10467:Provinces 10437:President 10402:Judiciary 10375:Elections 10287:Volcanoes 10282:Volcanism 10275:Apennines 10260:Mountains 10228:Peninsula 10211:Geography 10142:Civil War 9867:Byzantium 9774:Etruscans 9709:Canegrate 9704:Golasecca 9689:Rinaldone 9684:Terramare 9674:Neolithic 8174:Elections 7706:Andreotti 6810:Mola 2008 6773:Linkiesta 6401:Pace 1999 6323:Foro 2006 6311:Foro 2006 5545:from the 5073:gonfalone 4908:La Stampa 4863:Aftermath 4613:Province 4595:, in the 4312:Monarchy 4304:Republic 4198:1,032,102 4170:Agrigento 4152:1,107,524 4074:Catanzaro 4070:Catanzaro 3904:1,207,906 3842:Benevento 3838:Benevento 3782:1,510,656 3754:Frosinone 3476:1,151,376 3354:1,258,804 3156:1,776,444 3141:1,152,832 3094:La Spezia 3030:1,426,036 2937:Monarchy 2929:Republic 2918:District 2787:Monarchy 2772:Republic 2563:, led by 2467:, of the 1942:Marseille 1751:, in the 1432:Australia 1064:Venizelos 1054:Spadolini 1044:Slaughter 989:McDonnell 954:Mackenzie 899:Jefferson 854:Griffiths 834:de Gaulle 829:Garibaldi 789:Drakeford 681:Warburton 601:Jefferson 596:Honderich 576:Condorcet 463:Christian 425:Nasserism 400:Classical 317:Democracy 11035:Category 10922:Internet 10912:Folklore 10842:Seicento 10827:Trecento 10822:Duecento 10784:Religion 10745:Regional 10723:Italians 10698:Gambling 10590:Taxation 10417:Military 10358:Politics 10160:Republic 9947:Florence 9872:Lombards 9811:Republic 9757:Samnites 9752:Picentes 9694:Apennine 9653:Railways 9633:Military 9581:By topic 9565:Overview 9549:articles 9478:Sardinia 9473:Piedmont 9458:Lombardy 9433:Campania 9428:Calabria 8479:Regional 8416:European 8095:Le Monde 8010:(1989). 7988:(2011). 7921:Le Monde 7906:Il Tempo 7827:(1990). 7805:(1990). 7794:Le Monde 7704:(2010). 7594:(1981). 7186:10 April 7092:7 August 6891:15 March 6885:Archived 6325:, Chap.7 6313:, Chap.3 6128:Treccani 5740:, about 5596:See also 5502:and the 5433:the fall 5388:Italian: 5159:official 5155:de facto 5146:— 5053:— 4972:Portugal 4857:metayage 4658:300,000 4495:Florence 4318:Turnout 4279:Source: 4212:Cagliari 4208:Cagliari 4132:Syracuse 3998:Brindisi 3922:Avellino 3796:L'Aquila 3792:L'Aquila 3670:Macerata 3628:Grosseto 3536:Florence 3532:Florence 3498:Piacenza 3010:Vercelli 2943:Turnout 2872:Monarchy 2866:Republic 2848:Source: 2730:and the 2650:Calabria 2571:and the 2411:Lombardy 2407:Piedmont 2403:partisan 2352:Brindisi 2231:Flag of 1909:, about 1786:Portugal 1737:republic 1733:monarchy 1723:and the 1502:Scotland 1442:Barbados 1093:Republic 1009:Prescott 979:Naysmith 969:McKechin 929:La Malfa 924:Khomeini 884:Iorwerth 849:Griffith 824:Gambetta 819:Galloway 804:Ferguson 784:Davidson 779:Cromwell 774:Connolly 754:Campbell 671:Sunstein 656:Rousseau 651:Polybius 586:Franklin 566:Chappell 561:Cattaneo 498:People's 483:Imperial 415:Kemalism 352:Republic 286:Concepts 245:province 156:Monarchy 134:Republic 10992:Theatre 10967:Palaces 10947:Museums 10917:Gardens 10902:Fashion 10892:Cuisine 10872:Castles 10814:Culture 10764:Poverty 10740:Italian 10651:Society 10632:Welfare 10600:Tourism 10570:Exports 10538:Banking 10518:Economy 10506:Economy 10462:Regions 10344:Valleys 10314:Islands 10294:Beaches 10265:Prealps 10245:Geology 10233:Climate 9897:Normans 9857:Odoacer 9806:Kingdom 9789:Ligures 9725:Ancient 9699:Nuragic 9648:Postage 9623:Judaism 9613:Genetic 9603:Fashion 9598:Economy 9557:History 9493:Tuscany 9453:Liguria 8186:General 7437:Sources 7424:15 July 7402:15 July 7355:15 July 5586:Regions 5582:prefect 5474:by the 5437:Fascism 5377:in 2018 5373:of the 5345:in 2024 5333:at the 5313:in 2022 5113:Nabucco 4968:Cascais 4829:Bologna 4790:Others 4654:Bolzano 4640:Gorizia 4632:Trieste 4626:25,000 4599:or the 4577:451,463 4568:348,420 4546:783,865 4537:412,439 4530:353,715 4515:242,750 4500:148,763 4484:209,776 4469:137,093 4464:Bologna 4453:171,836 4438:101,084 4422:410,152 4416:105,291 4407:294,254 4391:737,440 4385:231,711 4376:487,125 4360:426,563 4354:158,138 4345:252,001 4315:Voters 4240:569,574 4231:321,555 4224:206,192 4220:Sassari 4189:594,686 4182:379,871 4178:Trapani 4166:Palermo 4162:Palermo 4143:708,874 4136:329,874 4124:Messina 4116:Catania 4112:Catania 4102:900,635 4093:514,344 4086:338,959 4078:Cosenza 4060:286,575 4051:158,345 4044:108,289 4036:Potenza 4032:Potenza 4022:630,987 4013:449,253 4006:147,346 4002:Taranto 3980:865,951 3971:511,596 3964:320,405 3942:607,530 3933:414,521 3926:153,978 3918:Salerno 3914:Salerno 3895:903,651 3888:241,973 3884:Caserta 3866:369,616 3857:241,768 3850:103,900 3828:648,932 3819:325,701 3812:286,291 3804:Pescara 3773:740,546 3766:711,260 3762:Viterbo 3736:538,136 3730:168,103 3721:336,641 3708:Perugia 3704:Perugia 3694:759,011 3688:212,925 3679:499,566 3648:487,485 3642:119,779 3633:338,039 3606:703,016 3600:194,299 3591:456,005 3578:Livorno 3560:723,028 3554:193,414 3545:487,039 3540:Pistoia 3522:955,660 3516:241,663 3507:646,214 3470:213,861 3461:880,463 3456:Ravenna 3448:Ferrara 3444:Bologna 3440:Bologna 3430:592,463 3424:199,019 3415:339,858 3410:Belluno 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From 1862:In the 1782:Cascais 1755:or the 1735:with a 1676:in the 1660:Italian 1467:Morocco 1457:Jamaica 1452:Ireland 1437:Bahamas 1239:History 1059:Taverne 1034:Skinner 1014:Ritchie 959:Madison 939:Lincoln 889:Jackson 879:Huppert 874:Hopkins 799:Fabiani 759:Chapman 744:Bolívar 734:Bennett 724:Bartley 714:Atatürk 626:Mazzini 621:Madison 551:Bentham 541:Baggini 508:Secular 488:Islamic 473:Federal 410:Federal 394:Schools 215:89.08% 201:100.00% 174:93.95% 163:45.73% 106:Results 95:Outcome 11023: 10897:Design 10882:Cinema 10857:Anthem 10779:Racism 10728:People 10703:Health 10565:Energy 10555:Brands 10482:Comune 10477:Cities 10339:Rivers 10299:Canals 9982:Amalfi 9967:Venice 9826:Empire 9767:Veneti 9742:Latins 9714:Latial 9547: 9503:Veneto 9498:Umbria 9483:Sicily 9468:Molise 9463:Marche 9418:Apulia 8056: 8018: 7996: 7974: 7940: 7892: 7854: 7835: 7813: 7758: 7712: 7690: 7644: 7580: 7559: 7540: 7521: 7493: 7453: 7333:2 June 6007: 5986: 5906:10 May 5553:, the 5512:, the 5498:, the 5494:, the 5490:, the 5486:, the 5415:. 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The 1492:Sweden 1482:Norway 1447:Canada 1227:(1963) 1207:(1794) 1197:(1791) 1177:(1762) 1167:(1755) 1157:(1748) 1147:(1698) 1137:(1656) 1127:(1649) 1117:(1531) 1069:Wilson 1039:Slater 1029:Skates 984:Mannin 974:Mullin 949:Mackay 914:Juárez 869:Hébert 864:Hatton 859:Harvie 749:Burgon 666:Sidney 661:Sandel 646:Pettit 571:Cicero 536:Arendt 518:Soviet 513:Sister 405:Modern 256: 250: 185:6.05% 144:54.27% 120:Votes 116:Choice 10982:Sport 10952:Music 10942:Media 10804:Women 10678:Crime 10543:Banks 10319:Lakes 10304:Caves 10255:Flora 10250:Fauna 9972:Genoa 9957:Milan 9952:Siena 9892:Arabs 9779:Celts 9762:Umbri 9638:Music 9608:Flags 9545:Italy 9448:Lazio 8796:Local 5719:Notes 5212:first 5191:first 4888:, of 4793:2.3% 4782:1.3% 4769:2.9% 4756:4.1% 4743:5.4% 4730:7.4% 4644:Fiume 4573:79.94 4564:20.06 4542:53.83 4533:46.17 4512:36.57 4505:63.43 4481:32.28 4474:67.72 4450:37.73 4443:62.27 4419:26.35 4412:73.65 4402:Genoa 4388:32.23 4381:67.77 4371:Milan 4357:38.59 4350:61.41 4340:Turin 4296:City 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1946 Italian institutional referendum

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