Bombing of Hamburg in World War II

284:, were known to inflict more damage than just high explosive bombs. Hamburg also contained a high number of targets supporting the German war effort and was relatively easy for navigators to find. Careful research was done on behalf of both the RAF and USAAF to discover the optimum mix of high explosives and incendiaries. Before the development of the firestorm in Hamburg, there had been no rain for some time and everything was very dry. The unusually warm weather and good conditions ensured that the bombing was highly concentrated around the intended targets, and helped the resulting conflagration create a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which became a 460-metre-high (1,510 ft) tornado of fire. 36: 2226:

the RAF was usually able to manage at this stage of the war. In just over half an hour it is estimated that 550–600 bomb loads fell into an area measuring only two by one mile (3.2 by 1.6 km) and this gradually spread the fire eastward. The firestorm lasted for about three hours, consuming approximately 16,000 multi-storeyed apartment buildings and killing an estimated 40,000 people, most of them by carbon monoxide poisoning when all the air was drawn out of their basement shelters. Fearing further raids, two-thirds of Hamburg's population, approximately 1,200,000 people, fled the city in the aftermath.

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RE8, (set up in November 1941). The details of how German houses were constructed were examined and tests were carried out on models to determine how effective an incendiary attack would be. The precise ratio of high explosive bombs and incendiaries was calculated. The high explosive was to blow out windows and make fire fighting dangerous. High explosive bombs with delayed action fuses were included in the mix to further suppress any fire fighting effort. The quantity of incendiaries delivered had to be high enough to totally overwhelm any fire fighting capability, so that a

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alarmed and there is some indication from later Allied interrogations of Nazi officials that Hitler stated that further raids of similar weight would force Germany out of the war. The industrial losses were severe: Hamburg never recovered to full production, only doing so in essential armaments industries (in which maximum effort was made). Figures given by German sources indicate that 183 large factories were destroyed out of 524 in the city and 4,118 smaller factories out of 9,068 were destroyed.

1257: 128: 140: 6056: 177: 6034: 360:". By June 1941, RAF thinking had been reversed from seeing any civilian casualties as collateral damage when attacking a military target, to deliberately targeting civilians in an attempt to destroy their morale. This was expected to reduce industrial production and therefore hinder the German war effort. The target was no longer factories, but the people who worked in them and their homes in the surrounding area. This became known as " 555: 458: 6072: 703:

including a generating station. Two large liners used as a depot and barracks ship were hit and sunk. German flak damaged 78 aircraft; ten of the damaged bombers that had to leave the formation were finished off by fighters. Over the North Sea on the way back to bases, the formation was attacked by eight night-fighters operating from Holland but they achieved nothing, whilst losing one of their number

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aircraft dropped their bombs in 50 minutes. Less than half the force bombed within three miles (4.8 km) of the centre with a bomb creepback of six miles (9.7 km). Damage was caused in the central and north-western districts, particularly in Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hoheluft. The Rathaus (Town Hall), the St. Nikolai church, the main police station, the main telephone exchange and the

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unidentified. By 1 December 1943, there were 31,647 confirmed dead, but of these only 15,802 were based on the identification of a body. In some cases, the numbers of people who had perished in cellars converted into "air protection rooms" could only be estimated from the quantity of ash left on the floor. Those who died represented about 2.4% of the total population of Hamburg at the time.

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raid, the Germans further developed tactics to counter the effects of "Window": a running commentary was broadcasting all available data about the bomber stream. Some night fighters operated independently from ground radar guidance and used this information to search for targets. This tactic would later be further developed into what became known as "

897:". Five bombers were shot down by night fighters over the North Sea, eight were destroyed around Hamburg and a further eleven were lost on the homebound journey. Because of the storm, the bomber stream became less concentrated and some bombers lost the protection of "Window" and fell victim to night fighters operating in the 303:, code named "Window", was successfully used for the first time by the RAF – clouds of aluminium foil strips dropped by Pathfinders as well as the initial bomber stream – in order to completely cloud German radar. The raids inflicted severe damage to German armaments production in Hamburg. 1115: 2102:

791 aircraft marked the opening of the "Battle of Hamburg" or so called "Operation Gomorrah raid". A countermeasure against the radar-directed German nightfighters in the form of "Window" was used for the first time. In the clear weather visual and H2S marking was accurate and on the town centre. 728

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It was quite a surprise to us when the first Hamburg raid took place because you used some new device which was preventing the anti-aircraft guns to find your bombers, so you had a great success and you repeated these attacks on Hamburg several times and each time the new success was greater and the

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The huge amount of damage to Hamburg precipitated a number of large changes to German air defence systems. Priority was given to fighter production. Research was intensified for more effective radar technology. Both aircraft and guns were diverted away from the front line to defend Germany. By August

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Other losses included damage to or destruction of 580 industrial concerns and armaments works, 299 of which were important enough to be listed by name. Local transport systems were completely disrupted and did not return to normal for some time. Dwellings destroyed amounted to 214,350 out of 414,500.

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were very hard hit. Small fires developed easily into large fires as by this time the firefighting effort had collapsed because of the earlier raids. The Germans did not record specific data for this raid, the number of victims is unknown but on this night 370 people died by carbon monoxide poisoning

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A number of factors led to Hamburg being chosen for the planned firebombing raid. The construction of the city meant its vulnerability was considered "outstanding". It was Germany's second largest city. The city's shipbuilding industry made it a priority target. It also had more industrial targets of

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The build up of the 8th Bomber Command was slow and though some small scale raids were made in France during the latter half of 1942, capability to attack Germany was not obtained until 1943. The British resources were also limited. The Western Allies had had to tell the Soviet Union that any idea of

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787 aircraft guided in by Pathfinders using H2S bombed about two miles (3.2 km) east of city centre. Due to the unseasonally dry conditions, a firestorm was created in the built-up working-class districts of Hammerbrook, Hamm, Borgfelde and Rothenburgsort. The bombing was more concentrated than

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U-boat shipyard were hit but no important installations were damaged. The power station in Neuhof was put out of order for one month and deprived Hamburg of 40% of its electricity capacity at a critical moment. All planes bombarded within a minute at 12:00. The German flak managed to damage only two

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was a bombing campaign against Germany. This was hard for the RAF to deliver, but it meant that the bombing of Germany could not be abandoned, so Harris would ultimately get the heavy bombers needed. By the time of the big raid on Hamburg at the end of July 1943, both air forces needed a significant

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Mission 688: 455 B-17s dispatched to hit the Harburg (221, including those of the 447th BG) and Rhenania oil refineries (214) at Hamburg. 297 B-17s dispatched to hit the primary hit secondaries, Harburg (179) and Rhenania oil refineries (106) at Hamburg; cloud cover limited accuracy, devastation of

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story about a Swiss merchant's account related, it was a "hell released" by a "devil's concert" that amounted to "Hamburg's ceaseless, inescapable destruction on a scale that defies the imagination." Even the German press, which had previously downplayed or not discussed bombings of German cities,

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led the target marking and, thanks to the clear weather and H2S radar, accuracy was good, with markers falling close to the aiming point scattered over five districts. At 01:02 the main force started to bomb; this continued until 01:50 in six waves. Less than half of the bombers dropped their bombs

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RAF Bomber Command had made raids on Germany from the early days of World War II. Initially, only military targets were attacked. Navigation to the target over a blacked-out wartime landscape was extremely poor, as was bombing accuracy if the target city (let alone the actual military target) could

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403 aircraft. Widespread damage was caused, mostly in housing and semi-commercial districts rather than in the docks and industrial areas. At least 800 fires started, 523 of which were large. 823 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 damaged. More than 14,000 people were bombed out. 337 people

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and other towns as far as 100 miles away from Hamburg reported bombs. At least four bombers crashed because of the storm. Only 400 bombers reached Hamburg but as the Pathfinders could not execute an effective marking, most of the bombs fell scattered over the city and its environments. During this

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Britain's experience of being bombed in the Blitz had contributed to the RAF's thinking on how to conduct a bombing campaign. It had become clear that incendiaries could inflict much more damage than high explosive bombs. Detailed study of this was carried out by the Research and Experiment unit,

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on Britain had had most effect. Factories had been found to be relatively difficult to destroy, but workers needed somewhere to live, and their housing was much more easily made unusable. The absenteeism of de-housed workers was considered to have a bigger effect on industrial production than the

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777 aircraft guided in by pathfinders marking using H2S. The plan was to bomb the untouched northern suburbs. But a mistake in mapping led to the bombing of an area just north of the area devastated by the firestorm three nights before. The residential areas of Wandsbek and Barmbek districts and

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In the first week after the raid, about one million people evacuated the city. 61% of the housing stock was destroyed or damaged. The city's labour force was reduced by ten percent. No subsequent city raid shook Germany as did that on Hamburg; documents show that German officials were thoroughly

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reached Hamburg at 16:40. Despite being partly covered in smoke from the previous night bombing, some buildings in the shipyard were hit but the vital U-boat construction slipways were not damaged. The aero-engine factory was completely covered by smoke and secondary targets were bombed instead,

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Because of bad weather, the next attack on Hamburg was delayed until 2 August. Despite weather reconnaissance reports about possible storms close to Hamburg, 737 bombers took off. Five bombers were shot down by night fighters over the North Sea. Just before reaching the German coast, the bomber

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reported good weather and no problems with smoke so a third RAF raid was ordered. 777 bombers took off, of which 707 reached Hamburg. There were still fires burning which made visual marking possible, but still the Pathfinders used H2S radar to execute their markings. The Pathfinders missed the

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The Americans took a high level of interest in the British research on the effect of incendiaries. American expertise and experiments added to the planning of fire bombing raids. Despite belief to the contrary, US aircraft also carried a carefully considered mix of high explosive and incendiary

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The reallocation of much of the industrial war production of Germany to home defence was an unintended consequence of Operation Gomorrah. The fighting fronts suffered due to a lack of air support as resource was devoted to fighter aircraft back in the Reich. Anti-aircraft units in Germany made

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airplanes, which were lost during the homebound journey to England. German fighters concentrated their attacks against the Hanover raid which lost 22 airplanes. The results of the bombing in Hanover were amplified by the fact that most of the firemen were sent as reinforcement to Hamburg.

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The death toll from Operation Gomorrah will always be uncertain, but the most accepted single number is now 37,000. If a range is stated, this is generally between 34,000 (from police records) and 40,000 (a commonly used figure in Germany before the end of the war). Most of the dead were

1170:(USSBS), publicly released on 30 October 1945, which gave the German estimates of 60,000–100,000 deaths in the Hamburg bombings. And even higher numbers sometimes were still used. During the 1949–50 debate within the U.S. government about whether to proceed with development of the 812:. The tornadic fire created a huge inferno with winds of up to 240 km/h (150 mph) reaching temperatures of 800 °C (1,470 °F) and up to altitudes in excess of 300 metres (1,000 ft), incinerating more than 21 square kilometres (8 sq mi) of the city. 639:

within a three mile radius of the aiming point. Around Hamburg the Germans had lit red decoy fires which caused a hundred bombers to bomb those in error. Still, large surfaces were set on fire in the five districts marked by the Pathfinders. During the raid a large (6-mile)

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It is clear that the effectiveness of the Hamburg raid relied to a large extent on the careful research on how best to cause a large fire in a German city – as opposed to the popular view that it was some sort of accidental occurrence due to unusual weather conditions.

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relayed a German belief that there had been 200,000 deaths, which he viewed as credible. By November 1943, a Swiss dispatch to Swedish newspapers gave a figure of 152,000 killed in the Hamburg bombing, but without supplying an explanation for the source of the number.

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Mission 918: 530 B-17s were sent to bomb 2 U-boat yards oil depot at Hamburg. 64 bomb the yards and 169 the depot. 263 bomb the port area at Hamburg (the secondary target) and one bombs Bremen (a target of opportunity). Bombing was both visual and using H2X radar.

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than most other German cities. It was reasonably close to the bomber bases in Britain, so giving a short flight, with less exposure to anti-aircraft fire and fighters. Hamburg's position, close to the coast and on a prominent river made the target easy to find.

1119: 1138:'s London correspondent on 9 August speculated on how quickly Berlin could "be eliminated" in the same fashion. At the same time in Germany itself, the Hamburg raids were seen as a far worse development than major German military reverses then taking place 831:

poisoned those sheltering below. The furious winds created by the firestorm had the power to sweep people up off the streets like dry leaves. Four square miles (10 km) of the city's center were ablaze just 30 minutes after the start of the firestorm.

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Hamburg was only attacked in the night of 28 July by four Mosquitos executing a nuisance raid, a raid by the main force was impossible because of the smoke of the previous bombardment which would hide target indicators. On 29 July a photo reconnaissance

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and many early returns, only 54 aircraft bombed Hamburg. There was no cloud nor much smoke from burning buildings, but the Germans managed in time to conceal the harbour with artificial smoke. Again secondary targets were bombed: some buildings on the

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greatly increased demands for personnel and, later in the war, used 25 per cent of all ammunition. It can therefore be argued that the military results of the overall bombing campaign was greater than anything arising from economic or morale effects.

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under construction. Cloud cover prevented serious damage to the target, but there was considerable damage to houses, factories, energy supplies and communications over a wide area of southern Hamburg. 11 aircraft lost mainly to German day fighters.

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The first raid on Hamburg was planned for the night of 23 July, but the raid was delayed by one day because of bad weather. Between 21:45 and 23:00 on 24 July 791 bombers took off from their airfields. At 00:57 Pathfinder aircraft, guided only by

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81 aircraft, dispatched on the 100th anniversary of a great fire in Hamburg. 53 aircraft were estimated to have hit the target. 113 fires started, of which 57 were large. 77 were killed, 243 injured and 1,624 bombed out. 5 aircraft were lost.

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148 aircraft. It was the first H2S radar-assisted attack of the war. H2S use was not successful and the bombs were scattered. Of 119 fires set, 71 were large. 58 people were killed and 164 injured. 5 aircraft were lost, 3.4% of the force.

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Air reconnaissance on 25 July at 18:30 revealed that Hamburg was still covered in smoke from the previous raids, so another attack by the main force of bomber command on Hamburg for that night was cancelled and instead 705 bombers raided

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256 aircraft. Due to bad weather only 68 bombed in the target area. Fifty-six fires, 15 of them large, were started. Thirteen people were killed and 48 injured. Bomber losses were high, 15.3% for the main group bombing that night.

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developed which saved the city centre from catastrophe but caused other districts to the north to be set on fire as well. While some 40,000 firemen were available to tackle fires, control of their resources was damaged when the

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417 aircraft. The Pathfinders marked the wrong target, mistaking a mud bank for the docks with their H2S radar, so most of the bombs landed 13 miles (21 km) downstream from the centre of Hamburg, around the small town of

1118: 353:, which by analysing 600 photographs of raids in the previous three months, found that only a third of crews that claimed to have reached their targets had actually dropped their bombs within five miles (8.0 km) of them. 1110:

running stories on 26 July 1943, after the raids had commenced but a day before the firestorm raid took place, that emphasized the large size and coordinated British-American nature of the bombing campaign against the city.

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department store at the corner of Desenißstrasse and Hamburger Strasse. The department store was hit by a bomb on the night of 29 July. The people in the air raid shelter below were killed by the heat and carbon monoxide

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On 30 July Bomber Command was ordered to attack towns in Italy. These raids were canceled the same day, but too late to mount a raid to Hamburg. A planned raid on 31 July was cancelled due to thunderstorms over the UK.

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The destruction of Hamburg became a major news story at the time and caused a great impression as to the extent of the damage and loss of life. By 3 August 1943, just as the raids were concluding, military expert

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of 1943, 45 per cent of all German fighters were now located on the home front, with additional units in northern France. At the same time, heavy anti-aircraft guns in Germany were increased by over 25 per cent.

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There was no RAF raid by the main force in the night of 26 July; Bomber Command rarely sent out its main force on three consecutive nights. Six Mosquitos of No. 139 Squadron RAF carried out a nuisance strike.

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on the night of 14/15 November 1940. The raid must have been planned more than 24 hours in advance, so although these raids are often stated to be revenge attacks, it is unlikely that they were planned to be

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Mission 881: 469 of 485 B-17s bomb the Wilhelmsburg oil refinery at Hamburg; one other hits a target of opportunity; one B-17 was lost and 41 damaged; three airmen were wounded and 10 were missing in action.

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Mission 772: 526 B-17s were dispatched to hit oil industry targets at Hamburg (68), the Wilhelmsburg refinery at Harburg (92), the Grassbrook refinery at Hamburg (71) and the industrial area at Hamburg (72).

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bombs. Large quantities of US-made oil-based incendiaries went into service with the 8th Bomber Command shortly before the Hamburg raid – this was preferred by the Americans to the 4 lb (1.8 kg)

1174:, arguments based on morality were made against developing a weapon whose main utility seemed to be killing massive numbers of civilians with one detonation. Objecting to this line of reasoning, Senator 1497:

over 200 aircraft. On the first night damage was caused to the Blohm & Voss shipyard and over 60 fires were started. On the second night only 60 aircraft found their target and damage was far less.

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263 aircraft. Bad weather affected the bombers with many turning back early. Damage was light for what was planned to be a large raid. 16 bombers were lost, 6.1% of the force, many to nightfighters.

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307 aircraft. The raid was not a success, the bombing was scattered and German sources estimated that only 120 bombers landed their load on the city. 22 aircraft were lost mainly to night fighters.

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Mission 898: 451 bombers and 355 fighters were dispatched to bomb the shipyard and dock area at Hamburg and an oil refinery. All the targets were bombed including the Blohm & Voss U-boat yard.

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Initial eyewitness accounts by foreign nationals who had been in Hamburg did not attempt to give numerical figures for the destruction, instead describing it as beyond belief. As one 9 August 1943

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was analyzing the subject at length in his syndicated column published in US newspapers. Newspaper editorials and cartoons also referred to the complete destruction of Hamburg. A report from the

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aiming point by two miles and marked a district South of the region destroyed in the previous raid. Bombers flew in from the North and because a creepback of four miles developed, the districts

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740 aircraft dispatched on a raid to Hamburg but bad weather stopped all but a few bombers reaching Hamburg; many bombed secondary targets instead. 30 aircraft, 4.1% of the force was lost.

1950:. Those bombs which landed on Hamburg did considerable damage starting 100 fires, killing 27 people and injuring 95. The damage to Wedel was extensive. 10 aircraft lost, 2.4% of the force. 698:

aero-engine factory in Hamburg. On the outward leg of the raid, the formation was attacked by about 30 German fighters. Only two bombers were lost before reaching the target. 90 out of 127

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caught fire and rubble blocked the passage of fire engines through the city streets; fires were still burning three days later. During the early stages of the raid, some bombs fell on the

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Many houses rebuilt after World War II have a memorial plaque with the inscription "Destroyed 1943 – 19** Rebuilt," as a reminder of their destruction during the air raids of July 1943.

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lived, was rebuilt not as a housing area but as a commercial area. The adjoining quarter of Rothenburgsort shared the same fate since only a small area of housing was rebuilt. The

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be found. Consequently bombing operations were very open to criticism as a waste of resources, since such poor results were achieved. The extent of this failure was exposed to the

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Bremen was the main target for 83 aircraft, but Hamburg was bombed as a secondary target causing 11 fires and casualties of 5 dead and 12 injured in Hamburg. Four bombers lost.

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Opinion on targeting steadily shifted as the war progressed, and by November 1940, the view was developing that the civilian population of Germany was a legitimate target in "

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440 aircraft – partial cloud caused the raid to become dispersed. There was some damage to the yards but it was not clear whether the damage was American or British or both.

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237 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitoes of No 5 Group were dispatched to hit the Rhenania-Ossag oil refinery Harburg, which had been attacked several times by American day bombers.

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Operation Gomorrah, was a campaign of air raids which began on 24 July 1943 and lasted for eight days and seven nights. It was at the time the heaviest assault in the

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and industrial areas of Hamburg and Bremen, but the primary targets were obscured by cloud so the bombers hit 167 bomb "targets of opportunity in NW Germany". The

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This American propaganda film footage covers the Eighth Air Force's bombing of Hamburg. The bombing caused large-scale destruction of the city's residential areas.

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aircraft, which normally kept radio silence, reported the winds they encountered, and this information was processed and relayed to the bomber force navigators.

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Mission 693: 357 B-24s were dispatched to hit the Harburg oil refinery (72) and Rhenania oil refinery (67) at Hamburg, 28 bomb Hamburg targets of opportunity.

1272:(St Nicholas Church), which was largely destroyed during the bombing, have been made into a memorial against war. The spire of the church survived the attacks. 1654:

96 aircraft. 52 bombers claimed to have bombed Hamburg successfully. 36 fires started 3 of which were large, 3 people killed and 25 injured. 11 Bombers lost.

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was similarly enthusiastic to bomb Germany. This gave both air forces the political support to deal, at this stage, with criticism of their ineffectiveness.

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largest raid to date on a single target. Carried out by 272 aircraft. Raid was considered a failure. 17 people were killed and 119 injured. 5 planes lost.

6107: 475: 8248: 8161: 7770: 6509: 3448: 1229:"were not nearly as bad as the effects of the R.A.F. raids on Hamburg on July 27th 1943". He estimated that more than 40,000 people died in Hamburg. 4559: 2111:

radio navigation system which helped to concentrate the bombing pattern. Thanks to the use of Window only 12 aircraft were lost, 1.5% of the force.

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from damaged and destroyed ships, barges and storage tanks spilled into the water of the canals and the harbour, causing them to ignite as well.

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Mission 720: 366 B-24s were sent to hit the Dpag (178) and Rhenania (171) oil plants at Hamburg.(cloud cover limited accuracy, devastigation of

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Hamburg was selected as a target because it was considered particularly susceptible to attack with incendiaries, which, from the experience of

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Mission 700: 257 B-17s were dispatched to hit the Harburg oil plant at Hamburg (238), 186 of 193 B-17s hit the Rhenania oil plant at Hamburg.

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Hamburg was hit by air raids another 69 times before the end of World War II. In total, the RAF dropped 22,580 long tons of bombs on Hamburg.

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were frequent targets during the Battle of Britain (June–October 1940) but lack of bombing accuracy meant that little damage was done, (See

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In the destroyed residential areas, many houses were rebuilt across the street and so no longer form connected blocks. The hills of the

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213 aircraft. There were 26 fires started of which 3 were large. 3 people killed and 16 injured. 15 aircraft lost, 7.0% of the force.

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a raid on Bremen but most bombed Hamburg – an error of 50 miles (80 km); 11 out of 35 bombers were shot down by night fighters.

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in which he asked, "Where is the valid ethical distinction between the several Hamburg raids that produced 135,000 fatalities," the

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was optimistic that bombing had war-winning potential, despite his appeal to Hitler in September 1939 to avoid bombing civilians.

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in World War II, killing an estimated 37,000 people in Hamburg, wounding 180,000 more, and destroying 60% of the city's houses.

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173 aircraft. 75 fires, 33 classed as large were started. Twenty-three people were killed and 66 injured. Eight aircraft lost.

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Interrogation of Captured Prisoners, United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report, (European War), 30 September 1945

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were among the well-known landmarks to be hit. About 1,500 people were killed which was the largest outside the range of the

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Approximately 3,000 sorties were flown, 9,000 tons of bombs were dropped and over 250,000 homes and houses were destroyed.

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Mission Number 77. 121 B-17s dispatched against Hanover (54) and the U-boat yards at Hamburg between 11:59 and 12:00 (71).

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that had bombed Hamburg the previous day, were ordered to bomb the same targets. The other bombardment groups attacked the

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Mission Number 76. It is planned that 127 B-17 will bomb two targets at Hamburg but due to smoke, only 90 planes from the

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In January 1946, Major Cortez F. Enloe, a surgeon in the USAAF who worked on the USSBS, said that the fire effects of the

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The initial attack on Hamburg included two new introductions to the British planning: they used "Window", later known as

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was hit and 12 fires, 7 of them large ones, were started. Six people killed and 22 injured. No aircraft reported lost.

804:. The unusually dry and warm weather, the concentration of the bombing in one area and firefighting limitations due to 7349: 4467: 4277: 364:". This change was not driven by the inaccuracy of bombing at this stage, but by studying which aspects of the German 7841: 7374: 7309: 7194: 7188: 7146: 6886: 6734: 6654: 6539: 6484: 6359: 6344: 5969: 5947: 5896: 5872: 5679: 5660: 5561: 541: 5525: 5459: 5436: 5404: 5327: 5293: 5216: 5161: 4982: 4920: 8208: 7729: 7408: 7304: 7182: 6938: 6928: 6809: 6789: 6739: 6729: 6704: 6609: 6514: 6444: 6293: 6205: 6169: 1187: 1135: 7821: 7780: 7344: 7324: 7152: 6769: 6754: 5738: 5641: 2002:

were involved in the attack of an initial 19 aircraft, 11 aborted the mission and only 5 joined the combat wing.

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streets appeared to burst into flame (in fact, it was the phosphorus from the fire bombs that was burning), and

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were severely damaged and widespread fires but no firestorm. Twenty-eight aircraft 3.6% of the force was lost.

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used in the early part of the raid – and the recall of Hanover's firecrews to their own city – culminated in a

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Mission 704: 291 B-17s were dispatched to hit the Harburg (142) and Rhenania (138) oil refineries at Hamburg.

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opening a second front in Europe in the summer of 1942 was unfeasible. The only thing Churchill had to offer

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and flares. This was followed by others dropping red target indicators visually by the light of the flares.

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Just a few months after the European war's conclusion, newspaper accounts described the findings of the

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included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre,

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here emphasized the effects on Hamburg and the numbers of refugees coming from there. Later in August,

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district of Hamburg. This picture was taken after much of the rubble had been cleared, probably after

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An estimated 18,474 people died on this night. A large number of those killed were seeking safety in

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set up a headquarters in the United Kingdom ready for the deployment of American units to Britain.

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level of damage that could be caused, with the same effort, to the factories in which they worked.

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These two nights of bombing were only 24 hours after a very large raid by the German Luftwaffe on

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Hamburg was bombed several times during the month. Raids now usually contained about 100 bombers.

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There was press coverage of the Hamburg raids as they were taking place, with for instance both

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ferries a young couple, a mother with her child, a man and a person who is despairing over the

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A second, daylight raid, by the USAAF was conducted on 25 July. 323 aircraft attacked Hamburg,

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light secondary target raid. 2 large fires were started. 8 people were killed and 43 injured.

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stream met a severe storm which forced many aircraft to abort or to bomb alternative targets.

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Also editorial "Hamburg Is No More" and cartoon "Blasted Right Out Into the Open", same page.

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bombs). Both attacks were successful. 2 Lancasters were lost from the raid on the oil tanks.

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Mission 524: Hamburg oil refineries bombed at Hamburg/Deutsche (54), Hamburg/Eband [

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On 26 July the USAAF continued its attacks against targets in North-Germany. The same six

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Various other previously used techniques and devices were instrumental as well, such as

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On the night of 27 July, shortly before midnight, 787 RAF aircraft – 74

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The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4

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Mission 865: 120 of 126 B-24s hit the Harburg oil refinery at Hamburg without loss.

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Mission 667: 121 of 406 dispatched B-24s bombed the Harburg/Rhenania oil refinery.

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Eighth Air Force. The British conducted night raids and the USAAF daylight raids.

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and cellars. The firestorm consumed the oxygen in the burning city above and the

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United States Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology of World War II

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Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 13 fires with little loss of life.

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Hamburg bombed by Wellingtons which started 12 fires with little loss of life.

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sank at the dockside. The local police estimated the number of deaths at 1500.

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attacked oil-storage tanks (40 aircraft) and U-boat shelters (17 aircraft of

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Several memorials in Hamburg are reminders of the air raids of World War II:

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Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb

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Memorial at the Hamburger Strasse for those who died in a shelter under the

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that connected both areas with the central station was not rebuilt, either.

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depression was larger, and I have said, in those days, in a meeting of the

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on Sodom and Gomorrah, from the Lord out of the heavens." –

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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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The Battle of Hamburg: allied bomber forces against a German city in 1943

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were killed and 1,027 injured. 29 aircraft were lost, 7.2% of the force.

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The Bomber Command War Diaries. An operational reference book 1939–1945

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Bodies and Ruins: Imagining the Bombing of Germany, 1945 to the Present

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159 aircraft put the refinery out of action for the rest of the war.

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Operation Gomorrah was carried out by RAF Bomber Command (including

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Hamburg was one of five cities bombed by a total of 53 Mosquitoes.

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51 people were killed, the highest number in a single raid to date

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Die Stadt, die sterben sollte, Hamburg im Bombenkrieg, Juli 1943

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Sculpture at the main memorial in the ruins of the Nikolaikirche

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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

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95 aircraft. Only 48 aircraft claimed to have bombed Hamburg.

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The totally-destroyed quarter of Hammerbrook, in which mostly

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Hamburg and other cities raided by a total of 26 Mosquitoes.

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Before July 1943, RAF Bomber Command's focus had been on the

320: 4363: 3842:"Operation Gomorrah: Firestorm created 'Germany's Nagasaki'" 1180:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy

5596:, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 260–261 683: 595: 591: 580: 261:, the attack during the last week of July 1943, code named 5003: 4993: 4991: 4126: 4048: 4036: 4007: 3763: 3703: 3691: 3597: 3595: 6122: 4405: 4333:. New York Tribune. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. 3619: 2635: 5382: 5349: 5298: 5051: 4240: 4228: 3775: 2993:

7 Mosquitoes hit Hamburg-Wandsbek and -Barmbek at 3 am.

5039: 5027: 5015: 4988: 4957: 4505:"305,000 Civilians Killed in Germany By Allied Bombers" 4486:"8,000,000 Nazis Homeless as Result of Allied Bombings" 3823: 3821: 3592: 3556: 4347:"Berlin May Be Next Target In Allies' Plan of Bombing" 4026: 4024: 4022: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3544: 315:

comes from that of one of the two Canaanite cities of

6007:(Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the UK 5710:(Kindle, 2014 ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd., 4617: 4615: 4613: 3920: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3532: 3409: 3389: 3353: 3333: 3309: 3289: 3264: 3244: 3237: 3224: 3216: 3204: 3184: 3163: 3143: 3115: 3095: 3067: 3047: 3027: 3006: 2986: 2966: 2947: 2923: 2903: 2883: 2859: 2839: 2819: 2798: 2778: 2759: 2739: 2720: 2700: 2680: 2660: 2626: 2606: 2586: 2567: 2547: 2527: 2479: 2440: 2420: 2401: 2381: 2362: 2342: 2322: 2303: 2283: 2259: 2239: 2218: 2198: 2190: 2178: 2167: 2127: 2095: 2075: 2055: 2035: 2015: 1983: 1963: 1938: 1919: 1899: 1880: 1861: 1842: 1822: 1802: 1782: 1762: 1742: 1723: 1704: 1685: 1666: 1647: 1624: 1605: 1586: 1567: 1548: 1529: 1517:

Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin bombed by a total of 257

1510: 1490: 1471: 1452: 1425: 1406: 1386: 1362: 1340: 6029: 4150: 3818: 3631: 3607: 3478: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5208: 5206: 5153: 5151: 4114: 4019: 3990: 3580: 3401: 3381: 3345: 3325: 3301: 3281: 3256: 3196: 3176: 3155: 3150:The No. 466 Squadron RAAF bombed Blohm & Voss. 3135: 3107: 3087: 3059: 3039: 3019: 2998: 2978: 2959: 2939: 2915: 2895: 2875: 2851: 2831: 2811: 2790: 2771: 2751: 2732: 2712: 2692: 2672: 2652: 2618: 2598: 2579: 2559: 2539: 2519: 2471: 2432: 2413: 2393: 2374: 2354: 2334: 2315: 2295: 2276: 2251: 2231: 2210: 2116: 2087: 2067: 2047: 2027: 2007: 1975: 1955: 1931: 1912: 1892: 1873: 1854: 1834: 1814: 1795: 1775: 1755: 1735: 1716: 1697: 1678: 1659: 1640: 1617: 1598: 1579: 1560: 1541: 1522: 1503: 1483: 1464: 1445: 1418: 1398: 1378: 1352: 1332: 5851:Indian Architect & Builder, Vol.9, No.3 (1995) 5669: 4974: 4972: 4610: 4414:. p. 4 – via The Times Digital Archive. 4372:. p. 4 – via The Times Digital Archive. 4108: 4093: 4081: 3984: 3972: 3938: 3890: 3868:The Bomber War: Theallied Air Offensive on Germany 3733: 3126:, bombed Blohm & Voss to destroy the type XXI 2613:Mission 514: 181 B-17s bombed Hamburg refineries. 339: 8254:World War II strategic bombing by populated place 7712:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War 4653: 4651: 4649: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4540: 8200: 5591: 5442: 5394: 5310: 5278: 5203: 5148: 4192: 4180: 4168: 3490: 2158:bomb group ( six out of nine bomb groups of the 1484:nights of 15/16 November and 16/17 November 1940 1283:The victims of the air raids were buried on the 5798:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 4969: 3054:The 384 BG bombed the Hamburg submarine yards. 1393:Hampdens attacked oil refineries near Hamburg. 583:industrial region which had been the target of 380:in February 1942. In the same month, the USAAF 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5264: 5262: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5224: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5134: 5132: 5130: 4646: 4590: 4521: 4364:Our Diplomatic Correspondent (9 August 1943). 1222:are formed by the debris of destroyed houses. 904: 187: 7697: 6108: 4943: 4941: 4784: 4782: 4765: 4763: 4730: 4728: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4566:. 10 January 1946. p. 33. Archived from 4301:. University of Michigan Press. p. 196. 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 1555:During this month Hamburg was a main target. 1093: 862: 755: 173: 5910:Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany 5670:Middlebrook, Martin; Everitt, Chris (1996). 5556:, Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, p. 195, 4443: 4441: 4284:. United Press. 26 July 1943. pp. 1, 7. 4212:. 9 August 1945. p. 154. Archived from 3074:Mission 845: 362 B-17s were sent to hit the 2486:Mission 425: B-17s bombed oil refineries at 835: 742:. Due to problems with the formation of the 725: 620: 6015:Memories of a 24-year-old woman (in German) 5891:. New York: Walker Publishing Company Inc. 5864:The Fire: The bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 5650: 5604:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 5592:Frankland, Noble; Webster, Charles (1961), 5490: 5465: 5361: 5259: 5240: 5221: 5182: 5127: 5009: 4406:Our Special Correspondent (2 August 1943). 4401: 4399: 4320: 4318: 4132: 4054: 4042: 4013: 3953: 3914: 3902: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3649: 2639:] (33), Hamburg/Rhenania (61), Hamburg/ 1990:Mission Number 67: 275 B-17 were to attack 677: 8162:Air operations during the Battle of Europe 7704: 7690: 6115: 6101: 5792: 5726:"So paradiesisch schön ist Hamburgs Osten" 5691:The Cabinet Papers 1915–1978: Glossary – B 5542: 4938: 4779: 4760: 4725: 4688: 4667: 4465: 3787: 3781: 3538: 8249:World War II strategic bombing of Germany 7340:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5857: 5800:, UK Crown, 6 April 2005a, archived from 5756: 5623:Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg, 1943 5505: 5480: 5416: 5372: 5339: 5268: 5249: 5230: 5193: 5172: 5138: 5117: 5101: 5085: 5069: 4947: 4900: 4884: 4868: 4852: 4836: 4820: 4804: 4788: 4769: 4750: 4734: 4715: 4699: 4678: 4657: 4636: 4626:The Battle of Britain (June–October 1940) 4621: 4601: 4580: 4522:Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). 4438: 3865: 3808: 3513: 1316:Raids on Hamburg during Second World War 690:. 127 aircraft were assigned to bomb the 613:, to confuse the German radar, while the 542:Learn how and when to remove this message 5942:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5881: 5688: 5639: 5551: 5521: 5455: 5432: 5400: 5388: 5355: 5323: 5304: 5289: 5212: 5157: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 4997: 4978: 4963: 4916: 4396: 4325:Eliot, George Fielding (3 August 1943). 4315: 3637: 3509: 3507: 3505: 1255: 1113: 1080: 553: 7450: 5990: 5932: 5867:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5841: 5736: 5694:, The National Archives, 5 January 2009 4932: 404: 8201: 5956: 5853:. Doebler-online.de. pp. 102–107. 5815: 5776:Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945 5773: 5600: 3926: 3839: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3550: 3484: 3181:shipyards, docs and oil installations 1168:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 236:bombing of Hamburg during World War II 8157:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) 7685: 6124:Strategic bombing during World War II 6096: 6088:Remnants from world war II in Hamburg 5962:On the Natural History of Destruction 5820:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 5723: 5705: 5569: 4546: 4502: 4344: 4324: 4246: 4234: 4156: 4144: 3827: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3502: 3496: 3122:312 aircraft, including those of the 447: 319:whose destruction is recorded in the 259:strategic bombing during World War II 28:strategic bombing during World War II 8152:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom 7217: 5620: 5607:, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 149, 5543:Bahnsen, Uwe; Stürmer, Kerstin von, 4468:"Raid Terror Seen Mounting in Reich" 4466:Sulzberger, C. L. (28 August 1943). 4294: 4120: 4030: 4001: 1413:Hamburg oil refineries were bombed. 1373:attacked Hamburg oil installations. 491:"Bombing of Hamburg in World War II" 480:adding citations to reliable sources 451: 401:success to justify their existence. 7817:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44) 7659: 5763:RAF Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 5575:"Part I: A Failure of Intelligence" 4606:The Battle of France (May–Jun 1940) 3870:. The Overlook Press. p. 241. 433: 257:As part of a sustained campaign of 13: 8173:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command 5979: 5912:. New York: New American Library. 5835: 4503:Music, Frances (30 October 1945). 254:were attacked throughout the war. 14: 8265: 6025: 5655:(in German). Ernst Kabel Verlag. 60:10 September 1939 – 14 April 1945 7802:Area bombing of cities (1942–43) 6070: 6054: 6032: 5759:"Bomber Command: Campaign Diary" 5724:Pauls, Simone (17 August 2006), 3514:Blakemore, Erin (22 July 2021). 3410: 3390: 3354: 3334: 3310: 3290: 3265: 3245: 3225: 3205: 3185: 3164: 3144: 3130:(cloud cover limited accuracy). 3116: 3096: 3068: 3048: 3028: 3007: 2987: 2967: 2948: 2924: 2904: 2884: 2860: 2840: 2820: 2799: 2779: 2760: 2756:oil refinery (Harburg/Rhenania) 2740: 2721: 2701: 2681: 2661: 2627: 2607: 2587: 2568: 2548: 2528: 2480: 2441: 2421: 2402: 2382: 2363: 2349:15 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg. 2343: 2323: 2304: 2284: 2260: 2240: 2219: 2199: 2179: 2128: 2096: 2076: 2056: 2036: 2016: 1984: 1964: 1939: 1920: 1900: 1881: 1862: 1843: 1823: 1803: 1783: 1763: 1743: 1724: 1705: 1686: 1667: 1648: 1625: 1606: 1587: 1568: 1549: 1530: 1511: 1491: 1472: 1453: 1426: 1407: 1387: 1363: 1341: 1289:memorial "Passage over the Styx" 1136:Newspaper Enterprise Association 1067: 561:over Hamburg, 30/31 January 1943 456: 203: 189: 175: 162: 150: 138: 126: 34: 7730:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945 5708:The Bombing War, Europe 1939–45 4926: 4552: 4515: 4496: 4478: 4459: 4357: 4338: 4288: 4270: 4252: 4198: 3859: 3840:Watson, Greig (2 August 2018). 3833: 3453: 3429: 2205:6 Mosquitoes attacked Hamburg. 1295:is in the centre and shows how 1227:atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 1188:March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo 467:needs additional citations for 340:Political and military pressure 250:, and the Hamburg-Harburg area 6020:Memories of a 12 year-old girl 5732:, ARCHIV: Hamburgs grüne Oasen 5674:. Midland Publishing Limited. 5640:McKillop, Jack (2 July 2004), 4109:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 4094:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 4082:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 3985:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 3973:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 3939:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 3891:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 3734:Middlebrook & Everitt 1996 1182:, wrote a letter to President 1: 7735:Area Bombing Directive (1942) 3471: 3402:The night of 13/14 April 1945 2713:night of 26/27 September 1944 2174:Klöckner aero-engine factory 2123:Klöckner aero-engine factory 1717:The night of 17/18 April 1942 1523:The night of 13/14 March 1941 1333:night of 10/11 September 1939 1058: 700:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses 334: 275:United States Army Air Forces 265:, created one of the largest 8244:Oil campaign of World War II 5651:Middlebrook, Martin (1983). 4345:Wolfe, Tom (9 August 1943). 4193:Frankland & Webster 1961 4181:Frankland & Webster 1961 4169:Frankland & Webster 1961 3366:No. 617 "Dambuster" Squadron 3271:469 aircraft to destroy the 2979:night of 27/28 December 1944 2960:night of 11/12 December 1944 2896:night of 11/12 November 1944 2267:parts of the Uhlenhorst and 2191:The night of 26/27 July 1943 1679:night of 16/17 February 1942 1599:The night of 27/28 June 1941 1251: 1202: 1197: 749:Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft 441:Ministry of Economic Warfare 222:Up to 104 aircraft shot down 7: 7745:Casablanca directive (1943) 3082:oil refineries at Hamburg. 3024:diversionary nuisance raid 3020:night of 16/17 January 1945 2940:night of 30/1 December 1944 2772:night of 12/13 October 1944 2717:diversionary nuisance raid 2693:night of 6/7 September 1944 2677:diversionary nuisance raid 2657:diversionary nuisance raid 2339:diversionary raid (Berlin) 1932:The night of 3/4 March 1943 1893:night of 30/31 January 1943 1874:night of 9/10 November 1942 1855:night of 13/14 October 1942 1660:night of 17/18 January 1942 1641:night of 15/16 January 1942 1618:night of 14/15 January 1942 1580:The night of 11/12 May 1941 1432:Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven and 1310: 1192:atomic bombing of Hiroshima 905:Overview Operation Gomorrah 859:in a large public shelter. 569:, and was later called the 10: 8270: 7822:Battle of Berlin (1943–44) 7766:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann 5991:Spaight, James M. (1944). 5964:. New York: Random House. 5757:RAF staff (6 April 2005), 5535: 4366:"Anxiety Grows In Germany" 3201:oil refinery (Erdölwerke) 2868:Ninth (Tactical) Air Force 2733:night of 30/1 October 1944 2673:night of 29/30 August 1944 2653:night of 26/27 August 1944 2447:Mission 421: B-17s bombed 2316:night of 5/6 November 1943 2296:night of 22/23 August 1943 1913:night of 3/4 February 1943 1094:Contemporary press reports 863:Fourth RAF raid 2/3 August 756:Second RAF raid 27/28 July 720:Light Night Striking Force 585:a five-month-long campaign 426:bomb used by the British. 414:could become established. 225:Up to 40,000 people killed 8144: 8093: 8047: 7974: 7908: 7865: 7812:Battle of the Ruhr (1943) 7789: 7753: 7717: 7650: 7615: 7584: 7573: 7534: 7513: 7492: 7471: 7297: 7276: 7245: 7208: 7133: 7097: 6952: 6921: 6900: 6874: 6818: 6642: 6317: 6257: 6250: 6219: 6198: 6177: 6168: 6130: 6053: 6048: 5842:Doebler, Joachim (1995). 5794:"Hamburg, 28th July 1943" 5778:. Naval Institute Press. 4449:"Hamburg Scene of Horror" 3866:Neillands, Robin (2001). 3238:night of 30/31 March 1945 3197:night of 21/22 March 1945 2414:night of 28/29 April 1944 2394:night of 26/27 April 1944 2355:night of 11/12 March 1944 2335:night of 1/2 January 1944 1736:The night of 3/4 May 1942 1504:night of 12/13 March 1941 836:Third RAF raid 29/30 July 726:Second USAAF raid 26 July 630:, started to drop yellow 621:First RAF raid 24/25 July 567:history of aerial warfare 306: 216: 119: 52: 33: 25: 20: 8136:Light Night Strike Force 6140:Aerial bombing of cities 6061:„Gefangen im Glut-Orkan" 5743:384th Bomb Group (Heavy) 4490:Minneapolis Star Journal 4327:"The Military Situation" 4147:, p. 335, 435, 437. 3577:, p. 280, 282, 284. 3422: 3382:night of 9/10 April 1945 2580:night of 29/29 July 1944 2560:night of 26/27 July 1944 2540:night of 22/23 July 1944 2520:night of 22/23 June 1944 2277:night of 2/3 August 1943 2252:night of 29/30 July 1943 2232:night of 28/29 July 1943 2211:night of 27/28 July 1943 2172:Blohm and Voss shipyard 2121:Blohm and Voss shipyard 2088:night of 24/25 July 1943 2028:night of 28/29 June 1943 2008:night of 26/27 June 1943 1835:day of 19 September 1942 1776:night of 28/29 July 1942 1756:night of 26/27 July 1942 1465:night 24/25 October 1940 1446:night 20/21 October 1940 678:First USAAF raid 25 July 670:and never repaired, and 376:had taken charge of the 323:: "Then the Lord rained 8209:Hamburg in World War II 5706:Overy, Richard (2013), 5601:Levine, Alan J (1992), 5554:Feuersturm über Hamburg 5552:Brunswig, Hans (1978), 4453:Santa Maria Daily Times 4408:"Evacuation Of Hamburg" 4295:Crew, David F. (2017). 3326:night of 8/9 April 1945 3282:night of 2/3 April 1945 3251:raid by 43 Mosquitoes. 2375:night of 6/7 April 1944 1996:384th Bombardment Group 1698:night of 8/9 April 1942 7776:Sir Archibald Sinclair 7761:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 7740:Dehousing paper (1942) 6145:Area bombing directive 5816:Wilson, Kevin (2005), 5737:Preller, Fred (2014), 4260:"Two Raids On Hamburg" 3445:Handley Page Halifaxes 2068:night of 5/6 July 1943 2048:night of 3/4 July 1943 1261: 1249: 1158:foreign correspondent 1126: 774:Handley Page Halifaxes 713:De Havilland Mosquitos 652:shipyard, where three 576:by British officials. 562: 374:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 349:in August 1941 by the 7921:Boston (Douglas DB-7) 7807:U-boat pens (1943–44) 7797:Oil targets (1940-45) 6083:An eyewitness account 5939:The End: Hamburg 1943 5922:Middlebrook, Martin. 5888:Among the Dead Cities 3782:Bahnsen & Stürmer 3124:No. 466 Squadron RAAF 1815:day of 18 August 1942 1259: 1231: 1132:George Fielding Eliot 1124: 1081:Military consequences 557: 217:Casualties and losses 8167:Defence of the Reich 6510:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 6242:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 6079:at Wikimedia Commons 5745:, 384thbombgroup.com 5739:"384th BG Mission 2" 5730:Hamburger Morgenpost 5621:Lowe, Keith (2007). 4935:, 384th BG Mission 2 4351:The Evening Standard 4331:The Nashville Banner 3628:, pp. 327, 331. 3257:day of 31 March 1945 2488:Hamburg/Deut.Petr.AG 2160:1st Bombardment Wing 1796:day of 3 August 1942 1692:one or two bombers. 1379:night 27/28 May 1940 1353:night 17/18 May 1940 1287:in mass graves. The 1140:on the Eastern Front 847:No. 542 Squadron RAF 717:No. 139 Squadron RAF 476:improve this article 405:Firebombing research 92:53.55083°N 9.99361°E 8070:Intruder operations 7884:("Dambusters" raid) 7585:Mandatory Palestine 5774:Rohwer, J. (2005). 5573:(1 November 2006), 4171:, pp. 260–261. 3956:, pp. 333–354. 3941:, pp. 415–416. 3917:, pp. 331–332. 3905:, pp. 313–330. 3893:, pp. 414–415. 3760:, pp. 245–257. 3748:, pp. 243–244. 3736:, pp. 412–413. 3724:, pp. 189–241. 3652:, pp. 121–171. 3604:, pp. 327–331. 3565:, pp. 255–259. 3521:National Geographic 3437:Vickers Wellingtons 3346:day of 9 April 1945 2508:Hamburg/Schliemanns 1399:night 30/31 May1940 1317: 1144:in Sicily and Italy 913: 766:Vickers Wellingtons 602:Squadrons) and the 88: / 8234:Explosions in 1943 8187:Target for Tonight 7771:Sir Charles Portal 7725:Butt Report (1941) 6861:Rotterdam (Allied) 6077:Operation Gomorrha 5994:Bombing Vindicated 4472:The New York Times 4430:has generic name ( 4388:has generic name ( 4282:The New York Times 4249:, p. 406–408. 4237:, p. 335-336. 3406:diversionary raid 3386:diversionary raid 2944:diversionary raid 2564:diversionary raid 2544:diversionary raid 2524:diversionary raid 2398:diversionary raid 1327:Roundel and notes 1315: 1262: 1178:, chairman of the 1127: 1107:The New York Times 920:Airplanes sortied 912: 732:bombardment groups 666:were hit on their 646:telephone exchange 563: 448:Operation Gomorrah 382:8th Bomber Command 378:RAF Bomber Command 325:brimstone and fire 317:Sodom and Gomorrah 263:Operation Gomorrah 21:Bombing of Hamburg 8229:Conflicts in 1943 8196: 8195: 8131:No. 100 Group RAF 7876:(Friedrichshafen) 7679: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7646: 7645: 7575:Mediterranean and 7569: 7568: 7467: 7466: 7204: 7203: 6977:Barrow-in-Furness 6962:Battle of Britain 6638: 6637: 6415:Freiburg (Allies) 6155:Strategic bombing 6075:Media related to 6067: 6066: 5918:978-0-451-22759-1 5827:978-0-297-84637-6 5785:978-1-59114-119-8 5717:978-0-141-92782-4 5632:978-0-670-91557-6 5614:978-0-275-94319-6 5579:Technology Review 4533:978-1-5017-4516-4 4509:The Daily Courier 4308:978-0-472-13013-9 3553:, pp. 30–31. 3420: 3419: 3360:57 Lancasters of 3261:Blohm & Voss 3140:Blohm & Voss 3112:Blohm & Voss 3044:Blohm & Voss 3003:Blohm & Voss 2645:Royal Dutch Shell 2512:Hamburg/Schindler 2464:Hamburg-Schindler 1980:Blohm & Voss 1829:single Mosquito. 1419:June–October 1940 1358:oil installations 1347:10 RAF aircraft. 1285:Ohlsdorf Cemetery 1268:The ruins of the 1122: 1056: 1055: 923:Airplanes bombed 825:air raid shelters 806:blockbuster bombs 694:shipyard and the 632:target indicators 552: 551: 544: 526: 390:Winston Churchill 229: 228: 115: 114: 97:53.55083; 9.99361 40:Aftermath in the 8261: 8121:No. 6 Group RCAF 8055:Area bombardment 8039:Target indicator 8012:Blockbuster bomb 7827:Transport (1944) 7706: 7699: 7692: 7683: 7682: 7657: 7656: 7582: 7581: 7479:Allied Singapore 7448: 7447: 7215: 7214: 7173:(Czechoslovakia) 6856:Rotterdam (Axis) 6255: 6254: 6175: 6174: 6170:European theatre 6135:Area bombardment 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6074: 6058: 6057: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6006: 5975: 5958:Sebald, Winfried 5953: 5902: 5878: 5854: 5848: 5830: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5789: 5770: 5765:, archived from 5753: 5752: 5750: 5733: 5720: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5685: 5666: 5653:Hamburg Juli '43 5647: 5636: 5617: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5566: 5548: 5529: 5519: 5513: 5503: 5488: 5478: 5463: 5453: 5440: 5430: 5424: 5414: 5408: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5337: 5331: 5321: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5276: 5266: 5257: 5247: 5238: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5191: 5180: 5170: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5136: 5125: 5115: 5109: 5099: 5093: 5083: 5077: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5010:Middlebrook 1983 5007: 5001: 4995: 4986: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4914: 4908: 4898: 4892: 4882: 4876: 4866: 4860: 4850: 4844: 4834: 4828: 4818: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4786: 4777: 4767: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4732: 4723: 4713: 4707: 4697: 4686: 4676: 4665: 4655: 4644: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4608: 4599: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4133:Middlebrook 1983 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4058: 4055:Middlebrook 1983 4052: 4046: 4043:Middlebrook 1983 4040: 4034: 4028: 4017: 4014:Middlebrook 1983 4011: 4005: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3954:Middlebrook 1983 3951: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3915:Middlebrook 1983 3912: 3906: 3903:Middlebrook 1983 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3816: 3806: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3770:Middlebrook 1983 3767: 3761: 3758:Middlebrook 1983 3755: 3749: 3746:Middlebrook 1983 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3722:Middlebrook 1983 3719: 3713: 3710:Middlebrook 1983 3707: 3701: 3698:Middlebrook 1983 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3650:Middlebrook 1983 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3528:on 22 July 2021. 3524:. Archived from 3511: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3433: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3383: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3339: 3338: 3327: 3318:'Disney' mission 3315: 3314: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3283: 3273:Type XXI U-boats 3270: 3269: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3089: 3073: 3072: 3061: 3060:24 February 1945 3053: 3052: 3041: 3040:24 February 1945 3033: 3032: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3000: 2999:31 December 1944 2992: 2991: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2916:21 November 1944 2909: 2908: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2865: 2864: 2856:ordnance depots 2853: 2845: 2844: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2734: 2726: 2725: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2632: 2631: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2553: 2552: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2521: 2504:Harburg/Rhenania 2496:Hamburg/Eurotank 2485: 2484: 2473: 2453:Hamburg-Eurotank 2446: 2445: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2169: 2133: 2132: 2118: 2101: 2100: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2009: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1956:13/14 April 1943 1944: 1943: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1630: 1629: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1447: 1440:(August 1941)). 1431: 1430: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1334: 1318: 1314: 1213:underground line 1160:C. L. Sulzberger 1123: 914: 911: 738:rubber plant in 711:that night. Six 656:were destroyed: 615:Pathfinder Force 547: 540: 536: 533: 527: 525: 484: 460: 452: 439:interest to the 434:Target selection 209: 207: 206: 199: 195: 193: 192: 185: 181: 179: 178: 168: 166: 165: 156: 154: 153: 144: 142: 141: 132: 130: 129: 103: 102: 100: 99: 98: 93: 89: 86: 85: 84: 81: 54: 53: 38: 18: 17: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8214:1943 in Germany 8199: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8140: 8126:No. 8 Group RAF 8116:No. 5 Group RAF 8111:No. 4 Group RAF 8106:No. 3 Group RAF 8101:No. 1 Group RAF 8089: 8085:Shuttle bombing 8043: 8017:Earthquake bomb 7970: 7904: 7861: 7785: 7749: 7713: 7710: 7680: 7671: 7642: 7611: 7576: 7565: 7530: 7509: 7488: 7463: 7446: 7293: 7272: 7241: 7200: 7129: 7093: 6954: 6948: 6917: 6896: 6870: 6814: 6760:Reggio Calabria 6634: 6615:Wiener Neustadt 6420:Friedrichshafen 6410:Freiburg (Axis) 6313: 6260: 6246: 6215: 6194: 6164: 6126: 6121: 6055: 6049:External videos 6038: 6033: 6031: 6028: 5982: 5980:Primary sources 5972: 5950: 5906:Hansen, Randall 5899: 5883:Grayling, A. C. 5875: 5859:Friedrich, Jörg 5846: 5838: 5836:Further reading 5833: 5828: 5807: 5805: 5786: 5748: 5746: 5718: 5697: 5695: 5682: 5663: 5633: 5615: 5583: 5581: 5564: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5520: 5516: 5504: 5491: 5479: 5466: 5454: 5443: 5431: 5427: 5415: 5411: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5371: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5338: 5334: 5322: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5279: 5267: 5260: 5248: 5241: 5229: 5222: 5211: 5204: 5192: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5156: 5149: 5137: 5128: 5116: 5112: 5100: 5096: 5084: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4989: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4946: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4915: 4911: 4899: 4895: 4883: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4851: 4847: 4835: 4831: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4787: 4780: 4768: 4761: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4698: 4689: 4677: 4668: 4656: 4647: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4611: 4600: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4570:on 6 July 2009. 4560:"News in Brief" 4558: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4520: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4427: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4404: 4397: 4385: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4362: 4358: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3819: 3807: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3539:RAF staff 2005a 3537: 3533: 3512: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3454: 3449:Short Stirlings 3441:Avro Lancasters 3434: 3430: 3425: 3416:87 Mosquitoes. 3396:24 Mosquitoes. 3362:No. 5 Group RAF 3064:oil refineries 2973:28 Mosquitoes. 2954:53 Mosquitoes. 2920:oil refineries 2900:oil refineries 2880:oil refineries 2876:6 November 1944 2852:5 November 1944 2832:4 November 1944 2816:oil refineries 2812:30 October 1944 2795:oil refineries 2791:25 October 1944 2785:52 Mosquitoes. 2746:46 Mosquitoes. 2707:32 Mosquitoes. 2667:13 Mosquitoes. 2623:oil refineries 2603:oil refineries 2574:30 Mosquitoes. 2554:26 Mosquitoes. 2534:29 Mosquitoes. 2498:(107), Hamburg/ 2476:oil refineries 2437:oil refineries 2427:26 Mosquitoes. 2408:16 Mosquitoes. 2388:35 Mosquitoes. 2369:20 Mosquitoes. 1403:oil refineries 1383:oil refineries 1313: 1254: 1220:Öjendorfer Park 1205: 1200: 1184:Harry S. Truman 1114: 1096: 1083: 1070: 1061: 929:Airplanes lost 907: 865: 838: 829:carbon monoxide 778:Avro Lancasters 770:Short Stirlings 758: 728: 680: 636:No. 35 Squadron 623: 548: 537: 531: 528: 485: 483: 473: 461: 450: 436: 407: 342: 337: 309: 271:Royal Air Force 204: 202: 190: 188: 186: 176: 174: 172: 163: 161: 160: 151: 149: 148: 139: 137: 136: 127: 125: 96: 94: 90: 87: 82: 79: 77: 75: 74: 73: 39: 12: 11: 5: 8267: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8180:Into the Storm 8176: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8014: 8009: 8007:"Monica" radar 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7894: 7886: 7878: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7484:Axis Singapore 7481: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7235:Allied Rangoon 7232: 7225:Burma campaign 7221: 7219: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6969: 6967:Baedeker Blitz 6964: 6958: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475:Kaiserslautern 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6065: 6064: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6040:Hamburg portal 6027: 6026:External links 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5954: 5948: 5930: 5920: 5903: 5897: 5879: 5873: 5855: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5813: 5804:on 6 July 2007 5790: 5784: 5771: 5769:on 6 July 2007 5754: 5734: 5721: 5716: 5703: 5686: 5680: 5667: 5661: 5648: 5637: 5631: 5618: 5613: 5598: 5589: 5571:Dyson, Freeman 5567: 5562: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5514: 5506:RAF staff 2005 5489: 5481:RAF staff 2005 5464: 5441: 5425: 5417:RAF staff 2005 5409: 5393: 5391:, p. 348. 5381: 5373:RAF staff 2005 5360: 5358:, p. 347. 5348: 5340:RAF staff 2005 5332: 5309: 5307:, p. 345. 5297: 5277: 5269:RAF staff 2005 5258: 5250:RAF staff 2005 5239: 5231:RAF staff 2005 5220: 5202: 5194:RAF staff 2005 5181: 5173:RAF staff 2005 5165: 5147: 5139:RAF staff 2005 5126: 5118:RAF staff 2005 5110: 5102:RAF staff 2005 5094: 5086:RAF staff 2005 5078: 5070:RAF staff 2005 5062: 5060:, p. 261. 5050: 5048:, p. 248. 5038: 5036:, p. 211. 5026: 5024:, p. 210. 5014: 5012:, p. 194. 5002: 5000:, p. 208. 4987: 4968: 4966:, p. 195. 4956: 4948:RAF staff 2005 4937: 4925: 4909: 4901:RAF staff 2005 4893: 4885:RAF staff 2005 4877: 4869:RAF staff 2005 4861: 4853:RAF staff 2005 4845: 4837:RAF staff 2005 4829: 4821:RAF staff 2005 4813: 4805:RAF staff 2005 4797: 4789:RAF staff 2005 4778: 4770:RAF staff 2005 4759: 4751:RAF staff 2005 4743: 4735:RAF staff 2005 4724: 4716:RAF staff 2005 4708: 4700:RAF staff 2005 4687: 4679:RAF staff 2005 4666: 4658:RAF staff 2005 4645: 4637:RAF staff 2005 4629: 4622:RAF staff 2005 4609: 4602:RAF staff 2005 4589: 4581:RAF staff 2005 4573: 4551: 4539: 4532: 4514: 4495: 4477: 4458: 4437: 4395: 4356: 4337: 4314: 4307: 4287: 4269: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4216:on 9 July 2017 4197: 4195:, p. 262. 4185: 4183:, p. 261. 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 335. 4149: 4137: 4135:, p. 356. 4125: 4123:, p. 393. 4113: 4111:, p. 415. 4098: 4096:, p. 414. 4086: 4084:, p. 413. 4059: 4057:, p. 254. 4047: 4045:, p. 252. 4035: 4033:, p. 395. 4018: 4016:, p. 219. 4006: 4004:, p. 394. 3989: 3987:, p. 412. 3977: 3975:, p. 411. 3958: 3943: 3931: 3929:, p. 270. 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3876: 3858: 3832: 3830:, p. 334. 3817: 3809:RAF staff 2005 3786: 3774: 3772:, p. 259. 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3712:, p. 172. 3702: 3700:, p. 167. 3690: 3688:, p. 264. 3678: 3676:, p. 252. 3666: 3664:, p. 250. 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3616:, p. 327. 3606: 3591: 3589:, p. 296. 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3501: 3489: 3487:, p. 149. 3476: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3452: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3286:nuisance raid 3284: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3113: 3110: 3108:8/9 March 1945 3104: 3103: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3034:9 Mosquitoes. 3025: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2983:nuisance raid 2981: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2754: 2752:6 October 1944 2748: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2727:6 Mosquitoes. 2718: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2698: 2697:nuisance raid 2695: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2641:Rhenania-Ossag 2624: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2500:Rhenania-Ossag 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2359:nuisance raid 2357: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2310:6 Mosquitoes. 2301: 2300:nuisance raid 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2246:4 Mosquitoes. 2237: 2236:nuisance raid 2234: 2228: 2227: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2196: 2195:nuisance raid 2193: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2082:4 Mosquitoes. 2073: 2072:nuisance raid 2070: 2064: 2063: 2062:4 Mosquitoes. 2053: 2052:nuisance raid 2050: 2044: 2043: 2042:4 Mosquitoes. 2033: 2032:nuisance raid 2030: 2024: 2023: 2022:4 Mosquitoes. 2013: 2012:nuisance raid 2010: 2004: 2003: 1992:submarine pens 1981: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1970:2 Mosquitoes. 1961: 1960:nuisance raid 1958: 1952: 1951: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1849:2 Mosquitoes. 1840: 1839:nuisance raid 1837: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1819:nuisance raid 1817: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1633:Altona station 1622: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1423: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1293:Gerhard Marcks 1281: 1273: 1253: 1250: 1245:The Secret War 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1156:New York Times 1104:of London and 1095: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 974: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 906: 903: 899:Kammhuber Line 864: 861: 837: 834: 802:Rothenburgsort 757: 754: 727: 724: 692:Blohm and Voss 679: 676: 650:Blohm and Voss 622: 619: 550: 549: 464: 462: 455: 449: 446: 435: 432: 406: 403: 341: 338: 336: 333: 308: 305: 269:raised by the 252:oil refineries 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 214: 213: 200: 134:United Kingdom 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111:Allied victory 109: 105: 104: 68: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 31: 30: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8266: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8075:Master Bomber 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8060:Bomber stream 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8034:Bouncing bomb 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7781:Arthur Tedder 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7562:(Philippines) 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514:United States 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409:10 March 1945 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179:(Switzerland) 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Wilhelmshaven 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6299:Gelsenkirchen 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6030: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5971:0-375-50484-2 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5949:0-226-59556-0 5945: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5934:Nossack, Hans 5931: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5898:0-8027-1471-4 5894: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5874:0-231-13380-4 5870: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5681:1-85780-033-8 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5662:3-921909-72-4 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563:3-87943-570-7 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5522:McKillop 2004 5518: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5456:McKillop 2004 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5433:McKillop 2004 5429: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5401:McKillop 2004 5397: 5390: 5389:Brunswig 1978 5385: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5357: 5356:Brunswig 1978 5352: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5324:McKillop 2004 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5305:Brunswig 1978 5301: 5295: 5291: 5290:McKillop 2004 5286: 5284: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5213:McKillop 2004 5209: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158:McKillop 2004 5154: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5058:Brunswig 1978 5054: 5047: 5046:Brunswig 1978 5042: 5035: 5034:Brunswig 1978 5030: 5023: 5022:Brunswig 1978 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4998:Brunswig 1978 4994: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4979:McKillop 2004 4975: 4973: 4965: 4964:Brunswig 1978 4960: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4942: 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3254: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217:30 March 1945 3215: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3177:20 March 1945 3175: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3160:oil refinery 3159: 3156:11 March 1945 3154: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136:10 March 1945 3134: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3094: 3092:oil refinery 3091: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2838: 2836:oil refinery 2835: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2806:Harburg city 2802: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619:6 August 1944 2617: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2599:4 August 1944 2597: 2596: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492:Harburg/Ebano 2489: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2449:Hamburg-Ebano 2444: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:Hagenbeck Zoo 2099: 2094: 2091: 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848: 844: 833: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 753: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 723: 721: 718: 714: 710: 704: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 642: 637: 633: 629: 618: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 577: 575: 573: 568: 560: 556: 546: 543: 535: 524: 521: 517: 514: 510: 507: 503: 500: 496: 493: – 492: 488: 487:Find sources: 481: 477: 471: 470: 465:This section 463: 459: 454: 453: 445: 442: 431: 427: 425: 421: 415: 413: 412:conflagration 402: 399: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234: 224: 221: 220: 215: 212: 201: 198: 184: 171: 159: 147: 146:United States 135: 124: 123: 118: 110: 107: 106: 101: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 43: 37: 32: 29: 24: 19: 16: 8239:Firebombings 8185: 8178: 8171: 7900:(Peenemünde) 7897: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7831: 7652:North Africa 7554:Kuala Lumpur 7535:Other cities 7521:Pearl Harbor 7177:Schaffhausen 7134:Other cities 6922:Soviet Union 6439: 6355:Braunschweig 6335:Aschersleben 6318:Other cities 6060: 6009:Air Ministry 5993: 5961: 5938: 5923: 5909: 5887: 5863: 5850: 5817: 5806:, retrieved 5802:the original 5797: 5775: 5767:the original 5762: 5747:, retrieved 5742: 5729: 5707: 5696:, retrieved 5690: 5671: 5652: 5642: 5622: 5603: 5593: 5582:, retrieved 5578: 5553: 5547:, p. 41 5544: 5517: 5428: 5412: 5396: 5384: 5351: 5335: 5300: 5168: 5113: 5097: 5081: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4959: 4933:Preller 2014 4928: 4912: 4896: 4880: 4864: 4848: 4832: 4816: 4800: 4746: 4711: 4632: 4576: 4568:the original 4563: 4554: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4508: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4474:. p. 3. 4471: 4461: 4452: 4411: 4369: 4359: 4350: 4340: 4330: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4220:10 September 4218:. 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Retrieved 3845: 3835: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3526:the original 3519: 3492: 3480: 3455: 3431: 3350:oil storage 3306:U-boat yard 3302:8 April 1945 3296:1 Mosquito. 3088:5 March 1945 3076:Albrecht 278 2634: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2472:20 June 1944 2463: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2433:18 June 1944 2173: 2168:26 July 1943 2122: 2117:25 July 1943 1976:25 June 1943 1324:Target/Type 1263: 1243: 1240:Albert Speer 1236:Air Ministry 1232: 1224: 1217: 1209:port workers 1206: 1165: 1155: 1151:United Press 1148: 1128: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1062: 908: 870: 866: 839: 822: 763: 759: 744:combat boxes 729: 705: 681: 671: 663: 657: 624: 608: 589: 578: 570: 564: 538: 529: 519: 512: 505: 498: 486: 474:Please help 469:verification 466: 437: 428: 416: 408: 394: 372:Air Marshal 371: 362:area bombing 355: 343: 312: 310: 289:area bombing 286: 279: 262: 256: 235: 230: 197:South Africa 120:Belligerents 26:Part of the 15: 8080:Pathfinders 8065:Firebombing 7616:Other areas 7577:Middle East 7550:(Sri Lanka) 7210:Pacific War 7082:Southampton 6997:Bournemouth 6819:Netherlands 6650:Alessandria 6590:Schweinfurt 6585:Saarbrücken 6430:Halberstadt 6390:Dietzenbach 6340:Baden-Baden 5997:. G. Bles. 5818:Bomber Boys 5749:9 September 3927:Wilson 2005 3686:Rohwer 2005 3674:Wilson 2005 3662:Wilson 2005 3551:Levine 1992 3485:Levine 1992 2256:Large raid 2215:Large raid 2092:large raid 1438:Butt Report 1037:2/3 August 1017:29/30 July 997:27/28 July 937:24/25 July 878:Bremerhaven 794:Hammerbrook 351:Butt Report 347:War Cabinet 293:Pathfinders 248:U-boat pens 183:New Zealand 95: / 8203:Categories 8027:Grand Slam 7975:Technology 7961:Wellington 7941:Manchester 7866:Operations 7556:(Malaysia) 7544:(Thailand) 7425:Utsunomiya 7185:(Bulgaria) 7153:Hammerfest 7098:Yugoslavia 7067:Nottingham 7057:Manchester 6992:Birmingham 6944:Stalingrad 6846:Middelburg 6565:Peenemünde 6545:Nordhausen 6495:Königsberg 6460:Hildesheim 6375:Crailsheim 6289:Düsseldorf 5625:. Viking. 4683:May–Aug 41 4662:Jan–Apr 41 4641:Jul–Dec 40 4585:Sep–Dec 39 4547:Pauls 2006 4247:Overy 2013 4235:Overy 2013 4157:Overy 2013 4145:Overy 2013 3877:1585671622 3828:Overy 2013 3626:Overy 2013 3614:Overy 2013 3602:Overy 2013 3587:Overy 2013 3575:Overy 2013 3563:Overy 2013 3497:Dyson 2006 3472:References 3370:Grand Slam 3221:oil depot 3080:Harburg 70 2510:(54), and 2462:(38), and 2269:Winterhude 1542:April 1941 1301:river Styx 1280:poisoning. 1059:Casualties 1046:1416 tons 1026:2318 tons 1006:2326 tons 946:2284 tons 890:Heligoland 798:Hohenfelde 782:Billwerder 688:Warnemünde 574:of Germany 502:newspapers 335:Background 267:firestorms 7987:H2S radar 7936:Lancaster 7890:Hurricane 7874:Bellicose 7857:The Hague 7847:Pforzheim 7837:Heilbronn 7790:Campaigns 7718:Overviews 7667:Fort Lamy 7633:Gibraltar 7493:Australia 7472:Singapore 7442:Yokkaichi 7435:June 1944 7415:Toyohashi 7335:Hiratsuka 7330:Hamamatsu 7277:Indonesia 7258:Hong Kong 7253:Chongqing 7197:(Croatia) 7191:(Austria) 7161:(Finland) 7149:(Ireland) 7143:(Hungary) 7120:Podgorica 7104:Belgrade 7077:Sheffield 7047:Liverpool 7017:Clydebank 6972:The Blitz 6934:Leningrad 6908:Bucharest 6866:The Hague 6841:Enkhuizen 6831:Eindhoven 6826:Amsterdam 6665:Benevento 6600:Stuttgart 6570:Pforzheim 6560:Paderborn 6555:Osnabrück 6550:Nuremberg 6520:Magdeburg 6480:Karlsruhe 6465:Innsbruck 6455:Heilbronn 6405:Frankfurt 6380:Darmstadt 6309:Wuppertal 6259:Battle of 6160:V-weapons 6150:Firestorm 4420:cite news 4412:The Times 4378:cite news 4370:The Times 4264:The Times 4121:Lowe 2007 4031:Lowe 2007 4002:Lowe 2007 3330:shipyard 1337:leaflets 1252:Memorials 1203:Cityscape 1198:Aftermath 1101:The Times 986:120 tons 966:186 tons 895:Zahme Sau 810:firestorm 786:Borgfelde 641:creepback 628:H2S radar 572:Hiroshima 559:Lancaster 532:July 2017 420:magnesium 386:Roosevelt 358:total war 311:The name 297:H2S radar 282:the Blitz 244:shipyards 158:Australia 83:9°59′37″E 80:53°33′3″N 72:, Germany 8145:See also 7951:Stirling 7946:Mosquito 7916:Blenheim 7909:Aircraft 7882:Chastise 7607:Tel Aviv 7526:Unalaska 7460:(Taiwan) 7451:Colonies 7420:Toyokawa 7400:Shizuoka 7289:Surabaya 7284:Sukabumi 7268:Shanghai 7230:Mandalay 7167:(Norway) 7159:Helsinki 7155:(Norway) 7141:Budapest 7125:Sarajevo 7072:Plymouth 7032:Greenock 7022:Coventry 7002:Brighton 6913:Ploiești 6851:Nijmegen 6836:Enschede 6715:Grosseto 6700:Frascati 6675:Cagliari 6630:Würzburg 6525:Mannheim 6450:Hannover 6370:Chemnitz 6330:Augsburg 6284:Duisburg 6279:Dortmund 6261:the Ruhr 6232:Le Havre 5960:(2003). 5936:(2004). 5908:(2009), 5885:(2006). 5861:(2006). 5808:22 March 3461:Coventry 2457:Hamburg- 1561:May 1941 1371:Hampdens 1311:Timeline 1277:Karstadt 1052:no data 1032:no data 977:26 July 957:25 July 932:Victims 874:Cuxhaven 856:Wandsbek 843:Spitfire 818:fuel oil 776:and 353 696:Klöckner 668:slipways 424:thermite 313:Gomorrah 65:Location 8048:Tactics 8022:Tallboy 7966:Whitley 7956:Ventura 7931:Hampden 7926:Halifax 7852:Dresden 7832:Hamburg 7754:Leaders 7623:Bahrain 7548:Colombo 7542:Bangkok 7458:Taihoku 7380:Okazaki 7360:Nagaoka 7320:Fukuoka 7263:Nanjing 7087:Swansea 7062:Norwich 7012:Cardiff 7007:Bristol 6987:Belfast 6955:Kingdom 6901:Romania 6882:Frampol 6805:Viterbo 6800:Vicenza 6785:Trieste 6780:Treviso 6750:Pescara 6745:Palermo 6725:Messina 6720:Livorno 6690:Ferrara 6685:Catania 6680:Cassino 6670:Bologna 6580:Rostock 6575:Potsdam 6535:Münster 6500:Leipzig 6440:Hamburg 6425:Giessen 6395:Dresden 6365:Breslau 6350:Bocholt 6304:Krefeld 6274:Cologne 6251:Germany 6211:Tallinn 6199:Estonia 6178:Denmark 6003:1201928 5926:(1981) 5536:Sources 3851:3 March 3374:Tallboy 3128:U-boats 2932:Harburg 1998:of the 1434:Münster 1012:40,000 852:Barmbek 814:Asphalt 740:Hanover 654:U-boats 516:scholar 422:-cased 329:Genesis 240:Hamburg 211:Germany 70:Hamburg 7997:"Oboe" 7892:(1944) 7842:Kassel 7628:Cyprus 7560:Manila 7505:Darwin 7500:Broome 7430:Yawata 7395:Sendai 7390:Rabaul 7375:Numazu 7365:Nagoya 7310:Aomori 7195:Zagreb 7189:Vienna 7171:Prague 7165:Namsos 7147:Dublin 7052:London 7027:Exeter 6953:United 6892:Wieluń 6887:Warsaw 6875:Poland 6795:Verona 6765:Rimini 6735:Naples 6695:Foggia 6655:Ancona 6595:Siegen 6540:Munich 6505:Lübeck 6485:Kassel 6385:Dessau 6360:Bremen 6345:Berlin 6325:Aachen 6269:Bochum 6220:France 6001: 5968: 5946: 5928:online 5916: 5895: 5871: 5824: 5782: 5714: 5698:13 May 5678: 5659: 5629: 5611: 5584:13 May 5560: 5526:Apr 45 5510:Apr 45 5485:Mar 45 5460:Mar 45 5437:Feb 45 5421:Jan 45 5405:Dec 44 5377:Dec 44 5344:Nov 44 5328:Nov 44 5294:Oct 44 5273:Oct 44 5254:Sep 44 5235:Aug 44 5217:Aug 44 5198:Jul 44 5177:Jun 44 5143:Apr 44 5122:Mar 44 5106:Jan 44 5090:Nov 43 5074:Aug 43 4983:Jul 43 4952:Jun 43 4921:Jun 43 4905:Apr 43 4889:Mar 43 4873:Feb 43 4857:Jan 43 4841:Nov 42 4825:Oct 42 4809:Sep 42 4793:Aug 42 4774:Jul 42 4755:May 42 4739:Apr 42 4720:Apr 42 4704:Jan 42 4564:Flight 4530: 4305: 4210:Flight 3874: 3813:Jul 43 3447:, 125 3443:, 246 3439:, 347 2934:city) 2514:(26). 2506:(53), 2502:(50), 2490:(53), 2466:(36). 2455:(54), 2451:(18), 2109:"Oboe" 1297:Charon 1190:, the 952:1,500 882:Bremen 772:, 244 768:, 116 664:U-1012 659:U-1011 600:Polish 518: 511: 504: 497: 489: 398:Stalin 331:19:24 307:Naming 295:, and 233:Allied 208: 194: 180: 170:Canada 167: 155: 143: 131: 108:Result 46:VE day 42:Eilbek 8094:Units 8002:Gee-H 7982:Chaff 7898:Hydra 7638:Malta 7602:Jaffa 7597:Haifa 7405:Tokyo 7385:Osaka 7315:Fukui 7305:Akita 7298:Japan 7246:China 7218:Burma 7183:Sofia 7042:Leeds 6939:Minsk 6929:Gorky 6810:Zadar 6790:Turin 6775:Terni 6740:Padua 6730:Milan 6710:Gorla 6705:Genoa 6643:Italy 6625:Worms 6610:Wesel 6530:Moers 6515:Mainz 6490:Kleve 6445:Hanau 6435:Halle 6400:Emden 6294:Essen 6237:Royan 6206:Narva 6190:Rønne 5847:(PDF) 3423:Notes 3368:with 2494:(60), 2459:Ossag 2156:384th 2152:379th 2148:303rd 2144:381st 2140:351st 2000:USAAF 1948:Wedel 1321:Date 917:Date 845:from 736:Conti 709:Essen 672:U-996 611:chaff 604:USAAF 523:JSTOR 509:books 366:Blitz 321:Bible 301:chaff 7660:Chad 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Bombing of Hamburg in World War II

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