Christianity in the 16th century

761: 1275:, or process by which one is "made right" (righteous) in the eyes of God. In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works. Luther's doctrine of justification differed from Catholic theology in that justification rather meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit. In this process, good works are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness. Conflict between Luther and leading theologians led to his gradual rejection of authority of the Church hierarchy. In 1520, he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull 2387: 1343: 2185:, elected king in 1523. Friction with the pope over interference in Swedish ecclesiastical affairs led to the discontinuance of any official connection between Sweden and the papacy from 1523. Four years later, at the Diet of Västerås, the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. The king was given possession of all church property, church appointments required royal approval, the clergy were subject to the civil law, and the "pure Word of God" was to be preached in the churches and taught in the schools—effectively granting official sanction to Lutheran ideas. 1734:. Soon the city council had accepted Zwingli's doctrines, and Zürich became a focal point of more radical reforming movements. Followers of Zwingli pushed his message and reforms far further than even he had intended, such as rejecting infant baptism. This split between Luther and Zwingli formed the essence of the Protestant division between Lutheran and Reformed theology. Meanwhile, political tensions increased; Zwingli and the Zürich leadership imposed an economic blockade on the inner Catholic states of Switzerland, which led to a battle in which Zwingli, in full armor, was slain along with his troops. 943: 2443: 1359: 742: 2722: 2297: 2575:(1566–1572) was known for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church and for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism. Pius began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals, and the pontiff was known for consoling the poor and sick and supporting missionaries. The activities of these pontiffs coincided with a rediscovery of the ancient Christian catacombs in Rome. As 66: 1169: 1253: 9269: 2817: 4835: 698: 9258: 4849: 4807: 2589: 1451: 2035: 1916: 4821: 1186: 1722:, where he remained until his death. Soon he had risen to prominence in the city. Zwingli began preaching his version of reform, with certain points as the aforementioned doctrine of justification, but others (with which Luther vehemently disagreed) such as the position that veneration of icons was actually idolatry and thus a violation of the 1226:. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of 2628:), the necessity of both faith and good works for salvation, the existence of purgatory and the issuance (but not the sale) of indulgences, etc. In other words, all Protestant doctrinal objections and changes were uncompromisingly rejected. The council also fostered an interest in education for parish priests to increase pastoral care. 1752:, which became an "unofficial capital" of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the 16th century. He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council, such that he has (rather ignominiously) been called a "Protestant pope." Calvin established an eldership together with a 1892:, and others. There are two primary perspectives on how the system is applied in detail: Classical Arminianism, which sees Arminius as its figurehead, and Wesleyan Arminianism, which (as the name suggests) sees John Wesley as its figurehead. Wesleyan Arminianism is sometimes synonymous with Methodism. 2335:

Following the Affair of the Placards, culprits were rounded up, at least a dozen heretics were put to death, and the persecution of Protestants increased. One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. Beyond the

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of all unbelievers. While reflecting on the Scripture passage, he asked, "When will this be? When will this prophecy be filled ... we are already in the afternoon, at the end of our days, and the world's final era." Later that same week, while reading aloud from the prophet Isaiah, he reportedly saw

2954:

Some Eastern Orthodox charge that joining in this unity comes at the expense of ignoring critical doctrinal differences and past atrocities. From the perspective of many Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholicism is a ploy by Catholicism to undermine and ultimately destroy their church by undermining its

2520:

The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform, and

1021:

These reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal (rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline), and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to accord with what they perceived to be the

2378:

French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the noble conversions of the 1550s. This had the effect of creating the preconditions for a series of destructive and intermittent conflicts, known as

2084:

The political separation of the Church of England from Rome, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside this broad Reformed movement. However, religious changes in the English national church proceeded more conservatively than elsewhere in Europe. Reformers in the Church of

1713:

Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss scholar and parish priest who was likewise influential in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. Zwingli claimed that his theology owed nothing to Luther and that he had developed it in 1516, before Luther's famous protest, though his doctrine of justification was

1529:

After the conclusion of the Schmalkald War, Charles V attempted to impose Catholic religious doctrine on the territories that he had defeated. However, the Lutheran movement was far from defeated. In 1577, the next generation of Lutheran theologians gathered the work of the previous generation to

3540:

in Mexico. According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541, which constitutes the most successful evangelization

1935:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first strand is the Catholic doctrine taught by the established church in England in the early 16th century. The second strand is a range of Protestant Reformed teachings brought to England from neighbouring countries in the same period, notably Calvinism and

2695:, and sought to convert the Indians and to provide for their well-being by establishing schools and hospitals. They taught the Indians better farming methods and easier ways of weaving and making pottery. Because some people questioned whether the Indians were truly human and deserved baptism, 1706: 1427:

Finally on 30 May 1519, when the pope demanded an explanation, Luther wrote a summary and explanation of his theses to the pope. While the pope may have conceded some of the points, he did not like the challenge to his authority so he summoned Luther to Rome to answer these. At that point

2511:

Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. A significant Protestant minority remained, most of it adhering to the Calvinist faith.

2747:

In Europe, the Renaissance marked a period of renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. It also brought a re-examination of accepted beliefs. Cathedrals and churches had long served as picture books and art galleries for millions of the uneducated. The stained glass windows,

2196:. During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. Frederick's son, Christian, was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death. However, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became 2579:

states, "Just as these ancient martyrs were revealed once more, Catholics were beginning to be martyred afresh, both in mission fields overseas and in the struggle to win back Protestant northern Europe: the catacombs proved to be an inspiration for many to action and to heroism."

2461:

but instead by multiple popular movements, which in turn were bolstered by the arrival of Protestant refugees from other parts of the continent. While the Anabaptist movement enjoyed popularity in the region in the early decades of the Reformation, Calvinism, in the form of the

1113:) such as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and Cranmer, with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of tenets of the 4506:

arrives in Japan where, as "Visitor of Missions", he formulates a basic strategy for Catholic proselytism in that country. Valignano's adaptationism attempted to avoid cultural frictions by covering the gap between certain Japanese customs and Roman Catholic

1638:. However, because of Calvin's great influence and role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, this Reformed movement generally became known as Calvinism. Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the 2412:, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's 2061:, who, through his empowered councillors (with the king being only nine years old at his succession and not yet sixteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the 2339:

As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. As an experimental approach to reduce the caseload in Normandy, a special court just for the trial of heretics was established in 1545 in the

2065:. Under Edward VI the reform of the Church of England was established unequivocally in doctrinal terms. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of 2331:

in placards that appeared across France, even reaching the royal apartments. During this time as the issue of religious faith entered into the arena of politics, Francis came to view the movement as a threat to the kingdom's stability.

1947:

over the centuries, and the Church of England still follows an unbroken tradition of canon law. The English Reformation did not dispense with all previous doctrines. The church not only retained the core Catholic beliefs common to

1136:

which resulted in a reassertion of traditional doctrines and the emergence of new religious orders aimed at both moral reform and new missionary activity. The Counter-Reformation reconverted approximately 33% of Northern Europe to

2085:

England alternated for centuries between sympathies for Catholic traditions and Protestantism, progressively forging a stable compromise between adherence to ancient tradition and Protestantism, which is now sometimes called the

1899:, Arminianism is closely related to Calvinism, and the two systems share both history and many doctrines. Nonetheless, they are often viewed as archrivals within Evangelicalism because of their disagreement over the doctrines of 3809:, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew Old Testament, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and 1576:(the only German speaking areas where the population remained mostly in the Catholic Church were those under the domain or influence of Catholic Austria and Bavaria or the electoral archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier). 2192:(1523–1533), Denmark remained officially Catholic. But though Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he soon adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, of whom the most famous was 2955:

legitimacy and absorbing it into the Catholic Church. It is feared that this ploy would diminish the power to the original eastern Patriarchs of the church and would require the acceptance of rejected doctrines and

1201:. Luther's dissent marked a sudden outbreak of a new and irresistible force of discontent which had been pushed underground but not resolved. The quick spread of discontent occurred to a large degree because of the 1339:. The relationship between Lutheranism and the Protestant tradition is, however, ambiguous: some Lutherans consider Lutheranism to be outside the Protestant tradition, while some see it as part of this tradition. 1467:

What had started as a strictly theological and academic debate had now turned into something of a social and political conflict as well, pitting Luther, his German allies and Northern European supporters against

1050:

that is not subject to papal authority. The term "Protestant" was not originally used by Reformation era leaders; instead, they called themselves "evangelical", emphasising the "return to the true gospel (Greek:

2287:

in England. The Scottish Covenanters were persecuted by the Catholic Church. This persecution by the Catholics drove some of the Protestant Covenanter leadership out of Scotland and into France and Switzerland.

1775:

Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the pope, the work and writings of Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland,

1879:

Arminianism is most accurately used to define those who affirm the original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius, but the term can also be understood as an umbrella for a larger grouping of ideas including those of

5185:

What emerged was a state church that considered itself both "Reformed" and "Catholic" but not "Roman" (and hesitated from the title "Protestant"), and other "unofficial" more radical movements such as the

2057:, who were executed for their opposition. There was also a growing party of reformers who were imbued with the Zwinglian and Calvinistic doctrines. When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son 2616:, and other abuses, as well as the reassertion of traditional practices and the dogmatic articulation of the traditional doctrines of the Church, such as the episcopal structure, clerical celibacy, the 1503:

was used politically for the states that resisted the Edict of Worms. Over time, however, this term came to be used for the religious movements that opposed the Catholic tradition in the 16th century.

2793:

were attempted several times but thwarted. They were seen as necessary but did not succeed in large measure because of internal feuds within the Church, ongoing conflicts with the Ottoman Empire and

7446: 2710:. The native people were legally defined as children, and priests took on a paternalistic role, often enforced with corporal punishment. In India, Portuguese missionaries and the Spanish Jesuit 994:. As Martin Luther said, "The true rule is this: God's Word shall establish articles of faith, and no one else, not even an angel can do so." These two ideas in turn promoted the concept of the 4201:'s New Testament (1556), Old Testament a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers 1312:

into the language of the people made the Scriptures more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the

584: 2348:

took the throne in 1547, the persecution of Protestants grew and special courts for the trial of heretics were also established in the Parlement de Paris. These courts came to known as

5240: 2760:, who created some of the world's most famous artworks. The acceptance of humanism had its effects on the Church, which embraced it as well. In 1509, a well known scholar of the age, 2336:

reach of the French kings in Geneva, Calvin continued to take an interest in the religious affairs of his native land including the training of ministers for congregations in France.

2947:, by which the "Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus'" entered into relationship with the Catholic Church. The Eastern Catholic churches consider themselves to have reconciled the 1383:

Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519, and students thronged to Wittenberg to hear him speak. He published a short commentary on

3776:, based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal licence but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale) 2497:

adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. The spread of Protestantism in the country was aided by its large ethnic German minority, which could understand and translate the

7154: 4918: 1518:. Several of the German princes (and later, kings and princes of other countries) signed the document to define "Lutheran" territories. These princes allied to create the 1472:, France, the Italian pope, their territories and other allies. The conflict would erupt into a religious war after Luther's death, fueled by the political climate of the 3154:

a vision of vast multitudes being converted and baptised. He began to pray to be chosen to preach and convert all heathen. He would die 20 years later as a missionary to

2668:

The issue resulted in a crisis of conscience in 16th-century Spain. An outpouring of self-criticism and philosophical reflection among Catholic theologians, most notably

8469: 7799: 6948: 3729:

put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform

2624:(the belief that during mass the consecrated bread and wine truly become the body and blood of Christ), the veneration of relics, icons, and saints (especially the 2561:

Although Ireland, Spain, and France featured significantly in the Counter-Reformation, its heart was Italy and the various popes of the time, who established the

8012: 2529:

for the proper training of priests, renewed worldwide missionary activity, and the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the

2383:. The civil wars were helped along by the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which saw the beginning of a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. 8504: 1756:, where pastors and the elders established matters of religious discipline for the Genevan population. Calvin's theology is best known for his doctrine of 3047:

grants to the crown of Spain all the newly discovered countries in the Americas, on condition that provision be made for the religious instruction of the

2508:

which had taken the field to fight the Turks, defended the old Catholic faith. They dragged the Protestants to prison and the stake wherever they could.

1443:

An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went to Augsburg in October 1518 to meet the papal legate, Cardinal

5766:"Чин венчания на царство Ивана IV Васильевича. Российский государственный архив древних актов. Ф. 135. Древлехранилище. Отд. IV. Рубр. I. № 1. Л. 1-46" 2146:

were forced to either flee for the continent or to abandon their vocations. For around 300 years, there were no monastic communities within any of the

6418: 3660:

at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal licence, but banned in 1546 by

9303: 5765: 5755:

Robert Auty, Dimitri Obolensky. Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press, 1976. p. 99

4873: 6133:

The Great Church in captivity: A study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the eve of the Turkish conquest to the Greek War of Independence

5194: 2752:, statues, paintings and panels retold the stories of the saints and of biblical characters. The Church sponsored great Renaissance artists like 1742:

John Calvin was a French cleric and doctor of law. He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation, publishing his theological tome, the

574: 5047:

Tyndale's New Testament, trans. from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534 in a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell

1098:

traditions, though the latter group identifies as both "Reformed" and "Catholic", and some subgroups reject the classification as "Protestant."

934:

led to Christianization of other native populations across the globe, eclipsing that of the Roman period and making it a truly global religion.

7164: 6911: 5318: 4565:

1583 – Five Jesuit missionaries – Rudolph Acquaviva, Peter Berno, Francis Aranha, Alphonsus Pacheco and Anthony Francisco -- are murdered near

3624: 1408: 728: 4878: 8972: 8095: 6723: 1551: 2416:—which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, 1121:. Often the division between magisterial and radical reformers was as or more violent than the general Catholic and Protestant hostilities. 7431: 1491:

would not be enforced, and each prince could decide if Lutheran teachings and worship would be allowed in his territories. In 1529, at the

4406:

organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)

2919:

Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was finally restored in 1557 thanks to the mediation of some highly influential dignitaries in Turkish Court.

7895: 4883: 3896:: "No less fruit has been obtained in Spain and Portugal through his letters than has been obtained in the Indies through his teaching." 3872: 1406:

This early portion of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best known works were published in 1520:

5338:(in French). France. Parlement (Paris), and Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français (France). Paris: Fischbacher. p. LXXII 5274:(in French). France. Parlement (Paris), and Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français (France). Paris: Fischbacher. p. XXXIV 3419:, first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on Catholicism, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting 8928: 7468: 6572: 6282: 4908: 2501:. While Lutheranism gained a foothold among the German-speaking population, Calvinism became widely accepted among ethnic Hungarians. 2404:

of August 1572, when the Catholic Church annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when

1046:

against the Reformation. Since that time, the term has been used in many different senses, but most often as a general term refers to

760: 8479: 6774: 3208:

is ordained (possibly the first ordination in the New World). Soon thereafter, Las Casas will renounce all claims to his Indian serfs

2928: 2913: 2417: 1991:

considered himself a thoroughly Catholic king, and in 1521 he defended the papacy against Luther in a book he commissioned entitled,

1772:). Predestination was not the dominant idea in Calvin's works, but it would seemingly become so for many of his Reformed successors. 1414: 4982: 2951:

by keeping their prayers and rituals similar to those of Eastern Orthodoxy, while also accepting the primacy of the Bishop of Rome.

2805:

practiced in the Renaissance Church of the 15th and early 16th centuries. As a result, rich, powerful and worldly men like Roderigo

8431: 8383: 7940: 7890: 7197: 6810: 5368: 2558:. The overall result of the Reformation was therefore to highlight distinctions of belief that had previously co-existed uneasily. 1495:, the decision the previous Diet of Speyer was reversed—despite the strong protests of the Lutheran princes, free cities and some 7202: 3022: 2859:

was accredited to her "and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions, focusing especially on Mary, the

8361: 8351: 8115: 8047: 7915: 7159: 7067: 6798: 6718: 6666: 6464: 5087: 3007: 2437: 1873: 684: 631: 8940: 6676: 6411: 4618: 4443: 4322: 1158: 5731: 5715: 4903: 9065: 7453: 3694: 2840: 1744: 606: 4251:

1563 – Jesuit missionary Luis Frois, who will later write a history of Jesuit activity in Japan, arrives in that country;

3620:, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China 9103: 7648: 4893: 4306: 2521:

the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism. Thus it experienced the founding of new religious orders, such as the

2015:, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually led to a break from Rome. In 1534, the 856: 569: 4460:

Guillermo de Santa Maria writes a treatise on the illegitimacy of the war the Spanish government was waging against the

2097:

During the Reformation the teachings of Martin Luther led to the end of the monasteries, but a few Protestants followed

2007:(Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with 9298: 7246: 7149: 4149: 4010: 3751: 3628: 3070: 3058: 3048: 2024: 1535: 812: 721: 4436:, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority 1753: 8989: 8088: 7885: 6211: 6196: 6181: 6166: 6141: 6099: 6078: 6055: 4002: 2401: 3252: 9293: 9233: 7663: 7562: 7021: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6404: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6269: 6253: 2904:

made a series of attempts to restore the Serbian Patriarchate, and for a short time managed to seize the throne of

2640:

followed the council on whether the teaching of the Church Fathers more closely matched Trent or the Evangelicals.

2074: 641: 33: 29: 3501: 3461: 3368: 1669:, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. In the course of this religious upheaval, the 8500: 8398: 8366: 7748: 7478: 7217: 7174: 7057: 7047: 6857: 6820: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6459: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 4736: 4069: 2228: 1993: 1961: 954:

yielded scholars the ability to read the scriptures in their original languages, and this in part stimulated the

376: 1714:

remarkably similar to that of Luther. In 1518, Zwingli was given a post at the wealthy collegiate church of the

9192: 8441: 8356: 8062: 8030: 7857: 7776: 7207: 6977: 6893: 6784: 4898: 4591:

leader Jerome Gracian meets with Martin Ignatius de Loyola, a Franciscan missionary from China. The two sign a

4321:

1566 – The first Jesuit to enter what is now the United States, Pedro Martinez, is clubbed to death by fearful

3733: 2916:. In spite of that, Serbian Church leaders continued to hope for a new chance to renew their old Patriarchate. 2162:

ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled

2116: 2028: 1484: 967: 579: 524: 39: 8159: 3934: 1526:

in 1547 that pitted the Lutheran princes of the Schmalkaldic League against the Catholic forces of Charles V.

8999: 8321: 8052: 8042: 7806: 7463: 7261: 7231: 7072: 6923: 6876: 6614: 4913: 4888: 4739:

forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church

4083: 4037: 3892:

1545 – Testifying to the power that letters back home from missionaries have had, Antonio Araoz writes about

3773: 3623:

1535 – German Franciscan missionary Maximilian Uhland (also called Bernardino de San Jose) speaks before the

3010: 2649: 2534: 2386: 2012: 1469: 1437: 1420: 1289: 714: 285: 239: 207: 5294: 1432:, the Saxon Elector, intervened. He did not want one of his subjects to be sent to Rome to be judged by the 9004: 8081: 7241: 5333: 5269: 4840: 3579: 3191: 2786: 2703:(1537) confirmed that the Indians were deserving people. Afterward, the conversion effort gained momentum. 2617: 2457:

The Reformation in the Netherlands, unlike in many other countries, was not initiated by the rulers of the

1433: 2319:(reigned 1515–1547) initially maintained an attitude of tolerance, in accordance with his interest in the 9075: 8856: 8718: 7605: 7251: 7236: 7222: 7129: 7119: 6609: 2563: 2367:, largely Calvinist in direction, made steady progress across large sections of the nation, in the urban 1543: 1539: 995: 745: 514: 217: 5769: 4395:

of the 'Strict Observance' arrive on the island of Trinidad with conquistador Don Juan Ponce of Seville.

1685:

principalities, leaving scores of Catholics slaughtered at the hands of Protestant bands, including the

9185: 9147: 8634: 7256: 7124: 6928: 5191: 4780: 3530: 3390:

on the western coast of Mexico where he will become very proficient in some of the indigenous languages

2707: 2637: 1757: 1644: 1599:

and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin and his interpretation of

911: 4595:– a bond of missionary brotherhood -- by which the two orders would collaborate in missionary work in 4283: 2268:

A spiritual revival also broke out among Catholics soon after Martin Luther's actions, and led to the

1101:

The Protestant Reformation may be divided into two distinct but basically simultaneous movements, the

990:

paid for sin. Along with the doctrine of justification, the Reformation promoted a higher view of the

9228: 9218: 9180: 8935: 8745: 8713: 8667: 8644: 8035: 7518: 6982: 6872: 4474:. Built in Japanese architectural style, it was popularly called the "temple of the South Barbarians" 2714:

evangelized among non-Christians and a Christian community which claimed to have been established by

2683:, the first Catholics were baptized in what became the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia, the 2498: 2364: 2300: 1931:

Anglican doctrine emerged from the interweaving of two main strands of Christian doctrine during the

1856: 611: 564: 554: 409: 249: 212: 3205: 3054: 2356:(“the fiery chamber") because of their reputation of meting out death penalties on burning gallows. 9208: 9113: 9108: 8923: 8888: 8814: 8770: 8765: 8562: 8388: 8233: 8130: 8125: 8057: 8025: 7920: 7600: 7413: 6906: 6842: 4868: 4722: 4399: 4173: 4091: 3762: 2856: 2844: 2400:

and outrage became the defining characteristic of the time, illustrated at its most intense in the

2375:, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. 2197: 2011:, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of 1384: 1342: 1272: 679: 626: 7441: 3758:

be brought to Christ "by the preaching of the divine word, and with the example of the good life."

3187:, the indigenous peoples were rapidly dying out under the system of slavery used by the colonists. 2987:

document. The growing might of the Russian state contributed also to the growing authority of the

1976:), but also retained some Catholic teachings which were rejected by true Protestants, such as the 1078:. The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the 65: 8893: 8627: 8532: 8421: 8371: 8228: 8145: 8120: 7328: 7268: 7144: 7026: 6825: 6427: 6236: 4863: 4695: 4538:

1582 – Jesuits, with Matteo Ricci as the pioneer, begin mission work in China, introduce Western

4216: 4160: 3100: 3018: 2991: 2380: 2306:

Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were known as

1896: 1814:. Its acceptance stretches through much of mainstream Protestantism. Because of the influence of 1670: 1642:, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of 1604: 1592: 1114: 1102: 689: 646: 421: 270: 3171:

that all is not as it should be in the new western colonies. He reported that on the islands of

3103:

torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606,

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1516 – Three Franciscans are killed by cannibals in northeastern South America, in the area of

3168: 3077: 2848: 2633: 2555: 2413: 2341: 2324: 2201: 2189: 2070: 2038: 1765: 1650: 1510:, which was convened by Charles V to try to stop the growing Protestant movement. At the Diet, 1371: 1162: 1035: 955: 559: 371: 254: 1787:, until his death when Calvin's ally, Zwingli, assumed the spiritual leadership of the group. 1351: 1211:. Information was also widely disseminated in manuscript form, as well as by cheap prints and 942: 9272: 8871: 8597: 8406: 8309: 8264: 8193: 7983: 7925: 7816: 7811: 7689: 7683: 7483: 7031: 6996: 6901: 6815: 6597: 4410: 4226: 3988: 3661: 3642: 3599: 3537: 3436: 3159: 2976: 2790: 2571:, a system of juridical tribunals that prosecuted heresy and related offences. The papacy of 2463: 2442: 2120: 2073:, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. Yet it is the so-called " 2046: 1988: 1957: 1627: 1492: 1039: 987: 876: 509: 315: 300: 224: 113: 78: 49: 4642: 2428:, giving free passage to French Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for 10 years. 1943:

was the national branch of the Catholic Church. The formal doctrines had been documented in

1316:, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the translation of the 1234:, sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. 1109:. The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers (Latin: 9093: 9043: 9028: 8905: 8614: 8514: 8464: 8459: 8416: 8376: 8304: 7973: 7930: 7880: 7668: 7620: 7615: 7590: 7426: 7380: 7283: 7273: 7109: 7102: 6953: 6867: 6639: 6629: 6592: 4503: 4269: 4259: 3687: 3302: 3219: 3150: 2872: 2778: 2669: 2593: 2551: 2482: 2474: 2320: 2247: 2213: 1981: 1973: 1849: 1480: 1118: 1047: 880: 768: 335: 108: 5356: 4667: 4532:

1581 – Luis de Valdivia becomes a Jesuit. After finishing his studies, he will be sent to

3432: 3215: 3114: 2912:. By 1541, his movement was crushed by joint forces of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and the 1132:

and parts of Germany. The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation is known as the

8: 9262: 9238: 9223: 9142: 9132: 9118: 9098: 9088: 9058: 9038: 8967: 8698: 8527: 8454: 8284: 8213: 8140: 7997: 7978: 7718: 7713: 7640: 7358: 7333: 7212: 7192: 7139: 7040: 6938: 6835: 6803: 6747: 4979: 4812: 4790: 4661: 4367: 4183: 4099: 4062: 3671: 3607: 3506: 3312:

grants Franciscan Francis Quiñones permission and faculties to go as a missionary to the

2868: 2766: 2742: 2625: 2576: 2541:, which clarified and reasserted doctrine, issued dogmatic definitions, and produced the 2458: 2316: 2239:. This was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the 2236: 2112:

Since the 19th century there have been a renewal in the monastic life among Protestants.

2008: 1932: 1860: 1748:, in 1536 (later revised) and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in 1556: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1400: 1358: 1133: 1106: 1007: 907: 800: 702: 697: 661: 416: 388: 330: 275: 197: 23: 5104: 5037:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003, 1:244. 3783: 3289: 1324:

inspired the development of congregational singing within Christianity. His marriage to

1245:

were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland,

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1536 – Northern Italian Anabaptist missionary Hans Oberecker is burned at the stake in

3617: 3560: 3556: 3498: 3475:

1529 – Franciscan Peter of Ghent writes from Latin America that he and a colleague had

3465: 3327: 3282: 3275: 3176: 3146: 2901: 2738: 2715: 2680: 2660:, who was functionally as close to a monastic as his regal responsibilities permitted. 2657: 2621: 2494: 2470: 2405: 2360: 2345: 2258: 2106: 1803: 1783:

Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, led by the Frenchman,

1662: 1623: 1588: 1531: 1429: 1325: 441: 434: 325: 320: 305: 190: 118: 7016: 5105:"Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia Vol. : 0089=71 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 4607: 4141: 3905:, counter-reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and 2975:” (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси) and was crowned on 16 January, thereby turning the 2847:

against Protestant views. At the same time, the Catholic world was engaged in ongoing

1661:. Both Luther and Calvin thought along lines linked with the theological teachings of 9174: 9053: 8959: 8883: 8782: 8755: 8674: 8622: 8572: 8331: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8279: 8269: 8218: 7870: 7789: 7784: 7738: 7678: 7547: 7343: 6728: 6649: 6587: 6207: 6192: 6177: 6162: 6137: 6095: 6074: 6051: 4964: 4699: 4622: 4512: 4433: 4273: 4263: 4246: 4123: 4079: 3959: 3850: 3646: 3603: 3549: 3442: 3424: 3294: 3044: 2980: 2909: 2810: 2757: 2568: 2505: 2390: 2217: 2066: 1977: 1940: 1761: 1639: 1547: 1530:

define the doctrine of the persisting Lutheran church. This document is known as the

1473: 1396: 1329: 1263:

As Luther began developing his own theology, he increasingly came into conflict with

1083: 887: 666: 636: 616: 549: 499: 427: 244: 103: 93: 7733: 5084: 3886:

wilderness. After gathering a group of Indian converts, he will lead them back into

1241:

of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the pope, the work and writings of

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territories. These states quickly became known as Protestants. At first, this term

1317: 1003: 895: 820: 764: 651: 544: 295: 167: 98: 4040:

starts controversy against Calvinist, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence

2728:

England, one of hundreds of European monasteries destroyed during the Reformation.

2636:

set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards. A

2397: 9127: 9033: 8824: 8522: 8003: 7905: 7843: 7585: 7536: 7082: 6737: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6089: 6066: 6045: 5735: 5719: 5712: 5367:

Revesz, Imre, History of the Hungarian Reformed Church, Knight, George A.F. ed.,

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Unlike other reform movements, the English Reformation began by royal influence.

1969: 1949: 1830: 1600: 1573: 1313: 1297: 1238: 1146: 1125: 832: 796: 489: 398: 5381: 4522:(feudal landholder) Arima Harunobu becomes Christian and takes the name Protasio 4429:

Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government

2220:

lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France.

1715: 9123: 9023: 8819: 8708: 8654: 8587: 8567: 8326: 8167: 8007: 7993: 7968: 7963: 7754: 7728: 7658: 7473: 7375: 7370: 7353: 7293: 7187: 7134: 6963: 6883: 6732: 6224: 4826: 4786: 4742:

1597 – Twenty-six Japanese Christians are crucified for their faith by General

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of 1560, which repudiated the pope's authority, forbade the celebration of the

2003: 1920: 1900: 1697:

who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy.

1631: 1569: 1523: 1488: 1444: 1277: 1268: 1223: 1202: 891: 816: 535: 494: 474: 345: 310: 162: 83: 9287: 9048: 8979: 8829: 8537: 8177: 8172: 7910: 7847: 7836: 7723: 7610: 7513: 7501: 7365: 7338: 7278: 6757: 6577: 4363:

1569 – Jeronimo da Cruz is murdered along with two newly arrived missionaries

4198: 3854: 3792: 3788: 3769: 3747: 3494: 3412: 3373: 3359: 3320: 3261: 3240: 3081: 3003: 2956: 2828: 2824: 2770:, a work which captured a widely held unease about corruption in the Church. 2700: 2696: 2605: 2466:, became the dominant Protestant faith in the country from the 1560s onward. 2328: 2251: 2243: 1727: 1690: 1686: 1336: 1293: 1256: 1173: 1157:. Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through 1142: 1063: 1059: 1043: 959: 780: 448: 355: 152: 147: 4712:

1593 – The Franciscans arrive in Japan and establish St. Anna's hospital in

2843:

in the Catholic Church. During the Reformation, the Church had defended its

2473:

contributed to a desire for independence in the provinces, which led to the

1335:

Luther's insights are generally held to have been a major foundation of the

1205:

and the resulting swift movement of both ideas and documents, including the

741: 8861: 8809: 8740: 8730: 8411: 8343: 8208: 8104: 7935: 7865: 7743: 7552: 7523: 7390: 7087: 6830: 6789: 6260: 5539:

From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest

5526:

From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest

4573: 4457: 4447: 4426: 4287: 4232: 4194: 4177: 4087: 4073: 4058: 4044: 3924: 3867: 3863: 3740: 3709: 3656:'s Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included 3568: 3352: 3195: 3119: 3026: 3014: 2995: 2774: 2753: 2725: 2721: 2673: 2504:

In the more independent northwest the rulers and priests, protected by the

2296: 2262: 2102: 2020: 1965: 1885: 1658: 1619: 1309: 1194: 1091: 1011: 872: 852: 824: 784: 404: 177: 57: 6396: 6204:

The Christian Tradition: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)

4465: 3387: 1487:

could meet and settle the theological issues raised by Martin Luther, the

1193:

The protests against Rome began in earnest in 1517 when Martin Luther, an

946:

Countries by percentage of Protestants in 1545 – data source not specified

9163: 8913: 8876: 8725: 8577: 8552: 8449: 7575: 7436: 7407: 7348: 7323: 7318: 7182: 7097: 6991: 6972: 6681: 5243:

1921 states 'The Church of Scotland adheres to the Scottish Reformation'.

4632: 4600: 4543: 4493: 4403: 4357: 4353: 4291: 4112: 3955: 3826: 3802: 3698: 3638: 3564: 3520: 3331: 3130: 3104: 2988: 2943:

movement within East-Central Europe was started with the 1598–1599

2852: 2684: 2679:

In 1521, through the leadership and preaching of the Portuguese explorer

2572: 2421: 2372: 2368: 2193: 2182: 2159: 2098: 2078: 2054: 2050: 1924: 1889: 1837: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1784: 1769: 1694: 1666: 1596: 1366:(castle church) in Wittenberg to which Luther is said to have nailed his 1242: 1219: 1138: 1124:

The Protestant Reformation spread almost entirely within the confines of

1095: 1079: 1058:

The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with

999: 975: 951: 915: 868: 828: 519: 479: 464: 350: 290: 234: 19: 4941:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993, 1:12–27. 2648:

The monasteries also provided refuge to those sick of earthly life like

2216:

culminated ecclesiastically in the re-establishment of the church along

1168: 9011: 8750: 8547: 8203: 8135: 7955: 7705: 7653: 7458: 7288: 6933: 6762: 6706: 6701: 4773: 4762: 4588: 4482: 4461: 4255:

becomes the first daimyō (feudal landholder) to convert to Christianity

4236: 4197:, New Testament a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of 4104:

1554 – 1,500 converts to Christianity are reported in Siam (now called

3887: 3860: 3844: 3820: 3713: 3446: 3394: 3309: 3298: 3271: 3172: 3090: 3080:, sends three missionaries "to the islands of the sea which are inside 3066: 2984: 2876: 2820: 2688: 2526: 2446: 2280: 2269: 2128: 1635: 1301: 1198: 1075: 1067: 1015: 459: 3875:

bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation"

3486:, Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli. 2816: 1252: 9168: 9016: 8851: 8841: 8834: 8792: 8787: 8582: 8542: 7950: 7900: 7826: 7821: 7595: 7580: 7308: 7298: 7001: 6987: 6711: 4617:

1587 – All foreigners ordered out of Japan; Manteo becomes the first

4577: 4547: 4422: 4134: 3971: 3963: 3916: 3755: 3702: 3657: 3632: 3519:

begins a series of missionary tours among Indian tribes southeast of

3380: 3345: 3339: 3313: 3270:

1518 – Don Henrique, son of the king of the Congo, is consecrated by

3257: 3234: 3111: 2864: 2308: 2221: 2124: 2086: 2058: 1944: 1904: 1843: 1819: 1731: 1678: 1584: 1506:

Lutheranism would become known as a separate movement after the 1530

1496: 1392: 1367: 1282: 1227: 1207: 1087: 979: 971: 855:

delegated to the kings the administration of the local churches, the

808: 621: 484: 454: 4776:

and, with the permission of King Pratapaditya, builds a church there

4519: 3945: 1719: 1618:

The Reformed tradition was originally advanced by stalwarts such as

1391:. At the same time, he received deputations from Italy and from the 749: 8557: 8426: 7794: 7673: 7313: 7092: 7006: 6752: 6742: 6696: 6691: 6686: 4874:

History of the Roman Catholic Church § Renaissance and reforms

4848: 4834: 4732:

in the Philippines to establish mission centers on the eastern side

4685: 4596: 4347: 4145: 4116: 4105: 4048: 3780: 3363: 3230: 3223: 2893: 2851:

against Turkey which were fought and won under the auspices of the

2802: 2613: 2588: 2273: 2147: 2131: 2127:

were confiscated and either retained by the king or given to loyal

1923:, whose emphases on reason, tolerance and inclusiveness influenced 1777: 1572:

and subsequent attempts to reiterate it, including the majority of

1450: 1288:

Luther's refusal to retract his writings in confrontation with the

1246: 1231: 848: 844: 840: 804: 753: 469: 340: 5241:

Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland

4338:

1567 – Missionaries Jeronimo da Cruz and Sebastiao da Canto, both

2034: 879:) were relatively peaceful and focused on integration rather than 9257: 8866: 8846: 8703: 8592: 7831: 7761: 7421: 7385: 5187: 4806: 4539: 4497: 4451: 4440: 3975: 3928: 3920: 3816:

1540 – Franciscans arrive in Trinidad and are killed by cannibals

3726: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3476: 3401: 2968: 2832: 2794: 2761: 2608:, addressed issues of certain ecclesiastical corruptions such as 2175: 2167: 2069:

1553–1558, a loose consensus developed during the reign of

2062: 1953: 1915: 1705: 1674: 1264: 1212: 1129: 1070:, Germany in 1517. Early protest was against corruptions such as 927: 919: 894:

with a significant role played by the Catholic Church led to the

504: 229: 202: 5131:, St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, p. 338. 4884:

History of Christian theology § Renaissance and Reformation

3571:

order arrives in Mexico; First Christian missionaries arrive in

3348:

and begin moving inland in the wake of Portuguese military units

2567:, (the list of prohibited books) or simply the "Index," and the 2279:. This movement spread, and greatly influenced the formation of 1960:

of Jesus, the nature of Jesus as fully human and fully God, the

8073: 6847: 6767: 6634: 4758: 4751: 4725:

chaplains expand their ministry beyond the European expatriates

4653:

1589 – Francis Solano (or Solanus) goes to Peru as a missionary

4611: 4486: 4416: 4381: 4156: 4126:

gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants

3979: 3967: 3879: 3866:

leaves the Netherlands and begins planting churches in Germany

3830: 3667: 3572: 3457: 3420: 3286: 3248: 3155: 2999: 2940: 2839:

The Council of Trent generated a revival of religious life and

2798: 2749: 2692: 2609: 2246:, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter 2240: 2171: 2163: 1749: 1682: 1305: 1071: 931: 923: 864: 860: 656: 157: 3344:

1522 – Portuguese missionaries establish presence on coast of

2905: 2469:

Harsh persecution of Protestants by the Spanish government of

1568:

Large numbers of Europeans were excommunicated under the 1521

1534:. In 1580, it was published with the Augsburg Confession, the 8799: 8259: 8198: 8155: 7395: 5357:

Paris and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: August 24, 1572

5296:

The "Chambre Ardente" and French Protestantism under Henry II

4919:

Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 16th century

4779:

1600 – French missionaries arrive in the area of what is now

4713: 4610:

reports that locals kill elephants to protect their crops in

4492:

1578 – King of Spain orders the bishop of Lima not to confer

4471: 4298: 4166: 3883: 3386:

1525 – Italian Franciscan missionary Giulio Zarco is sent to

3244: 3180: 3140: 2653: 2629: 2139: 1998: 1154: 1150: 991: 983: 899: 783:

came to the forefront and marked a significant change in the

172: 134: 5552:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

5496:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

5470:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

5431:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

5417:, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, pp. 109–110 4879:

History of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Ottoman period

4556:

adopted at different times in different regions of the world

867:

and Asia. While some of these missions were associated with

5657: 4980:

Definition of Protestantism at the Episcopal Church website

4750:. By 1640, thousands of Japanese Christians will have been 4533: 4006: 3937:

becomes a Jesuit. He will wind up in Japan as a missionary.

3878:

1544 – Franciscan Andrés de Olmos, a veteran missionary in

3545: 3201: 3184: 3062: 2135: 1603:, and perspective on Christian life and theology. Calvin's 1514:

presented a written summary of Lutheran beliefs called the

1321: 1197:

friar, called for a reopening of the debate on the sale of

1185: 903: 836: 5999:

Tanis, James. "Reformed Pietism and Protestant Missions",

5382:"The Forgotten Reformations in Eastern Europe – Resources" 4768:

1599 – Jesuit Francisco Fernandez goes to what is now the

3982:

within sight of the ship from which they had disembarked.

2908:, proclaiming himself to be the new Archbishop of Peć and 1910: 898:

of the indigenous populations of the Americas such as the

807:

and other colonies in order to spread Christianity in the

5711:"Orthodox Kypseli" Publications – Thessalonika, Greece – 4681:

1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed

4566: 3840: 3167:

Antonio de Montesino returns to Spain to try to convince

2706:

Over the next 150 years, the missions expanded into

2477:

and eventually, the separation of the largely Protestant

2143: 1591:

and an approach to Christian life and thought within the

1237:

After this first stage of the Reformation, following the

5257:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. 4954:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 88–94. 3978:

with two companions. They are immediately killed by the

3765:

decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark

3468:

and eventually settle among the Quivira (now called the

1665:. The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against 1128:

but did not take hold in certain northern areas such as

5681: 5485:, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, p. 110 4728:

1596 – Jesuit missionaries travel across the island of

3994:

1550 – Printed Scriptures are available in 28 languages

2023:

of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under

8013:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

5669: 5630:

Otto Stegmüller, Barock, in Marienkunde, 1967, p. 566

3211:

1514 – Franciscans begin missionary work in California

3065:. For his military services there he will be given an 2315:

Though not personally interested in religious reform,

2224:

is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation

1563: 1554:. Together they were distributed in a volume entitled 1218:

Parallel to events in Germany was a movement began in

5645: 4641:, Florida, considered first mission to North America 3222:, the Negus or Emperor of Abyssinia (an old name for 2109:

have the longest traditions as Lutheran monasteries.

5633: 4802: 4225:, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also 2115:

Monastic life in England came to an abrupt end with

1842:

Works of human effort cannot cause or contribute to

1281:, which he burned at Wittenberg along with books of 1271:. Soon, Luther had begun to develop his theology of 6073:. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 519–520. 4718:

1594 – First Jesuit missionaries arrive in Pakistan

3625:

Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith

3372:. It has been called "the first missionary hymn of 3338:and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in 2875:based their activities on a virtuous life, free of 2449:: The organised destruction of Catholic images, or 5693: 4904:Timeline of Christian missions § 1500 to 1600 4706:1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the 3819:1541 – Franciscans begin establishing missions in 3449:, it is the first Protestant missionary conference 3057:, who will later become an ardent defender of the 1447:. The argument was long, but nothing was resolved. 1180: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5600: 5598: 5192:The Sacking of Rome & The English Reformation 5033:Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. 4674:is still binding on the church today because the 4043:1553 – Portuguese missionaries build a church in 3795:are encountered by Spanish Franciscan missionary 1872:Salvation can be lost, as continued salvation is 9285: 5588: 5586: 5578:The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History 3297:, also known as Bernardino de San José, goes to 3025:, making the Russian Church one of the Orthodox 1630:, and also influenced English reformers such as 1403:offered to place Luther under their protection. 1038:by Lutheran princes against the decision of the 906:. Later waves of colonial expansion such as the 5425: 5423: 5331: 5267: 4909:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church#1454–1600 4380:and 39 other Jesuit missionaries are killed by 4356:, Diego de Herrera baptizes Chieftain Tupas of 3813:, last edition 1569, never denounced by England 2994:. Realizing the necessity of strengthening the 2257:The Scottish Reformation decisively shaped the 1818:, Arminianism is perhaps most prominent in the 575:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 6094:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. 5783: 5713:http://www.impantokratoros.gr/170832DE.en.aspx 5595: 4446:begins with the arrival of Franciscan friars; 4186:, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, visited the 3944:founds the College of the Holy Name of God in 3069:, an estate that included the services of the 1760:, which held that God had, from all eternity, 1409:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation 8973:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 8672: 8089: 6412: 5583: 5210: 5208: 5206: 4975: 4973: 3843:in West India; Franciscans reach what is now 3149:came to believe that Psalm 58 prophesied the 2453:, swept through Netherlands churches in 1566. 2181:In Sweden the Reformation was spearheaded by 1552:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope 756:after late Gothic reconstruction (1502–1515). 722: 5488: 5420: 5216:"THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY AND SCANDINAVIA" 4757:1598 – Spanish missionaries push north from 4684:1591 – First Roman Catholic church built in 4510:1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, 4033:, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies" 3129:1509 – First church building constructed on 2537:. The entire process was spearheaded by the 1869:to be resisted by those unwilling to believe 6426: 5531: 5475: 5462: 5449: 5407: 4899:Timeline of Christianity § Reformation 4688:; First Chinese admitted as members of the 2813:) were able to win election to the papacy. 2676:and the birth of modern international law. 2596:church; Museo Diocesiano Tridentino, Trento 1825:Arminianism holds to the following tenets: 1042:in 1529, which reaffirmed the edict of the 8096: 8082: 6419: 6405: 5932:, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 542 5544: 5518: 5317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5203: 5056: 4970: 3991:of the Church of England by Thomas Cranmer 2971:assumed the title of “Tsar and Grand Duke 2962: 2887: 1709:Ulrich Zwingli, wearing the scholar's cap. 1607:and Christian life forms the basis of the 729: 715: 64: 5444:How the Church Built Western Civilization 5129:The Renaissance and Reformation Movements 4439:1573 – Large-scale evangelization of the 3110:1508 – Franciscans begin evangelizing in 2929:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2914:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2663: 2327:. In this act, Protestants denounced the 2045:There were some notable opponents to the 1657:The Reformation foundations engaged with 1415:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church 937: 815:. At the same time, missionaries such as 6126: 6119:Кратка историја Српске православне цркве 6040: 5687: 5663: 5611: 5606:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 5570: 5557: 5513:A History of the Mexican-American People 5501: 5436: 5369:Hungarian Reformed Federation of America 5096: 4950:Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology", in 2815: 2720: 2587: 2550:The counter-reformation and developed a 2441: 2385: 2323:movement. This changed in 1534 with the 2295: 2202:reformation of the official state church 2033: 1914: 1704: 1476:and strong personalities on both sides. 1462: 1449: 1357: 1341: 1251: 1184: 1167: 941: 759: 740: 38:For broader coverage of this topic, see 9304:Christianity in the early modern period 7837:Fostering of early experimental science 6115: 5651: 5040: 4931: 4148:with five priests to convert the local 3690:of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland 2931:granted Mount Sinai autonomous status. 1911:Anglicanism and the English Reformation 1074:, episcopal vacancies, and the sale of 9286: 7941:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 6206:. University of Chicago Press (1975). 5255:The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 4470:1575 – Church building constructed in 3683:used in many 16th century translations 3008:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2892:Shortly after the Turkish conquest of 2515: 2438:History of religion in the Netherlands 1215:among the poorer sections of society. 8077: 6400: 6191:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (2000). 6064: 6035:Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther 5639: 5292: 4944: 4650:missionary arrives in the Philippines 4485:and penetrate inland, burning Muslim 4019:(One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia 3548:begins when missionaries arrive with 2732: 1673:of 1524–1525 swept through the 5252: 5082:The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod 4165:1559 – Missionary Vilela settles in 3695:Institutes of the Christian Religion 3645:claim to be the supreme head of the 3497:lays out some principles of correct 3408:friars arrive in the Mexican capital 3278:bishop from sub-Saharan Black Africa 3076:1503 – Mar Elijah, Patriarch of the 3023:Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus' 2882: 2691:missionaries arrived in what is now 2643: 1833:to make any effort towards salvation 1768:) and likewise who would be damned ( 1745:Institutes of the Christian Religion 6087: 5699: 5675: 5483:The Native Peoples of North America 5415:The Native Peoples of North America 4894:Timeline of the English Reformation 4307:Examination of the Council of Trent 3415:, English NT translation from 1516 3218:is sent on a diplomatic mission to 2863:and Earth and her powerful role as 2583: 1994:The Defence of the Seven Sacraments 1564:Results of the Lutheran Reformation 790: 570:Members Church of God International 13: 6151: 6071:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5945:(New York, Palgrave, 2000), p. 93. 5732:"Atrocities of the Uniate or Unia" 5102: 4576:and a Chinese scholar translate a 3752:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3629:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3563:of Russia to preach Gospel to the 3379:1524 – Martin de Valencia goes to 3362:writes a missionary hymn based on 3071:indigenous peoples of the Americas 3059:indigenous peoples of the Americas 2922: 2699:in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or 1780:, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. 1536:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 1378: 1249:, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. 14: 9315: 6218: 5930:Science and Civilisation in China 4952:The Cambridge Companion to Luther 4009:(Peru) as well as a hospital for 4003:National University of San Marcos 3281:1519 – Two Franciscans accompany 3017:in Russia. In 1589, Metropolitan 2934: 2672:, led to debate on the nature of 1952:doctrine in general, such as the 1764:foreordained who would be saved ( 1700: 1346:The sale of indulgences shown in 1176:and the heroes of the Reformation 998:. Other important reformers were 795:During the age of discovery, the 9268: 9267: 9256: 8384:State church of the Roman Empire 8103: 6189:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 6091:Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire 6050:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 5149:MacCulloch, Diarmaid, pp.146–148 5035:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 4847: 4833: 4819: 4805: 4666:1590 – A book by Belgian pastor 4637:1587? Mission Nombre De Dios in 4190:, where he rapidly made converts 4026:dies awaiting admission to China 3791:of what is now the Southwestern 3627:about the wretched condition of 3464:'s expedition searching for the 3301:with the newly appointed Bishop 2408:, a former Huguenot, issued the 2123:. The property and lands of the 2075:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 1874:conditional upon continued faith 1328:set a model for the practice of 871:and oppression, others (notably 696: 34:Christianity in the 17th century 30:Christianity in the 15th century 8367:First seven ecumenical councils 6112:(New York: Penguin Books, 2004) 6037:(New York: Penguin Books, 1995) 6015: 6006: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5935: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5810: 5801: 5758: 5749: 5724: 5705: 5624: 5398: 5374: 5361: 5350: 5325: 5286: 5261: 5246: 5233: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5121: 5074: 5065: 4670:has a chapter arguing that the 4603:, and the East and West Indies. 4159:duke Saltan Idarov converts to 4070:Pontifical Gregorian University 3948:on the northwest coast of India 2656:in his late years, and his son 2041:, Queen of England and Ireland. 1611:, a term roughly equivalent to 1181:Martin Luther and the Lutherans 9234:Relations with other religions 8640:Church of the East (Nestorian) 8635:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 7800:Separation of church and state 7469:Formal and material principles 7454:Separation of church and state 6136:. Cambridge University Press. 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4957: 4761:into what is now the state of 4593:vinculo de hermandad misionera 4584:（天主實録） (A True Account of God) 4388:, while on their way to Brazil 3734:Dissolution of the Monasteries 3595:– perhaps 20,000 people in all 3491:On Translating: An Open Letter 2900:in 1526, Serbian Metropolitan 2431: 2402:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 2270:Scottish Covenanters' movement 2153: 2117:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2092: 2029:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1790: 1737: 1483:, it was decided that until a 886:The expansion of the Catholic 580:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 525:Nondenominational Christianity 40:Christianity in the modern era 1: 7464:Hymnody of continental Europe 6615:Apostles in the New Testament 6227:The Seven Ecumenical Councils 6027: 4914:Catholic-Protestant relations 4889:History of Oriental Orthodoxy 4678:did not fulfill it completely 4606:1586 – Portuguese missionary 4580:into Chinese under the title 3839:goes to Portuguese colony of 3736:in England, Wales and Ireland 3452:1528 – Franciscan missionary 3369:Es woll uns Gott genädig sein 3214:1515 – Portuguese missionary 3089:1506 – Mission work begun in 2777:expressed in the councils of 2773:The papacy was questioned by 2650:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2535:French school of spirituality 2359:Despite heavy persecution by 1438:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1421:On the Freedom of a Christian 1159:colonization of North America 6021:Latourette, vol. III, p. 328 5874:Latourette, vol. III, p. 253 4841:Reformed Christianity portal 4001:Jerome de Loaysa founds the 3882:, struck northward into the 3192:Fifth Council of the Lateran 2785:. Real reforms during these 2481:from the Catholic-dominated 2081:are traditionally ascribed. 1579: 1290:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1259:, by Lucas Cranach the Elder 585:Unitarians and Universalists 7: 8941:Views on poverty and wealth 6912:Eastern Orthodox opposition 6187:Freedman, David Noel (Ed). 4798: 4245:burns the libraries of the 3958:, who had worked among the 3583:1534 – The entire caste of 3032: 2896:in 1521 and victory in the 2564:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 2554:, which was pitted against 2485:, the present-day Belgium. 2261:and, through it, all other 2207: 2178:) converted to that faith. 996:priesthood of all believers 746:Saint Nicholas Concathedral 10: 9320: 9186:World Evangelical Alliance 9148:Traditionalist Catholicism 6929:Art patronage of Julius II 6246: 6235: 6174:From Jesus to Christianity 6110:The Reformation: A History 6065:Fotić, Aleksandar (2008). 6001:Harvard Theological Review 5856:Latourette, vol. 3, p. 113 5049:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4781:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 4312:Examen Concilii Tridentini 4133:Gaspar da Cruz arrives in 3722:, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist 3531:Reformation in Switzerland 3316:together with Juan Clapión 3251:to Christian missionaries 2983:, as it was called in the 2871:, an elite group, and the 2736: 2708:southwestern North America 2604:(1545–1563), initiated by 2493:Much of the population of 2488: 2435: 2235:and approved a Protestant 2077:" to which the origins of 2027:, the policy known as the 1895:Within the broad scope of 1522:in 1531, which led to the 1141:and initiated missions in 1026:is derived from the Latin 978:, attainable only through 37: 27: 17: 9299:16th-century Christianity 9251: 9201: 9181:World Council of Churches 9156: 9074: 8958: 8949: 8904: 8689: 8673: 8668:Latter Day Saint movement 8653: 8613: 8513: 8494: 8440: 8397: 8342: 8248: 8227: 8186: 8154: 8111: 8021: 7856: 7775: 7704: 7639: 7561: 7492: 7432:Calvinist–Arminian debate 7406: 7173: 7056: 6892: 6783: 6665: 6563: 6452: 6434: 6159:The Early Christian World 6116:Пузовић, Предраг (2000). 6067:"Serbian Orthodox Church" 5820:, Macmillan, 1964, p. 126 5371:(Washington, D.C.: 1956). 5197:January 15, 2009, at the 4737:Ukrainian Catholic Church 4444:Indian nations and tribes 4415:1572 – Jesuits arrive in 4297:1565 – Jesuits arrive in 4022:1552 – Jesuit missionary 3901:1545–1563 Catholic 3779:1538 – Franciscans enter 3743:paints the Last Judgement 3544:1532 – Evangelization of 3400:1526 – Franciscans enter 3383:with 12 Franciscan friars 3293:1520 – German missionary 3190:1512–1517 Catholic 2499:writings of Martin Luther 2365:Reformed Church of France 2301:Francis I, King of France 2291: 1836:Salvation is possible by 1440:to arrange a compromise. 1348:A Question to a Mintmaker 1149:, Africa, Asia, and even 777:16th-century Christianity 9209:Anti-Christian sentiment 8389:Christian biblical canon 7921:Christian existentialism 6176:. HarperCollins (2004). 6003:, vol. 67 (1974), p. 65. 5990:Latourette, 1953, p. 939 5816:Melady, Thomas Patrick. 5332:Nathanaël Weiss (1889). 5293:Baird, Henry M. (1891). 5268:Nathanaël Weiss (1889). 4925: 4869:History of Protestantism 4723:Dutch East India Company 4464:in the Mexican state of 4402:saves Christian Europe; 4174:Order of the Golden Spur 3933:1547 – Wealthy Spaniard 3763:Christian III of Denmark 3602:established independent 3479:14,000 people on one day 3006:managed to persuade the 2857:Battle of Lepanto (1571) 1978:three orders of ministry 1726:, and the denial of the 1354:of Augsburg, circa 1530. 1310:translation of the Bible 1296:in 1521 resulted in his 1222:under the leadership of 1066:on the castle church in 1022:"true gospel." The word 968:University of Wittenberg 857:Portuguese sent missions 799:established a number of 9294:Christianity by century 9263:Christianity portal 8422:Investiture Controversy 6428:History of Christianity 6237:History of Christianity 6202:Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. 5459:, Penguin, 1990, p. 327 5299:. New York. p. 404 5006:MacCulloch, pp. 124–125 4864:History of Christianity 4384:near Palma, one of the 4370:of Moscow strangled by 4217:French Wars of Religion 3533:, independent of Luther 3355:, German NT translation 2963:Russian Orthodox Church 2888:Serbian Orthodox Church 2831:—exemplifies the 2525:, the establishment of 1850:election is conditional 1758:(double) predestination 1267:scholars, most notably 1103:Magisterial Reformation 1062:and the posting of the 9214:Christian universalism 8605:Western Rite Orthodoxy 8450:Protestant Reformation 7989:Fourth Great Awakening 7876:Second Great Awakening 7115:Fall of Constantinople 6907:Development of primacy 6122:. Крагујевац: Каленић. 6108:MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 5253:Holt, Mack P. (1995). 5158:MacCulloch, pp.148–149 5140:MacCulloch, pp.137–138 4708:Second Vatican Council 4631:expelled Jesuits from 4621:to be baptized by the 4212:, Scottish Reformation 4082:persecuted reformers: 4078:1553–1558 Queen 4017:Stoglav Church Council 3811:Complutensian Polyglot 3552:'s military expedition 3266:Protestant Reformation 3206:Bartolomé de las Casas 3055:Bartolomé de las Casas 2849:Ottoman Wars in Europe 2836: 2729: 2687:. The following year, 2664:Spread of Christianity 2597: 2556:Lutheran scholasticism 2454: 2414:Edict of Fontainebleau 2394: 2325:Affair of the Placards 2303: 2229:Reformation Parliament 2042: 2001:awarded him the title 1928: 1802:thought in Protestant 1710: 1546:of Martin Luther, the 1459: 1375: 1355: 1332:within Protestantism. 1304:and declaration as an 1260: 1190: 1177: 1036:letter of protestation 970:, began to teach that 956:Protestant Reformation 947: 938:Protestant Reformation 772: 757: 8872:Anointing of the Sick 7984:Reformed epistemology 7926:Third Great Awakening 7896:Seventh-day Adventist 7817:First Great Awakening 7690:Book of Common Prayer 7484:Protestant work ethic 7027:Independent Catholics 6978:Monastery dissolution 6088:Kia, Mehrdad (2011). 4660:is elected the first 4411:Dutch Reformed Church 4227:Christianity in India 4161:Orthodox Christianity 4140:1557 – Jesuit bishop 3989:Book of Common Prayer 3873:Parliament of England 3538:Our Lady of Guadalupe 3417:Greek text of Erasmus 3285:in his expedition to 3038:16th century Timeline 2977:Grand Duchy of Moscow 2867:of many graces". The 2819: 2791:Fifth Lateran Council 2724: 2591: 2464:Dutch Reformed Church 2445: 2389: 2299: 2047:Henrician Reformation 2037: 2031:was put into effect. 1962:Resurrection of Jesus 1918: 1829:Humans are naturally 1708: 1628:Peter Martyr Vermigli 1493:Second Diet of Speyer 1463:Political maneuvering 1453: 1361: 1345: 1255: 1188: 1171: 945: 877:Jesuit China missions 763: 744: 18:Further information: 9193:Nondenominationalism 9066:Role in civilization 8533:Independent Catholic 8475:Relations with Islam 8455:Catholic Reformation 7807:Edicts of toleration 7616:Three Forms of Unity 7381:Bohemian Reformation 6954:Catholic Reformation 6811:Roman state religion 6630:Council of Jerusalem 6161:. Routledge (2004). 4789:, Dominican priest, 4504:Alessandro Valignano 4270:Thirty-Nine Articles 4260:Heidelberg Catechism 4150:Ethiopian Christians 3688:Helvetic Confessions 3509:, Luther founds the 3460:. He will accompany 3435:, banned in 1546 by 3303:Alessandro Geraldini 3165:Dominican missionary 3101:St. Peter's Basilica 2873:Sodality of Our Lady 2670:Francisco de Vitoria 2594:Santa Maria Maggiore 2552:Second scholasticism 2483:Southern Netherlands 2265:churches worldwide. 2248:Mary, Queen of Scots 2214:Scottish Reformation 2119:during the reign of 1982:apostolic succession 1974:Thirty-Nine Articles 1972:(as affirmed by the 1859:was potentially for 1671:German Peasants' War 1593:Protestant tradition 1481:First Diet of Speyer 1048:Western Christianity 1034:which refers to the 881:cultural imperialism 769:John III of Portugal 422:Independent Catholic 9239:Unlimited atonement 9224:Cultural Christians 8663:Jehovah's Witnesses 8285:Sermon on the Mount 8214:Christian tradition 8141:Lists of Christians 7979:Liberation theology 7886:Jehovah's Witnesses 7719:Radical Reformation 7447:Resistance theories 7334:Christian mysticism 7329:Early Scholasticism 7041:Ecclesial community 6939:Counter-Reformation 6804:Constantinian shift 6172:White, L. Michael. 5807:Tucker, 2004, p. 55 5666:, pp. 134–135. 5608:(2004), pp. 201–205 4813:Christianity portal 4791:burned at the stake 4662:Patriarch of Moscow 4425:, founded Scottish 4368:Metropolitan Philip 4184:Goncalo da Silveira 4100:burned at the stake 4063:burned at the stake 3649:, and was executed. 3608:English Reformation 3507:Augsburg Confession 3247:opened the door of 3105:Vatican Swiss Guard 2869:Colloquium Marianum 2787:ecumenical councils 2767:The Praise of Folly 2743:Italian Renaissance 2626:Blessed Virgin Mary 2577:Diarmaid MacCulloch 2516:Counter-Reformation 2459:Seventeen Provinces 2272:, the precursor to 2237:Confession of Faith 2188:Under the reign of 2009:Catherine of Aragon 1933:English Reformation 1557:The Book of Concord 1520:Schmalkaldic League 1516:Augsburg Confession 1512:Philipp Melanchthon 1436:so he prevailed on 1401:Franz von Sickingen 1352:Jörg Breu the Elder 1337:Protestant movement 1134:Counter-Reformation 1107:Radical Reformation 1008:Philipp Melanchthon 974:is a gift of God's 908:Scramble for Africa 811:and to convert the 703:Christianity portal 560:Jehovah's Witnesses 240:History of theology 24:Counter-Reformation 9084:Crusading movement 8352:Ante-Nicene period 8053:Oriental Orthodoxy 7696:King James Version 7508:Ninety-five Theses 7304:Apostolic Brethren 7078:Church of the East 7073:Oriental Orthodoxy 6919:Crusading movement 6439:Early Christianity 5865:Herbermann, p. 385 5718:2007-07-06 at the 5678:, p. 114-115. 5619:Saints and Sinners 5592:Franzen, pp. 65–78 5565:Saints and Sinners 5335:La Chambre Ardente 5271:La Chambre Ardente 5239:Article 1, of the 5176:MacCulloch, p. 243 5167:MacCulloch, p. 238 5090:2009-07-01 at the 5053:Press, 1989, ix–x. 5024:MacCulloch, p. 128 5015:MacCulloch, p. 119 4985:2007-08-15 at the 4855:Catholicism portal 4744:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 4696:Clementine Vulgate 4629:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 4561:St Terese of Avila 4554:Gregorian calendar 4327:Fort George Island 4210:Church of Scotland 4188:Munhumutapa Empire 4011:indigenous peoples 3677:Desiderius Erasmus 3641:refused to accept 3618:Ignatius of Loyola 3559:is founded in the 3557:Pechenga Monastery 3515:1531 – Franciscan 3328:Ferdinand Magellan 3177:Dominican Republic 3147:Martin de Valencia 3126:'s vaulted ceiling 3078:East Syrian church 3049:native populations 2902:Pavle of Smederevo 2837: 2739:Renaissance Papacy 2733:Renaissance Church 2730: 2716:Thomas the Apostle 2681:Ferdinand Magellan 2658:Philip II of Spain 2622:transubstantiation 2598: 2495:Kingdom of Hungary 2455: 2395: 2352:La Chambre Ardente 2342:Parlement de Rouen 2304: 2259:Church of Scotland 2107:Amelungsborn Abbey 2043: 1929: 1820:Methodist movement 1804:Christian theology 1711: 1663:Augustine of Hippo 1624:Heinrich Bullinger 1609:Reformed tradition 1605:system of theology 1589:Christian theology 1532:Formula of Concord 1460: 1430:Frederick the Wise 1389:Work on the Psalms 1376: 1356: 1326:Katharina von Bora 1261: 1191: 1189:Luther's 95 Theses 1178: 1115:Councils of Nicaea 948: 912:struggle for India 813:indigenous peoples 773: 771:for an expedition. 758: 442:Church of the East 306:Early Christianity 9281: 9280: 9247: 9246: 9175:Charta Oecumenica 8685: 8684: 8675:Iglesia ni Cristo 8490: 8489: 8470:French Revolution 8460:Thirty Years' War 8332:Apostolic fathers 8300:Great Commandment 8071: 8070: 8048:Eastern Orthodoxy 7916:Finnish Awakening 7871:Holiness movement 7812:Congregationalism 7771: 7770: 7631:Metrical psalters 7068:Eastern Orthodoxy 7012:Neo-Scholasticism 6719:Canon development 6620:Jewish Christians 6395: 6394: 6277: 6276: 6157:Esler, Philip F. 6033:Bainton, Roland. 5963:Kane, pp. 62, 130 5928:Needham, Joseph. 5554:(2007), pp. 3, 17 5481:Johansen, Bruce, 5413:Johansen, Bruce, 5404:MacCulloch, p.404 5386:www.eldrbarry.net 4997:MacCulloch, p. xx 4965:Smalcald Articles 4704:Sistine Vulgateof 4700:Pope Clement VIII 4668:Hadrian à Saravia 4658:Metropolitan Jove 4623:Church of England 4513:Our Lady of Kazan 4400:Battle of Lepanto 4274:Church of England 4264:Reformed churches 4247:Maya civilization 4124:Peace of Augsburg 4080:Mary I of England 3851:Roman Inquisition 3679:, Dutch scholar, 3647:Church in England 3643:King Henry VIII's 3616:order founded by 3604:Church of England 3550:Francisco Pizarro 3499:Bible translating 3334:for Spain, first 3295:Maximilian Uhland 3216:Francisco Álvares 3045:Pope Alexander VI 3021:became the first 2981:Tsardom of Russia 2910:Serbian Patriarch 2883:Eastern Orthodoxy 2855:. The victory at 2823:—adjoining 2811:Pope Alexander VI 2758:Leonardo da Vinci 2644:Secular influence 2638:protracted debate 2569:Roman Inquisition 2506:Habsburg monarchy 2475:Eighty Years' War 2418:Frederick William 2391:Saint Bartholomew 2371:and parts of the 2013:Emperor Charles V 1941:Church of England 1852:on faith in Jesus 1724:first commandment 1640:Reformed churches 1548:Smalcald Articles 1474:Holy Roman Empire 1454:First edition of 1397:Ulrich von Hutten 1330:clerical marriage 888:Portuguese Empire 835:were moving into 819:as well as other 739: 738: 592: 591: 565:Latter Day Saints 550:Iglesia ni Cristo 515:United Protestant 500:Plymouth Brethren 435:Oriental Orthodox 9311: 9271: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9104:Environmentalism 9054:Church buildings 8956: 8955: 8771:Eastern Orthodox 8766:Eastern Catholic 8678: 8677: 8645:Eastern Catholic 8623:Eastern Orthodox 8511: 8510: 8432:Age of Discovery 8417:East–West Schism 8315:Great Commission 8246: 8245: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8075: 8074: 7490: 7489: 6877:Non-Chalcedonian 6858:Constantinople I 6650:General epistles 6645:Pauline epistles 6625:Paul the Apostle 6603:Great Commission 6421: 6414: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6272:the 17th century 6256:the 15th century 6248: 6247: 6233: 6232: 6147: 6128:Runciman, Steven 6123: 6105: 6084: 6061: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5829:Gailey, p. 44–45 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5768:. Archived from 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5734:. Archived from 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5590: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5455:Chadwick, Owen, 5453: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5212: 5201: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5127:Spitz, Lewis W. 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5103:Schaff, Philip. 5100: 5094: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5071:Bainton, p. 223. 5069: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4977: 4968: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4942: 4937:Brecht, Martin. 4935: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4770:Jessore District 4672:Great Commission 4518:1580 – Japanese 4432:1572–1606 4372:Malyuta Skuratov 4325:on the sands of 4221:1560–1812 4215:1560–1598 4206:Scots Confession 4055:Michael Servetus 4038:Joachim Westphal 3903:Council of Trent 3801:1539–1569 3768:1537–1551 3750:orders that the 3739:1536–1541 3732:1536–1540 3652:1535–1537 3589:Coromandel Coast 3527:Huldrych Zwingli 3484:Marburg Colloquy 3118:1508–1512 2949:East-West Schism 2898:Battle of Mohacs 2841:Marian devotions 2618:seven Sacraments 2602:Council of Trent 2584:Council of Trent 2539:Council of Trent 2426:Edict of Potsdam 2381:Wars of Religion 2174:(who also ruled 2017:Act of Supremacy 1882:Simon Episcopius 1812:Jacobus Arminius 1693:, a knight from 1544:Small Catechisms 1508:Diet of Augsburg 1479:In 1526, at the 1318:King James Bible 1269:Cardinal Cajetan 1004:Huldrych Zwingli 896:Christianization 847:treaty with the 791:Age of Discovery 765:Francisco Xavier 731: 724: 717: 700: 545:Christadelphians 475:Free Evangelical 428:Eastern Orthodox 385: 384: 336:East–West Schism 68: 45: 44: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9255: 9243: 9197: 9152: 9070: 8951: 8945: 8900: 8825:One true church 8681: 8649: 8609: 8498: 8486: 8436: 8393: 8338: 8265:in Christianity 8251: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8182: 8158: 8150: 8107: 8102: 8072: 8067: 8017: 8004:Christian right 7906:Oxford Movement 7881:Restorationists 7852: 7767: 7700: 7635: 7586:Presbyterianism 7557: 7537:Book of Concord 7488: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7169: 7059: 7052: 6888: 6787: 6779: 6738:Clement of Rome 6668: 6661: 6565: 6559: 6448: 6430: 6425: 6271: 6270:Christianity in 6268: 6262: 6255: 6254:Christianity in 6252: 6241:The Reformation 6221: 6154: 6152:Further reading 6144: 6102: 6081: 6058: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5941:Paul B. Henze, 5940: 5936: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5818:Faces of Africa 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5784: 5775: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720:Wayback Machine 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5519: 5506: 5502: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5467: 5463: 5457:The Reformation 5454: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5388: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5251: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5204: 5199:Wayback Machine 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5097: 5092:Wayback Machine 5081: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062:Bainton, p. 269 5061: 5057: 5051:Yale University 5045: 5041: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987:Wayback Machine 4978: 4971: 4963:Martin Luther, 4962: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4748:Nagasaki, Japan 4619:American Indian 4608:João dos Santos 4582:Tian Zhu Shi Lu 4527:Book of Concord 4393:Capuchin friars 4378:Ignacio Azevedo 4334:Roman Catechism 4316:Martin Chemnitz 4276:, also decreed 4223:Goa Inquisition 4152:to Catholicism. 4142:André de Oviedo 4092:Nicholas Ridley 3915:travels to the 3853:established by 3807:Thomas Cromwell 3654:Myles Coverdale 3517:Juan de Padilla 3511:Lutheran Church 3454:Juan de Padilla 3397:movement begins 3323:condemns Luther 3099:orders the Old 3084:and to China." 3039: 3035: 3013:to establish a 2965: 2937: 2925: 2923:Church of Sinai 2890: 2885: 2861:Queen of Heaven 2745: 2735: 2666: 2652:who retired to 2646: 2592:The Council in 2586: 2544:Roman Catechism 2531:Spanish mystics 2518: 2491: 2440: 2434: 2410:Edict of Nantes 2393:'s Day Massacre 2294: 2285:Anglican Church 2277:Presbyterianism 2210: 2156: 2121:King Henry VIII 2095: 2025:Thomas Cromwell 2019:made Henry the 1970:Excommunication 1913: 1865:God allows his 1806:founded by the 1798:is a school of 1793: 1740: 1703: 1595:articulated by 1587:is a system of 1582: 1574:German speakers 1566: 1485:General Council 1465: 1434:Catholic clergy 1381: 1379:Widening breach 1370:, sparking the 1314:German language 1298:excommunication 1239:excommunication 1183: 1163:areas of Africa 1147:Central America 1126:Northern Europe 964:Doctor in Bible 940: 851:, by which the 797:Catholic Church 793: 735: 672: 671: 642:Other religions 602: 594: 593: 382: 381: 361: 360: 281: 280: 260: 259: 193: 183: 182: 143: 142: 124: 123: 89: 88: 43: 36: 26: 12: 11: 5: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9265: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 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8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8508: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8357:Late antiquity 8354: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8327:Church fathers 8324: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8256: 8254: 8243: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8001: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7969:Pentecostalism 7966: 7964:Jesus movement 7961: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7755:Martyrs Mirror 7751: 7746: 7741: 7739:Martyrs' Synod 7736: 7731: 7729:Swiss Brethren 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7498: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7474:Law and Gospel 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155:Ottoman Empire 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6884:Biblical canon 6881: 6880: 6879: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6795: 6793: 6785:Late antiquity 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6733:Church Fathers 6726: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6265: 6258: 6244: 6243: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6219:External links 6217: 6216: 6215: 6200: 6185: 6170: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6124: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6085: 6079: 6062: 6056: 6042:Ćirković, Sima 6038: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5943:Layers of Time 5934: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5809: 5800: 5798:Barrett, p. 26 5782: 5757: 5748: 5723: 5704: 5702:, p. 115. 5692: 5690:, p. 204. 5680: 5668: 5656: 5654:, pp. 27. 5644: 5642:, p. 519. 5632: 5623: 5621:(1997), p. 149 5610: 5594: 5582: 5569: 5567:(1997), p. 133 5556: 5543: 5530: 5517: 5500: 5498:(2007), p. 290 5487: 5474: 5461: 5448: 5446:(2005), p. 137 5435: 5433:(2007), p. 287 5419: 5406: 5397: 5373: 5360: 5349: 5324: 5285: 5260: 5245: 5232: 5202: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5120: 5095: 5080:"Protestant?" 5073: 5064: 5055: 5039: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4969: 4956: 4943: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4844: 4830: 4827:History portal 4816: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4787:Giordano Bruno 4783: 4777: 4766: 4755: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4692: 4682: 4679: 4664: 4654: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4604: 4585: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529:of Lutheranism 4523: 4516: 4508: 4502:1579 – Jesuit 4500: 4490: 4475: 4468: 4454: 4437: 4434:Bishops' Bible 4430: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4396: 4389: 4386:Canary Islands 4374: 4364: 4361: 4352:1568 – In the 4350: 4336: 4330: 4319: 4302: 4295: 4280: 4278:Biblical canon 4266: 4256: 4253:Omura Sumitada 4249: 4243:Diego de Landa 4239: 4229: 4219: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4172:1559 Military 4170: 4163: 4153: 4138: 4127: 4120: 4109: 4102: 4096:Thomas Cranmer 4076: 4066: 4051: 4041: 4034: 4031:Francis Xavier 4027: 4024:Francis Xavier 4020: 4013: 3995: 3992: 3987:1549 original 3985: 3949: 3942:Francis Xavier 3938: 3935:Juan Fernández 3931: 3913:Francis Xavier 3909: 3907:biblical canon 3899: 3894:Francis Xavier 3890: 3876: 3869: 3857: 3847: 3837:Francis Xavier 3833: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3799: 3797:Marcos de Niza 3785: 3777: 3766: 3759: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3720:John of Leiden 3716: 3706: 3691: 3684: 3673: 3664: 3650: 3635: 3621: 3610: 3596: 3581: 3575:, what is now 3553: 3542: 3534: 3523: 3513: 3503: 3489:1530 – In his 3487: 3480: 3473: 3450: 3445:—organized by 3443:Martyrs' Synod 3439: 3409: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3324: 3317: 3306: 3291: 3279: 3268: 3264:begins German 3254: 3237: 3227: 3212: 3209: 3198: 3188: 3169:King Ferdinand 3161: 3143: 3139:begin work in 3133: 3127: 3124:Sistine Chapel 3116: 3108: 3097:Pope Julius II 3093: 3087: 3074: 3051: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3031: 2992:Russian Church 2964: 2961: 2945:Union of Brest 2936: 2935:Union of Brest 2933: 2924: 2921: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2845:Marian beliefs 2734: 2731: 2712:Francis Xavier 2665: 2662: 2645: 2642: 2634:Carlo Borromeo 2632:'s Archbishop 2585: 2582: 2517: 2514: 2490: 2487: 2479:Dutch Republic 2436:Main article: 2433: 2430: 2293: 2290: 2209: 2206: 2155: 2152: 2094: 2091: 2004:Fidei Defensor 1921:Richard Hooker 1912: 1909: 1901:predestination 1897:church history 1877: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1800:soteriological 1792: 1789: 1762:providentially 1739: 1736: 1702: 1701:Ulrich Zwingli 1699: 1659:Augustinianism 1645:predestination 1632:Thomas Cranmer 1581: 1578: 1570:Edict of Worms 1565: 1562: 1524:Schmalkald War 1489:Edict of Worms 1464: 1461: 1456:Exsurge Domine 1445:Thomas Cajetan 1380: 1377: 1278:Exsurge Domine 1224:Ulrich Zwingli 1203:printing press 1182: 1179: 1040:Diet of Speyer 939: 936: 892:Spanish Empire 817:Francis Xavier 792: 789: 737: 736: 734: 733: 726: 719: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 693: 692: 687: 682: 674: 673: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 603: 601:Related topics 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 539: 538: 536:Restorationist 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 445: 438: 431: 424: 419: 414: 413: 412: 407: 392: 391: 383: 380: 379: 374: 368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Church Fathers 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 200: 194: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 144: 141: 140: 137: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 90: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 61: 60: 54: 53: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9316: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9274: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9049:Popular piety 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8830:People of God 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8496:Denominations 8493: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:Enlightenment 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8178:New Testament 8176: 8174: 8173:Old Testament 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:Protestantism 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7931:Azusa Revival 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911:Laestadianism 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7848:Old Lutherans 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:Diet of Worms 7512: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7414:Protestantism 7409: 7405: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7165:North America 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6775:Early African 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Justin Martyr 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578:Life of Jesus 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566:Apostolic Age 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6213: 6212:0-226-65371-4 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197:0-8028-2400-5 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6182:0-06-052655-6 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6167:0-415-33312-1 6164: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6143:9780521313100 6139: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6101:9780313064029 6097: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6080:9781438110257 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6057:9781405142915 6053: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6018: 6012:Olson, p. 114 6009: 6002: 5996: 5987: 5981:Neill, p. 134 5978: 5969: 5960: 5954:Gailey, p. 99 5951: 5944: 5938: 5931: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5901:Tucker, p. 63 5898: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5847:Anderson, 511 5844: 5835: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5772:on 2019-01-23 5771: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5738:on 2009-07-21 5737: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5688:Runciman 1985 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5664:Ćirković 2004 5660: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5604:Bokenkotter, 5601: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5580:(2007), p. 86 5579: 5573: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5541:(2000), p. 13 5540: 5534: 5528:(2000), p. 14 5527: 5521: 5515:(1993), p. 20 5514: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5472:(2007), p. 21 5471: 5465: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5353: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085:(Website FAQ) 5077: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4939:Martin Luther 4934: 4930: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4831: 4828: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4803: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4702:replaced the 4701: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639:St. Augustine 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4614:, Mozambique. 4613: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4599:, China, the 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4450:order enters 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199:Theodore Beza 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3855:Pope Paul III 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3793:United States 3790: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3770:Matthew Bible 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748:Pope Paul III 3745: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:Extreme North 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529:, Protestant 3528: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495:Martin Luther 3492: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3374:Protestantism 3371: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3360:Martin Luther 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3321:Diet of Worms 3318: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3283:Hernán Cortés 3280: 3277: 3274:as the first 3273: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3262:Martin Luther 3259: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Mughal Rulers 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3122:frescoes the 3121: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073:living on it. 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3027:patriarchates 3024: 3020: 3019:Job of Moscow 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3004:Boris Godunov 3001: 2998:authority in 2997: 2993: 2990: 2989:autocephalous 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2957:Scholasticism 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2927:In 1575, the 2920: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2878: 2877:cardinal sins 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2829:Lower Austria 2826: 2825:Wachau Valley 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2701:Sublimis Deus 2698: 2697:Pope Paul III 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Pope Paul III 2603: 2595: 2590: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2424:declared the 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329:Catholic Mass 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:Mary of Guise 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2198:Christian III 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936:Lutheranism. 1934: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1770:the reprobate 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728:real presence 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1691:Florian Geier 1688: 1687:Black Company 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:Schlosskirche 1360: 1353: 1350:, woodcut by 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Diet of Worms 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1273:justification 1270: 1266: 1258: 1257:Martin Luther 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1175: 1174:Martin Luther 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1094:, etc.), and 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Martin Luther 1056: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044:Diet of Worms 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:Martin Luther 957: 953: 944: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 788: 786: 782: 781:Protestantism 778: 770: 766: 762: 755: 751: 747: 743: 732: 727: 725: 720: 718: 713: 712: 710: 709: 704: 699: 695: 694: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 598: 597: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 537: 534: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 446: 444: 443: 439: 437: 436: 432: 430: 429: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400: 396: 395: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 378: 375: 373: 372:Denominations 370: 369: 365: 364: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 192: 187: 186: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 153:New Testament 151: 149: 148:Old Testament 146: 145: 138: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 67: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 41: 35: 31: 25: 21: 16: 9173: 8968:Architecture 8862:Confirmation 8810:Ecclesiology 8741:Original sin 8731:Nicene Creed 8528:Old Catholic 8412:Papal States 8344:Great Church 8310:Resurrection 8252:Christianity 8209:New Covenant 8160:(Scriptures) 8105:Christianity 7974:Charismatics 7957: 7936:Gospel music 7866:Camp meeting 7858:1789–present 7790:Missionaries 7760: 7753: 7744:Menno Simons 7688: 7684:Church music 7535: 7506: 7391:Conciliarism 7376:Papal Schism 7218:Scandinavian 7110:Great Schism 7088:Nestorianism 7060:Christianity 6992:priest holes 6873:Chalcedonian 6836:Christianity 6790:Great Church 6598:Resurrection 6529: 6364: 6267:Followed by: 6251:Preceded by: 6226: 6203: 6188: 6173: 6158: 6132: 6118: 6109: 6090: 6070: 6046: 6034: 6017: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5924: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5817: 5812: 5803: 5774:. Retrieved 5770:the original 5760: 5751: 5740:. Retrieved 5736:the original 5726: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5652:Пузовић 2000 5647: 5635: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5551: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5464: 5456: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5430: 5414: 5409: 5400: 5389:. Retrieved 5385: 5376: 5363: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5334: 5327: 5301:. Retrieved 5295: 5288: 5276:. Retrieved 5270: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5224:. Retrieved 5222:. Chapter 12 5219: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5112:. Retrieved 5109:www.ccel.org 5108: 5098: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4933: 4690:Jesuit order 4592: 4581: 4574:Matteo Ricci 4511: 4427:Presbyterian 4342:, arrive at 4311: 4305: 4233:Menno Simons 4195:Geneva Bible 4178:Pope Paul IV 4088:Hugh Latimer 4074:Vatican City 4059:Unitarianism 4045:Malacca Town 3864:Menno Simons 3741:Michelangelo 3710:Jacob Hutter 3490: 3466:Seven Cities 3433:congregation 3413:Tyndale's NT 3367: 3196:Conciliarism 3194:, condemned 3120:Michelangelo 3015:patriarchate 2996:ecclesiastic 2966: 2959:over faith. 2953: 2938: 2926: 2918: 2891: 2838: 2775:councilarism 2772: 2765: 2754:Michelangelo 2746: 2726:Whitby Abbey 2705: 2678: 2674:human rights 2667: 2647: 2599: 2562: 2560: 2549: 2542: 2519: 2510: 2503: 2492: 2468: 2456: 2451:Beeldenstorm 2450: 2396: 2377: 2358: 2351: 2338: 2334: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2267: 2263:Presbyterian 2256: 2254:of France). 2226: 2211: 2200:and began a 2187: 2180: 2157: 2114: 2111: 2103:Loccum Abbey 2096: 2083: 2044: 2021:Supreme Head 2002: 1997:, for which 1992: 1986: 1984:of bishops. 1966:Original Sin 1958:Virgin Birth 1938: 1930: 1894: 1886:Hugo Grotius 1878: 1824: 1794: 1782: 1774: 1743: 1741: 1716:Grossmünster 1712: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1620:Martin Bucer 1617: 1612: 1608: 1583: 1567: 1555: 1528: 1505: 1500: 1478: 1466: 1455: 1442: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1395:of Bohemia; 1388: 1382: 1363: 1362:Door of the 1347: 1334: 1287: 1276: 1262: 1236: 1217: 1206: 1192: 1123: 1110: 1100: 1092:Presbyterian 1057: 1052: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1012:Martin Bucer 963: 949: 885: 873:Matteo Ricci 843:. Under the 825:Augustinians 794: 776: 774: 607:Civilization 447: 440: 433: 426: 417:Old Catholic 397: 255:Universalism 178:New Covenant 114:Resurrection 58:Christianity 15: 9229:Persecution 9164:Christendom 9157:Cooperation 9094:Charismatic 9005:Holy Spirit 8914:Natural law 8877:Holy orders 8726:Christology 8719:Holy Spirit 8588:Pentecostal 8568:Evangelical 8563:Charismatic 8407:Monasticism 8399:Middle Ages 8362:Constantine 8305:Crucifixion 8187:Foundations 8063:Catholicism 8000:Protestants 7994:Evangelical 7669:39 Articles 7664:Elizabethan 7641:Anglicanism 7621:Westminster 7531:Melanchthon 7494:Lutheranism 7459:Nicodemites 7437:Arminianism 7408:Reformation 7349:Bonaventure 7324:Inquisition 7319:Waldensians 7269:Investiture 7247:Kievan Rus' 7203:Anglo-Saxon 7183:Pelagianism 7175:Middle Ages 7098:Iconodulism 6973:Thomas More 6894:Catholicism 6816:Monasticism 6799:Constantine 6724:Persecution 6682:Adoptionism 6667:Ante-Nicene 6610:Holy Spirit 6593:Crucifixion 6564:Origins and 6465:2nd and 3rd 5972:Kane, p. 71 5919:Kane, p. 76 5838:Kane, p. 68 5550:Koschorke, 5494:Koschorke, 5468:Koschorke, 5429:Koschorke, 5220:vlib.iue.it 4601:Philippines 4544:mathematics 4494:Holy Orders 4458:Augustinian 4448:Augustinian 4404:Pope Pius V 4360:and his son 4354:Philippines 4288:Augustinian 4235:founder of 4176:founded by 4155:1558 – The 4144:arrives in 4113:John Calvin 4084:John Rogers 4072:founded at 4057:founder of 3970:, lands at 3956:Luis Cancer 3919:islands of 3829:returns to 3827:John Calvin 3803:Great Bible 3787:1539 – The 3774:John Rogers 3712:founder of 3699:John Calvin 3697:written by 3639:Thomas More 3606:, see also 3569:Augustinian 3565:Sami people 3555:1533 – The 3521:Mexico City 3456:arrives in 3447:Anabaptists 3353:Luther's NT 3332:Philippines 3330:claims the 3239:1517 – The 3131:Puerto Rico 3011:Jeremias II 2973:of all Rus' 2853:Virgin Mary 2685:Philippines 2432:Netherlands 2422:Brandenburg 2373:aristocracy 2369:bourgeoisie 2250:(then also 2194:Hans Tausen 2190:Frederick I 2183:Gustav Vasa 2160:Scandinavia 2154:Scandinavia 2125:monasteries 2093:Monasticism 2079:Anglicanism 2071:Elizabeth I 2055:John Fisher 2053:and Bishop 2051:Thomas More 2039:Elizabeth I 1925:Anglicanism 1890:John Wesley 1838:grace alone 1816:John Wesley 1810:theologian 1796:Arminianism 1791:Arminianism 1785:Jean Calvin 1738:John Calvin 1695:Giebelstadt 1667:Pelagianism 1597:John Calvin 1372:Reformation 1243:John Calvin 1220:Switzerland 1199:indulgences 1195:Augustinian 1139:Catholicism 1076:indulgences 1032:declaration 1028:protestatio 1016:Anabaptists 1000:John Calvin 988:in humility 952:Renaissance 916:Netherlands 869:imperialism 829:Franciscans 495:Pentecostal 377:(full list) 351:Reformation 316:Constantine 235:Christology 225:Apologetics 218:Holy Spirit 139:Foundations 109:Crucifixion 20:Reformation 9288:Categories 9143:Prosperity 9119:Liberation 9059:Cathedrals 9044:Pilgrimage 9029:Literature 8906:Philosophy 8842:Sacraments 8815:Four marks 8776:Protestant 8751:Born again 8548:Anabaptist 8538:Protestant 8480:Influences 8442:Modern era 8146:By country 7785:Revivalism 7706:Anabaptism 7654:Henry VIII 7479:Literature 7103:Iconoclasm 7083:Chrysostom 7036:Vatican II 7002:Jansenists 6988:Mass rocks 6924:Lateran IV 6843:Athanasius 6763:Tertullian 6707:Marcionism 6702:Gnosticism 6655:Revelation 6573:Background 6028:References 5910:Glover, 42 5892:Neill, 127 5776:2018-12-07 5742:2009-06-02 5640:Fotić 2008 5391:2023-06-02 5342:9 February 5303:9 February 5278:9 February 5226:2023-06-02 5114:2023-06-02 4774:Bangladesh 4763:New Mexico 4489:as they go 4483:Mozambique 4479:Dominicans 4462:Chichimeca 4340:Dominicans 4304:1565–1573 4292:Philippine 4237:Mennonites 3917:Indonesian 3888:Tamaulipas 3861:Anabaptist 3845:New Mexico 3821:California 3714:Hutterites 3670:, Austria 3662:Henry VIII 3600:Henry VIII 3437:Henry VIII 3395:Anabaptist 3310:Pope Leo X 3299:Hispaniola 3276:indigenous 3272:Pope Leo X 3200:1513 – In 3173:Hispaniola 3151:conversion 3137:Dominicans 3091:Mozambique 3067:encomienda 3061:, goes to 2985:coronation 2821:Melk Abbey 2737:See also: 2689:Franciscan 2527:seminaries 2447:Iconoclasm 2283:among the 2281:Puritanism 2150:churches. 2129:protestant 2049:, such as 1999:Pope Leo X 1989:Henry VIII 1919:Statue of 1861:all people 1754:consistory 1679:Thuringian 1636:John Jewel 1501:Protestant 1393:Utraquists 1302:Pope Leo X 1068:Wittenberg 1053:euangelion 1024:Protestant 833:Dominicans 555:Irvingians 520:Waldensian 460:Anabaptist 449:Protestant 28:See also: 9219:Criticism 9169:Ecumenism 9133:Mysticism 9099:Democracy 9089:Anarchism 9076:Movements 9039:Mythology 9017:Catechism 9012:Education 8929:Evolution 8852:Eucharist 8835:Canon law 8793:Theotokos 8788:Mariology 8746:Salvation 8736:Tradition 8583:Methodist 8543:Adventist 8377:Chalcedon 7951:Ecumenism 7901:Adventism 7891:Mormonism 7827:Millerism 7822:Methodism 7777:1640–1789 7679:Civil War 7626:Orthodoxy 7581:Huguenots 7563:Calvinism 7548:Eucharist 7543:Orthodoxy 7427:Eucharist 7359:Five Ways 7309:Dulcinian 7262:Pomerania 7188:Gregory I 7032:Vatican I 7022:Modernism 7007:Molinists 6997:Guadalupe 6868:Chalcedon 6863:Ephesus I 6853:Augustine 6729:Apostolic 6712:Montanism 6677:Diversity 6453:Centuries 6225:Schaff's 6130:(1985) . 6047:The Serbs 5537:Jackson, 5524:Jackson, 5313:cite book 4694:1592 The 4648:Dominican 4646:1588 – A 4589:Carmelite 4578:catechism 4548:astronomy 4466:Michoacán 4423:John Knox 4344:Ayutthaya 4329:, Florida 4157:Kabardian 4135:Guangzhou 4131:Dominican 4119:to Brazil 4117:Huguenots 4098:; of 238 4065:in Geneva 4015:1551 The 3999:Dominican 3972:Tampa Bay 3964:Guatemala 3953:Dominican 3756:New World 3703:Calvinism 3658:Apocrypha 3633:New World 3406:Dominican 3404:; Twelve 3388:Michoacán 3381:New Spain 3346:Sri Lanka 3340:East Asia 3314:New World 3258:95 Theses 3235:Venezuela 3112:Venezuela 2967:In 1547, 2865:mediatrix 2795:Saracenes 2779:Constance 2471:Philip II 2317:Francis I 2309:Huguenots 2222:John Knox 2087:via media 2063:chantries 2059:Edward VI 1945:canon law 1905:salvation 1857:atonement 1844:salvation 1766:the elect 1732:Eucharist 1613:Calvinism 1601:Scripture 1585:Calvinism 1580:Calvinism 1497:Zwinglian 1470:Charles V 1385:Galatians 1368:95 Theses 1283:canon law 1265:Thomistic 1228:mysticism 1208:95 Theses 1119:Chalcedon 1088:Calvinist 1064:95 Theses 972:salvation 809:New World 785:Christian 662:Symbolism 622:Ecumenism 612:Criticism 490:Moravian 485:Methodist 455:Adventist 326:Augustine 276:Tradition 250:Salvation 119:Ascension 9273:Category 9138:Pacifism 8952:features 8936:Politics 8889:Ablution 8857:Marriage 8761:Catholic 8691:Theology 8598:Reformed 8578:Lutheran 8573:Holiness 8553:Anglican 8523:Catholic 8427:Crusades 8372:Nicaea I 8322:Apostles 8295:Miracles 8290:Parables 8280:Ministry 8270:Nativity 8234:timeline 8131:Prophets 8126:Glossary 8043:Theology 8031:Missions 8026:Timeline 7998:Mainline 7946:Pacifism 7795:Baptists 7714:Theology 7674:Puritans 7649:Timeline 7591:Scotland 7519:Theology 7366:Wycliffe 7314:Crusades 7289:Bogomils 7242:Bulgaria 7198:Germanic 7150:Ethiopia 7048:Timeline 6826:Nicaea I 6821:Councils 6753:Irenaeus 6748:Ignatius 6743:Polycarp 6697:Donatism 6692:Docetism 6687:Arianism 6588:Ministry 6044:(2004). 5883:Kane, 57 5716:Archived 5700:Kia 2011 5676:Kia 2011 5576:Norman, 5195:Archived 5188:Puritans 5088:Archived 4983:Archived 4799:See also 4752:martyred 4686:Trinidad 4676:Apostles 4597:Ethiopia 4498:mestizos 4348:Thailand 4290:work in 4146:Ethiopia 4106:Thailand 4049:Malaysia 3781:Paraguay 3681:Greek NT 3593:baptized 3477:baptized 3462:Coronado 3364:Psalm 67 3231:Colombia 3224:Ethiopia 3220:Dawit II 3033:Timeline 2894:Belgrade 2803:nepotism 2797:and the 2789:and the 2781:and the 2764:, wrote 2750:frescoes 2614:nepotism 2533:and the 2406:Henry IV 2398:Atrocity 2361:Henry II 2346:Henry II 2321:humanist 2274:Scottish 2218:Reformed 2208:Scotland 2148:Anglican 2132:nobility 2099:monastic 1980:and the 1950:Reformed 1778:Scotland 1675:Bavarian 1651:election 1550:and the 1387:and his 1247:Scotland 1232:humanism 1213:woodcuts 1172:Life of 1111:magistri 1105:and the 1096:Anglican 1084:Reformed 1080:Lutheran 1030:meaning 1014:and the 849:Holy See 845:Padroado 841:Far East 839:and the 805:Americas 801:missions 754:Slovakia 680:Glossary 627:Glossary 510:Reformed 480:Lutheran 465:Anglican 399:Catholic 341:Crusades 331:Ignatius 321:Councils 286:Apostles 191:Theology 104:Ministry 94:Nativity 50:a series 48:Part of 9202:Related 8995:Trinity 8960:Culture 8924:Science 8894:Hygiene 8884:Mission 8867:Penance 8847:Baptism 8783:Worship 8756:Liturgy 8704:Trinity 8615:Eastern 8593:Quakers 8558:Baptist 8515:Western 8505:members 8275:Baptism 8229:History 8219:Worship 8121:Outline 8036:Martyrs 7832:Pietism 7762:Ausbund 7734:Müntzer 7659:Cranmer 7606:Baptism 7571:Zwingli 7422:Erasmus 7371:Avignon 7354:Aquinas 7344:Francis 7339:Dominic 7299:Cathars 7294:Bosnian 7284:Bernard 7279:Abelard 7252:Moravia 7237:Bohemia 7223:Iceland 7145:Serbian 7125:Georgia 7120:Armenia 7058:Eastern 6959:Jesuits 6635:Gospels 6583:Baptism 6263:century 5617:Duffy, 5563:Duffy, 5507:Samora 5442:Woods, 4967:II, 15. 4721:1595 – 4587:1585 – 4572:1584 – 4569:(India) 4540:science 4507:values. 4487:mosques 4477:1577 – 4456:1574 – 4452:Ecuador 4441:Florida 4391:1571 – 4382:pirates 4376:1570 – 4323:Indians 4294:Islands 4286:begins 4284:Legazpi 4282:1564 – 4241:1562 – 4182:1560 – 4169:, Japan 4137:, China 4129:1556 – 4111:1555 – 3997:1551 – 3976:Florida 3951:1549 – 3940:1548 – 3929:Ternate 3921:Morotai 3911:1546 – 3859:1543 – 3835:1542 – 3789:Pueblos 3754:of the 3746:1537 – 3727:Tyndale 3631:in the 3587:on the 3585:Paravas 3577:Vietnam 3470:Wichita 3441:1527 – 3402:Florida 3358:1523 – 3308:1521 – 3163:1512 – 3145:1511 – 3135:1510 – 3107:founded 3053:1502 – 3043:1501 – 2969:Ivan IV 2833:Baroque 2762:Erasmus 2523:Jesuits 2489:Hungary 2344:. 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