656:, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions?
565:
motions to be computed correctly ... The present author has performed both these duties excellently. For these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable. On the contrary, if they provide a calculus consistent with the observations, that alone is enough ... For this art, it is quite clear, is completely and absolutely ignorant of the causes of the apparent . And if any causes are devised by the imagination, as indeed very many are, they are not put forward to convince anyone that they are true, but merely to provide a reliable basis for computation. However, since different hypotheses are sometimes offered for one and the same ... the astronomer will take as his first choice that hypothesis which is the easiest to grasp. The philosopher will perhaps rather seek the semblance of the truth. But neither of them will understand or state anything certain, unless it has been divinely revealed to him ... Let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart this study a greater fool than when he entered.
225:
324:, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish. In 1536, Cardinal
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as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). "In spite of this defect in
Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations." Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see "little technical or physical truth-gain" between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to "function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of
526:
642:. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are "no heretics of the intellect", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding that Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible.
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1895:"Nicolai Copernici Torinensis De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium, libri VI : in quibus stellarum et fixarum et erraticarum motus, ex veteribus atque recentibus observationibus, restituit hic autor. Præterea tabulas expeditas luculentas´que addidit, ex quibus eosdem motus ad quoduis tempus mathematum studiosus facillime calculare poterit. Item, De libris revolutionum Nicolai Copernici narratio prima, per M. Georgium Ioachimum Rheticum ad D. Ioan. Schonerum scripta"
27:
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459:. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun. Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for
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corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations." In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the "fundamental incompatibility between
Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of "Philosophical purists like the
2530:
606:"attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons." To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, "an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis". It was not until the
649:. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, "The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology."
560:) printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title "Praefatio authoris" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author). Osiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth:
687:, writing "Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?"
573:"expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory". Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the
577:, which states "Fortunately for him , he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus."
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Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for "improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be
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it is the duty of an astronomer to compose the history of the celestial motions through careful and expert study. Then he must conceive and devise the causes of these motions or hypotheses about them. Since he cannot in any way attain to the true causes, he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the
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As
Westman points out, to Rheticus "it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a
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While
Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including "Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post
258:
after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the version of the
Ptolemaic system current at the time. Among other
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was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending "corrections" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in
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When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out. Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy.
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In his work, Copernicus "used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation". Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed
758:
People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred
Scripture tells us that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the
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The historian
Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he "was such a notorious reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics", so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar).
494:
Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however,
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Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he "was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres." This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he
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and since "the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?" Wrightsman also holds that this is why
Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope.
634:'s idea that humanity "orders cosmos out of the chaos of opinions." From Pico's writings, Osiander "learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them." The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of
498:
Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of
387:
Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to
Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later. It is kept at the
422:
From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths. Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by
694:, an astronomer from NĂĽrnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in NĂĽrnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via
668:, "Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer . Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business."
897:
This Holy
Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus'
343:(Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the
698:, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword. The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing.
945:, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the
914:
1620 the reading of the book was permitted. But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request. It remained on the Index until 1758, when
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And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy.
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881:, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that "severe measures" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans. The works of Copernicus and
906: ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus and Diego de Zúñiga be suspended until corrected.
589:, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the
705:; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his
1871:
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Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his "own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians'," and he had already been in trouble with his bishop,
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fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the Sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished.
791:
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world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of
1703:, p. 192. Kuhn writes that Melanchthon emphasized Ecclesiastes 1:4–5 ("The earth abideth forever ... the sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose").
368:
Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop
1129:, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the
552:. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication. In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter
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revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.
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at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan."
466:
Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars.
1859:
from 1566 in which the astronomer introduced his revolutionary theory that the Sun—not the Earth—is the center of the universe. That book alone is worth over $ 250,000.
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Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of
1464:"Glasgow University Library Special Collections Department, Book of the Month, Nicolaus Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 Sp Coll Hunterian Cz.1.13"
313:
170:
306:, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner. Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in
1855:
Riquier was the owner of several of the most noteworthy tomes that were taken in the heist. The most expensive book was a second edition of Copernicus's
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972:, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of
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in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on
1828:
1401:, by Bruce Wrightsman, Section VII, The Copernican Achievement, ed. Robert S. Westman, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1975
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similar to those of the Ptolemaic system. Despite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a
1463:
993:
1952:
1632:
Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution
1029:; it had been owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently by the Scottish economist
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1943:, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 16, translated by Charles Glenn Wallis, Chicago: William Benton, pp. 497–838
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techniques, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by the Arab astronomer
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Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549,
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when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to
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254:, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time. Most historians believe that he wrote the
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has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original
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urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten.
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2114:. 2. Aufl. durchgesehen und erg. von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler. MĂĽnchen : C.H. Beck, 1988
1123:, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the
937:" saying the book "was and is an all-time worst seller", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times.
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by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication):
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Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his
1133:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science,
980:) and 325 copies of the second. The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's
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Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the
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and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis.
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610:, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609,
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814:. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used
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941:, an eminent astronomer and historian of science who has written on both Nicolaus Copernicus and
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1147:, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles,
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accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the
250:. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the
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The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750
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Sobel, D, A More Perfect Heaven - How Copernicus Revolutionised the Cosmos, Bloomsbury 2011.
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is divided into six "books" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's
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1041:'s manuscript "De sphaera mundi" (On the Sphere of the World), which supports the earlier
1000:. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from
8:
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719:(1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in
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gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus. One of those students,
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Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the
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1973:
An annotated census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566)
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Among some astronomers, the book "at once took its place as a worthy successor to the
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Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.
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in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil,
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Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, .
1519:
Robert Westman, "Three Responses to Copernican Theory", in Robert Westman, ed.,
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The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science
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436:
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2086:. Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002
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The Life and Science of LĂ©on Foucault: The Man who Proved the Earth Rotates
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358:
1994:
The Book Nobody Read : Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus
1056:. A copy of this is held by the University of Sydney; previously owned by
236:, a quote from the corresponding printed book page with the above diagram.
16:
1543 book by Copernicus describing his heliocentric theory of the universe
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1600:
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1545:
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The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order
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at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new
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of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers".
240:
Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous
26:
2191:
2014:
1554:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1957, p. 191.
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Society, with all of Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes.
545:
381:
2070:(Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10)
1030:
946:
602:... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models."
373:
336:
287:
263:, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a geocentric but non-
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218:
214:
177: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets.
384:(Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543.
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950:
723:, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of
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508:
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60:
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The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
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The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
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393:
152:
2241:. Includes the third printing (previous editions 1540 and 1541) of
827:
541:
500:
447:
424:
340:
299:
1082:
1078:, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus.
2226:(1566) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the
2215:(1543) from the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the
549:
132:
361:, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished
1184:
1075:
954:
918:(1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index.
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1399:
Andreas Osiander's Contribution to the Copernican Achievement
1274:
The history of the original manuscript of "De revolutionibus"
1049:
409:
328:
wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript.
50:
1975:. Leiden: Brill (Studia copernicana. Brill's series; v. 2).
1526:
746:, rumors circulated about its central theses. In one of his
2036:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1999
1183:. (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in
1012:
477:
244:
that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the
2529:
2188:, from WebExhibits. English translation of part of Book I.
396:, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000.
2200:
River Campus Libraries, Book of the Month December 2005:
470:
2100:. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975
2034:
The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories
1956:, biography (1654), with notes by Olivier Thill (2002),
1892:
1658:"Chapter 23: The Beginning of the Scientific Revolution"
874:, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584.
213:
annotated with periods of revolution from Chapter 10 of
2243:
De libris revolutionum Nicolai Copernici narratio prima
2060:
Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus' De revolutionibus
1786:
1501:
838:
were among those who adopted his position; in Germany,
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Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre
2029:
Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus.
1326:
History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler
889:
was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the
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hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the
483:
Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the
139:, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.
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968:
Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in
1872:"Centuries-old astronomy texts find new home at RIT"
1016:
1543 edition held by University of Edinburgh Library
558:
To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work
1175:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992,
1099:1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius; online from
683:, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the
1991:
1847:"The Mystery of the $ 2.5 Million Rare Book Heist"
984:in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship,
806:, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the
507:to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to
131:, offered an alternative model of the universe to
1726:. Also mentioned by W. R. Shea and M. Artigas in
1447:
2578:
2433:Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God
1487:. Dover Publications, Incorporated. p. 24.
2196:, Warsaw-Cracow 1978. Full English translation.
349:in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor
234:But the Sun resides at the centre of everything
1557:
1452:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2286:
1429:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
365:. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name.
1480:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1198:List of most expensive books and manuscripts
1085:; German translation sponsored by the local
569:As even Osiander's defenders point out, the
294:, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with
1769:
1356:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
2293:
2279:
1941:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1935:
1857:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1750:
1443:
1441:
1344:
1302:. Princeton University Press. p. 23.
1251:. Princeton University Press. p. 47.
1145:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1121:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
949:shows that almost all of them ignored the
109:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
25:
1989:
1970:
1844:
1815:
1804:
1532:
1365:
1292:
1241:
1220:
994:Archives of the University of Santo Tomas
965:in 1587 translated the book into German.
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
2046:
1792:
1635:. McFarland & Company. p. 138.
1507:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1279:
1093:
1011:
554:Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis
524:
476:Book IV is a similar description of the
403:
223:
204:
2300:
1821:
1655:
1438:
1203:Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus
992:. One of the copies now resides at the
2579:
2012:
1684:
1628:
1616:
1329:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1322:
463:geometry as well as a table of chords.
2274:
1418:
123:. The book, first printed in 1543 in
1829:Book quest took him around the globe
1155:; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976,
742:Even before the 1543 publication of
548:to take up his post as professor in
175:adding citations to reliable sources
146:
20:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2345:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2257:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
2234:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
2223:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
2213:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
2202:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2173:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
2161:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2149:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1845:McNearney, Allison (8 April 2017).
1663:The Renaissance and The Reformation
921:
900:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
664:itself." According to the notes of
511:'s science—and helped usher in the
302:. Copernicus used three of them in
104:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
13:
2062:. New York : Springer, 1984
1037:in New York, alongside astronomer
353:published a second edition of the
14:
2633:
2411:Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe
2125:
802:) using Copernicus' methods. The
372:, to be delivered to Rheticus in
230:In medio uero omnium residet Sol.
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
1171:; translation and commentary by
1126:Great Books of the Western World
1025:. A copy of this is held by the
151:
2058:Swerdlow, N.M., O. Neugebauer:
2019:Medieval Science and Philosophy
1886:
1874:. 13 WHAM News. 2 February 2024
1864:
1838:
1809:
1798:
1706:
1690:
1678:
1649:
1622:
1610:
1594:
1578:
1538:
1513:
1474:
1456:
1404:
1107:
1043:Ptolemaic model of the universe
885:—the latter for asserting that
451:which it updated and replaced:
162:needs additional citations for
31:Original 1543 Nuremberg edition
2352:Locationes mansorum desertorum
1893:University of Sydney Library.
1350:
1337:
1316:
1265:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1033:. Another copy is held by the
734:included Osiander's foreword.
518:
1:
1929:
1434:. Cambridge University Press.
961:in the later chapters. Also,
754:is quoted as saying in 1539:
630:, Osiander was influenced by
335:, a young mathematician from
111:) is the seminal work on the
2617:Works by Nicolaus Copernicus
2612:Memory of the World Register
2265:Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen
2247:University of Sydney Library
1899:University of Sydney Library
1035:Cary Graphic Arts Collection
737:
730:All three early editions of
690:Petreius had sent a copy to
7:
2607:16th-century books in Latin
2484:Copernicus (Martian crater)
2267:(Schaffhausen City Library)
2259:(1543) with annotations by
2237:(1566) Previously owned by
2015:"Deconstructing Copernicus"
1294:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1243:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1191:
1007:
998:Miguel de Benavides Library
399:
10:
2638:
2382:Lucas Watzenrode the Elder
2098:The Copernican achievement
1998:. New York : Walker.
1918:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1521:The Copernican Achievement
1484:Three Copernican Treatises
1448:Robert S. Westman (2011).
480:and its orbital movements.
142:
2479:Copernicus (lunar crater)
2397:
2374:
2329:
2308:
2047:Koestler, Arthur (1959).
1701:The Copernican Revolution
1656:Gilbert, William (1998).
1605:The Copernican Revolution
1589:The Copernican Revolution
1551:The Copernican Revolution
1361:. University of Michigan.
1323:Dreyer, John L E (1906).
1004:and remains unrecovered.
935:The Book That Nobody Read
902:and by Diego de Zúñiga's
408:Title page, 2nd edition,
286:, were made available to
92:
82:
66:
56:
46:
36:
24:
2316:Copernican heliocentrism
1990:Gingerich, Owen (2004).
1971:Gingerich, Owen (2002).
1739:(2003), pp. 84–85,
1414:. Catholic Encyclopedia.
1208:
1112:English translations of
891:Index of Forbidden Books
640:coincidentia oppositorum
261:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi
1027:University of Edinburgh
868:University of Salamanca
390:Jagiellonian University
2359:Monetae cudendae ratio
2136:by Nicolaus Copernicus
2013:Hannam, James (2007).
1953:The Life of Copernicus
1629:Deming, David (2012).
1430:William Tobin (2003).
1343:Wallis's translation (
1039:Johannes de Sacrobosco
1017:
908:
856:Giambattista Benedetti
810:instituted in 1582 by
799:
786:
761:
567:
538:
473:and related phenomena.
419:
415:Officina Henricpetrina
333:Georg Joachim Rheticus
326:Nikolaus von Schönberg
237:
221:
107:(English translation:
2622:Copernican Revolution
2405:Scientific Revolution
2366:Theophylact Simocatta
2321:Copernican Revolution
1781:Catholic Encyclopedia
1763:Catholic Encyclopedia
1481:Edward Rosen (2004).
1412:"Nicolaus Copernicus"
1094:Latin texts available
1015:
895:
756:
575:Catholic Encyclopedia
562:
529:Title page, 3rd ed.,
528:
513:Scientific Revolution
407:
267:of planetary motion.
227:
208:
2597:History of astronomy
2422:Copernican principle
2166:Jagiellon University
2140:Jagiellonian Library
2096:Westman, R.S., ed.:
1937:Copernicus, Nicolaus
1357:David Luban (1994).
1021:1543, Nuremberg, by
970:The Book Nobody Read
864:Franciscus Patricius
781:("Prussian Tables";
692:Hieronymus Schreiber
632:Pico della Mirandola
171:improve this article
2302:Nicolaus Copernicus
2228:Library of Congress
2217:Library of Congress
1758:Nicolaus Copernicus
1724:English translation
1713:Original Latin text
1535:, pp. 159–164.
840:Christian Wurstisen
717:Johannes Praetorius
608:Great Comet of 1577
119:(1473–1543) of the
117:Nicolaus Copernicus
113:heliocentric theory
41:Nicolaus Copernicus
21:
2427:Frombork Cathedral
2193:On the Revolutions
2185:On the Revolutions
2154:Harvard University
2081:2006-09-02 at the
1734:2009-11-19 at the
1718:2007-09-30 at the
1687:, pp. 346–352
1607:, pp. 186–87.
1168:On the Revolutions
1101:Harvard University
1018:
844:Christoph Rothmann
820:Table of the Stars
787:Tabulae prutenicae
709:from the widow of
591:Holy Roman Emperor
587:Johannes Dantiscus
539:
420:
238:
222:
121:Polish Renaissance
115:of the astronomer
19:
2492:
2491:
2309:Scientific career
2134:De Revolutionibus
1851:thedailybeast.com
1573:978-0-09-945787-9
1494:978-0-486-43605-0
1271:Teresa Borawska,
1114:De revolutionibus
1069:Nicolaus Mulerius
1023:Johannes Petreius
986:De revolutionibus
931:De revolutionibus
916:Pope Benedict XIV
911:De revolutionibus
887:De revolutionibus
850:, the teacher of
812:Pope Gregory XIII
800:PreuĂźische Tafeln
744:De revolutionibus
732:De revolutionibus
725:De revolutionibus
707:De revolutionibus
703:De Revolutionibus
671:Objecting to the
662:De Revolutionibus
537:, publisher, 1617
535:Nicolaus Mulerius
443:De revolutionibus
378:Johannes Petreius
363:De revolutionibus
318:De revolutionibus
304:De revolutionibus
203:
202:
195:
137:geocentric system
129:Holy Roman Empire
100:
99:
71:Johannes Petreius
2629:
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2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2388:Lucas Watzenrode
2364:Translations of
2295:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2261:Michael Maestlin
2052:
2049:The Sleepwalkers
2032:Heilbron, J.L.:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2009:
1997:
1986:
1948:Gassendi, Pierre
1944:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1835:. April 13, 2004
1827:Peter DeMarco. "
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1466:. Archived from
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1230:
1224:
1218:
1187:, Poland, 1978.)
1002:Heathrow Airport
963:Nicolaus Reimers
959:planetary motion
957:-free models of
922:Census of copies
794:
773:Erasmus Reinhold
666:Michael Maestlin
638:and his idea of
636:Nicholas of Cusa
429:Andreas Osiander
376:for printing by
292:Johannes Schöner
276:Bernhard Walther
270:Observations of
211:heavenly spheres
198:
191:
187:
184:
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155:
147:
84:Publication date
29:
22:
18:
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2626:
2602:Astronomy books
2592:1543 in science
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2304:
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2128:
2083:Wayback Machine
2023:
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1983:
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1729:Galileo in Rome
1720:Wayback Machine
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1270:
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1259:
1240:
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1211:
1194:
1116:have included:
1110:
1096:
1054:Henricus Petrus
1010:
990:Gutenberg Bible
943:Johannes Kepler
927:Arthur Koestler
924:
872:Diego de Zúñiga
852:Johannes Kepler
848:Michael Mästlin
836:William Gilbert
808:calendar reform
804:Prutenic Tables
790:
778:Prutenic Tables
750:(Table Talks),
740:
696:Michael Mästlin
677:Tiedemann Giese
612:Johannes Kepler
523:
485:wandering stars
431:, who lived in
402:
370:Tiedemann Giese
351:Achilles Gasser
278:(1430–1504) of
265:Ptolemaic model
199:
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32:
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2178:Rare Book Room
2169:
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2144:
2143:
2132:Manuscript of
2127:
2126:External links
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2073:Vermij, R.H.:
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1816:Gingerich 2004
1808:
1805:Gingerich 2002
1797:
1795:, p. 194.
1785:
1768:
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1705:
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1677:
1648:
1641:
1621:
1609:
1593:
1591:, p. 185.
1577:
1575:, p. 354.
1556:
1537:
1533:Gingerich 2004
1525:
1512:
1510:, p. 169.
1500:
1493:
1473:
1470:on 2013-04-24.
1455:
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1232:Saliba (1979).
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1221:Gingerich 2004
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982:Order of Merit
939:Owen Gingerich
923:
920:
860:Giordano Bruno
824:Robert Recorde
822:. In England,
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256:Commentariolus
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1508:Koestler 1959
1504:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
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1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1309:0-691-02350-6
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1258:0-691-02350-6
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1181:0-8018-4515-7
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:0-06-491279-5
1158:
1154:
1153:0-7153-6927-X
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:1-57392-035-5
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
919:
917:
912:
907:
905:
901:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Thomas Digges
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Regiomontanus
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
765:
760:
755:
753:
752:Martin Luther
749:
745:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
711:Philipp Apian
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
616:
613:
609:
603:
601:
595:
592:
588:
582:
578:
576:
572:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
532:
527:
521:
516:
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510:
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502:
496:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
462:
458:
454:
453:
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
438:
437:Pope Paul III
434:
430:
426:
417:
416:
411:
406:
397:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
339:, arrived in
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Regiomontanus
282:, a pupil of
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
235:
232:Translation:
231:
226:
220:
216:
212:
209:Order of the
207:
197:
194:
186:
176:
172:
166:
165:
160:This section
158:
154:
149:
148:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2559:Solar System
2431:
2409:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2256:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2201:
2192:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2133:
2111:
2110:Zinner, E.:
2097:
2074:
2059:
2051:. Hutchison.
2048:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:
1993:
1972:
1951:
1940:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1833:Boston Globe
1832:
1823:
1811:
1800:
1788:
1780:
1777:Benedict XIV
1771:
1761:
1752:
1727:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1680:
1662:
1651:
1631:
1624:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1540:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1468:the original
1458:
1449:
1431:
1406:
1398:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1325:
1318:
1298:
1273:
1267:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1223:, p. 32
1216:
1173:Edward Rosen
1166:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1108:Translations
1086:
985:
969:
967:
934:
930:
925:
910:
909:
903:
899:
896:
886:
876:
854:; in Italy,
819:
803:
776:
768:
766:
762:
757:
747:
743:
741:
731:
729:
724:
715:
706:
702:
700:
689:
684:
681:Jan Broscius
672:
670:
661:
658:
654:Disputations
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
627:
625:
617:
604:
596:
583:
579:
574:
570:
568:
563:
557:
553:
540:
519:
497:
493:
446:
442:
441:
421:
413:
386:
367:
362:
359:trigonometry
354:
344:
330:
317:
311:
307:
303:
269:
255:
251:
245:
239:
233:
229:
189:
180:
169:Please help
164:verification
161:
108:
103:
102:
101:
2547:Outer space
2474:Copernicium
2447:Los Angeles
2253:A facsimile
2245:. From the
1697:Thomas Kuhn
1685:Dreyer 1906
1617:Dreyer 1906
1601:Thomas Kuhn
1585:Thomas Kuhn
1546:Thomas Kuhn
1131:Great Books
1087:Coppernicus
978:First Folio
974:Shakespeare
879:Melanchthon
685:Ad lectorem
673:Ad lectorem
647:Ad lectorem
628:Ad lectorem
571:Ad lectorem
520:Ad lectorem
392:Library in
2587:1543 books
2581:Categories
2438:Monuments
2024:2007-08-17
1930:References
1666:. Carrie.
1544:Quoted in
1031:Adam Smith
947:marginalia
929:described
748:Tischreden
621:Averroists
600:Averroists
505:geocentric
374:Wittenberg
341:Frauenburg
337:Wittenberg
314:manuscript
288:Copernicus
242:manuscript
219:manuscript
215:Copernicus
183:March 2017
2523:Astronomy
2209:facsimile
2168:, Poland.
2142:, Poland.
1904:20 August
1672:817744956
1065:Amsterdam
951:cosmology
792:‹See Tfd›
738:Reception
531:Amsterdam
509:Aristotle
501:epicycles
457:cosmology
433:Nuremberg
427:preacher
331:In 1539,
296:longitude
280:Nuremberg
125:Nuremberg
76:Nuremberg
67:Publisher
61:Astronomy
2452:Montreal
2079:Archived
1939:(1952),
1914:cite web
1878:19 April
1732:Archived
1716:Archived
1347:, p.505)
1296:(1960).
1245:(1960).
1192:See also
1008:Editions
828:John Dee
769:Almagest
626:Writing
546:NĂĽrnberg
542:Rheticus
448:Almagest
425:Lutheran
400:Contents
382:NĂĽrnberg
355:Narratio
322:Rheticus
300:latitude
47:Language
2571:Science
2511:History
2497:Portals
2442:Chicago
2398:Related
2390:(uncle)
2176:, from
2164:, from
2152:, from
2138:, from
1722:and an
1523:, 1975.
996:in the
862:whilst
652:In his
550:Leipzig
272:Mercury
228:Latin:
143:History
133:Ptolemy
57:Subject
2467:Warsaw
2462:KrakĂłw
2375:Family
2118:
2104:
2090:
2066:
2040:
2002:
1979:
1960:
1743:
1670:
1639:
1571:
1491:
1306:
1255:
1185:Warsaw
1179:
1159:
1151:
1137:
1081:1873,
1076:Warsaw
1074:1854,
1063:1617,
1048:1566,
955:equant
904:In Job
883:Zúñiga
796:German
759:earth.
721:KrakĂłw
418:, 1566
394:KrakĂłw
37:Author
2535:Stars
2457:Toruń
2330:Works
2263:from
1209:Notes
1083:Thorn
1067:, by
1052:, by
1050:Basel
783:Latin
544:left
461:chord
410:Basel
93:Pages
51:Latin
2116:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1920:link
1906:2024
1880:2024
1741:ISBN
1668:OCLC
1637:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1345:1952
1304:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1135:ISBN
933:as "
858:and
846:and
834:and
478:Moon
298:and
88:1543
2255:of
2211:of
1831:".
1779:",
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1331:342
976:'s
623:."
471:Sun
380:at
316:of
290:by
274:by
173:by
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