1031:
977:
962:
1009:
1046:
1069:
variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries. Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures. A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy. Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness or
993:
1126:
615:
1085:
successfully promote accountable governments. The democratic rating given by these mainstream measures can vary greatly depending on the indicators and evidence they deploy. The definition of democracy utilized by these measures is important because of the discouraging and alienating power such ratings can have, particularly when determined by indicators which are biased toward
Western democracies.
1101:
and Jay
Verkuilen questioned various aspects of the data produced by Freedom House and Polity, such as the concept of democracy they measured, the design of indicators, and the aggregation rule. Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng "highlight measurement concerns regarding time-varying
1088:
Dieter Fuchs and
Edeltraud Roller suggest that, in order to truly measure the quality of democracy, objective measurements need to be complemented by "subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens". Similarly, Quinton Mayne and Brigitte Geißel also defend that the quality of democracy
781:
evaluates the development status and governance of political and economic transformation processes on the path to constitutional democracy and a market economy for developing and transition countries around the world. Bertelsmann
Transformation Index categorizes countries into: hard-line autocracy,
1084:
Some measures of democracy, notably
Freedom House and Polity IV, deploy a maximalist understanding of democracy by analyzing indicators that go beyond electoral procedure. These measures attempt to gauge contestation and inclusion; two features Robert Dahl argued are essential in democracies that
1068:
measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomena—whether inequality, poverty, education etc. Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within-country variations on aspects of democracy, academics have largely studied cross-country variations, yet
2387:
Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Altman, David; Bernhard, Michael; Fish, Steven; Hicken, Allen; Kroenig, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I.; McMann, Kelly; Paxton, Pamela; Semetko, Holli A.; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Staton, Jeffrey; Teorell, Jan (2011).
860:, formerly the Failed States Index, is an annual report that aims to assess states' vulnerability to conflict or collapse, ranking all sovereign states with membership in the United Nations where there is enough data available for analysis.
933:(LIED) by Skaaning et al. democracy's characteristics assessed with easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic research. Then evaluating whether necessary characteristics are present or not.
1102:
bias in expert-coded data" such as
Freedom House and V-Dem and encourage improving expert-coding practices. Knutsen et al. did not see evidence for time-varying bias in their expert-coded data and note the application of
924:
760:
distinguishes between five high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian, and quantifies these principles. The V-Dem
Democracy indices include the
2059:
Dahl, Robert A., Ian
Shapiro, José Antônio Cheibub, and Adam Przeworski. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.” Essay. In The Democracy Sourcebook, 12–17. Cambridge, MA, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
2299:
Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Seim, Brigitte; Coppedge, Michael; Edgell, Amanda B.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Gerring, John; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2024-01-11).
930:
793:
assesses democratic performance using different types of sources: expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
1642:
2108:
Coppedge, Michael, Angel
Alvarez, and Claudia Maldonado. 2008. "Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness." The Journal of Politics70 (3): 632-647.
917:
contains annual information on regime authority characteristics and covers the years 1800–2018 based on competitiveness, openness, and level of participation, sponsored by the
790:
1544:
2126:
Clark, William
Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona Nadenichek Golder. “Chapter 5: Economic Determinates of Democracy.” Chapter. In Foundations of Comparative Politics, 351–92.
937:
1064:
Because democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure, limitations exist in quantifying and
2701:
1008:
2439:"Measuring Policy Performance, Democracy, and Governance Capacities: A conceptual and methodological assessment of the Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI)"
1422:
Democracy and Autocracy, Why do Democracies Develop and Decline, Vol. 21(1) June 2023, Democracy and Autocracy Section, American Political Science Association
992:
689:
Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy, including the breadth of core democratic institutions, competitiveness and
1030:
2734:
2577:
1256:
976:
927:, easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic literature. As a classification: non-democracy to democracy.
2866:
2729:
2724:
2568:
2166:
Piironen, Ossi. 2005. "Minimalist Democracy without Substance? an Evaluation of the Mainstream Measures of Democracy." Politiikka 47 (3): 189-204.
2782:
1421:
2719:
2706:
601:
2023:"The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality"
2916:
596:
643:
1646:
961:
2881:
1169:
1763:
1891:
1548:
2926:
2138:"Does the Choice of Democracy Measure Matter? Comparisons between the Two Leading Democracy Indices, Freedom House and Polity IV"
2685:
2246:
2531:
2377:
2356:
2117:
Samuels, David. “Chapter 3: Democratic Political Regimes.” Essay. In Comparative Politics. New York: Pearson Education, 2013.
1843:
1325:
1291:
1164:
798:
2921:
2561:
2137:
1097:
Data on democracy, and particularly global indices of democracy, have been scrutinized and criticized by various scholars.
1089:
does not depend exclusively on the performance of institutions, but also on the citizens' own dispositions and commitment.
1074:
2757:
1073:, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as
1045:
2068:
Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynn Karl. 1991. "What Democracy is.. . and is Not." Journal of Democracy 2 (3): 75-88
1976:
Cheibub, José Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James Raymond (April 2010). "Democracy and dictatorship revisited".
953:
682:, or continuous values. The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying
2813:
2767:
1694:"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour"
999:
918:
773:
553:
453:
2997:
2987:
2876:
2861:
2823:
2554:
766:
636:
674:
The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies,
2960:
2838:
2584:
2241:
Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices,”
1154:
762:
1398:
748:. The index is based on five different categories measuring pluralism, civil liberties, and political culture.
2856:
2808:
2677:
2626:
2609:
983:
866:
measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature.
828:
724:
408:
1787:
2946:
2871:
2777:
2662:
2632:
1139:
1036:
902:
811:
468:
1939:
3002:
2833:
2667:
1438:
1174:
851:
845:
729:
498:
263:
2891:
2211:"Don't Good Democracies Need "Good" Citizens? Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality"
629:
2638:
2615:
2022:
1951:
2931:
2752:
1529:
1466:
533:
378:
238:
2886:
2803:
2711:
1978:
1159:
967:
911:
is a democracy ranking by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award.
803:
752:
538:
473:
383:
358:
213:
2941:
2936:
2906:
363:
353:
320:
248:
203:
183:
164:
104:
94:
89:
69:
2540:
1865:
1479:
2772:
2762:
2346:
1315:
1281:
1144:
660:
418:
398:
373:
368:
348:
310:
285:
2367:
2247:
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.3177&rep=rep1&type=pdf
854:
surveys academics on the perceived electoral integrity of countries and subnational entities
2901:
2599:
2581:
2546:
1373:
1103:
1051:
1020:
857:
824:
782:
moderate autocracy, very defective democracy, defective democracy, consolidating democracy.
778:
664:
591:
393:
295:
228:
159:
154:
134:
40:
8:
2535:
769:, which indicates higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
586:
576:
413:
388:
325:
305:
275:
258:
253:
243:
218:
173:
149:
124:
99:
84:
1433:
697:, freedom of expression, various aspects of governance, democratic norm transgressions,
2992:
2911:
2896:
2657:
2503:
2425:
2417:
2042:
2003:
1995:
1922:
1739:
1731:
1624:
1504:
1231:
1223:
1149:
1111:
914:
890:
558:
488:
478:
423:
198:
193:
114:
79:
74:
62:
2526:
2522:
2507:
2495:
2460:
2409:
2373:
2352:
2322:
2281:
1914:
1723:
1628:
1616:
1347:
1321:
1287:
1235:
1215:
908:
581:
508:
233:
223:
169:
23:
2429:
2046:
2007:
1926:
1743:
848:
is an index of the adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system.
2965:
2485:
2450:
2401:
2312:
2271:
2222:
2189:
2178:"Conceptualizing and Measuring the Quality of Democracy: The Citizens' Perspective"
2149:
2091:
2034:
1987:
1906:
1713:
1705:
1608:
1453:
1207:
1110:
and estimates of uncertainties to limit expert biases while discussing concerns in
1098:
1078:
839:
702:
518:
513:
463:
290:
178:
139:
129:
109:
2038:
1866:"Boix-Miller-Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy, 1800-2020, version 4.0 - bmr"
1839:
842:
in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
2828:
1883:
1461:
1131:
1107:
863:
835:
757:
706:
619:
443:
403:
188:
1570:
1612:
1070:
882:
870:
548:
438:
208:
2405:
2317:
2300:
2276:
2259:
1991:
1709:
2981:
2499:
2464:
2413:
2326:
2285:
2095:
1918:
1910:
1890:
Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Gerring, John; Bartusevičius, Henrikas (Apr 26, 2015).
1727:
1620:
1219:
1211:
1015:
941:
878:
831:
675:
448:
315:
268:
144:
2490:
2473:
2369:
On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants: Conference Papers
1596:
45:
2351:. Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2227:
2210:
2194:
2177:
2079:
1667:
1597:""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe"
1374:"The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure democracy?"
1813:
886:
679:
428:
119:
2421:
2153:
1999:
1764:"Internal and external political efficacy - Government at a Glance 2021"
1735:
1227:
1195:
1125:
614:
2389:
2301:"Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding"
1718:
1693:
1065:
671:
for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.
503:
433:
300:
2455:
2438:
2080:"Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction"
698:
694:
683:
668:
528:
483:
343:
30:
1283:
Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology
1187:
2484:. International Association for Political Science Students: 54–78.
732:, is an assessment of countries' democracy. Countries are rated as
690:
523:
493:
458:
280:
1194:
Geissel, Brigitte; Kneuer, Marianne; Lauth, Hans-Joachim (2016).
543:
2348:
Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics
1509:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
791:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
2386:
2576:
2298:
1889:
1081:, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.
1545:"Freedom House Report: Asia Sees Some Significant Progress"
765:, which indicates the strength of direct democracy and the
2390:"Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach"
1454:"Democracy Report 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?"
818:
763:
Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index
1497:
1348:"Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?"
709:, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.
1806:
1530:"Democracy Perception Index – Alliance of Democracies"
1340:
1059:
873:
is a measure of political volatility in party systems.
2523:
Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?
1975:
1940:
Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023
1366:
1092:
806:, is the world's largest annual survey on how people
1121:
814:
which similarly seeks to measure public perception).
827:, is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based
1858:
1563:
1196:"Measuring the quality of democracy: Introduction"
1193:
925:Boix-Miller-Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy
905:is a binary measure of democracy and dictatorship.
2478:Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science
1273:
2979:
2077:
1307:
998:Global trend report analyzes the results of the
2783:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
2078:Esaiasson, Peter; Wlezien, Christopher (2017).
1660:
1594:
686:mechanisms of regime transformation processes.
2436:
1261:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
712:
2562:
1692:Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008).
1248:
1114:of observer-invariant measures of democracy.
637:
2437:Croissant, Aurel; Pelke, Lars (2022-04-25).
2258:Little, Andrew T.; Meng, Anne (2024-01-11).
1691:
1391:
877:Other measured aspects of democracy include
2208:
2175:
1969:
1933:
1780:
1542:
1434:"Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge"
2569:
2555:
2474:"Democratic Backsliding or Stabilization?"
2257:
1704:(2). Cambridge University Press: 311–334.
644:
630:
2489:
2454:
2316:
2275:
2226:
2209:Mayne, Quinton; Geißel, Brigitte (2018).
2193:
2176:Fuchs, Dieter; Roller, Edeltraud (2018).
1944:
1717:
1254:
1170:List of countries by system of government
2135:
1892:"A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy"
1595:Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979).
1472:
1426:
1320:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95–97.
2768:World Justice Project Rule of Law Index
1668:"The Gallagher Index – iscanadafair.ca"
1505:"The Global State of Democracy Indices"
1279:
2980:
2686:Composite Index of National Capability
2471:
2020:
2014:
1313:
1200:International Political Science Review
819:Indices measuring aspects of democracy
2550:
2344:
2021:Krauss, Alexander (January 2, 2016).
1756:
1685:
1317:Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences
1257:"Appendix A: Classifying democracies"
1165:List of globalization-related indices
2365:
2305:PS: Political Science & Politics
2264:PS: Political Science & Politics
1905:(12). SAGE Publications: 1491–1525.
1698:British Journal of Political Science
1645:. the Fund for Peace. Archived from
1286:. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
931:Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy
2758:LGBT rights by country or territory
1635:
1060:Difficulties in measuring democracy
13:
2337:
2260:"Measuring Democratic Backsliding"
1547:. Voice of America. Archived from
1093:Critiques of measures of democracy
947:
14:
3014:
2857:Central bank independence indices
2716:Timeline of geopolitical changes
2516:
1255:Greenwood, Shannon (2022-12-06).
1206:(5). Sage Publications: 571–579.
954:Democratic backsliding by country
787:Global State of Democracy Indices
2814:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
1124:
1044:
1029:
1007:
1000:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
991:
975:
960:
919:Political Instability Task Force
810:the state of democracy (cf. the
774:Bertelsmann Transformation Index
613:
2877:Environmental Performance Index
2862:Commitment to Development Index
2532:How do you measure ‘democracy’?
2292:
2251:
2235:
2202:
2169:
2160:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2027:Journal of Economic Methodology
1846:from the original on 4 May 2020
1832:
1588:
1543:William Ide (11 January 2000).
1536:
1522:
1446:
968:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index
597:Latin America and the Caribbean
2961:List of international rankings
1788:"Democracy-Dictatorship_Index"
1415:
1155:List of international rankings
16:Overview of democracy measures
1:
2809:The Economist Democracy Index
2627:Economic Freedom of the World
2243:Comparative Political Studies
2084:Comparative Political Studies
2039:10.1080/1350178X.2015.1069372
1899:Comparative Political Studies
1601:Comparative Political Studies
1180:
1037:Democracy-Dictatorship Indexs
984:The Economist Democracy Index
896:
829:non-governmental organization
725:The Economist Democracy Index
703:electoral system manipulation
409:Democracy and economic growth
2947:Satisfaction with Life Index
2922:Judicial independence metric
2872:Ease of doing business index
2778:Freedom of speech by country
2663:Corruption Perceptions Index
2633:Global Enabling Trade Report
2472:Sönmez, Hakan (2020-09-30).
903:Democracy-Dictatorship Index
834:that measures the degree of
812:Corruption Perceptions Index
802:, published annually by the
717:
667:assessments of the state of
602:Middle East and North Africa
469:Peaceful transition of power
7:
2867:Consultation on rule-making
2834:Effective number of parties
2668:Global Corruption Barometer
1439:Economist Intelligence Unit
1175:List of forms of government
1140:Corruption Perception Index
1117:
852:Electoral Integrity Project
846:Effective number of parties
730:Economist Intelligence Unit
713:Prominent democracy indices
499:Proportional representation
10:
3019:
2892:Global Liveability Ranking
1613:10.1177/001041407901200101
951:
799:Democracy Perception Index
2955:
2849:
2791:
2745:
2694:
2676:
2650:
2639:Index of Economic Freedom
2616:World Press Freedom Index
2591:
2541:Catalogue of Indices 2016
2406:10.1017/S1537592711000880
2318:10.1017/S104909652300077X
2277:10.1017/S104909652300063X
2142:Government and Opposition
1992:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2
1820:(in German). Feb 12, 2017
1710:10.1017/S0007123408000161
1399:"Breaking Down Democracy"
2932:Legatum Prosperity Index
2753:Global Gender Gap Report
2443:European Policy Analysis
2394:Perspectives on Politics
2372:. Taylor & Francis.
2096:10.1177/0010414016633226
1911:10.1177/0010414015581050
1467:University of Gothenburg
1212:10.1177/0192512116669141
938:Index of Democratization
554:Wars between democracies
534:Territorial peace theory
379:Democratic confederalism
2917:Human Development Index
2887:Global Innovation Index
2804:V-Dem Democracy Indices
2491:10.22151/politikon.46.3
2215:Politics and Governance
2182:Politics and Governance
2136:Högström, John (2013).
1160:List of freedom indices
804:Alliance of Democracies
753:V-Dem Democracy indices
539:Tyranny of the majority
474:Political demonstration
384:Democratic peace theory
359:Deliberative referendum
2998:Social science indices
2988:International rankings
2942:Political terror scale
2937:OECD Better Life Index
2907:Global Terrorism Index
2839:Direct democracy index
2824:Presidentialism metric
2228:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1216
2195:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1188
1571:"Freedom in the World"
1280:Dobratz, B.A. (2015).
364:Democratic backsliding
354:Criticism of democracy
2773:Censorship by country
2763:Privacy International
2449:(2). Wiley: 136–159.
2049:– via CrossRef.
1145:Democratic transition
1075:judicial independence
1014:Country ratings from
952:Further information:
767:presidentialism index
746:authoritarian regimes
419:Electoral competition
399:Democratic transition
374:Democratic centralism
369:Democratic capitalism
2902:Global Slavery Index
2882:Fragile States Index
2610:Freedom of the Press
2600:Freedom in the World
2543:- Global Observatory
2345:Munck, G.L. (2009).
2245:35, 1 (2002): 5-34.
1104:item response theory
1052:Fragile States Index
1021:Freedom in the World
858:Fragile States Index
825:Freedom in the World
779:Bertelsmann Stiftung
394:Democratic socialism
2536:The Washington Post
2154:10.1017/gov.2012.10
1840:"Polity IV Project"
1643:"Failed States FAQ"
1480:"Governance Report"
1314:Michie, J. (2014).
620:Politics portal
414:Democracy promotion
389:Democratic republic
3003:Types of democracy
2927:Incarceration rate
2912:Good Country Index
2897:Global Peace Index
2702:Flag adoption date
2658:Bribe Payers Index
2578:Lists of countries
1952:"Global Dashboard"
1870:xmarquez.github.io
1842:. Table footnote.
1551:on 4 December 2013
1150:Types of democracy
1112:operationalization
1077:or quality of the
915:Polity data series
891:political efficacy
738:flawed democracies
728:, by the UK-based
559:Waves of democracy
519:Right to candidacy
489:Popular referendum
479:Political equality
349:Citizens' assembly
2975:
2974:
2799:Democracy indices
2527:Our World in Data
2456:10.1002/epa2.1141
2379:978-1-351-50205-4
2366:Kahn, H. (2017).
2358:978-0-8018-9650-7
1818:Democracy Ranking
1378:Our World in Data
1352:Our World in Data
1327:978-1-135-93226-8
1293:978-1-317-34529-9
909:Democracy Ranking
657:Democracy indices
654:
653:
509:Right to petition
3010:
2966:Lists by country
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2511:
2493:
2468:
2458:
2433:
2400:(2). : 247–267.
2383:
2362:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1721:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1191:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1099:Gerardo L. Munck
1079:electoral system
1048:
1033:
1011:
995:
979:
964:
840:political rights
734:full democracies
646:
639:
632:
618:
617:
514:Right to protest
464:Nomination rules
19:
18:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2951:
2845:
2829:Gallagher index
2787:
2741:
2712:Largest empires
2690:
2678:Competitiveness
2672:
2646:
2587:
2575:
2519:
2514:
2380:
2359:
2340:
2338:Further reading
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2256:
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2240:
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2203:
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2161:
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2112:
2107:
2103:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2019:
2015:
1986:(1–2): 67–101.
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
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1672:iscanadafair.ca
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1498:
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1478:
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1462:V-Dem Institute
1456:
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1432:
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1024:survey for 2022
1012:
1003:
996:
987:
980:
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965:
956:
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948:Maps of indices
899:
864:Gallagher index
836:civil liberties
821:
758:V-Dem Institute
720:
715:
707:electoral fraud
701:of opposition,
650:
612:
607:
606:
572:
564:
563:
444:Majoritarianism
404:Democratization
339:
331:
330:
65:
55:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
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2795:
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2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
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2743:
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2740:
2739:
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2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2707:Formation date
2704:
2698:
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2692:
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2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
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2648:
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2128:
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2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:(1): 97–109.
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:Public Choice
1972:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
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1768:OECD iLibrary
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1720:
1715:
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1707:
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1649:on 2010-11-18
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1575:Freedom House
1572:
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1531:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1404:
1403:Freedom House
1400:
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1353:
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1076:
1072:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:Freedom House
1010:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
985:
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973:
969:
963:
958:
957:
955:
943:
942:Tatu Vanhanen
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
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900:
894:
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888:
884:
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879:voter turnout
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
832:Freedom House
830:
826:
823:
822:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
771:
768:
764:
759:
755:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
722:
721:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:inclusiveness
687:
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677:
672:
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658:
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628:
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560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:Right to vote
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:Majority rule
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
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402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
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372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Supermajority
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Participatory
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
145:Hybrid regime
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
2798:
2735:2000–present
2637:
2625:
2608:
2598:
2481:
2477:
2446:
2442:
2397:
2393:
2368:
2347:
2308:
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2237:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1701:
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1637:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1577:. 2021-02-01
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1538:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1460:
1448:
1437:
1428:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1380:. 2022-11-30
1377:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1316:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1282:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1239:. Retrieved
1203:
1199:
1189:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1063:
1019:
876:
807:
797:
786:
772:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
723:
688:
673:
661:quantitative
656:
655:
321:Totalitarian
204:Non-partisan
184:Majoritarian
165:Jeffersonian
105:Deliberative
95:Cosmopolitan
90:Conservative
70:Anticipatory
50:
22:Part of the
2720:before 1500
1719:10036/64393
1607:(1): 3–27.
1555:October 13,
940:created by
887:wasted vote
680:autocracies
665:comparative
429:Kleroterion
311:Substantive
286:Semi-direct
2982:Categories
2651:Corruption
1773:2023-06-16
1749:2023-06-16
1653:2007-08-25
1581:2023-04-03
1408:2023-04-03
1384:2023-04-03
1333:2023-04-03
1266:2022-12-27
1241:2023-04-03
1181:References
897:Historical
592:Historical
504:Referendum
459:Ochlocracy
434:Liberalism
424:Initiative
301:Sociocracy
229:Procedural
199:Multiparty
160:Jacksonian
155:Industrial
135:Grassroots
120:Electronic
2993:Democracy
2792:Democracy
2730:1900–1999
2725:1500–1899
2622:Economic
2582:political
2508:224846248
2500:2414-6633
2465:2380-6567
2414:1537-5927
2327:1049-0965
2286:1049-0965
2221:(1): 33.
2188:(1): 22.
1919:0010-4140
1728:0007-1234
1629:143250203
1621:0010-4140
1236:151808737
1220:0192-5121
1054:2005–2013
982:The 2023
718:Operating
699:co-option
695:polyarchy
669:democracy
529:Sortition
484:Polyarchy
344:Anarchism
326:Workplace
306:Sovereign
296:Socialist
276:Sectarian
254:Christian
244:Religious
219:Pluralist
174:Illiberal
150:Inclusive
125:Empowered
100:Defensive
85:Consensus
31:Democracy
2820:Aspects
2585:rankings
2430:11629045
2422:41479651
2047:51782149
2008:45234838
2000:40661005
1956:BTI 2022
1927:16062427
1844:Archived
1744:55486399
1736:27568347
1484:BTI 2022
1228:26556872
1118:See also
808:perceive
494:Populism
249:Buddhist
194:Monitory
115:Economic
80:Cellular
75:Athenian
2695:History
2592:Freedom
1961:Apr 17,
1875:Apr 17,
1514:May 26,
1489:Apr 17,
1358:Apr 17,
1299:Apr 30,
1039:in 2008
970:in 2023
921:(PITF).
777:by the
259:Islamic
234:Radical
224:Popular
170:Liberal
51:Indices
41:History
2746:Rights
2605:Press
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2463:
2428:
2420:
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2355:
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1850:11 Jan
1824:Apr 3,
1814:"Home"
1798:Apr 3,
1792:Kaggle
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1677:Apr 3,
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1290:
1234:
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889:, and
684:causal
678:, and
587:Europe
577:Africa
571:Region
544:Voting
454:Motion
291:Social
269:Mormon
264:Jewish
179:Liquid
140:Guided
130:Ethnic
110:Direct
46:Theory
2850:Other
2504:S2CID
2426:S2CID
2418:JSTOR
2043:S2CID
2004:S2CID
1996:JSTOR
1923:S2CID
1895:(PDF)
1740:S2CID
1732:JSTOR
1625:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1232:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
1002:2022.
744:, or
189:Media
63:Types
2496:ISSN
2461:ISSN
2410:ISSN
2374:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2323:ISSN
2282:ISSN
1963:2023
1915:ISSN
1877:2023
1852:2020
1826:2023
1800:2023
1724:ISSN
1679:2023
1617:ISSN
1557:2012
1516:2023
1491:2023
1360:2023
1322:ISBN
1301:2023
1288:ISBN
1216:ISSN
936:The
869:The
838:and
796:The
785:The
663:and
659:are
582:Asia
281:Semi
209:Oral
2580:by
2486:doi
2451:doi
2402:doi
2313:doi
2272:doi
2223:doi
2190:doi
2150:doi
2092:doi
2035:doi
1988:doi
1984:143
1907:doi
1714:hdl
1706:doi
1609:doi
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