701:
self-determination as a moral imperative. Other arguments include construing an ethnic democracy as a sort of "lesser evil", or as a just compromise between competing abstract principles. On the other hand, critics of the moral legitimacy of such states argue that there is a fundamental incompatibility between such values, contending that ethnic democracies are especially objectionable because they are in fact intrinsically undemocratic but present themselves as having a democratic façade, thereby "legitimating the illegitimate". Critics have also argued that, because of the competing and contradictory democratic and ethnocratic impulses of purported ethnic democracies, they are inherently unstable, prone to transforming either into an outright
932:
because their families have resided there since before 1940, with the same rights as the ethnic majorities. Moreover, non-citizens enjoy social rights on a par with citizens. On the other hand, given the proportion of non-citizen minorities without certain political rights (7.5% in the case of
Estonia), Estonia and Latvia may not yet even qualify as ethnic democracies: in Smooha's definition of ethnic democracy, minority groups should enjoy full rights as citizens of the country.
615:
1104:
Smooha, 2001, p.23: "I used this name in 1989 without being aware that it was coined originally by Linz in 1975 to refer to a political system that is democratic for the dominant group but excludes, on the basis of ethnicity, other groups from the democratic process. In 1996 Linz and Stepan followed
1038:
as the sole nation and to prevent any sign of binationalism. This objective is made clear in the preamble of the Slovak constitution which begins with the following words: âWe, the Slovak nation, bearing in mind the political and cultural heritage of our predecessors, the experience gained through
700:
character in attempting to derive a base of legitimacy: arguments of the former type tend to argue that the preservation of the ethnic character of such states is paramount, and defend it even when it infringes upon democratic ideals; conversely, arguments of the second type emphasize the right of
931:
However the notion that
Estonia or Latvia are ethnic democracies has been rejected by some commentators. On the one hand, the citizenship laws of these countries are not based on ethnic criteria, treating citizens of Russian extract, including a number of people who automatically became citizens
751:
democracies or ethnocracies, or that the differences are of degree rather than kind. According to these critics, Herrenvolk democracy and ethnic democracy both share numerous key features, in particular hegemonic control and tyranny of the majority, but differ in tactics: when the minority is
676:
have citizenship and are able to fully participate in the political process. However, critics of the "ethnic democracy" model argue it is a contradiction in terms, and thus conceptually inadequate or confusing; these critics allege that purported ethnic democracies, most notably
924:, disagrees with Yiftachel, contending that the ethnocratic model developed by Yiftachel does not fit the case of Latvia and Estonia; it is not a settler society as its core ethnic group is indigenous, nor did it expand territorially or have a
887:
concludes that
Estonia is moving towards a genuinely pluralist democratic society through its liberalization of citizenship and actively drawing of leaders of the Russian-speaking communities into the political process. James Hughes, in the
743:) in having more purely democratic elements: they argue that Israel and other purported ethnic democracies provide the non-core groups with more political participation, influence and improvement of status than is typical under a
850:
Smooha first used the term ethnic democracy as a generalized model of the
Israeli model of governance, which he has argued is country that utilises the ethnic democracy model in its relations with the country's
723:: "a political system that is democratic for the dominant group but excludes, on the basis of ethnicity, other groups from the democratic process". It was subsequently and independently used by
883:
regards
Estonia as a civic democracy, stressing the peculiar status of Russian-speakers, stemming from being at once partly transients, partly immigrants and partly natives. British researcher
759:
Besides Israel, the model has since been used by political scientists to describe a number of other governments, including those of
Northern Ireland, Estonia, Latvia, and Slovakia.
1237:
1183:
Peled, Yoav. "Ethnic democracy and the legal construction of citizenship: Arab citizens of the Jewish state." American political science review 86, no. 2 (1992): 432-443.
705:
or abandoning their ethnic character; they also argue that such states are ineffective at managing inter-ethnic conflict, "freezing" or prolonging such conflicts.
664:, purports to describe a political system that combines a structured ethnic dominance with democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both the dominant
1402:
1448:
Human Rights and Social
Integration in the Republic of Latvia: a General Surveyâ, Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Latvia's Naturalisation Board, 1998
1192:
Smooha, Sammy. "Minority status in an ethnic democracy: The status of the Arab minority in Israel." Ethnic and racial studies 13, no. 3 (1990): 389-413.
913:
1105:
Linzâs original usage and employed the term (Type II, pp. 429-430) to essentially mean âHerrenvolk democracyâ, which is a non-democratic system."
1467:
965:
601:
688:
Beyond the conceptual coherency of the term, scholars also disagree, in normative terms, on whether any purported ethnic democracies are a
596:
1525:
1234:
996:
643:
1365:
Smith-Sivertsen, Herman (2006). "Latvia â meir enn etnopolitikk" [Latvia: More than
Ethnopolitics]. In Bakke, Elisabeth (ed.).
2056:
735:
state. However, unlike Linz, Smooha and a number of other scholars have used the term to refer to a type of state that differs from
1288:
Yiftachel, Oren; Asâad Ghanem (August 2004). "Understanding 'ethnocratic' regimes: the politics of seizing contested territories".
1988:
752:
unmanageable or outright ceases to be a numerical minority, the dominant ethnic group resorts to the more repressive tactics of
1141:
1545:
1346:
1119:
1050:
1273:
Melvin, N. J. (2000). "Post imperial
Ethnocracy and the Russophone Minorities of Estonia and Latvia". In Stein, J. P. (ed.).
1166:
756:
democracy, but when the non-dominant ethnicities are smaller or weaker, the dominant group maintains a façade of democracy.
2516:
889:
747:
state. However, critical scholars have argued that the so-called "ethnic democracies" are not fundamentally different from
1993:
1580:
1003:(Malay supremacy) ideology followed by post-independence Malaysian governments since the 1970s, gives more rights to the
1275:
The
Policies of National Minority Participation Post-Communist Europe. State-Building, Democracy and Ethnic Mobilisation
1973:
1968:
1949:
1944:
1931:
1451:
855:. According to this view, Israel has combined viable democratic institutions with institutionalized ethnic dominance.
1378:
2042:
1998:
1978:
1322:
553:
453:
2037:
1957:
928:
intervening in its internal affairs as in the case of Israel for which Yiftachel originally developed his model.
636:
1409:
2568:
2167:
2003:
2080:
2027:
2017:
1983:
1290:
408:
468:
2573:
2132:
2032:
1827:
1707:
845:
498:
263:
2050:
2022:
896:, contends Latvia and Estonia are cases of âethnic democracyâ where the state has been captured by the
629:
786:
The state allows non-core groups to conduct parliamentary and extra-parliamentary struggle for change.
2098:
1812:
1474:
1505:
1432:
2187:
1436:
977:
533:
378:
238:
2069:
2061:
1906:
1573:
538:
473:
383:
358:
213:
2302:
1650:
689:
363:
353:
320:
248:
203:
183:
164:
104:
94:
89:
69:
1523:
796:
Smooha also defines ten conditions that can lead to the establishment of an ethnic democracy:
767:
Smooha defines eight features that are the core elements of his model of an ethnic democracy:
692:
mode of governance. Proponents of their moral legitimacy may variously emphasize either their
2327:
2117:
2011:
1618:
1492:
973:
418:
398:
373:
368:
348:
310:
285:
836:
The model has been applied by researchers to several countries, with various levels of fit.
2547:
2479:
2464:
2372:
2202:
2085:
1837:
1807:
1802:
1640:
1635:
1628:
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969:
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717:
591:
393:
295:
228:
159:
154:
134:
40:
8:
2511:
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1623:
981:
921:
724:
661:
586:
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173:
149:
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99:
84:
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1822:
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1670:
1645:
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1566:
1027:
558:
488:
478:
423:
198:
193:
114:
79:
74:
62:
1258:
Kymlicka, Will (2000). "Estonia's Integration Policies in a Comparative Perspective".
2469:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2232:
2122:
2112:
1842:
1384:
1374:
1086:
Smooha, S. 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state',
1016:
1012:
953:
900:
and then used to promote ânationalisingâ policies and alleged discrimination against
872:
581:
508:
233:
223:
169:
50:
23:
1138:
709:
2439:
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1881:
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1854:
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1343:
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1008:
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290:
178:
139:
109:
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1303:
1241:
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1123:
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985:
774:
The state separates membership in the single core ethnic nation from citizenship.
713:
673:
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619:
443:
403:
188:
2506:
2496:
2459:
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1916:
1886:
1745:
1712:
1665:
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1655:
1553:, European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2001, pp 64-70.
909:
682:
548:
438:
208:
1204:
Theorising transition: the political economy of post-Communist transformations
1030:
is grounded in ethnicity and language. "State-building and nation-building in
908:
has also published papers disputing Hughes' contentions.) Israeli researchers
2562:
2486:
2444:
2237:
2182:
2157:
2152:
1921:
1876:
1770:
1697:
1677:
1388:
1221:. Lanham, New York and Oxford: University Press of America. pp. 201â208.
880:
852:
448:
315:
268:
144:
1449:
1373:] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. p. 63.
45:
2521:
2454:
2337:
2279:
2272:
2227:
2172:
2103:
1911:
1901:
1849:
1787:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1740:
1692:
1608:
731:
in a book published in 1989, as a universalised model of the nature of the
728:
665:
1354:, European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2001, p23.
1127:, European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2001, p24.
2449:
2257:
2242:
2217:
2147:
1817:
1792:
1782:
1760:
1687:
884:
863:
There is a spectrum of opinion among authors as to the classification of
783:
Non-core groups are accorded incomplete individual and collective rights.
428:
119:
614:
2531:
2526:
2501:
2429:
2362:
2252:
1702:
901:
876:
740:
702:
503:
433:
300:
2491:
2357:
2262:
1859:
1732:
1589:
1174:, European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper # 13, 2000.
1004:
771:
Ethnic nationalism installs a single core ethnic nation in the state.
528:
483:
343:
30:
1235:
Discrimination against the Russophone Minority in Estonia and Latvia
2177:
2142:
1031:
925:
523:
493:
458:
280:
2197:
2127:
1039:
centuries of struggle for our national existence and statehoodâŠâ
1035:
917:
868:
1682:
941:
864:
732:
678:
543:
1219:
The Politics of Citizenship and Language in Post-Soviet Latvia
827:
Transition from a non-democratic ethnic state has taken place.
815:
The non-core group is divided into more than one ethnic group.
800:
The core ethnic nation constitutes a solid numerical majority.
708:
The term "ethnic democracy" was first introduced by Professor
2212:
1722:
1217:
Jubulis, M. (2001). "Nationalism and Democratic Transition".
1558:
920:
as an ethnocracy. Israeli sociologist Sammy Smooha, of the
1603:
818:
The core ethnic nation has a sizeable, supportive Diaspora.
803:
The non-core population constitutes a significant minority.
716:
in 1975, who used the term as functionally synonymous with
1468:"Estonia Today: Citizenship (Fact Sheet September 2009)"
1260:
Estonia's Integration Landscape: From Apathy to Harmony
777:
The state is owned and ruled by the core ethnic nation.
681:, are not democratic at all, or are at best a sort of
1520:
The Fate of Ethnic Democracy in Post-Communist Europe
1403:"Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Estonia"
1287:
806:
The core ethnic nation has a commitment to democracy.
821:The homelands of the non-core groups are involved.
792:The state imposes some control on non-core groups.
2560:
789:The state perceives non-core groups as a threat.
1371:Central Europe and the Baltic States after 1989
1364:
1230:
1228:
809:The core ethnic nation is an indigenous group.
1574:
831:
637:
1225:
1201:
997:Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia
780:The state mobilises the core ethnic nation.
1581:
1567:
1395:
1100:
1098:
1096:
966:Government of Northern Ireland (1921â1972)
644:
630:
1426:
1316:
1139:Ethnic democracy: Israel as an archetype
976:in 1972 as an ethnic democracy, favoring
1277:. EastWest Institute (EWI). p. 160.
1257:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1244:â synopsis of article published in the
1216:
1157:
1155:
1093:
2561:
1272:
1055:ECMI Working Paper No 13, October 2001
1011:than to Malaysian minorities, such as
1562:
1460:
1367:Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989
1202:Pickles, John; Smith, Adrian (1998).
1065:
858:
16:Alleged form of democratic government
1206:. Taylor & Francis. p. 284.
1152:
956:, to have been an ethnic democracy.
948:of 1976, which raised the status of
890:United Nations Development Programme
1317:Yiftachel, Oren (23 January 2004).
959:
824:There is international involvement.
762:
13:
1090:, p. 475. Volume 8 Issue s4, 2002.
812:The non-core groups are immigrant.
14:
2585:
944:from independence in 1867 to the
1323:United States Institute of Peace
1246:Journal of Common Market Studies
613:
1534:
1512:
1442:
1357:
1335:
1319:"Ethnocratic States and Spaces"
1310:
1281:
1266:
1251:
1042:
597:Latin America and the Caribbean
1518:Smooha S. and P. JĂ€rve, eds.,
1210:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1130:
1108:
1:
1588:
1543:The model of ethnic democracy
1344:The model of ethnic democracy
1117:The model of ethnic democracy
1059:
1051:The Model of Ethnic Democracy
409:Democracy and economic growth
1473:. 2009-09-02. Archived from
1304:10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.04.003
1164:Ethnic Democracy and Estonia
875:through ethnic democracy to
602:Middle East and North Africa
469:Peaceful transition of power
7:
1022:
991:
846:Jewish and democratic state
499:Proportional representation
10:
2590:
1950:Countries by ethnic groups
1945:Contemporary ethnic groups
906:Development and Transition
894:Development and Transition
873:liberal or civic democracy
843:
832:Applicability of the model
2540:
2416:
2288:
2096:
1930:
1731:
1596:
1522:(ECMI, 2005), pp. 61-114.
935:
839:
1433:Amnesty takes on Estonia
1363:E.g., regarding Latvia:
1034:are designed to install
554:Wars between democracies
534:Territorial peace theory
379:Democratic confederalism
2062:Torres Strait Islanders
1907:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1651:In-group and out-groups
1088:Nations and Nationalism
539:Tyranny of the majority
474:Political demonstration
384:Democratic peace theory
359:Deliberative referendum
2303:Cultural appropriation
1500:Cite journal requires
984:descent to the native
727:sociologist Professor
674:minority ethnic groups
364:Democratic backsliding
354:Criticism of democracy
2569:Ethnicity in politics
2328:Ethnic interest group
2168:Ethnicity in censuses
2118:Cultural assimilation
1619:Ethnolinguistic group
1548:June 2, 2010, at the
1349:June 2, 2010, at the
1122:June 2, 2010, at the
974:Sunningdale Agreement
964:Smooha describes the
419:Electoral competition
399:Democratic transition
374:Democratic centralism
369:Democratic capitalism
2548:Minzu (anthropology)
2517:Separatist movements
2373:Ethnographic village
2203:Legendary progenitor
1838:Transidioethnography
1641:Hyphenated ethnicity
1636:Ethnographic realism
1629:Ethnoreligious group
970:Partition of Ireland
898:titular ethnic group
662:political scientists
394:Democratic socialism
2408:Multinational state
2403:Model minority myth
2290:Multiethnic society
2208:Linguistic homeland
1624:Ethnonational group
1291:Political Geography
922:University of Haifa
725:University of Haifa
620:Politics portal
414:Democracy promotion
389:Democratic republic
2574:Types of democracy
2388:Middleman minority
2348:Ethnic pornography
2343:Ethnic nationalism
2248:Pantribal sodality
2193:Imagined community
1718:Symbolic ethnicity
1646:Indigenous peoples
1614:Ethnographic group
1528:2012-02-09 at the
1454:2012-02-10 at the
1240:2008-05-04 at the
1169:2010-06-02 at the
1144:2017-03-09 at the
1028:Slovak nationalism
1007:in general and to
859:Latvia and Estonia
660:, as used by some
559:Waves of democracy
519:Right to candidacy
489:Popular referendum
479:Political equality
349:Citizens' assembly
2556:
2555:
2470:Ethnic stereotype
2383:Indigenous rights
2368:Ethnographic film
2353:Ethnic theme park
2313:Dominant minority
2308:Diaspora politics
2298:Consociationalism
2233:National language
2123:Cultural identity
2113:Cross-race effect
2057:Aboriginal groups
1262:. pp. 29â57.
1017:Malaysian Indians
1013:Malaysian Chinese
999:, as well as the
954:English Canadians
940:Smooha describes
654:
653:
509:Right to petition
2581:
2440:Ethnic cleansing
2435:Ethnic bioweapon
2318:Ethnic democracy
1932:Groups by region
1882:Ethnomethodology
1865:Ethnomathematics
1855:Ethnolinguistics
1751:Ethnoarchaeology
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1408:. Archived from
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1084:
1009:Malaysian Malays
960:Northern Ireland
952:to the level of
950:French Canadians
946:Quiet Revolution
871:, spanning from
763:Model definition
658:ethnic democracy
646:
639:
632:
618:
617:
514:Right to protest
464:Nomination rules
19:
18:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2536:
2475:Ethnic violence
2423:
2421:ethnic conflict
2419:
2412:
2393:Minority rights
2333:Ethnic majority
2284:
2268:Detribalization
2223:Nation-building
2163:Ethnic religion
2106:
2102:
2092:
1999:Central America
1926:
1897:Ethnophilosophy
1892:Ethnomusicology
1870:Ethnostatistics
1828:Person-centered
1798:Autoethnography
1727:
1592:
1587:
1557:
1550:Wayback Machine
1539:
1535:
1530:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1456:Wayback Machine
1447:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1381:
1362:
1358:
1351:Wayback Machine
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1248:(November 2005)
1242:Wayback Machine
1233:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1171:Wayback Machine
1160:
1153:
1146:Wayback Machine
1135:
1131:
1124:Wayback Machine
1113:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1066:
1062:
1045:
1025:
1001:Ketuanan Melayu
994:
986:Irish Catholics
972:in 1921 to the
962:
938:
861:
848:
842:
834:
765:
714:Yale University
670:ethnic majority
650:
612:
607:
606:
572:
564:
563:
444:Majoritarianism
404:Democratization
339:
331:
330:
65:
55:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Indigenization
2504:
2499:
2497:Ethnosymbolism
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Ethnic penalty
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Model minority
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Ethnopluralism
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Ethnic enclave
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
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2255:
2250:
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2205:
2200:
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2125:
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2115:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
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1991:
1986:
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1961:
1954:
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1048:Sammy Smooha,
1044:
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1036:ethnic Slovaks
1024:
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910:Oren Yiftachel
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739:democracy (or
710:Juan José Linz
683:semi-democracy
668:âtypically an
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1698:Polyethnicity
1696:
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1678:Monoethnicity
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1494:
1480:on 2011-09-02
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1415:on 2011-07-20
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881:Will Kymlicka
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524:Right to vote
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449:Majority rule
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214:Participatory
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35:
32:
29:
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25:
21:
20:
2522:Xenocentrism
2480:Ethnic riots
2465:Ethnic slurs
2455:Ethnic party
2418:Ideology and
2338:Ethnic media
2317:
2280:White ethnic
2273:Neotribalism
2228:Nation state
2173:Ethnofiction
2104:ethnogenesis
2075:
2068:
2049:
2018:Central Asia
2010:
1963:
1956:
1939:
1912:Ethnoscience
1902:Ethnopoetics
1850:Ethnohistory
1788:Ethnogeology
1776:Ethnozoology
1766:Ethnoecology
1756:Ethnobiology
1741:Anthropology
1693:Panethnicity
1609:Ethnic group
1541:
1536:
1519:
1514:
1493:cite journal
1482:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1462:
1444:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1397:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1342:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1312:
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1268:
1259:
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1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1162:
1149:Israel, 1997
1137:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1087:
1049:
1043:Bibliography
1026:
995:
982:Ulster Scots
963:
939:
930:
914:Asâad Ghanem
905:
893:
862:
849:
835:
795:
766:
758:
753:
748:
744:
736:
729:Sammy Smooha
718:
707:
697:
693:
687:
666:ethnic group
657:
655:
321:Totalitarian
204:Non-partisan
184:Majoritarian
165:Jeffersonian
129:
105:Deliberative
95:Cosmopolitan
90:Conservative
70:Anticipatory
22:Part of the
2450:Ethnic joke
2258:Tribal name
2243:Origin myth
2218:Mythomoteur
2148:Ethnic flag
2133:Development
1818:Netnography
1793:Ethnography
1783:Ethnocinema
1761:Ethnobotany
1688:Nationality
1540:Smooha, S.
1341:Smooha, S.
1114:Smooha, S.
978:Protestants
885:Neil Melvin
429:Kleroterion
311:Substantive
286:Semi-direct
2563:Categories
2532:Xenophobia
2527:Xenophilia
2502:Indigenism
2430:Allophilia
2363:Ethnocracy
2253:Statistext
2188:Historical
2081:Indigenous
2033:South Asia
1969:Indigenous
1703:Population
1484:2009-09-22
1419:2007-05-29
1328:2009-10-18
1136:S Smooha,
1060:References
980:of mainly
902:Russophone
877:Ethnocracy
844:See also:
754:Herrenvolk
749:Herrenvolk
745:Herrenvolk
741:ethnocracy
737:Herrenvolk
719:Herrenvolk
703:ethnocracy
698:democratic
690:legitimate
592:Historical
504:Referendum
459:Ochlocracy
434:Liberalism
424:Initiative
301:Sociocracy
229:Procedural
199:Multiparty
160:Jacksonian
155:Industrial
135:Grassroots
120:Electronic
2492:Ethnocide
2358:Ethnoburb
2263:Tribalism
2051:Australia
2043:West Asia
2023:East Asia
1994:Caribbean
1979:Greenland
1860:Ethnology
1733:Ethnology
1671:Influence
1590:Ethnicity
1389:162357834
1005:Bumiputra
968:from the
916:consider
721:democracy
672:âand the
656:The term
529:Sortition
484:Polyarchy
344:Anarchism
326:Workplace
306:Sovereign
296:Socialist
276:Sectarian
254:Christian
244:Religious
219:Pluralist
174:Illiberal
150:Inclusive
125:Empowered
100:Defensive
85:Consensus
31:Democracy
2512:Nativism
2178:Ethnonym
2143:Ethnarch
2099:Identity
2086:European
1964:Americas
1808:Critical
1803:Clinical
1597:Concepts
1546:Archived
1526:Archived
1452:Archived
1347:Archived
1238:Archived
1167:Archived
1142:Archived
1120:Archived
1032:Slovakia
1023:Slovakia
992:Malaysia
926:diaspora
494:Populism
249:Buddhist
194:Monitory
115:Economic
80:Cellular
75:Athenian
2541:Related
2198:Kinship
2138:Endonym
2128:Demonym
2076:Oceania
1833:Salvage
1437:reprint
918:Estonia
869:Estonia
733:Israeli
259:Islamic
234:Radical
224:Popular
170:Liberal
51:Indices
41:History
2070:Europe
1984:Mexico
1974:Canada
1958:Africa
1823:Online
1683:Nation
1387:
1377:
942:Canada
936:Canada
865:Latvia
840:Israel
694:ethnic
679:Israel
587:Europe
577:Africa
571:Region
544:Voting
454:Motion
291:Social
269:Mormon
264:Jewish
179:Liquid
140:Guided
130:Ethnic
110:Direct
46:Theory
2213:Mores
1940:World
1843:Video
1723:Tribe
1478:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1369:[
189:Media
63:Types
2012:Asia
1708:Race
1604:Clan
1506:help
1385:OCLC
1375:ISBN
1015:and
912:and
867:and
582:Asia
281:Semi
209:Oral
2101:and
1300:doi
892:'s
712:of
696:or
2565::
1497::
1495:}}
1491:{{
1383:.
1321:.
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