930:, to attempt to bring newly synthesized designer drugs under legal control. The controlled drug legislation in these jurisdictions requires drug scheduling decisions to follow an evidence-based process, where the harms of the drug are assessed and reviewed so that an appropriate legal status can be assigned. Since many designer drugs sold in recent years have had little or no published research that could help inform such a decision, they have been widely sold as "legal highs", often for months, before sufficient evidence accumulates to justify placing them on the controlled drug schedules.
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milligrams, but while it is critical for the end user to weigh doses with a precision scale, instead of guessing ("eyeballing"), many users did not do this and this led to many emergency room visits and several deaths, which were a prominent factor leading to the emergency scheduling of several substances and eventually
Operation Web Tryp. Some compounds such as
356:. In this case, the DEA scheduled MDMA as a Schedule I drug and retained this classification after review, even though their own judge ruled that MDMA should be classified Schedule III on the basis of its demonstrated uses in medicine. The emergency scheduling power has subsequently been used for a variety of other drugs including
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vendors. The peptide drugs sold on these websites are largely non-recreational and sold for their purported anti-aging, performance enhancing, and cosmetic benefits. Some such vendors employ medical professionals and take clear precautions to ensure the legal ambiguity of their operations. While more
673:
Subsequently, the market rapidly expanded, with more and more substances being detected every year. In 2009, the EMCDDA's early warning system discovered 24 new drugs. In 2010, it found another 41; in 2011, another 49; and in 2012, there were 73 more. In 2013, a further 81 were identified: a total of
669:
to powerful substances able to compete with classical drugs on the black market. Mephedrone especially experienced a somewhat meteoric rise in popularity in 2009 and the resulting media panic resulted in its prohibition in multiple countries. Following this there was a considerable emergence of other
1080:
The term 'new psychoactive substances' had been legally defined by the
European Union as a new narcotic or psychotropic drug, in pure form or in a preparation, that is not scheduled under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 or the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, but which
560:
While through recent history most designer drugs had been either opioids, hallucinogens, or anabolic steroids, the range of possible compounds is limited only by the scientific and patent literature, and recent years have been characterised by a broadening of the range of compounds sold as designer
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since 1976, but due to the large number of different anabolic agents available for human and veterinary use, the ability of laboratories to test for all available drugs had always lagged behind the ability of athletes to find new compounds to use. The introduction of increasingly formalised testing
522:
The majority of chemical suppliers sold research chemicals in bulk form as powder, not as pills, as selling in pill form would invalidate the claims that they were being sold for non-consumptive research. Active dosages vary widely from substance to substance, ranging from micrograms to hundreds of
903:
Some countries, such as
Australia, have enacted generic bans but based on chemical structure rather than psychoactive effect: if a chemical fits a set of rules regarding substitutions and alterations of an already-banned drug, then it too is banned. Brazil adopted the same model as Australia, in a
250:
to pass several resolutions attempting to bring these new drugs under control, ultimately leading in 1930 to the first broad analogues provisions extending legal control to all esters of morphine, oxycodone and hydromorphone. Another early example of what could loosely be termed designer drug use,
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Due to the recent development of many designer drugs, laws banning or regulating their use have not been developed yet, and in recent cases novel drugs have appeared directly in response to legislative action, to replace a similar compound that had recently been banned. Many of the chemicals fall
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did eventually increase in popularity to the point that they were sold in pill form to reach a wider market, and acquired popular street names ("Nexus" and "Foxy," respectively). Once a chemical reaches this kind of popularity, it is usually just a matter of time before it is added to the list of
132:
In some jurisdictions, drugs that are highly similar in structure to a prohibited drug are illegal to trade regardless of that drug's legal status (or indeed whether or not the structurally similar analogue has similar pharmacological effects). In other jurisdictions, their trade is a legal grey
89:
Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for
891:
Other countries have dealt with the issue differently. In some, the new drugs are banned as they become a concern, as in
Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. In Sweden, the police and customs may also seize drugs that are not on the list of drugs covered by the anti-drug laws if the
494:
among others. Extensive surveys of structural variations have been conducted by pharmaceutical corporations, universities and independent researchers over the last century, from which some of the presently available research chemicals derive. One particularly notable researcher is
137:
goods. Some jurisdictions may have analogue laws which ban drugs similar in chemical structure to other prohibited drugs, while some designer drugs may be prohibited irrespective of the legal status of structurally similar drugs; in both cases, their trade may take place on the
895:
In
Ireland, the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 bans substances based on their psychoactive effect, and was introduced as a catch-all to address the time lag between new substances appearing and their being banned individually. In the United Kingdom, the
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are known under a variety of names including K2, Spice, Black Mamba, Bombay Blue, Genie, Zohai, Banana Cream Nuke, Krypton, and Lava Red. They are often called "synthetic marijuana," "herbal incense," or "herbal smoking blends" and often labeled "not for human consumption."
383:
in the United States as a widespread public health issue, leading to increasing controls on precursor chemicals in an attempt to cut down on domestic manufacture of the drug. This led to several alternative stimulant drugs emerging, the most notable ones being
279:
in 1967. There was little scope to prosecute people over drug analogues at this time, with new compounds instead being added to the controlled drug schedules one by one as they became a problem. One significant court case from this period was in 1973, when
351:
power to emergency schedule chemicals for a year, with an optional 6-month extension, while gathering evidence to justify permanent scheduling, as well as the analogue laws mentioned previously. Emergency-scheduling power was used for the first time for
392:, but, despite attracting enough attention from authorities to provoke legal scheduling of these compounds, their distribution was relatively limited in extent and methamphetamine continued to dominate the illicit synthetic stimulant market overall.
296:. At this time ALD-52 was not a controlled drug, but they were convicted on the grounds that in order to make ALD-52, they would have had to be in possession of LSD, which was illegal. The late 1970s also saw the introduction of various analogues of
648:"...what is new is the wide range of substances now being explored, the aggressive marketing of products that have been intentionally mislabelled, the growing use of the internet, and the speed at which the market reacts to control measures."
3943:
448:. With help from the authorities in India and China, two chemical manufacturers were also closed. Many other internet-based vendors promptly stopped doing business, even though their products were still legal throughout much of the world.
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legally controversial research chemicals continued to be developed and sold online, the growth of peptide 'research chemical' vendors in the early 2020s widened the accessibility and reach of the research chemical market substantially.
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under the various drug analogue legislations in certain countries, but most countries have no general analogue act or equivalent legislation and so novel compounds may fall outside of the law after only minor structural modifications.
715:
Many terms exist other than "designer drug" often depending on the context and geographical region. For example, the term new psychoactive substance (NPS) is more commonly used in academic settings, and in regions such as
400:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a huge explosion in designer drugs being sold over the internet. The term and concept of "research chemicals" was coined by some marketers of designer drugs (in particular, of
125:). Despite being a very broad term, applicable to almost every synthetic drug, it is often used to connote synthetic recreational drugs, sometimes even those which have not been designed at all (e.g.
1016:"New Psychoactive Substance," and "Novel Psychoactive Substance" (NPS) are often used interchangeably. The term is more commonly used in Australia, European Union, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
625:, which had never been reported in the literature, and appear to have been invented by designer drug manufacturers themselves. Another novel development is the use of research ligands for
548:
in 1999, made it much more difficult for athletes to get away with using these drugs without detection, which then led to the synthesis of novel and potent anabolic steroid drugs such as
94:. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result in unexpected side effects.
880:, which attempted to ban designer drugs pre-emptively by making it illegal to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to
1391:
Fahn S (1996). "The Case of the Frozen
Addicts: How the Solution of an Extraordinary Medical Mystery Spawned a Revolution in the Understanding and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease".
2050:
1916:"EMCDDA–Europol 2013 Annual Report on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA)"
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have been done. Many research compounds have produced unexpected side-effects and adverse incidents due to the lack of screening for off-target effects prior to marketing; both
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1380:. Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances. McLean, Virginia: Drug Enforcement Administration. p. 79.
1942:
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may pose a public health threat comparable to that posed by substances listed in those conventions (Council of the
European Union decision 2005/387/JHA).
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police suspect that the purpose of the holding is related to drug abuse. Following a decision by a prosecutor, the police may destroy the seized drugs.
56:
that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard
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347:
Because the government was powerless to prosecute people for these drugs until after they had been marketed successfully, laws were passed to give the
271:
During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of new synthetic hallucinogens were introduced, with a notable example being the sale of highly potent tablets of
4213:
955:
877:
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268 new drugs in just four years. These have not been limited to cathinones, with 35% being cannabinoids and the rest being composed of stimulants,
441:. Widespread discussion of consumptive use and the sources for the chemicals in public forums also drew the attention of the media and authorities.
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Most substances that were sold as "research chemicals" in this period of time are hallucinogens and bear a chemical resemblance to drugs such as
2025:
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In the early 2020s, the perceived (though unsubstantiated) safety and legal difficulty of regulating peptides spurred the growth of grey-market
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cathinones which attempted to mimic the effects of mephedrone, and with a newly attracted customer base, plenty of money to drive innovation.
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444:
In 2004, the US Drug
Enforcement Administration raided and shut down several Internet-based research chemical vendors in an operation called
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246:, which have virtually identical effects to heroin but were not covered by the Opium Convention. This then led the Health Committee of the
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117:). In some instances, designer drugs have similar effects to other known drugs, but have completely dissimilar chemical structures (e.g.
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laws would be avoided. Nonetheless, the DEA raided multiple suppliers, first JLF Primary
Materials, and then multiple vendors (such as
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113:—yields drugs that may differ significantly in effects from their "parent" drug (e.g., showing increased potency, or decreased
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763:(MDPV). Combined with labeling that they are "not for human consumption," these descriptions are an attempt to skirt the
238:, a number of alternative esters of morphine quickly started to be manufactured and sold. The most notable of these were
2108:
1503:
Cole MD, Lea C, Oxley N (2002). "4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): a review of the public domain literature".
376:, became the first drug that had been emergency-scheduled to be denied permanent scheduling and revert to legal status.
4659:
4033:
3314:
2491:
519:), and served as an expert witness for the defense in several court cases against manufacturers of psychoactive drugs.
344:, from only a single dose. Other problems were highly potent fentanyl analogues that caused many accidental overdoses.
2283:
Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RI, Schumacher B, Johannsen M (2009). "A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly".
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marked somewhat of a turning point for designer drugs, turning them from little known, ineffective substances sold in
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family). The idea was that, by selling the chemicals as for "scientific research" rather than human consumption, the
272:
196:
2057:
1960:
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Teale P, Scarth J, Hudson S (January 2012). "Impact of the emergence of designer drugs upon sports doping testing".
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1673:"Structure elucidation of a novel analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement"
991:
985:
897:
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1323:
Snyder SH, Faillace L, Hollister L (1967). "2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): a new hallucinogenic drug".
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1986:"Click, click, buy: The market for novel synthetic peptide hormones on mainstream e-commerce platforms in the UK"
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540:
373:
348:
324:(ecstasy) experienced a popularity boom in the mid-1980s. When the term was coined in the 1980s, a wide range of
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which forbids drugs that are "substantially similar" to already classified drugs from being sold for human use.
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Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J (2009). "Use of melanotan I and II in the general population".
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have been described as "plant food", despite the compounds having no history of being used for these purposes.
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de Boer D, Bosman I (2004). "A new trend in drugs-of-abuse; the 2C-series of phenethylamine designer drugs".
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1857:"Tweaking, bombing, dabbing and stockpiling: the emergence of mephedrone and the perversity of prohibition"
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under some circumstances, which has resulted in several deaths, although the mechanism remains unclear.
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reported between 2008 and 2021 - including 11 new cannabinoids identified for the first time in 2020.
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678:, psychedelics, dissociatives and to a lesser extent, every other class of drugs, even ibogoids and
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593:(Viagra), which have been reported as active compounds in "herbal" aphrodisiac products. Designer
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459:. As with other hallucinogens, these substances are often taken for the purposes of facilitating
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The modern use of the term designer drug was coined in the 1980s to refer to various synthetic
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429:. This process was accelerated greatly when vendors began advertising via search engines like
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1583:"[Analysis of designer drugs detected in the products purchased in fiscal year 2006]"
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The safety of research chemicals is untested and little if any research has been done on the
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Lindigkeit R, Boehme A, Eiserloh I, Luebbecke M, Wiggermann M, Ernst L, Beuerle T (2009).
1830:. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Archived from
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For chemical substances scientists use for medical and scientific research purposes, see
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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by linking their sites to searches on key words such as chemical names and terms like
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This article is about recreational drugs. For drug design in medicinal contexts, see
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Substances and classifications table (31/10/2008) – European Legal
Database on Drugs
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2056:. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. 31 March 2010. p. 25. Archived from
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Venhuis BJ, Blok-Tip L, de Kaste D (2008). "Designer drugs in herbal aphrodisiacs".
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Buchanan JF, Brown CR (1988). "'Designer drugs'. A problem in clinical toxicology".
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340:, which caused brain damage that could result in a syndrome identical to late stage
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1961:"Labeled "Research" Chemicals, Doping Drugs Sold Openly on Amazon.com – The Markup"
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474:. Some research chemicals on the market were not psychoactive, but can be used as
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recent ruling from ANVISA, which is responsible to define what constitute drugs.
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agonists have continued to appear, including by 2010, novel compounds such as
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were being sold as heroin on the black market. Many were based on fentanyl or
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Report on all substances controlled in at least one EU country in XLS format
2134:"Synthetic form of cocaine and methamphetamine being packaged as bath salts"
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA (February 2012).
609:" sold as legal alternatives to marijuana. Subsequently, a growing range of
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recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in
1439:
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Henderson GL (1988). "Designer drugs: past history and future prospects".
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The late 1990s and early 2000s also saw the first widespread use of novel
129:, the psychedelic side effects of which were discovered unintentionally).
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Nu beslagtar svenska tullen lagliga droger, Sveriges Radio, 23 April 2011
1941:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2021).
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Wohlfarth A, Weinmann W (May 2010). "Bioanalysis of new designer drugs".
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drugs. These have included a wide variety of designer stimulants such as
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755:" is the most common) have been used to describe mephedrone as well as
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101:. The exploration of modifications to known active drugs—such as their
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2155:"Reports: Miami 'zombie' attacker may have been using 'bath salts'"
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313:
224:
2371:"Ireland passes new law to control 'head shops' and 'legal highs'"
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The development of designer drugs may be considered a subfield of
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2234:"Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs"
1825:"2009 Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe"
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or pharmacology of most of these drugs. Few, if any, human or
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2414:[Combating synthetic illicit drugs just got easier].
1186:
Reneman L (2003). "Designer drugs: How dangerous are they?".
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by athletes in competition. Steroids had been banned by the
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The late 1980s and early 1990s also saw the re-emergence of
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1624:"Tetrahydrogestrinone: the discovery of a designer steroid"
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of other potentially psychoactive substances, for example,
357:
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337:
321:
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Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawahara N, Goda Y (2008).
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initially found in December 2008 as active components of "
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Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
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2840:
2026:"Uncovering the peptide 'grey market' sweeping Australia"
1855:
Measham F, Moore K, Newcombe R, Smith Z (12 March 2010).
1854:
1480:
Synthetic Panics: The Symbolic Politics of Designer Drugs
815:
122:
1948:. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
922:, which has been adopted in some jurisdictions, notably
552:(THG), which were not detectable by the standard tests.
336:, was found in some cases to contain an impurity called
2375:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
1891:"Drugs unlimited: how I created my very own legal high"
1709:
1322:
2412:"Combate a drogas ilícitas sintéticas fica mais fácil"
918:
A temporary class drug is a relatively new status for
2109:"Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone'"
1310:
The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs
682:. The largest group of drugs being monitored by the
629:
rather than strictly recreational purposes, such as
503:
explorations of hundreds of substances in the books
2389:"Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 - Schedule 1"
1133:"Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective"
597:are another recent development, with two compounds
994:– UK ban on all drugs based on psychoactive effect
2416:Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA)
2182:"An Alarming New Stimulant, Legal in Many States"
1188:Addiction Mechanisms, Phenomenology and Treatment
1092:
1035:
956:Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986
878:Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986
4972:
1958:
1671:Reepmeyer JC, Woodruff JT, d'Avignon DA (2007).
544:procedures, especially with the creation of the
2179:
288:were prosecuted for making the acetyl amide of
259:was sold and used as an alternative to illegal
3512:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
2401:Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 s 314.1(2)
1126:
1124:
320:). The term gained widespread popularity when
2485:
2231:
1959:Gilbertson, Annie; Keegan, Jon (2020-09-17).
1943:"Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe – a review"
1537:
1246:
1078:. Common Sense for Drug Policy. 8 July 2021.
818:have also caused a limited number of deaths.
163:The examples and perspective in this section
2512:
1983:
1621:
1502:
1179:
1121:
1086:
1029:
798:seem to be capable of producing pronounced
740:In the UK to avoid being controlled by the
4240:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
2492:
2478:
2043:
1908:
1137:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
181:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2499:
2454:at Chemograph Plus, DigiLab Software GmbH
2335:
2259:
2249:
2001:
1984:Turnock, Luke; Gibbs, Nick (2023-06-01).
1882:
1748:[Spice contains chemical agent].
1639:
1598:
1417:
633:internet sales of the non-approved alpha-
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
4214:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
3911:
2203:
2201:
2100:
656:director Wolfgang Goetz (November 2009).
4250:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
3305:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
2075:
1848:
1477:
1307:
1185:
907:
4973:
4141:Office of National Drug Control Policy
3929:International drug control conventions
2418:(in Portuguese). Brazilian Government.
2131:
1373:
4332:
3910:
3482:List of cannabis rights organizations
3429:
2511:
2473:
2198:
1888:
2459:"Fentanyl landscape | PiHKAL · info"
2238:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
2180:Goodnough A, Zezima K (2011-07-16).
2106:
1990:Performance Enhancement & Health
1746:"Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff"
1390:
831:
303:
219:Following the passage of the second
149:
2157:. CNN. May 29, 2012. Archived from
2083:"Police warning over 'bubble' drug"
1641:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306213.87433.11
1393:The New England Journal of Medicine
1072:"New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)"
961:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
223:in 1925, which specifically banned
13:
4034:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
2232:Fattore L, Fratta W (2011-09-21).
1552:10.1023/b:phar.0000018600.03664.36
751:In the US, similar descriptions ("
395:
19:For a list of designer drugs, see
14:
5002:
4051:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
2425:
2051:"Consideration of the cathinones"
1807:"EU struggles to curb hard drugs"
1454:"TheDEA.org: The History of MDMA"
532:scheduled (i.e., illegal) drugs.
68:, Australia, and New Zealand, as
64:that have been designated by the
4056:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
3950:Other treaties addressing drugs
3430:
1157:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06199.x
992:Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
986:Psychoactive Substances Act 2013
898:Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
836:
828:Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
209:
154:
4889:Regulation of therapeutic goods
4813:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
4374:Opium production in Afghanistan
2404:
2395:
2381:
2363:
2352:
2337:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.008
2311:
2297:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.001
2276:
2225:
2173:
2147:
2125:
2018:
1977:
1952:
1934:
1817:
1799:
1756:
1738:
1724:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.11.007
1703:
1664:
1615:
1574:
1531:
1496:
1471:
1446:
1411:
1384:
1377:Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse
1367:
1316:
735:
697:
541:International Olympic Committee
4837:of tobacco or other substances
2320:"Spice: a never ending story?"
1301:
1283:
1240:
1010:
710:
635:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
499:, who presented syntheses and
486:, which could be used to make
266:
221:International Opium Convention
214:
1:
4869:Needle and syringe programmes
4818:Long-term effects of cannabis
4219:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
4146:School district drug policies
1622:Malvey TC, Armsey TD (2005).
1517:10.1016/S1355-0306(02)71832-7
1023:
300:(PCP) to the illicit market.
3939:1971 Psychotropic Substances
1345:10.1126/science.158.3801.669
1312:. Consumer Reports Magazine.
1249:Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp
589:, and designer analogues of
555:
7:
4727:Pharmaceutical distribution
4364:Coca production in Colombia
3815:Counterculture of the 1960s
2445:Designer Drug Compound List
2209:"K2 Trend Not Slowing Down"
1752:(in German). December 2008.
1405:10.1056/NEJM199612263352618
1295:UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics
1196:10.1007/978-3-7091-0541-2_4
944:
900:adopts a similar approach.
804:Substituted phenethylamines
312:drugs, based mostly on the
177:, discuss the issue on the
78:performance-enhancing drugs
70:new psychoactive substances
16:Class of recreational drugs
10:
5007:
4899:Substance abuse prevention
4874:Opioid replacement therapy
2107:Reed J (13 January 2010).
1689:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.11.037
937:
911:
872:In the United States, the
825:
761:methylenedioxypyrovalerone
263:in a number of countries.
145:
32:
25:
18:
4912:
4904:Supervised injection site
4846:
4761:
4387:
4354:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4232:
4194:Anabolic steroid legality
4181:
4066:
3974:
3959:Convention Against Doping
3954:Law of the Sea Convention
3921:
3917:
3906:
3885:Urban legends about drugs
3797:
3749:
3686:
3583:
3550:
3442:
3438:
3425:
3362:
3335:
3273:
3219:
3120:
3025:
3016:
2961:
2794:
2657:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2003:10.1016/j.peh.2023.100251
951:Controlled Substances Act
874:Controlled Substances Act
845:This section needs to be
777:
744:, designer drugs such as
704:synthetic peptide hormone
425:) several years later in
60:. Designer drugs include
4700:Turks and Caicos Islands
4209:Methamphetamine legality
3522:Marijuana Policy Project
2513:Major recreational drugs
2251:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060
1600:10.1248/yakushi.128.1499
1374:Cooper DA (March 1988).
1003:
812:substituted amphetamines
546:World Anti-Doping Agency
92:clandestine laboratories
76:) as well as analogs of
3477:Cannabis rights leaders
2132:Cumbow V (2011-02-06).
1878:(subscription required)
1861:Drugs and Alcohol Today
933:
244:acetylpropionylmorphine
62:psychoactive substances
4285:Politics of drug abuse
3253:Mandragora officinarum
2136:. The Huntsville Times
1889:Power M (2014-10-31).
1873:10.5042/daat.2010.0123
981:Pharmaceutical company
940:List of designer drugs
821:
771:Synthetic cannabinoids
692:synthetic cannabinoids
688:synthetic cannabinoids
659:
21:List of designer drugs
4645:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3944:1988 Drug Trafficking
3537:Cannabis and religion
2501:Recreational drug use
690:, with 209 different
646:
611:synthetic cannabinoid
607:herbal smoking blends
4894:Responsible drug use
4705:United Arab Emirates
4024:Drug Policy Alliance
3912:Legality of drug use
3517:Legality of cannabis
3492:Cannabis Social Club
3462:Cannabis cultivation
3457:Cannabis consumption
3288:Cannabis (Marijuana)
3110:Psilocybin mushrooms
1291:"Esters of Morphine"
976:Federal Analogue Act
914:Temporary class drug
908:Temporary class drug
550:tetrahydrogestrinone
175:improve this section
165:may not represent a
103:structural analogues
54:controlled substance
4952:Tobacco consumption
4922:Alcohol consumption
4864:Drug rehabilitation
4801:Effects of cannabis
4525:Indian Ocean region
4305:Philippine drug war
3934:1961 Narcotic Drugs
2615:nail polish remover
1677:J Pharm Biomed Anal
1628:Curr Sports Med Rep
1337:1967Sci...158..669S
1308:Brecher EM (1972).
1149:2012NYASA1248...18C
966:New chemical entity
876:was amended by the
661:Mephedrone and the
577:, several designer
417:clause of the U.S.
342:Parkinson's disease
261:alcoholic beverages
255:in the 1930s, when
4808:Drug-related crime
4485:Dominican Republic
4395:Illegal drug trade
3870:Religion and drugs
3825:Drug paraphernalia
3805:Chasing the dragon
3764:Fashion cigarettes
3345:Calea zacatechichi
3040:Psychoactive toads
2750:Mitragyna speciosa
2702:Dextropropoxyphene
2644:Nonbenzodiazepines
2552:Alcoholic beverage
2450:2017-11-07 at the
2437:2021-02-25 at the
2089:. 20 November 2009
1813:. 5 November 2009.
1478:Jenkins P (1999).
1261:10.1007/bf03259928
1190:. pp. 61–83.
1107:10.4155/bio.11.291
971:Operation Web Tryp
765:Federal Analog Act
583:methylmethaqualone
515:(co-authored with
427:Operation Web Tryp
316:molecule (such as
133:area, making them
28:Research chemicals
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4879:Pharmacovigilance
4859:Drug legalization
4757:
4756:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4255:Cognitive liberty
4199:Cannabis legality
3987:Decriminalization
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3784:Smoking fetishism
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3358:
3357:
3238:Atropa belladonna
2605:contact adhesives
2547:Ethanol (alcohol)
2324:Forensic Sci. Int
2285:Forensic Sci. Int
2161:on March 25, 2021
1712:Forensic Sci. Int
1489:978-0-8147-4244-0
1432:10.1520/JFS11976J
1399:(26): 2002–2003.
1297:(2): 36–38. 1953.
1205:978-3-211-01316-8
1050:10.4155/bio.10.32
998:Research chemical
866:
865:
537:anabolic steroids
497:Alexander Shulgin
468:mental reflection
403:psychedelic drugs
304:1980s–early 1990s
248:League of Nations
240:dibenzoylmorphine
207:
206:
199:
82:designer steroids
50:functional analog
4998:
4796:Drug harmfulness
4791:Driving impaired
4610:Papua New Guinea
4379:Rolling meth lab
4352:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4329:
4295:Mexican drug war
4204:Cocaine legality
4189:Alcohol legality
4019:Demand reduction
4007:Supply reduction
3919:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3585:Drinking culture
3527:Medical cannabis
3487:Cannabis smoking
3444:Cannabis culture
3440:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3403:recreational use
3248:Hyoscyamus niger
3209:Salvia divinorum
3192:Amanita muscaria
3154:recreational use
3134:recreational use
3023:
3022:
2591:recreational use
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:isomerdesign.com
2420:
2419:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:www.9news.com.au
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1777:10.1136/bmj.b566
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:Badishce Zietung
1742:
1736:
1735:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1593:(10): 1499–505.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1456:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1331:(3801): 669–70.
1320:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1033:
1017:
1014:
920:controlled drugs
861:
858:
852:
840:
839:
832:
800:vasoconstriction
657:
390:4-methylaminorex
318:α-methylfentanyl
202:
195:
191:
188:
182:
158:
157:
150:
5006:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4956:
4914:
4908:
4884:Reagent testing
4842:
4833:Passive smoking
4763:
4753:
4383:
4369:Drug precursors
4356:
4347:
4345:
4335:
4316:
4270:Drug possession
4245:Cannabis rights
4228:
4224:Salvia legality
4177:
4068:
4062:
3970:
3913:
3894:
3875:Self-medication
3793:
3789:Tobacco smoking
3751:Smoking culture
3745:
3682:
3579:
3546:
3502:Cannabis vaping
3472:Cannabis rights
3467:Cannabis edible
3434:
3413:
3354:
3350:Silene capensis
3331:
3269:
3265:Diphenhydramine
3215:
3116:
3012:
2957:
2909:Methylphenidate
2899:Methamphetamine
2790:
2653:
2537:Benzodiazepines
2514:
2503:
2498:
2457:
2452:Wayback Machine
2439:Wayback Machine
2428:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2316:
2312:
2281:
2277:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2063:on 2 April 2010
2060:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1708:
1704:
1669:
1665:
1620:
1616:
1587:Yakugaku Zasshi
1579:
1575:
1540:Pharm World Sci
1536:
1532:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1420:J. Forensic Sci
1416:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1184:
1180:
1129:
1122:
1091:
1087:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
947:
942:
936:
916:
910:
862:
856:
853:
850:
841:
837:
830:
824:
792:bromo-dragonfly
780:
738:
713:
700:
676:benzodiazepines
658:
652:
640:drugs known as
575:desoxypipradrol
558:
501:pharmacological
398:
396:Late 1990s–2004
381:methamphetamine
306:
269:
253:Prohibition era
251:was during the
217:
212:
203:
192:
186:
183:
172:
159:
155:
148:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5004:
4994:
4993:
4991:Harm reduction
4988:
4983:
4981:Designer drugs
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4847:Harm reduction
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Date rape drug
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4747:Liquor license
4744:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4722:Darknet market
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4312:Zero tolerance
4309:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Czech Republic
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4039:Liberalization
4036:
4031:
4029:Harm reduction
4026:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3948:
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3941:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Party and play
3852:
3847:
3845:Needle sharing
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Cigarette card
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Tailgate party
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Drinking games
3615:
3610:
3608:Binge drinking
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3552:Coffee culture
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
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3479:
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3469:
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3406:
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3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
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3353:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:Dimenhydrinate
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:alkyl nitrites
3157:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Peruvian torch
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2973:
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2916:
2911:
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2857:
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2823:
2818:
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2798:
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2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
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2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2649:Quinazolinones
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2571:
2569:Gabapentinoids
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2442:
2427:
2426:External links
2424:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2394:
2380:
2362:
2351:
2330:(1–3): 58–63.
2310:
2275:
2224:
2197:
2186:New York Times
2172:
2146:
2124:
2099:
2074:
2042:
2017:
1976:
1951:
1933:
1907:
1881:
1847:
1816:
1798:
1755:
1737:
1718:(2–3): e25-7.
1702:
1683:(5): 1615–21.
1663:
1614:
1573:
1530:
1495:
1488:
1470:
1445:
1410:
1383:
1366:
1315:
1300:
1282:
1239:
1230:|journal=
1204:
1178:
1120:
1085:
1076:Drug War Facts
1063:
1044:(5): 965–979.
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
946:
943:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
928:United Kingdom
912:Main article:
909:
906:
864:
863:
844:
842:
835:
823:
820:
788:animal studies
779:
776:
737:
734:
730:United Kingdom
726:European Union
712:
709:
699:
696:
650:
557:
554:
411:phenethylamine
397:
394:
305:
302:
268:
265:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
204:
169:of the subject
167:worldwide view
162:
160:
153:
147:
144:
66:European Union
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5003:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:Countries by
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Drug checking
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Neurotoxicity
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Cannabis shop
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:United States
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
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4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Latin America
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Plan Colombia
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Designer drug
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:Drug legality
4180:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:United States
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4044:Latin America
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:Policy reform
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:International
3920:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Sex and drugs
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Poly drug use
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Cloud-chasing
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Psychonautics
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Drinking song
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Diethyl ether
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Beer festival
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:Nitrous oxide
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:Nitrous oxide
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:Dissociatives
3119:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Hallucinogens
3015:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Energy drinks
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:Hydromorphone
2733:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:Buprenorphine
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:Paint thinner
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2587:Nitrous oxide
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(1–3): 91–6.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:(2): 100251.
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1965:themarkup.org
1962:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1874:
1870:
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419:analogue drug
416:
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386:methcathinone
382:
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367:
363:
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331:
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311:
301:
299:
298:phencyclidine
295:
291:
287:
286:Nicholas Sand
283:
278:
277:San Francisco
274:
264:
262:
258:
257:diethyl ether
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:of morphine,
233:
230:
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222:
210:United States
201:
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107:stereoisomers
104:
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36:
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4986:Drug culture
4940:Lifetime use
4742:Liquor store
4660:South Africa
4290:War on drugs
4259:
4116:Soviet Union
3992:Legalization
3830:Drug tourism
3678:Wine tasting
3598:Beer culture
3560:Coffee break
3497:Cannabis tea
3432:Drug culture
3275:Cannabinoids
3204:Salvinorin A
3170:amyl nitrite
3027:Psychedelics
2779:/paracetamol
2692:Desomorphine
2532:Barbiturates
2462:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2383:
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2365:
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2313:
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2241:
2237:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
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2159:the original
2149:
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2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2032:. 2017-06-29
2029:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1895:The Guardian
1894:
1884:
1867:(1): 14–21.
1864:
1860:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1819:
1810:
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1586:
1576:
1546:(2): 110–3.
1543:
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1511:(4): 223–4.
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1505:Sci. Justice
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1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1448:
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1181:
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1140:
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1101:(1): 71–88.
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1012:
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894:
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867:
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846:
814:such as the
806:such as the
781:
769:
750:
739:
736:Common names
728:, including
714:
701:
698:2022–present
672:
660:
647:
595:cannabinoids
559:
534:
521:
510:
504:
450:
445:
443:
439:hallucinogen
423:RAC Research
399:
378:
346:
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270:
218:
193:
184:
164:
140:black market
131:
115:side effects
96:
88:
85:
81:
73:
69:
41:
39:
4947:Opiates use
4927:Cocaine use
4762:Issues with
4680:Switzerland
4665:South Korea
4635:Puerto Rico
4620:Philippines
4490:El Salvador
4400:Afghanistan
4136:Just Say No
4126:Switzerland
4101:Netherlands
4067:Drug policy
3997:Prohibition
3982:Drug policy
3975:State level
3820:Dance party
3731:Microdosing
3688:Psychedelia
3643:Oktoberfest
3565:Coffeehouse
3542:Stoner film
3233:Scopolamine
2963:Entactogens
2941:Theobromine
2804:Amphetamine
2730:Hydrocodone
2720:Diamorphine
2524:Depressants
1922:. July 2014
1255:(1): 1–17.
1095:Bioanalysis
1038:Bioanalysis
924:New Zealand
886:Schedule II
722:New Zealand
711:Terminology
631:grey-market
517:Ann Shulgin
435:psychedelic
292:, known as
267:1960s–1970s
215:1920s–1930s
135:grey market
111:derivatives
99:drug design
35:Drug design
4975:Categories
4935:Annual use
4786:Dependence
4650:Seychelles
4555:Kyrgyzstan
4470:Costa Rica
4415:Bangladesh
4388:Drug trade
4357:production
4346:production
4265:Drug court
4151:California
4069:by country
4002:Regulation
3736:Smart shop
3721:Literature
3716:Experience
3663:Sports bar
3628:Happy hour
3593:Bartending
3364:Club drugs
3337:Oneirogens
3221:Deliriants
3101:Psilocybin
2924:Polacrilex
2894:Mephedrone
2796:Stimulants
2598:Hazardous
2542:Carbamates
2218:2018-05-12
2191:2012-01-15
2140:2011-02-10
2118:2010-07-04
2093:2009-11-27
2036:2023-10-24
1970:2023-10-24
1841:2009-11-05
1464:2008-03-27
1024:References
882:Schedule I
826:See also:
816:DOx family
796:mephedrone
784:toxicology
753:bath salts
746:mephedrone
680:nootropics
667:head shops
663:cathinones
644:peptides.
591:sildenafil
587:premazepam
567:mephedrone
563:geranamine
529:5-Meo-DiPT
476:precursors
472:recreation
453:psilocybin
407:tryptamine
370:piperazine
330:meperidine
282:Tim Scully
58:drug tests
46:structural
4931:Cannabis
4776:Addiction
4732:Beer shop
4715:Venezuela
4580:Mauritius
4410:Australia
4348:and trade
4275:Drug test
4076:Australia
3850:Nootropic
3835:Entheogen
3810:Club drug
3658:Sommelier
3653:Pub crawl
3638:Nightclub
3633:Hip flask
3570:Latte art
3507:Head shop
3377:Quaaludes
3145:Inhalants
3094:San Pedro
3079:Mescaline
3062:Ayahuasca
3035:Bufotenin
2980:Benzofury
2971:2C series
2951:Chocolate
2914:Modafinil
2904:Methylone
2877:Ephedrine
2848:Cathinone
2809:Arecoline
2774:Oxycodone
2745:Methadone
2579:Inhalants
2012:2211-2669
1658:220574624
1232:ignored (
1222:cite book
808:2C family
757:methylone
718:Australia
642:melanotan
603:CP 47,497
601:and (C8)-
579:sedatives
556:2005–2021
480:synthesis
464:processes
461:spiritual
457:mescaline
326:narcotics
179:talk page
4915:drug use
4828:Overdose
4764:drug use
4690:Thailand
4675:Suriname
4655:Slovakia
4630:Portugal
4615:Paraguay
4575:Malaysia
4515:Honduras
4465:Colombia
4450:Cambodia
4171:Virginia
4161:Maryland
4156:Colorado
4111:Slovakia
4106:Portugal
3779:Smokeasy
3673:Wine bar
3575:Teahouse
3298:Hash oil
3229:Atropine
3187:Muscimol
3177:Ketamine
3140:Glaucine
3105:Psilocin
2919:Nicotine
2826:Caffeine
2786:Tramadol
2762:Morphine
2739:Dilaudid
2715:Fentanyl
2706:Darvocet
2696:Krokodil
2671:Suboxone
2610:Gasoline
2600:solvents
2583:Medical
2448:Archived
2435:Archived
2346:19589652
2305:19091499
2270:22007163
2113:BBC News
2087:BBC News
1926:8 August
1900:7 August
1811:BBC News
1793:43121906
1785:19224885
1771:: b566.
1732:18178354
1697:17207601
1650:16004834
1609:18827471
1568:35546712
1560:15085947
1525:12632938
1361:24065654
1277:28335757
1214:14582803
1165:22092008
1115:22191595
1058:21083227
945:See also
926:and the
857:May 2016
651:—
627:cosmetic
581:such as
446:Web Tryp
314:fentanyl
229:diacetyl
227:and the
225:morphine
187:May 2010
173:You may
80:such as
4590:Nigeria
4585:Moldova
4505:Germany
4500:Finland
4495:Estonia
4435:Bolivia
4091:Germany
3890:Whoonga
3741:Therapy
3409:Poppers
3387:Ecstasy
3372:Cocaine
3320:APINACA
3310:JWH-018
3293:Hashish
3165:poppers
3001:Ecstasy
2934:Tobacco
2882:Ephedra
2860:Cocaine
2680:Codeine
2674:Subutex
2659:Opioids
2261:3187647
2165:May 29,
2067:1 April
1440:3286815
1353:4860952
1333:Bibcode
1325:Science
1269:3285124
1173:5108266
1145:Bibcode
888:drugs.
847:updated
638:tanning
599:JWH-018
478:in the
405:in the
332:. One,
146:History
119:JWH-018
4695:Turkey
4685:Taiwan
4640:Russia
4625:Poland
4605:Panama
4595:Norway
4570:Latvia
4550:Kosovo
4480:Cyprus
4440:Brazil
4430:Bhutan
4420:Belize
4166:Oregon
4121:Sweden
4081:Canada
3840:Hippie
3774:Loosie
3243:Datura
3089:Peyote
3074:LSD-25
2831:Coffee
2755:Kratom
2724:Heroin
2709:Darvon
2626:Other
2344:
2303:
2268:
2258:
2244:: 60.
2010:
1920:EMCDDA
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1056:
778:Safety
732:(UK).
724:, and
684:EMCDDA
654:EMCDDA
623:AB-001
621:, and
512:PiHKAL
506:TiHKAL
431:Google
415:intent
372:drug,
364:, and
310:opioid
294:ALD-52
236:heroin
109:, and
4771:Abuse
4670:Spain
4545:Kenya
4540:Japan
4535:Italy
4520:India
4510:Haiti
4460:China
4455:Chile
4445:Burma
4425:Benin
4405:Aruba
4334:Other
4233:Other
4096:India
3798:Other
3726:Music
3532:NORML
3392:Molly
3325:Spice
3315:APICA
3045:Vilca
3006:Molly
2976:6-APB
2946:Cocoa
2870:Crack
2821:Betel
2814:Areca
2767:Opium
2630:Freon
2213:WebMD
2061:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1789:S2CID
1654:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1273:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1004:Notes
619:RCS-8
615:RCS-4
374:TFMPP
232:ester
52:of a
44:is a
4600:Oman
4560:Laos
4530:Iran
4475:Cuba
4355:Drug
4344:Drug
4280:Narc
3865:Rave
3706:Drug
3382:MDMA
3231:and
3050:Yopo
2996:MDMA
2929:Salt
2889:MDPV
2865:Coca
2853:Khat
2685:Lean
2639:Kava
2562:Wine
2557:Beer
2342:PMID
2301:PMID
2266:PMID
2167:2012
2069:2010
2008:ISSN
1928:2014
1902:2014
1781:PMID
1728:PMID
1693:PMID
1646:PMID
1605:PMID
1556:PMID
1521:PMID
1484:ISBN
1436:PMID
1349:PMID
1265:PMID
1234:help
1210:PMID
1200:ISBN
1161:PMID
1141:1248
1111:PMID
1054:PMID
934:List
810:and
794:and
759:and
585:and
573:and
571:MDPV
527:and
525:2C-B
509:and
492:2C-I
490:and
488:2C-B
484:2C-H
455:and
409:and
388:and
358:2C-B
354:MDMA
338:MPTP
334:MPPP
322:MDMA
284:and
242:and
3711:Era
3701:Art
3648:Pub
3452:420
3283:THC
3199:PCP
3182:MXE
3130:DXM
3069:LSA
3057:DMT
2991:MDA
2986:AMT
2841:Tea
2574:GHB
2332:doi
2328:191
2293:doi
2289:183
2256:PMC
2246:doi
1998:doi
1869:doi
1773:doi
1769:338
1765:BMJ
1720:doi
1716:177
1685:doi
1636:doi
1595:doi
1591:128
1548:doi
1513:doi
1428:doi
1401:doi
1397:335
1341:doi
1329:158
1257:doi
1192:doi
1153:doi
1103:doi
1046:doi
884:or
822:Law
686:is
470:or
437:or
366:BZP
362:AMT
349:DEA
290:LSD
275:in
273:DOM
127:LSD
123:THC
121:vs
74:NPS
48:or
4977::
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