27:
379:
151:
953:
679:
54:
514:
As a highly trained group of diplomatic professionals, they were employed by
Europeans in embassies and consulates, not only translating and interpreting items but often meeting with Ottoman officials without their employer being present. An 18th-century Venetian ambassador described the dragomans as
491:
These men were instrumental in spreading a wide-ranging curiosity about
Islamic culture throughout the Latin parts of Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. The dragomans had scholarly language training in Persian, Arabic and Turkish since they were translators, interpreters, authors and were
442:, took over the position and became a pioneer in translation of Western scientific literature into Turkish, a task for which he had to create an entirely new vocabulary. Following Ishak, the grand dragoman and his staff were Muslims, and the Translation Office (
437:
In 1821 the chief dragoman
Constantine Mourouzi was executed for suspected disloyalty, and his successor, Stavraki Aristarchi, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. With unanswered correspondence accumulating, the chief naval instructor, one
225:) referring to an interpreter of spoken conversation or speeches. The latter is obviously more closely related to the other languages mentioned, though both are derived from the same Semitic root. There has been speculation of a
680:
Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman
515:‘the tongue that speaks, the ear that hears, the eye that sees, the hand that gives, the spirit that acts, and on whom the life and success of every negotiation may depend.
483:) would previously have occupied this Ottoman office, a fact which did not prevent many of them from joining conspiracies that aimed to overthrow Turkish rule over the area.
901:
26:
527:
450:
era; this knowledge largely replaced the older ladders of the army, the bureaucracy, and the religious establishment in the mid- and late-19th century.
127:
community, who possessed considerable multilingual skills, because Greek trading communities did substantial business in the markets of the
973:
968:
446:, "Translation Room", in Turkish), with its familiarity with things European, became a new major ladder to influence and power in the
1027:
33:(left) was Napoleon's "favourite orientalist adviser and dragoman". He accompanied the Persian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini at
619:
Friends and rivals in the East: studies in Anglo–Dutch relations in the Levant from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century
981:
453:
The dragomans were exempt from taxation. As many of them were Jewish, in virtue of their proficiency in foreign languages, Jewish
1017:
382:
Letter issued by Sultan Ahmed III assigning Nicola Danal Spiro as dragoman to Thomas Funck, Swedish envoyée to the
Ottoman court.
863:
786:
716:
661:
631:
378:
576:
460:
dealt with the question whether or not these dragomans were exempt also from the internal taxes of the Jewish community.
406:—and some dragomans thus came to play crucial roles in Ottoman politics. The profession tended to be dominated by ethnic
390:, where demand for the mediation provided by dragomans is said to have been created by the resistance on the part of the
811:
739:
Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Tard̲j̲umān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1032:
547:
802:
805:
423:
813:
The latter invalidated a governmental decree that they be taxed, because it contradicted international treaties.
1012:
411:
556:
808:
150:
552:
78:
997:
431:
20:
908:
Marie de Testa, Antoine
Gautier, "Drogmans et diplomates européens auprès de la Porte Ottomane", in
688:
1022:
890:
774:
472:
427:
313:
42:
824:
706:
617:
1007:
596:
591:
560:
503:, in 1647. He was from the French consulate in Egypt. Another, Cosmo of Carbognano, from the
778:
767:
311:; these variants point to a Turkish or Arabic word "turjuman", with different vocalization.
415:
116:. A dragoman had to have a knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and European languages.
8:
509:
The
Principles of Turkish Grammar for The Use of Apostolic Missionaries in Constantinople
143:. To a lesser extent, other communities with international commercial links, notably the
34:
30:
1002:
535:
545:
One who created a large
European interest in the history of Islam, with his published
46:
859:
782:
748:
712:
657:
627:
581:
564:
194:
183:
128:
836:
744:
352:
297:
290:
226:
206:
176:
90:
82:
62:
500:
684:
651:
523:
271:
264:
214:
168:
86:
616:
Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander H. de; Boogert, Maurits H. van den (2000).
920:
825:"Translating Ottoman Justice: Ragusan Dragomans as Interpreters of Ottoman Law"
394:
Ottomans to learn the languages of non-Muslim nations. The office incorporated
387:
351:
In the
Turkish tradition, the dragoman position is recorded in the pre-Ottoman
336:
256:
248:
233:
136:
124:
120:
840:
492:
very open to the material and fashionable intricacies of the
Ottoman culture.
991:
964:
959:
933:
896:
882:
762:
539:
399:
186:
563:
in 1754 as "The
Oriental Academy" to train young diplomats to represent the
586:
439:
140:
113:
853:
403:
368:
98:
468:
356:
332:
Consequently, the plural, in English, is "dragomans" (not "dragomen").
241:
847:
480:
395:
144:
132:
109:
476:
464:
457:
447:
282:
229:
origin of the term (Salonen, p. 12; Rabin, pp. 134–136).
198:
38:
958:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
343:, indicates that one of his ancestors might have been a dragoman.
454:
340:
155:
105:
66:
504:
407:
372:
232:
During the Middle Ages the word entered European languages: in
102:
94:
53:
531:
496:
391:
367:
In Ottoman records, the first imperial dragoman recorded was
359:
when two dragomans and two translator clerks were appointed.
430:. But this dominance changed in 1821 with the start of the
221:)—referring to a translator of written texts—and מתורגמן (
518:
There was huge success from the published translation of
936:. 1952. Alte Substrat- und Kulturwörter im Arabischen.
854:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
887:
From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East
902:
Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924
615:
984:– Interpreter at the Crossroads of East & West
766:
989:
858:. Princeton University Press. pp. 245–247.
609:
528:Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel
526:(1646–1715). He was attached to the embassy of
386:The position took particular prominence in the
912:, vol. lxxi, Les Éditions ISIS, Istanbul, 2003
738:
926:Rabin, Chaim. 1963. Hittite Words in Hebrew.
708:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
676:
977:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
398:as well as linguistic duties—namely, in the
700:
698:
810:; Responsa Tzror haKesef, no. 10, p. 59b.
704:
656:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
559:(the academy was initially established by
154:Dragoman Joseph Shaar. Temple of Jupiter,
856:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"
804:; Responsa Nishmat Hayyim, no. 7, p. 20b
801:e.g. Responsa Dvar Moshe, no. 48, p. 48d
162:
81:, translator, and official guide between
963:
807:; Responsa Ro'ei Yisrael, no. 5, p. 20b
695:
649:
377:
362:
339:, the first post-Communist President of
149:
52:
25:
822:
123:, Dragomans were mainly members of the
990:
263:. Later European variants include the
16:Arab interpreter of Eurasian languages
761:
711:. Taylor & Francis. p. 550.
645:
643:
495:The first French translation of the
486:
577:Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)
426:) of the Sultan, and his successor
418:, the official interpreter for the
285:French, and in modern French it is
217:makes a distinction between מתרגם (
69:, lady and dragoman in foreground."
13:
917:Istanbul et les langues Orientales
548:Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches
471:rule (roughly 1711–1821) over the
14:
1044:
944:
640:
538:, and a French ambassador to the
355:during the 13th-century reign of
1028:Government of the Ottoman Empire
951:
905:, London, 1995. pp. 133–162
749:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1179
1018:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
899:, "Viziers and Dragomans," in
816:
795:
755:
732:
705:Mona Baker (9 December 2008).
670:
463:It became customary that most
410:, including the first Ottoman
201:(Classical Ethiopic) as ትርጓም (
1:
876:
653:The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922
555:of Austria, a student at the
507:embassy, published in Latin:
412:Dragoman of the Sublime Porte
375:in 1479 to deliver a treaty.
557:Diplomatic Academy of Vienna
7:
893:, London and New York, 2004
570:
553:Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
534:who was a councilor to the
10:
1049:
923:, Paris and Montreal, 1997
919:, Varia Turca, vol. xxxi,
683:(in French). Vol. 1.
346:
59:The Crescent and the Cross
45:. Detail of a painting by
18:
1033:Turkish words and phrases
841:10.1163/15685195-00214p03
650:Quataert, Donald (2005).
432:Greek War of Independence
41:on 27 April 1807 for the
21:Dragoman (disambiguation)
602:
321:as well as the variants
93:-speaking countries and
65:entitled "Encampment at
974:Encyclopædia Britannica
915:Frédéric Hitzel (ed.),
891:Oxford University Press
829:Islamic Law and Society
823:Zecevic, Selma (2014).
775:Oxford University Press
743:(2nd ed.). Brill.
520:Thousand And One Nights
473:Danubian Principalities
428:Alexander Mavrocordatos
741:Encyclopaedia of Islam
677:Young, George (1905).
383:
163:Etymology and variants
159:
112:, vice-consulates and
70:
50:
43:Treaty of Finckenstein
622:. BRILL. pp. 230
597:Dragoman of the Fleet
592:Dragoman of the Porte
561:Empress Maria Theresa
381:
363:In the Ottoman Empire
153:
56:
29:
1013:History of West Asia
416:Panagiotis Nikousios
314:Webster's Dictionary
197:as "targumannu," in
182:. Deriving from the
171:the word is ترجمان (
19:For other uses, see
404:Christian countries
335:The family name of
35:Finckenstein Palace
536:Parlement of Paris
384:
160:
147:, were recruited.
71:
51:
998:Diplomats by role
938:Studia Orientalia
910:Analecta Isisiana
865:978-0-691-14705-5
788:978-0-06-051605-5
718:978-0-415-36930-5
663:978-0-521-83910-5
633:978-90-04-11854-6
582:List of dragomans
487:Western dragomans
402:'s relation with
129:Mediterranean Sea
1040:
978:
957:
955:
954:
870:
869:
851:
845:
844:
820:
814:
799:
793:
792:
772:
759:
753:
752:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
702:
693:
692:
674:
668:
667:
647:
638:
637:
613:
542:, 1670 to 1679.
424:Imperial Council
371:who was sent to
353:Sultanate of Rum
193:, it appears in
63:Elliot Warburton
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
988:
987:
967:, ed. (1911). "
952:
950:
947:
879:
874:
873:
866:
852:
848:
821:
817:
800:
796:
789:
769:What Went Wrong
760:
756:
737:
733:
723:
721:
719:
703:
696:
685:Clarendon Press
675:
671:
664:
648:
641:
634:
614:
610:
605:
573:
565:Habsburg Empire
524:Antoine Galland
489:
365:
349:
165:
47:François Mulard
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Ottoman titles
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
986:
985:
979:
965:Chisholm, Hugh
946:
945:External links
943:
942:
941:
934:Salonen, Armas
931:
924:
913:
906:
894:
878:
875:
872:
871:
864:
846:
835:(4): 388–418.
815:
794:
787:
763:Lewis, Bernard
754:
731:
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694:
669:
662:
639:
632:
607:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
572:
569:
511:(Rome 1794).
488:
485:
388:Ottoman Empire
364:
361:
348:
345:
337:Franjo Tudjman
317:of 1828 lists
249:Medieval Latin
234:Middle English
164:
161:
137:Atlantic Ocean
121:Ottoman Empire
31:Amédée Jaubert
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1045:
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983:
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976:
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966:
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960:public domain
949:
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918:
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911:
907:
904:
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898:
897:Philip Mansel
895:
892:
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884:
883:Bernard Lewis
881:
880:
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541:
540:Ottoman court
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:André du Ryer
498:
493:
484:
482:
478:
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470:
466:
461:
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456:
451:
449:
445:
444:Tercüme Odası
441:
435:
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429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
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401:
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188:
187:quadriliteral
185:
181:
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157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Ottoman Greek
122:
117:
115:
114:trading posts
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
44:
40:
37:to meet with
36:
32:
28:
22:
1008:Court titles
982:The Dragoman
972:
937:
927:
916:
909:
900:
886:
855:
849:
832:
828:
818:
797:
768:
757:
740:
734:
724:22 September
722:. Retrieved
707:
678:
672:
652:
623:
618:
611:
587:Reis Effendi
546:
544:
519:
517:
513:
508:
499:was done by
494:
490:
462:
452:
443:
440:Ishak Efendi
436:
419:
385:
366:
350:
334:
331:
329:in English.
326:
322:
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
286:
278:
274:
267:
260:
259:δραγομάνος,
257:Middle Greek
252:
244:
237:
231:
222:
218:
210:
202:
190:
179:
172:
166:
141:Indian Ocean
118:
74:
72:
58:
930:32.113–139.
921:L'Harmattan
777:. pp.
369:Lutfi Pasha
268:trutzelmann
261:dragoumanos
253:dragumannus
99:Middle East
79:interpreter
57:Plate from
992:Categories
928:Orientalia
877:References
687:. p.
469:Phanariote
396:diplomatic
357:Keykubad I
296:, and the
294:turcimanno
279:truchement
242:Old French
223:meturgeman
205:), and in
139:, and the
110:consulates
1003:Dragomans
567:abroad).
481:Wallachia
465:hospodars
309:truchimán
281:(in post-
275:trucheman
211:targemana
145:Armenians
133:Black Sea
106:embassies
969:Dragoman
765:(2002).
571:See also
532:Parisian
477:Moldavia
458:responsa
455:Halakhic
448:Tanzimat
327:truchman
319:dragoman
305:trujimán
301:trujamán
283:Tanzimat
245:drugeman
219:metargem
203:t-r-gw-m
195:Akkadian
180:tercüman
173:tarjumān
103:European
95:polities
75:dragoman
39:Napoleon
962::
940:xvii.2.
467:of the
347:History
341:Croatia
323:drogman
298:Spanish
291:Italian
289:), the
287:drogman
255:, from
247:, from
240:, from
238:dragman
227:Hittite
207:Aramaic
191:t-r-g-m
184:Semitic
177:Turkish
156:Baalbek
119:In the
97:of the
91:Persian
89:-, and
83:Turkish
77:was an
67:Baalbec
956:
862:
785:
715:
660:
630:
505:Naples
408:Greeks
392:Muslim
373:Venice
272:French
270:, the
265:German
215:Hebrew
175:), in
169:Arabic
158:, 1891
135:, the
131:, the
87:Arabic
779:44–45
603:Notes
522:, by
497:Quran
420:Divan
400:Porte
199:Ge'ez
189:root
860:ISBN
783:ISBN
726:2012
713:ISBN
658:ISBN
628:ISBN
551:was
530:, a
479:and
325:and
307:and
101:and
971:".
837:doi
745:doi
689:244
434:.
277:or
251:as
236:as
209:as
167:In
85:-,
61:by
994::
889:,
885:,
833:21
831:.
827:.
781:.
773:.
697:^
642:^
626:.
624:ff
414:,
303:,
213:.
108:,
73:A
868:.
843:.
839::
791:.
751:.
747::
728:.
691:.
666:.
636:.
475:(
422:(
49:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
