Druze - Knowledge

3234: 6080: 4700: 6397: 4802: 3969: 17722:. Quote: 1 – "We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." 2907: 9436:

keep your deeds pure for God. He hath done thus so that when you relinquish your previous beliefs and doctrines ye shall not indeed lean on such causes of impediments and pretensions. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. Ye are now safe from any hand which may bring harm unto you. Ye now may find rest in his assurance ye shall not be wronged. Let those who are present convey this message unto the absent so that it may be known by both the distinguished and the common people. It shall thus become a rule to mankind; and Divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come.

5562: 4339: 12524:

worship; that in his worship I associate no past, present, or future being; that I commit my soul, my body, my property, and my offspring ... to our Lord al-Hakim ... and accept all his decrees, be they in my favour or against me ... He who attests that there is in heaven no adored god and on the earth no living imam other than our Lord al-Hakim ... belongs to the triumphant muwahhidin . Signed ... in the year ... of the slave of our Lord ... Hamzah bin 'Ali bin Ahmad, the guide of those who respond and the avenger on the polytheists with the sword of our Lord.

6551:

during the early Islamic period. It also serves as the primary framework for understanding their historical and racial origins, as reflected in their oral traditions and written literature. This hypothesis is central to the Druze’s self-perception and cultural identity. This view is accepted by the entire Druze community in Syria and Lebanon, as well as by most Druze in Israel. The Arabic language is spoken by the Druze and is also the language in which their sacred texts are written. Scholars who hold this view argue that this linguistic connection underscores the Druze's ethnic Arab identity.

3679:

Neoplatonic, Hindu and Buddhist belief systems, according to which souls can transfer to any living creature. Furthermore, a male Druze can be reincarnated only as another male Druze and a female Druze only as another female Druze. A Druze cannot be reincarnated in the body of a non-Druze. Additionally, souls cannot be divided and the number of souls existing in the universe is finite. The cycle of rebirth is continuous and the only way to escape is through successive reincarnations. When this occurs, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind and achieves the ultimate happiness.

275: 5425: 1350: 215: 2120: 4724:("juhhāl") revolves around a very small number of events—birth and circumcision, engagement and marriage, death and burial—and is devoid of special Druze prayers or worship. Marriage outside the Druze faith is forbidden, and if a Druze marries a non-Druze, the Druze may be ostracized and marginalized by their community. Because a non-Druze partner cannot convert to Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, because the Druze faith can only be passed on through birth to two Druze parents. 4904: 195: 6467: 5130: 24369: 19357: 2840:(1943–49) had called the Druze a "dangerous minority", Sultan Pasha al-Atrash flew into a rage and demanded a public retraction. If it were not forthcoming, he announced, the Druze would indeed become "dangerous", and a force of 4,000 Druze warriors would "occupy the city of Damascus". Quwwatli could not dismiss Sultan Pasha's threat. The military balance of power in Syria was tilted in favor of the Druze, at least until the military build up during the 2403:, made the fatal mistake of trying to disarm the Christians and Druze of the Lebanon and to draft the latter into his army. This was contrary to the principles of the life of independence which these mountaineers had always lived, and resulted in a general uprising against Egyptian rule. The Druze of Wadi al-Taym and Ḥawran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters, 175: 19346: 1122: 25410: 24379: 3021: 3713: 131: 2422: 235: 151: 5684: 4369: 18889: 734: 111: 255: 64: 2789: 2231: 4308: 5844: 5959: 2738: 2528: 6272: 57: 6566:. Abu-Izzedin further notes that when the Druze community was established, its members were spread across a wide area of Syria. The majority of those who embraced the Druze faith were Arab tribes from the northern region, making the Arab elements of the community predominant. According to Abu-Izzedin, "ethnically", the "Wadi al-Taym has been authoritatively stated to be one of the most Arab regions of 4102: 2331: 4463: 1642: 2822: 7011:", resulted in an independent Druze curriculum. While most Druze in Israel continue to identify as Arabs, some have adopted a distinct "Druze ethnic identity" for political or social reasons. Scholars argue that this policy, supported by a co-opted Druze political elite, privileges the Druze's communal aspects while marginalizing their broader ethnic and national identity. 3700:

repudiate from all creeds, articles and all religions and beliefs on the differences varieties, and he does not know something except obedience of almighty Moulana Al-Hakim, and obedience is worship and that it does not engage in worship anyone ever attended or wait, and that he had handed his soul and his body and his money and all he owns to almighty Maulana Al-Hakim.

3560:). In God, there are no attributes distinct from his essence. He is wise, mighty, and just, not by wisdom, might, and justice, but by his own essence. God is "the whole of existence", rather than "above existence" or on his throne, which would make him "limited". There is neither "how", "when", nor "where" about him; he is incomprehensible. 2598:. This animosity was fueled by economic disparities, with Christians, who were generally wealthier and more prosperous, compare to the economically struggling Muslim residents. The movement culminated with the 1859–60 massacre and defeat of the Maronites by the Druze. The civil war of 1860 cost the Maronites some ten thousand lives in 2895:. He even produced a cache of Israeli weapons allegedly discovered in the Jabal. Even more painful for the Druze community was his publication of "falsified Druze religious texts" and false testimonials ascribed to leading Druze sheikhs designed to stir up sectarian hatred. This propaganda also was broadcast in the Arab world, mainly 3040: 6122:) in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country. Israeli Druze scholars Kais M. Firro and Rabah Halabi contend that the Israeli narrative of a “special historical bond” or “blood pact” between Druze and Jews is a myth fabricated by early Zionist circles to divide and control 17244: 5310:) ... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized ... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described ... It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others", which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as 5177:

non-Druze, they may face ostracism and marginalization from their community. Since a non-Druze partner cannot convert to the Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, as the Druze faith can only be inherited from two Druze parents at birth. Marrying a non-Druze, whether male or female, is viewed as

2688:, the Druzites have official recognition as a separate religious community with its own religious court system. Druzites are known for their loyalty to the countries they reside in, though they have a strong community feeling, in which they identify themselves as related even across borders of countries. 6550:

The Arabian hypothesis is widely regarded as the leading explanation for the origins of the Druze people among historians, scholars, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community. This theory suggests that the Druze descended from twelve Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before and

4730:

is widely practiced by the Druze. The procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith. There is no special date for this act in the Druze faith: male Druze infants are usually circumcised shortly after birth, however some remain uncircumcised until

4715:

as core elements of their identity. Arabic is their primary language, and Druze cultural practices and traditions are deeply intertwined with the broader Arab heritage. While the Druze have their unique religious beliefs and customs, they actively preserve and contribute to Arabic cultural and social

2817:

assistance. At independence the Druze, made confident by their successes, expected that Damascus would reward them for their many sacrifices on the battlefield. They demanded to keep their autonomous administration and many political privileges accorded them by the French and sought generous economic

2718:

The Druze religion does not endorse separatism, and urges blending with the communities they reside in; the Druze have often done so to avoid persecution. Yet the Druze also have a history of resistance to occupying powers, and they have at times enjoyed more freedom than most other groups living in

2200:

In 1618, political changes in the Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many enemies of Fakhr-al-Din from power, signaling the prince's triumphant return to Lebanon soon afterwards. Through a clever policy of bribery and warfare, he extended his domains to cover all of modern Lebanon, some

1753:

at the beginning of the world, was then passed to the prophets, then into Ali, and then into his descendants, the Fatimid Caliphs. Al-Darazi wrote a book laying out this doctrine, but when he read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, it caused riots and protests against his claims and many

1227:

Although the Druze religious books describe ad-Darazi as the "insolent one" and as the "calf" who is narrow-minded and hasty, the name "Druze" is still used for identification and for historical reasons. In 1018, ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by

501:

are rare and strongly discouraged. They differentiate between spiritual individuals, known as "uqqāl", who hold the faith's secrets, and secular ones, known as "juhhāl", who focus on worldly matters. Druze believe that, after completing the cycle of rebirth through successive reincarnations, the soul

17914:

Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; Saharon Rosset; Jüri Parik; Siiri Rootsi; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Ildus Kutuev; Guennady Yudkovsky; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; Oleg Balanovsky; Olga Balaganskaya; Ornella Semino; Luisa Pereira; David Comas; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir;

9435:

Remove ye the causes of fear and estrangement from yourselves. Do away with the corruption of delusion and conformity. Be ye certain that the Prince of Believers hath given unto you free will, and hath spared you the trouble of disguising and concealing your true beliefs, so that when ye work ye may

6416:

The second approach, used by Druze historians, scholars, intellectuals and clerics, emphasizes the migration and settlement of Arab tribes to highlight the pure Arab lineage of those who adopted Druze beliefs in the 11th century. Proponents argue that the Druze speak a "pure Arab dialect" and are of

2867:

and socialist views), the Druze community was subjected to a heavy attack by the Syrian government. Shishakli believed that among his many opponents in Syria, the Druze were the most potentially dangerous, and he was determined to crush them. He frequently proclaimed: "My enemies are like a serpent:

2090:

The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed. These military measures, severe as they

14937:

Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous

14145:

2796:

The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. With a community of little more than 100,000 in 1949, or roughly three percent of the Syrian population, the Druze of Syria's southwestern mountains constituted a potent force

18133:

Agranat-Tamir L, Waldman S, Martin MS, Gokhman D, Mishol N, Eshel T, Cheronet O, Rohland N, Mallick S, Adamski N, Lawson AM, Mah M, Michel MM, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Candilio F, Keating D, Gamarra B, Tzur S, Novak M, Kalisher R, Bechar S, Eshed V, Kennett DJ, Faerman M, Yahalom-Mack N, Monge

6657:

within Israeli society. Firro argues that efforts to create a separate Druze identity distinct from Arabs are politically motivated and lack historical basis, citing Druze religious and historical literature that affirms their Arab heritage. Scholar Michael Cohen adds that, despite the Israeli and

4828:

Scholar Robert Brenton Betts explains that the Druze social structure is characterized by a strong sense of community and the leadership of religious elders known as 'sheikhs'. These leaders are pivotal in guiding both the spiritual and social aspects of Druze life, which is crucial for preserving

4824:

both argue that the Druze are profoundly embedded within the Arab cultural framework, as demonstrated by their common language and social customs. They assert that this integration is apparent through the Druze's active participation in regional traditions and their assimilation into Arab society,

2640:

and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" which developed in Ottoman-era Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, creating one of the calmest atmospheres that Lebanon had ever lived in. The ruling and social

1823:

For the next seven years, the Druze faced extreme persecution by al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, who wanted to eradicate the faith. This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid Calphate, in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because they refused to recognize the new caliph as

681:

Several theories about the origins of the Druze have been proposed, with the Arabian hypothesis being the most widely accepted among historians, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community. This hypothesis significantly influences the Druze’s self-perception, cultural identity,

15472:

But perhaps the most far reaching change was the fatwa commanding the readmission to mainstream Islam of the Shia, Alawis, and Druze. They had been considered heretics and idolaters for hundreds of years, but Nasser put an end to this for once and for all. While endearing himself to the majority

12523:

I ... son of ... being sane of spirit and body and duly qualified, attest on my soul, without compulsion or constraint, that I renounce all the different cults, religions, and creeds and acknowledge nothing other than obedience to our Lord al-Hakim, revered be his name, and obedience is

6421:

marriage. This view maintains that most Druze are descended from 12 Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before the Islamic period. It relies on historical records, Druze chronicles, and genealogical trees reconstructed by Druze families to trace their ancestry and settlement in Syria. According to

3894:

and the esoteric nature of the faith, in which many teachings are kept secretive. This is done in order to keep the religion from those who are not yet prepared to accept the teachings and therefore could misunderstand it, as well as to protect the community when it is in danger. Some claim to be

3623:

without the Nasut becoming Lahut. This is like one's image in the mirror: One is in the mirror, but does not become the mirror. The Druze manuscripts are emphatic and warn against the belief that the Nasut is God ... Neglecting this warning, individual seekers, scholars, and other spectators

3333:

Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity. Survey data suggests that Israeli Druze prioritize their identity first as Druze (religiously), second as Arabs

1875:

state that this confusion is due to confusion about the role of the early preacher al-Darazi, whose teachings the Druze rejected as heretical. These sources assert that al-Hakim rejected al-Darazi's claims of divinity, and ordered the elimination of his movement while supporting that of Hamza ibn

1827:

Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement to infiltrate the Druze community. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling the reputation of the Druze. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. The clashes

1296:

According to the Institute of Druze Studies, as of 1998, approximately 40–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30–40% in Lebanon, 6–7% in Israel, and 1–2% in Jordan. About 2% of the Druze are scattered across other Middle Eastern countries, and there were approximately 20,000 Druze in the United States at

6785:

Cruciani, in 2007, found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Cypriot and Druze lineages. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the

6752:

region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM- Haplogroup D, at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the Haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in

4879:

Conversely, despite sharing historical roots with Muslims, the Druze often experience a more complex relationship with Muslim communities due to their distinct religious beliefs and practices. Historically, the Druze faced significant persecution from Muslim regimes, which led them to keep their

2663:

family, originated in local disputes and Druze unwillingness to pay taxes and conscript into the Ottoman Army. The rebellion ended in brutal suppression of the Druze by General Sami Pasha al-Farouqi, significant depopulation of the Hauran region and execution of the Druze leaders in 1910. In the

6577:

highlights that the Tanukhids, an Arab tribe, hold a significant place in Druze history. She asserts that the Druze claims of Arab origin were not driven by self-interest, as Arabs were no longer in a dominant position when the Druze community was founded in the 11th century. Furthermore, Druze

6325:

According to Firro, two main approaches have been used to trace Druze origins. The first examines religious texts and the ethnic backgrounds of the early Druze leaders. The second focuses on the migration and settlement patterns of ancient peoples and tribes in the Druze regions before the 11th

5185:

who marry outside the religion. Consequently, those who leave the Druze religion due to interfaith marriage are forced to leave their village and are exiled to distant, non-Druze areas. This religious and social pressure leads to their isolation and classification as outcasts within their Druze

4723:

Traditionally, most Druze are not initiated into the deeper secrets of the faith and are considered "juhhāl", or "the ignorant". Only a minority, known as the "uqqāl" or "enlightened," are initiated into the Druze holy books and engage in religious study. The religious life of the average Druze

4092:

Formal Druze worship is confined to weekly meeting on Thursday evenings, during which all members of community gather together to discuss local issues before those not initiated into the secrets of the faith (the juhhāl, or the ignorant) are dismissed, and those who are "uqqāl" or "enlightened"

3699:

I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal, who is out of couples and numbers, (someone) the son of (someone) has approved recognition enjoined on himself and on his soul, in a healthy of his mind and his body, permissibility aversive is obedient and not forced, to

1819:

Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah. The Unitarian/Druze movement acknowledged al-Zahir as the caliph but continued to regard Hamzah as its Imam. The young caliph's regent, Sitt al-Mulk, ordered the army to destroy the movement in 1021. At the same time, Bahāʼ

1614:

Al-Darazi was converted early to the Unitarian faith and became one of its early preachers. At that time, the movement enlisted a large number of adherents. As the number of his followers grew, he became obsessed with his leadership and gave himself the title "The Sword of the Faith". Al-Darazi

14775:

While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American

3678:

Reincarnation is a paramount principle in the Druze faith. Reincarnations occur instantly at one's death because there is an eternal duality of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body. A human soul will transfer only to a human body, in contrast to the

2441:

Arabs who were regarded as inferior by the Yemenites who were earlier and more cultured emigrants into Syria from southern Arabia. Druze and Christians grouped in political, rather than religious, parties; the party lines in Lebanon obliterated ethnic and religious lines and the people grouped

2105:, or leading chiefs, leaving the maintenance of law and order and the collection of taxes in the area in the hands of the appointed amir. This arrangement was to provide the cornerstone for the privileged status ultimately enjoyed by the whole of Mount Lebanon, Druze and Christian areas alike. 15275:

Orientalist literature frequently affiliates the Druze religion with the Muslim faith, although it seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism (Bryer 1975b, 239). The Muslim consider Druze doctrine to be heresy specifically because it extols the

6652:

Druze researchers and historians from Israel, such as Kais M. Firro, Rabah Halabi, Munir Fakhr El-Din, and Afifa E. Kheir, confirm that the Druze are Arabs and note that this was not a contentious issue in Israel before 1962. Halabi observes that Israeli policies aimed at granting the Druze a

6018:, a Jewish traveler from the 12th century, pointed out that the Druze maintained good commercial relations with the Jews nearby, and according to him this was because the Druze liked the Jewish people. Yet, the Jews and Druze lived isolated from each other, except in a few mixed towns such as 2593:

The Maronite-Druze conflict in 1840–60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite independence movement, directed against the Druze, Druze feudalism, and the Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus, where it spread and where the vastly non-Druze population was

6885:

According to a 2015 study, Druze have a largely similar genome with Middle Eastern Arabs, but they have not married outside of their clans in 1000 years and Druze families from different regions share a similarity with each other that distinguishes them from other Middle Eastern populations.

5176:

The Druze doctrine not permit outsiders to convert to their religion, as only one who is born to Druze parents can be considered a Druze. Marriage outside the Druze faith is uncommon and strongly discouraged for both males and females. If a Druze individual, whether male or female, marries a

5121:). Mate is often the first item served when entering a Druze home. It is a social drink and can be shared between multiple participants. After each drinker, the metal straw is cleaned with lemon rind. Traditional snacks eaten with mate include raisins, nuts, dried figs, biscuits, and chips. 1223:

In 1016 ad-Darazi and his followers openly proclaimed their beliefs and called people to join them, causing riots in Cairo against the Unitarian movement including Hamza bin Ali and his followers. This led to the suspension of the movement for one year and the expulsion of ad-Darazi and his

2629:

dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly. Following the recommendations of the powers, the Ottoman Porte granted Lebanon local autonomy, guaranteed by the powers, under a Maronite governor. This autonomy was maintained until World War I.

4515:. The "juhhāl" are the vast majority of the Druze community. The cohesiveness and frequent inter-community social interaction, however, enables most Druze to have an idea about their broad ethical requirements and have some sense of what their theology consists of (albeit often flawed). 3330:, just as most citizens do in Israel. Members of the community have attained top positions in Israeli politics and public service. The number of Druze parliament members usually exceeds their proportion in the Israeli population, and they are integrated within several political parties. 2254:, bringing an end to an era in the history of Lebanon, which would not regain its current boundaries until it was proclaimed a mandate state and republic in 1920. One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India. 14966:

Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered

14174:

6453:

by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Talea' adds that, over time, the Druze developed a strong sense of their pure Arab origins, believing that, apart from their unique religious practices, their spiritual and material culture closely mirrored that of the broader population of

2876:. If I crush the head, the serpent will die." Shishakli dispatched 10,000 regular troops to occupy the Jebel al-Druze. Several towns were bombarded with heavy weapons, killing scores of civilians and destroying many houses. According to Druze accounts, Shishakli encouraged neighboring 3610:

is the core spiritual beliefs in the Druze and some other intellectual and spiritual traditions ... In a mystical sense, it refers to the light of God experienced by certain mystics who have reached a high level of purity in their spiritual journey. Thus, God is perceived as the

16413:

Jesus is known in the Druze tradition as the "True Messiah" (al-Masih al-Haq), for he delivered what Druzes view as the true message. He is also referred to as the "Messiah of the Nations" (Masih al-Umam) because he was sent to the world as "Masih of Sins" because he is the one who

12128:

The early migrants tended to mix well with the local population in Venezuela. The Eastern Christians, regardless of the long-standing disagreements (to put it lightly) between the Catholic and Eastern Christian faiths, converted quickly, and even the Druze and Muslims converted to

4625:, which is an official position in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, is elected by the local community and serves as the head of the Druze religious council, judges from the Druze religious courts are usually elected for this position. Unlike the spiritual leaders, the authority of the 16861:

The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days, though they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues—no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and

7002:

In 1962, Israel redefined the Druze's ethnic identity from "Arab" to "Druze" on official documents, creating a distinct political and national identity and establishing a separate education system to foster a "Druze and Israeli" consciousness. This initiative aimed to counteract

5278:

Since Druze emerged from Islam and share certain beliefs with Islam, its position of whether it is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial among Muslim scholars. Druze are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought.

16132:

It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North

1770:

of God. An inherently modest man, al-Hakim did not believe that he was God, and felt al-Darazi was trying to depict himself as a new prophet. In 1018 Al-Hakim had al-Darazi executed, leaving Hamza the sole leader of the new faith and al-Darazi considered to be a renegade.

6609:

during the early period of Islam and its conquests. Later, they migrated and settled in Lebanon. Makarem highlights the Druze's strong Arab heritage, noting that early Druze followers were predominantly of Arab descent. He also points out that many tribes settling in the

9337:

The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from

7832:

5164:

by some Druze sheikhs is highly regarded within their community. It's not uncommon for a sheikh to request celibacy from his fiancée, and many Druze sheikhs remain unmarried throughout their lives. In Druze belief, sex is seen not as an end in itself but as a means of

3624:

have considered al-Hakim and other figures divine. ... In the Druze scriptural view, Tajalli takes a central stage. One author comments that Tajalli occurs when the seeker's humanity is annihilated so that divine attributes and light are experienced by the person.

2059:

authors generally write of the campaigns from a pro-Mamluk stance, seeing in them the legitimate Muslim state's efforts to incorporate Mount Lebanon into the Islamic realm, while Druze authors write with a focus on the Druze community's consistent connection to

1724:

are thought to still exist in the Druze of today. The souls of those who took the vows during the call are believed to be continuously reincarnating in successive generations of Druze until the return of al-Hakim to proclaim a second Divine call and establish a

1659:

or unitarian call is the Druze period of time that was opened at sunset on Thursday, 30 May 1017 by Ad-Darazi. The call summoned people to a true unitarian belief that removed all attributes (wise, just, outside, inside, etc.) from God. It promoted absolute

16161:

Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among

4291:

and gives consciousness. The soul embodies the mind and is responsible for transmigration and the character of oneself. The word, which is the atom of language, communicates qualia between humans and represents the platonic forms in the sensible world. The

4507:), literally "the Ignorant", but in practice referring to the non-initiated Druze. However, that term is seldom used by the Druze. Those Druze are not granted access to the Druze holy literature or allowed to attend the initiated religious meetings of the 5233:

and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam. He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".

4742:, observed between April 25 and 28. This pilgrimage is dedicated to Shu'ayb, whom Druze believe to be a prophet and whose purported tomb is located at this shrine. This event is so important that it is officially recognized as a public holiday in Israel. 3959:

6641:. In addition, Israeli Druze historian Yusri Hazran describes the Druze narrative, which holds that twelve Arab tribes migrated into the Syrian region either before the rise of Islam or during the early Islamic period. These tribes were predominantly of 5867:: In Christianity, Jesus is the central figure, seen as the messiah. To the Druze, Jesus is an important prophet of God, being among the seven prophets (including Muhammad) who appeared in different periods of history. The Druze revere Jesus "the son of 1808:

Persecutions started forty days after the disappearance into Occultation of al-Hakim, who was thought to have been converting people to the Unitarian faith for over twenty years prior. Al-Hakim convinced some heretical followers such as al-Darazi of his

3248:

of more than 100,000, mostly residing in the north of the country. In 2004, there were 102,000 Druze living in the country. In 2010, the population of Israeli Druze citizens grew to over 125,000. At the end of 2018, there were 143,000 in Israel and the

1891:, was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century and was the first area where the Druze appeared in the historical record under the name "Druze". It is generally considered the birthplace of the Druze faith. 5793:

is widely seen as central to the Christian faith, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Similarities between the Druze and Christians include commonalities in their view of

3044: 4833:, as examples of how these traditions, along with the role of the sheikhs, are deeply ingrained in Druze social life. He argues that these practices are not just religious rituals but are fundamental to reinforcing Druze unity and continuity. 4687:, and are not obliged to observe most of the religious rituals. The Druze believe that rituals are symbolic and have an individualistic effect on the person, for which reason Druze are free to perform them, or not. The community does celebrate 3041: 16784:(1980), Vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived in Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few former Safed residents had returned..." 16194:

Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere

2261:

a consulate, and Christian missionaries were admitted into the country. Beirut and Sidon, which Fakhr-al-Din II beautified, still bear traces of his benign rule. See the new biography of this Prince, based on original sources, by TJ Gorton:

670:(literally the "Mountain of the Druze"). The Druze community played a critically important role in shaping the history of the Levant, where it continues to play a significant political role. As a religious minority, they have often faced 2951:, which had a Druze majority of around 90% and a significant Christian minority. This region accounted for 48.2% of the total Druze population in Syria. Additionally, about 250,000 Druze, or 35.7% of the total Druze population, lived in 6448:

According to Druze historian Amin Talea', Druze oral and written traditions recount that twelve Arab tribes converted to Islam and fought alongside Muslim warriors until they were introduced to the Druze religion by preachers sent from

15229:

In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the

14667:

Druze who survive as a small minority in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan (their estimated number in these countries totaled around one million in the beginning of the 21st century) diverge substantially from Islam, both Sunni and

5041:), cooked in a pressure cooker and served on huge special plates at weddings, holidays, and other special occasions. And consists of bulgur wheat immersed in ghee with lamb and yogurt, and served hot with fried kibbeh and vegetables. 2300:, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control. Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662. Ahmad however emerged victorious in the 13400:

Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present", Berlin, 14–17 April

2304:

among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death from natural causes, without heir, in 1697.

2925:

and Druze territories had to be accomplished in part using violence. To this end, al-Shishakli encouraged the stigmatization of minorities. He saw minority demands as tantamount to treason. His increasingly chauvinistic notions of

6605:) were pivotal centers for Druze missionary activity in the 11th century, inhabited by Arab tribes. He explains that Druze oral traditions and religious documents suggest that most Druze ancestors came from twelve Arab tribes in 11679:

Virtually all Muslims (99%) and Christians (96%) surveyed in Israel identify as Arab. A somewhat smaller share of Druze (71%) say they are ethnically Arab. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Other," "Druze" or

3162:

The Druze community is primarily located in the rural and mountainous regions to the east and south of Beirut. They represent approximately 5.2 percent of Lebanon’s population and are spread across 136 villages in areas such as

2442:

themselves into one or the other of these two parties regardless of their religious affiliations. The sanguinary feuds between these two factions depleted, in course of time, the manhood of the Lebanon and ended in the decisive

553:. This has led to the development of a distinct and secretive theology, characterized by an esoteric interpretation of scripture that emphasizes the importance of the mind and truthfulness. Druze beliefs include the concepts of 5052:

sometime during his reign (996–1021). While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim in high regard and give him quasi-divine authority, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat

4884:

were aimed at eradicating the entire community. This narrative has shaped the Druze sense of identity and their awareness of survival. As a survival strategy, some Druze have historically posed as Muslims, a practice known as

3056:

The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon, and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the

6824:

lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population.

2664:

outcome of the revolt, 2,000 Druze were killed, a similar number wounded, and hundreds of Druze fighters imprisoned. Al-Farouqi also disarmed the population, extracted significant taxes, and launched a census of the region.

3233: 1301:

estimates that the global Druze population is around 1 million. He notes that about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel. Recently, there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

6893:, in comparison with ancient humans (including Anatolian and Armenian), and on Geographic Population Structure (GPS) tool by converting genetic distances into geographic distances, concluded that Druze might hail from the 6943:

In a principal component analysis of a 2014 study, Druze were located between Lebanese people and Mizrahi Jews. In a PCA in a 2021 study, Druze were close to Lebanese people and a part of the larger Levant-Iraq cluster.

1847:

In 1038, two years after the death of al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, the Druze movement was able to resume because the new leadership that replaced him had friendly political ties with at least one prominent Druze leader.

1277:("Druzes") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error. Be that as it may, he described the Druze as "mountain dwellers, monotheists, who believe in 'soul eternity' and 14371: 5402:, those that do sometimes challenge the religious legitimacy of Shaltut's fatwa because it was issued for political reasons, as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire 3043: 1619:

rather than Hamza ibn Ali and gave himself the title "Lord of the Guides" because Caliph al-Hakim referred to Hamza as "Guide of the Consented". It is said that al-Darazi allowed wine, forbidden marriages and taught

5903:), and the Messiah of Sinners. This is due, respectively, to the belief that Jesus delivered the true Gospel message, the belief that he was the Saviour of all nations, and the belief that he offers forgiveness. 1844:. As a result, the faith went underground, in hope of survival, as those captured were either forced to renounce their faith or be killed. Druze survivors "were found principally in southern Lebanon and Syria". 10533:.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred. 4005:

The number 5 contains an unstated significance within the Druze faith; it is believed in this area that great prophets come in groups of five. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by

2145:

were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon. Druze villages spread and prospered in that region, which under Ma'an leadership so flourished that it acquired the generic term of

6782:. A 2008 study done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 27% in Mount Carmel Druze, 2% in Galilee Druze, 8% in Lebanese Druze, and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze (Slush et al. 2008). 1914:

in Egypt (1250–1516); first, to assist them in putting an end to what remained of Crusader rule in the coastal Levant, and later to help them safeguard the Lebanese coast against Crusader retaliation by sea.

16976: 1209:

in human beings to ad-Darazi naming himself "The Sword of the Faith", which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the

13812:

There are many references to the Druze refusal to observe this common Muslim practice, one of the earliest being the rediscoverer of the ruins of Petra, John Burckhardt. "The Druses do not circumcise their

7815:

Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.

1704:

instead of mosques. Such gatherings and traditions were not compulsory and people were encouraged to pursue a state of compliance with the real law of nature governing the universe. Epistle thirteen of the

18186: 3695:) is considered the entrance to the Druze religion, and they believe that all Druze in their past lives have signed this Charter, and Druze believe that this Charter embodies with human souls after death. 17708:

Heretofore studies of the Ituraeans have been based on historical sources and written history. Archaeological surveys from 1968 to ... Proposes the possibility that the Druze descended from the Ituraeans.

2008:. Thus, they were not trustworthy and should not be forgiven. He taught also that Muslims cannot accept Druze penitence nor keep them alive, and that Druze property should be confiscated and their women 5398:; a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution. Some sects of Islam, including all Shia denominations, don't recognize the religious authority of 3494:

is the second largest home of Druze communities outside the Middle East after Venezuela. Estimates vary between about 30,000 and 50,000 Druzes in the United States, with the largest concentration in

1257:

Hussayn ad-Darazī, who was one of the early converts to the faith. In the early stages of the movement, the word "Druze" is rarely mentioned by historians, and in Druze religious texts only the word

5237:

Historically the relationship between the Druze and Muslims has been characterized by intense persecution. The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the

3411:

hosts the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East, estimated at around 60,000 individuals. Most of them trace their ancestry back to Lebanon and Syria. More than 200,000 people from the

2883:

Shishakli launched a brutal campaign to defame the Druze for their religion and politics. He accused the entire community of treason, at times claiming they were in the employ of the British and

11834: 15187:

The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies

9187:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

8183:

Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism.

6079: 2645:

was formed from the Maronite-Druze dualism, and the security stability and Druze-Maronite coexistence in the Mutasarrifate allowed the development of the economy and the system of government.

497:

as integral parts of their identity, with Arabic being their primary language. Most Druze religious practices are kept secret, and conversion to their religion is not permitted for outsiders.

14995:

the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.

14203:

the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.

5484:, whereas the Druze do not accept converts to their faith. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Islamic schools and branches allow for divorce and permit men 1317:(eastern Mediterranean). In 2021 the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East are in Venezuela, with approximately 60,000, and in the United States, with around 50,000. In 2017, the 2753:, a rugged and mountainous region in the southwest of the country, which is more than 90 percent Druze inhabited; some 120 villages are exclusively so. Other notable communities live in the 2257:

Fakhr-al-Din II was the first ruler in modern Lebanon to open the doors of his country to foreign Western influences. Under his auspices the French established a khān (hostel) in Sidon, the

2505:

in Mount Lebanon became the dominant group. The Yamani Druze exodus significantly contributed to a demographic shift in Mount Lebanon, with Maronites and other Christians, namely from the

14832:

Though their religion is related to that of the Ismailis from a historical standpoint, the Druze—who see themselves as true "unitarians" (muwah.h.idūn)—are usually not considered Muslims.

3510:; marriage outside the Druze faith is strongly discouraged according to the Druze doctrine. They also face the pressure of keeping the religion alive because many Druze immigrants to the 16882:

In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.

11370:...comprised 50,328 inhabitants, of whom 85 per cent were Druze, and it integrated Christian communities (7,000 people) who had long lived in these mountains in harmony with the Druze. 6649:

being the most dominant among them. Subsequently, these tribes adopted the Druze doctrine. Hazran affirms that this narrative is recognized within Druze doctrine and its scriptures.

3811:

Druze do not believe that the esoteric meaning abrogates or necessarily abolishes the exoteric one. Hamza bin Ali refutes such claims by stating that if the esoteric interpretation of

3135:

and Druze, who had fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal and was a cornerstone for the

1309:, significant Druze communities exist in Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America (mainly Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil), the United States, and West Africa. They are Arabs who speak 5467:. Muslims regard Muhammad as the final and paramount prophet sent by God, to the Druze, Muhammad is exalted as one of the seven prophets sent by God in different periods of history. 3319:

citizenship and identity and are treated as permanent residents of Israel. As of 2011, fewer than 10% of the Druze population in the Golan Heights had accepted Israeli citizenship.

15258:

As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.

6850:

A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the

17108:

This Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred to as a "covenant of blood," in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country.

3288:(also known as Yarka). The Druze live in 19 towns and villages scattered across the mountaintops in northern Israel, either in exclusively Druze areas or in mixed communities with 2625:. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement, since France was restricted in 1860 by the British government, which did not want the 2813:, led the Druze military units in a successful revolt against the French, making the Jebel al-Druze the first and only region in Syria to liberate itself from French rule without 2781:, many of these Druze fled to other parts of Syria; most of those who remained live in a handful of villages in the disputed zone, while only a few live in the narrow remnant of 17726:

3 – Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."

6434:

consider themselves Arabs, some Israeli Druze politicians have begun to reject the idea of Arabic racial origin as a component of Druze national identity for political reasons.

1595:

Hamza gained the support of the Fātimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who issued a decree promoting religious freedom and eventually became a central figure in the Druze faith.

2574:

converted to Christianity, some prominent Druze families, including the Druze Abi-Lamma clan—who were close allies of the Shihabs—also converted to Christianity and joined the

1996:) and foreign by Sunni and Shia Muslims, but contributed to solidarity among the Druze, who closed their religion to new converts in 1046 due to the threat of persecution. The 1191:

Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and

15332:

Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...

11332: 6940:) from Canaanite / Bronze Age Levantine populations, albeit with varying sources and degrees of admixture from differing host or invading populations depending on each group. 3147:

describes Jumblatt as "the leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". The second largest political party supported by Druze is the

12161: 3419:

sect and immigrated to Venezuela in the past century. Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries, with migrants primarily hailing from the

3042: 6862:, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon (Slush et al. 2008). The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal and MtDNA haplogroups: 2273:, who ruled through his death in 1658. (Fakhr ad Din's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official in Constantinople.) Emir Mulhim exercised 2091:

were, did not succeed in reducing the local Druze to the required degree of subordination. This led the Ottoman government to agree to an arrangement whereby the different

6516:

prior to their migration into Lebanon. Many of the Druze feudal families, whose genealogies have been preserved by the two modern Syrian chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi and

5895:

as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system. In the Druze tradition, Jesus is known under three titles: the True Messiah (

6658:

Zionist narrative promoting a distinct "Druze ethnic identity", most Druze in Israel view their origins as Arab and consider their Druze identity primarily as religious.

17002: 1910:, to prevent them from making any encroachments inland. Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the 16793:

Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992)

1633:, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad warns al-Darazi, saying, "Faith does not need a sword to aid it", but al-Darazi ignored Hamza's warnings and continued to challenge the Imam. 12075:

More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druse sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.

1700:

was opposed and Druze traditions started during the call continue today, such as meeting for reading, prayer and social gathering on a Thursday instead of a Friday at

3914:

proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018. The Druze believe that al-Hākim will return at the end of times to judge the world and establish his kingdom, while

17724:

2 – "The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."

16214: 6881:

Maternal MtDNA haplogroup frequencies: H 32%, X 13%, K 12.5%, U 10 %, T 7.5%, HV 4.8 %, J 4.8%, I 3.5%, pre HV 3%, L2a3 2.25%, N1b 2.25%, M1 1.6%, W 1.29%.

2165:(Fakhreddin II), the Druze dominion increased until it included Lebanon-Phoenicia and almost all Syria, extending from the edge of the Antioch plain in the north to 1949:

superseded the Tanukhs in Druze leadership. The origin of the family goes back to Prince Ma'an, who made his appearance in Lebanon in the days of the Abbasid caliph

15696: 19193: 11279: 11235: 18196: 6230:

are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history. Both religions venerate

6007:. Afterwards, Messiah Jesus will expel the Jews from Jerusalem due to their spread of moral corruption worldwide. Christians will then dominate Muslims until the 2933:

After the Shishakli's military campaign, the Druze community lost much of its political influence, but many Druze military officers played important roles in the

6670:

states that the Druze are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood".

2433:

The conquest of Syria by the Muslim Arabs in the middle of the seventh century introduced into the land two political factions later called the Qaysites and the

16980: 16009:

Les Epitres Sacrees Des Druzes Rasa'il Al-hikma: Introduction, Edition Critique Et Traduction Annotee Des Traites Attribues a Hamza B. 'ali Et Isma'il At-tamimi

15615: 14651:

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J.; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Crone, Patricia; Gerhard, Bowering; Hefner, Robert W.; Fahmy, Khaled; Kuran, Timur (2013).

6279:

A study carried out by th Israeli Druze historian Kais M. Firro examines various theories about the origins of the Druze, including possible connections to the

2369:. At the end of the 17th century (1697) the Shihabs succeeded the Ma'ans in the feudal leadership of Druze southern Lebanon, although they reportedly professed 2158:

region, which since the middle of the 19th century has proven a haven of refuge to Druze emigrants from Lebanon and has become the headquarters of Druze power.

19293: 5707:

writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom". The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity, in addition to adoption of Christian elements on the

5840:. Male circumcision is also widely practiced by the Druze, but as a cultural tradition, since circumcision has no religious significance in the Druze faith. 15810:

US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..

12328:

US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..

12262: 6558:, the Druze people are of Arab origin, both culturally and historically. She explains that Druze traditions and narratives consistently trace their roots to 4852:. This interaction has led to overlapping symbols, customs, mutual veneration of saints and their shrines, and shared terminology for God. Sites such as the 3131:, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between 2947:, it was estimated that around 700,000 Druze lived in Syria in 2010, constituting about 3% of the population. Of these, approximately 337,500 resided in the 6441:, Arries and Kappers found that Druze in the Levant, along with their Muslim and Christian counterparts, share the same origins. Similarly, Druze historian 14981:

Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights

14189:

Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights

11840: 6030:

was built in 1638, during the Ottoman era in Lebanon, to serve the local Jewish population, some of whom were part of the immediate entourage of the Druze

5507:

is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts; he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man,

3906:

is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts. He proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man.

17794:"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation" 15385:

Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...

6137:

From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community, and they are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the

6358: 15304:

As far as the Druze are concerned, many Muslims regard them suspiciously, arguing that they are not in fact Muslims, but rather a religion in their own.

6307:. Some even suggested a European origin. In the 17th century, there was a prevailing belief in France that the Druze were descendants of a lost army of 2659:

The Hauran rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in May 1909. The rebellion was led by

2618: 2312:, Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death. Iltizam rights in Shuf and Kisrawan passed to the rising 1787:

with Hamza ibn Ali and three other prominent preachers, leaving the care of the "Unitarian missionary movement" to a new leader, al-Muqtana Baha'uddin.

20789: 6064:

endured a month-long assault that involved extensive looting, violence, and the destruction of Jewish properties by both Druze and Muslims. During the

4124: 1894:

It was during the period of Crusader rule in Levant (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the

1188:, the name has been used to identify them, possibly by their historical opponents as a way to attach their community with ad-Darazi's poor reputation. 10448:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. 9408: 20880: 19067: 12478: 6916:) populations suggests a significant degree of genetic continuity in currently Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (including the Druze, Lebanese, 6106:. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned. Since the establishment of the 5604: 4556:

on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. Male

2934: 2560: 2522: 2189:

containing secret military clauses. The Sultan then sent a force against him, and he was compelled to flee the land and seek refuge in the courts of

2186: 1007: 4353:

Holy places of the Druze are archaeological sites important to the community and associated with religious holidays; the most notable example being

23322: 6437:

According to Firro, the third approach in the research on Druze origins is based on the conclusions of researchers and anthropologists. Studies by

3377: 9782: 6345:

Arabs who adopted new beliefs. He supported this with three arguments: first, the early founders and disseminators of the Druze religion were of

5531:

as their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims. The Druze faith does not follow

1269:, the Jewish traveler who passed through Lebanon in or around 1165, was one of the first European writers to refer to the Druze by name. The word 25384: 23171: 15134: 4734:

Druze communities are often close-knit and maintain a strong sense of identity and solidarity. A key aspect of their religious practice includes

6936:) from the populations of the Bronze Age Levant, suggesting that the aforementioned groups all derive more than half of their overall ancestry ( 4482:

The Druze do not recognize any religious hierarchy. As such, there is no "Druze clergy". Those few initiated in the Druze holy books are called

2277:

taxation rights in the Shuf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn, and Kisrawan districts of Lebanon. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha,

1757:

Hamza ibn Ali rejected al-Darazi's ideology, calling him "the insolent one and Satan". The controversy led Caliph al-Hakim to suspend the Druze

24228: 18965: 18050: 6637:. He noted that some of their ancestors came from the northern part of the peninsula, while others came from the southern region, specifically 3143:

of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The

16272: 15473:

Shia of Iraq and undermining Kassem might have played a part in that decision, there is no doubting the liberalism of the man in this regard.

10636: 662:. They make up 5.5% of Lebanon's population, 3% of Syria and 1.6% of Israel. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in 18285:

Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Al Turki, Saeed; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2021).

12058: 7681: 5587:

that share a historical traditional connection with some major theological differences. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the

2380:(1788–1840) who, after Fakhr-al-Din, was the most powerful feudal lord Lebanon produced. Though governor of the Druze Mountain, Bashir was a 1536:

The story of the creation of the Druze faith in the days between 1017 and 1018 is dominated by three men and their struggle for influence.

9073:

The worldwide population of Druze is put at up to one million, with most living in mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.

4758:, where Arabic was not taught or spoken at home. The Druze Arabic dialect, especially in the rural areas, is often different from the other 2250:, and imprisoned with two of his sons in the infamous Yedi Kule prison. The Sultan had Fakhr-al-Din and his sons killed on 13 April 1635 in 24180: 21528: 11036: 7413: 4699: 4197:, literally "a limit", as in the distinctions that separate humans from animals, or the powers that make humans the animalistic body. Each 18585:

Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Face Cachée des Druzes "Les Francs-Maçons de l'Orient", 251 pages, Editeur : Independently published (2020),

17035: 5950:

are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.

4781:, and linguistically speaking, the majority of them are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Central Northern Levantine Arabic dialect and 3322:

In 1957, the Israeli government designated the Druze a distinct religious community at the request of its communal leaders. The Druze are

2388:

solicited in 1799 during his campaign against Syria. The "Druze-Christian alliance" during this century was the major factor enabling the

1611:

is Persian in origin, meaning "the tailor". He arrived in Cairo in 1015, or 1017, after which he joined the newly emerged Druze movement.

16303: 11253: 9913: 6365:

as an example of Arab origin. Sprengling also noted that Wadi al-Taym's inhabitants before 1077 were mostly pure Arab tribes such as the

2583: 2181:. The ruins of this castle still stand on a steep hill overlooking the town. Fakhr-al-Din became too strong for his Turkish sovereign in 18763: 5995:. In other epistles, Jews are depicted negatively as "morally corrupt and murderers of prophets", particularly in chapters 13–14 of the 3539:

The Druze conception of the deity is declared by them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity. The main Druze doctrine states that

1836:, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army, "this mass persecution known by the Druze as the period of the 23216: 23143: 20314: 19415: 11412: 6821: 6708:

Archaeological assessments of the Druze region have also proposed the possibility of Druze descending from Itureans, who had inhabited

1934:), the Tanukhs led their incursions into the Phoenician coast and finally succeeded in holding Beirut and the marine plain against the 1779:

Al-Hakim disappeared one night while on his evening ride—presumably assassinated, perhaps at the behest of his formidable elder sister

1265:, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī, rather than the followers of Hamza ibn 'Alī. As for Western sources, 17454:

Salih Zaher-Eddin, History of the Muslem Al Muwahidun Al Druze (Katar: The Arabic Center for Research and Documentation, 1994), p. 78

6653:

distinct community status and political identity led some Druze to see this separate "Druze-Israeli identity" as an ethnic marker for

6373:

tribe. He concluded that the Druze are mainly a combination of various ethnic groups, with a major influence from Arabs, particularly

2493:. The battle's outcome also precipitated a mass migration of pro-Yamani Druze nobility and peasants from Mount Lebanon to the eastern 2019:

of the Crusaders, the Mamluk Sultanate now turned their attention to the schismatic Muslims of Syria. In 1305, after the issuing of a

25462: 23016: 19393: 19047: 5324: 5267:

to Islam. Those acts of persecution were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. Most recently, the

4691:, however, considered their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims. 4493:

Given the strict religious, intellectual and spiritual requirements, most of the Druze are not initiated and might be referred to as

2072: 975: 23467: 15965: 11390: 6430:

consider the Druze to be Arabs, and this view is accepted by the entire Druze community in those countries. In contrast, while most

6076:

by Druze rebels in early July 1838, the violence against the Jews included plundering their homes and desecrating their synagogues.

6044:, relations between the Druze of Galilee and the Jewish community were generally strained and marked by conflict. In 1660, during a 25502: 23307: 23181: 23166: 9289: 8911: 7387: 4532:"the Knowledgeable Initiates"). They might or might not dress differently, although most wear a costume that was characteristic of 3895:

Muslim or Christian in order to avoid persecution; some do not. Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles.

2489:. The battle ended in a rout of the Yamani faction and resulted in the consolidation of Qaysi political and fiscal domination over 2309: 5417:

into Egyptian political leadership, the dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Al-Azhar issued a fatwa strongly opposed to the

14488: 12482: 9148: 6843:

that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years. The

4418:

The second type of religious shrine is one associated with the anniversary of a historic event or death of a prophet. If it is a

17832: 14747:

Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

10036: 7861:

Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

6126:, with no historical foundation. Conversely, the Druze community in Syria, Lebanon, and the Golan Heights generally aligns with 5514:

The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Islam, and other religious beliefs. Druze Sacred texts include the Qur'an and the

4731:

the age of ten or older. Some Druze do not circumcise their male children, and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice".

18812: 15992: 15854:

Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800–1873)

12227: 9474:

al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah became a central figure in the Druze faith, although his religious position was disputed among scholars.

5603:. Amicable relations between the two groups prevailed throughout most of history, though a few exceptions exist, including the 5160:

verses to justify their position, it more closely mirrors the Christian perspective on marriage. Additionally, the practice of

3823:(prayer) is useless if a person is untruthful in his speech and that the esoteric and exoteric meanings complement each other. 1584:. arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016. He assembled a group of scholars that met regularly in the Raydan Mosque, near the 21106: 14705: 9485: 2559:, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 25487: 23327: 18646: 18562: 18535: 18514: 18485: 18396: 18375: 17666: 17228: 16935: 16905: 16854: 16821: 16798: 16765: 16737: 16356: 16297: 16244: 16056: 16017: 15889: 15690: 14635: 14610: 14523: 13930: 13890: 13615: 13129: 13100: 13071: 12621: 12547: 12516: 11900: 11559: 11209: 11113: 11063: 10990: 10453: 10370: 10342: 10302: 10266: 10218: 10185: 9927: 9893: 9856: 9739: 9712: 9685: 9529: 9495: 9392: 9359: 9158: 9028: 8970: 8774: 8453: 8377: 8349: 8306: 8279: 8252: 8103: 8078: 8028: 7926: 7780: 7743: 7714: 7645: 7615: 7587: 7534: 7448: 7140: 7112: 7084: 7050: 3265: 17656: 16250: 11432:

Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World : Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World

3308: 25447: 24817: 24792: 23792: 20784: 19052: 16576:...One example of Druze anti-Jewish bias is contained in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din 11324: 10234: 9131: 5825: 5615:

region. Over the centuries, several prominent members of the Druze community have embraced Christianity, including some of

4785:. In Druze Arab homes and towns in Israel, the primary language spoken is Arabic, while some Hebrew words have entered the 2995: 2301: 2289: 1664:

and the concepts of supporting your fellow man, true speech and pursuit of oneness with God. These concepts superseded all

984: 16207: 14056:

Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries

10734:

namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites

6396: 6165:

compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians. Scholars attribute this trend to cultural differences between Jews and Druze.

3475:, along with adherence to Druze values. A prominent example of Druze influence in Venezuela is the former vice president, 1716:

preaching its message all around the Middle East. These messengers were sent out with the Druze epistles and took written

25112: 23910: 23191: 22787: 13852:

Gaash, Amir (2016). "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)".

11296: 7255: 6091: 4801: 4720:. They have had a significant impact on the region's history and culture and continue to play a notable political role. 3837:

The Druze follow seven moral precepts or duties that are considered the core of the faith. The Seven Druze precepts are:

18602:

Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Points de convergence dans les rituels et symboles chez les Druzes et chez les francs-maçons", in

11724: 11224: 11166: 10129: 4636:

The Druze believe in the unity of God, and are often known as the "People of Monotheism" or simply "Monotheists". Their

4318:. The stripes are a diagrammatic cut of the spheres in neoplatonic philosophy, while the five-pointed star embodies the 2617:

The European powers then determined to intervene, and authorized the landing in Beirut of a body of French troops under

25068: 24415: 24120: 23850: 23732: 23186: 21766: 19678: 19027: 18590: 16523:

They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others

16435: 15782:

Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.

13980: 13955: 13000:

They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others

12968: 12300:

Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.

8535:

They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others

8503: 7173: 6725: 6258:. Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet. 6145:

do not consider themselves Muslim, and see their faith as a separate and independent religion. While compared to other

6045: 5879:, who wrote the Gospels. According to the Druze manuscripts Jesus is the Greatest Imam and the incarnation of Ultimate 5829: 4738:, or visits to holy places. One of the most significant events in Druze religious life is the annual pilgrimage to the 2376:

The Shihab leadership continued until the middle of the 19th century and culminated in the illustrious governorship of

2044: 1627:

This attitude led to disputes between Ad-Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali, who disliked his behavior and his arrogance. In the

639: 17860:

Shlush, LI; Behar, DM; Yudkovsky, G; et al. (2008), "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East",

17009: 6490:

The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the

4633:

is limited to the country he is elected in, though in some instances spiritual leaders are elected to this position.

1261:("Unitarian") appears. The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the eleventh century Christian scholar 24980: 24170: 22991: 20199: 18738: 18702: 18680: 18665: 18464: 18439: 18418: 18351: 17639: 17614: 17556: 17498: 17473: 17270: 17195: 17101: 16960: 16710: 16632: 16604: 16569: 16544: 16516: 16488: 16460: 16406: 16381: 16325: 16187: 16154: 16125: 16088: 15949: 15921: 15862: 15803: 15775: 15747: 15719: 15654: 15623: 15598: 15552: 15527: 15502: 15465: 15440: 15406: 15378: 15353: 15325: 15297: 15251: 15222: 15194: 15169: 15092: 15067: 15016: 14988: 14959: 14930: 14853: 14825: 14797: 14768: 14740: 14689: 14660: 14548: 14469: 14444: 14405: 14354: 14310: 14249: 14224: 14196: 14167: 14138: 14113: 14088: 14063: 14033: 14005: 13805: 13777: 13744: 13676: 13573: 13548: 13523: 13498: 13473: 13448: 13408: 13364: 13263: 13238: 13213: 13182: 13154: 13046: 13021: 12993: 12936: 12900: 12761: 12423: 12321: 12293: 12121: 12096: 11985: 11925: 11872: 11815: 11787: 11439: 11363: 11138: 11088: 10953: 10926: 10895: 10780: 10755: 10727: 10699: 10671: 10646: 10609: 10526: 10493: 10424: 10395: 10101: 10021:

Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi-al-Taym was the birthplace of their faith.

10014: 9965: 9829:

With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the

9822: 9625: 9591: 9566: 9271: 9180: 8746: 8636: 8601: 8573: 8528: 8478: 8426: 8176: 8137: 7954: 7854: 7808: 7476: 7316: 6828:

The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the

5833: 4050:, Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī, Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī, and 3397: 380: 16332:...Druze believe in seven prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and Muhammad ibn Ismail ad-Darazi.. 12363: 9648: 5676:

in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the

4679:, and other drugs and often, the consumption of pork (to the Uqqāl and not necessarily to the Juhhāl). Druze reject 4442:

of the Druze are scattered in various villages, in places where they are protected and cared for. They are found in

1766:

In an attempt to gain the support of al-Hakim, al-Darazi started preaching that al-Hakim and his ancestors were the

25308: 24223: 21776: 14579: 9448: 7339: 6057: 5464: 4861: 3990:

Recognition of prophets in the Druze religion is divided into three sort-of subcategories, the prophet themselves (

2506: 18873: 12254: 11489: 11010: 9478:

states that al-Hakim believed that "he was not only the divinely appointed religio-political leader, but also the

9235: 4580:. Traditionally the Druze women have played an important role both socially and religiously inside the community. 3832: 3105:

took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the

2906: 790: 25477: 25038: 24185: 24080: 23206: 23201: 23157: 22782: 21626: 20848: 19833: 13161:

While the Druze do not permit iconography in their religion, they have a religious symbol known as the Druze Star

12141: 9758: 9090: 8889: 8548: 7280: 6528:, which made for itself a name in fighting the Crusaders was, according to Haydar al-Shihabi, an Arab tribe from 5622: 5318:

often relied on Ibn Taymiyya’s religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze. In contrast, according to

4837: 4438:. The holy places become more important to the community in times of adversity and calamity. The holy places and 2940:

In 1967, a community of Druze in the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, today numbering 23,000 (in 2019).

2446:

in 1711, which resulted in the utter defeat of the Yemenite party. Many Yemenite Druze thereupon migrated to the

2292:

with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the

1298: 1152: 538: 24632: 17062: 13285: 11610: 8618: 3968: 1289:

The number of Druze people worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the

25457: 25376: 24040: 23865: 23138: 22152: 22093: 21980: 21859: 21791: 20177: 19815: 19734: 18709:

Shamai, Shmuel (1990). "Critical Sociology of Education Theory in Practice: The Druze Education in the Golan".

13316: 12393: 10601: 9658: 8049: 6353:; and third, the native inhabitants of Wadi al-Taym where Druze faith beliefs first spread, were influenced by 4614:, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. While the 3807:, inaccessible to all but a few really enlightened individuals who truly understand the nature of the universe. 3460: 3113: 3066: 2564: 2297: 1798: 22272: 22147: 13592: 6524:

and stopped in Iraq on their route that would later to lead them to Syria. The first feudal Druze family, the

4872:, admired for their "bravery and warrior-like qualities". Scholar Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire observes that these 4518:

The initiated religious group, which includes both men and women (less than 10% of the population), is called

3360:

of around 32,000, mostly residing in the northwestern part of the country. The main areas where they live are

25173: 25168: 24907: 24190: 23605: 23342: 23001: 22850: 22772: 22194: 21236: 20747: 19386: 19266: 17549:

Codeswitching as an Index and Construct of Sociopolitical Identity: The Case of the Druze and Arabs in Israel

13332: 13189:

The Druze symbol is a five colored star, with each color representing cosmic principles believed by the Druze

6563: 6138: 5638: 9505:

state that he is perceived as the manifestation and the reincarnation of God or presumably the image of God.

8443: 5625:

and Druze communities share a long history of interaction dating back roughly a millennium, particularly in

3817:(purity) is purity of the heart and soul, it doesn't mean that a person can discard his physical purity, as 3334:(culturally and ethnically), and third as Israelis (citizenship-wise). A small minority of them identify as 2219:

This time the prince decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Ali in

690:

before and during the early Islamic period. This perspective is accepted by the entire Druze communities in

25497: 25437: 25107: 24248: 24050: 21258: 19966: 19092: 17719: 16625:

The Muslim World: A Quarterly Review of History, Culture, Religions & the Christian Mission in Islamdom

11666: 9417: 6053: 5999:. The epistle "Excuses and Warnings" predicts that, as a sign of the end times, Jews will seize control of 5471: 5149: 5017:

is known as "Druze Pita" as it was easier for Israeli Jews to identify with Druze than with Arabs. It is a

4829:

their unique identity. Betts also points to specific Druze practices, such as the annual pilgrimage to the

3250: 3094: 2700: 2502: 2170: 1557:, the sixth Fātimid caliph, became a central figure in the faith being preached by Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad. 22282: 17993:

Barcaccia, Gianni; Galla, Giulio; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio (5 October 2015).

14421: 14327: 8386: 7189: 6333:, whose theory is a key reference for tracing Druze origins. Hitti proposed that the Druze are a blend of 4853: 3240:

Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to such "Druze Zionist" movements.

3139:

in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused

3109:

and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990.

2353:, and while the Ma'ans were still in complete control over southern Lebanon, the Shihab tribe, originally 2230: 25507: 25442: 25291: 24258: 23970: 23965: 23737: 22255: 22216: 21771: 21685: 21253: 20917: 19583: 19072: 12170:

El Aissami is a member of Venezuela's sizable Druze community. His father is Syrian, his mother Lebanese.

10943: 6973: 6810: 5798: 5677: 3074: 2642: 2578:. The Druze community and feudal leaders came under attack from the regime with the collaboration of the 597: 17: 22287: 22277: 14860:

although today it is widely considered to be a separate religion, some still consider it an Islamic sect

13716:"Refugee Review Tribunal: What is the attitude of the Druze community toward inter-religious marriages?" 11753: 11711: 11692: 7244: 6753:

populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

6570:". The area was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century. 5388:

was not accepted by all in the Islamic world, many dissenting scholars have argued the Druze recite the

2582:, and the Druze lost most of their political and feudal powers. Also, the Druze formed an alliance with 25492: 25356: 24627: 23031: 22976: 22672: 21412: 20907: 19578: 19520: 19006: 18805: 17263:

Israel's "ethnic Project" in the City of Shafa-amr: Particularization of Identity Along Religious Lines

16702: 16596: 13270:

The five colors that form the Druze flag and five-pointed star are religious symbols of the luminaries.

9793: 6073: 5802: 5786: 5608: 5561: 4362: 4361:, who is a central figure of the Druze religion. Druze make pilgrimages to this site on the holiday of 3273: 21000: 18639:

Secrets initiatiques en Islam et rituels maçonniques-Ismaéliens, Druzes, Alaouites, Confréries soufies

15559:

often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim

15060:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

15009:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

6760:

study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the

6667: 3563:

In this dogma, they are similar to the semi-philosophical, semi-religious body which flourished under

1918:

In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the

25452: 25258: 24283: 24072: 23930: 23382: 22265: 22044: 21675: 21305: 20828: 19960: 19712: 19549: 19504: 18408: 7245:"The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday" 6767:, which is otherwise uncommon in the Middle East (Shen et al. 2004). This haplogroup originates from 6049: 5762:. These influences and incorporations of Christian elements encompass the adoption of the concept of 5642: 4844:

of religious and cultural influences. Historians notes that the Druze have historically maintained a

4812:

Various scholars agree that the Druze community's cultural identity is deeply intertwined with their

4786: 4763: 3456: 3148: 2848:

was "useless", and that the Druze could "take Damascus and capture the present leaders in a breeze".

2841: 2281:

of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule.

1954: 1931: 22383: 15271:"'Allah has spoken to us: we must keep silent.' In the folds of secrecy, the Holy Book of the Druze" 13683:

Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant

13441:

Architecture, Power and Religion in Lebanon: Rafiq Hariri and the Politics of Sacred Space in Beirut

12716:"Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-expression", p. 95 by Mordechai Nisan 12183: 8580:

Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant

6905:, then they later migrated south to settle in the mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon and Israel. 4383:

One of the most important features of the Druze village having a central role in social life is the

2921:

He forcibly integrated minorities into the national Syrian social structure, his "Syrianization" of

2205: 1840:". The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of 25389: 25338: 25183: 24822: 23787: 23747: 23702: 23492: 23482: 23287: 23036: 22861: 22797: 22767: 22657: 22422: 22331: 22299: 22260: 22172: 21069: 20294: 20230: 19700: 19685: 19379: 18835: 16428:

The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon

16264: 14270: 9023:. Columbia University Oriental Studies. Vol. 28 (new ed.). London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. 7772: 6543:, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as 6479: 6243: 5947: 5460: 5432: 4770:, the use of which by Druze is particularly prominent in the mountains and less so in urban areas. 4765: 4338: 4051: 3544: 3089:. At the time, the Lebanese government and economy were running under the significant influence of 2903:

on 27 September 1964 by a Druze seeking revenge for Shishakli's bombardment of the Jebel al-Druze.

2860: 2227:'s grotto, closely followed by Küçük Ahmed Pasha who eventually caught up with him and his family. 1973:

and furnished respectable contingents to the Muslim ranks in their struggle against the Crusaders.

1544: 749: 569: 441: 20737: 17401:

Amin Talea', The Origins of the Al Almwahidun Al-Druze, (Beirut: Al Majles El Durzi, 1979), p. 13.

17339:"Druze: the great survivors How the world's most secretive faith has endured for a thousand years" 15978:

Fadwa N. Kirrish, "Druze Ethnicity in the Golan Heights: The Interface of Religion and Politics,"

15726:

the conversion to Christianity of several Muslim and Druze families aided this growth immeasurably

12728:"The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status", p. 41 by Nissim Dana 12062: 10329:

The view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman chancery documents, 1546–1711

10289:

The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711

10253:

The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711

9846: 7665: 6678:

According to Jewish contemporary literature, the Druze, who were visited and described in 1165 by

6361:

criticized Hitti's theory, arguing that not all early Druze leaders were of Persian origin—citing

5366:

classified the Druze as Muslims, even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. The

4836:

According to some scholars, the Druze cultural identity is shaped by their interactions with both

3506:

descent. Members of the Druze faith face the difficulty of finding a Druze partner and practicing

1997: 25323: 25268: 25127: 25024: 24543: 24238: 24175: 24125: 24085: 24030: 23665: 23660: 23550: 23497: 23387: 23317: 23113: 22919: 22834: 22039: 22017: 21816: 21638: 21163: 20779: 20706: 20390: 19761: 19561: 19470: 18456: 17975: 16179: 15754:

some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...

14682:

The Origins of the Druze Religion: An Edition of Ḥamza's Writings and an Analysis of His Doctrine

13121: 12255:"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it" 9236:"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it" 8020: 7735: 6798: 6730: 6445:

has concluded that Druze, Christians, and Muslims in the Levant have the same racial background.

6123: 6027: 5821: 5641:, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in 5634: 5504: 4864:

among the Druze, exemplify this cultural exchange. The Druze also venerate Christian saints like

3903: 3339: 3269: 3116: 3003: 1977: 1645: 1540: 600: 95: 18599:, no. 69, 1er trimestre 2003, Paris: L'Équerre et le Croissant, éditions Les Cahiers de l'Orient 16846: 14952:

Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change

14160:

Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change

11537: 7105:

Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals

3554:

In their desire to maintain a rigid confession of unity, they stripped from God all attributes (

2567:

neighbors, who had previously been on friendly terms. This culminated in the civil war of 1860.

1641: 25073: 24408: 24105: 24000: 23960: 23940: 23797: 23772: 23677: 23650: 23600: 23570: 23560: 23477: 23442: 23427: 23412: 23367: 23302: 22971: 22902: 22807: 22802: 22543: 22466: 22228: 22110: 22034: 21831: 21821: 21680: 21648: 21586: 21557: 21064: 21059: 20843: 20724: 20684: 20469: 19810: 19805: 19785: 19781: 19210: 19188: 19087: 19077: 18913: 17039: 17036:"Christian Arabs / Second in a series – Israel's Christian Arabs don't want to fight to fit in" 15494: 15489:

Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint

13308: 12025: 11225:"Localities (1) and Population, by Population Group, District, Sub-District and Natural Region" 6983: 6517: 6417:"pure Arab blood", not mixed with Turkish or other influences, due to their practice of strict 6362: 6118:. The Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred as "a covenant of blood" (Hebrew: ברית דמים, 6069: 5988: 5856: 5556: 5544: 5153: 5038: 4895:

of Druze religious practice and cultural identity with Islamic elements, as noted by scholars.

4845: 3750:

The Druze believe that many teachings given by prophets, religious leaders and holy books have

3289: 2948: 2810: 2802: 2742: 2654: 2590:

missionaries to enter Mount Lebanon, creating tension between them and the Catholic Maronites.

2396: 2056: 1857: 1105: 1016: 852: 30: 18450: 16811: 16287: 15879: 15680: 11890: 10334: 10294: 10258: 10210: 9955: 9917: 9883: 9729: 9702: 9615: 8764: 8339: 8168: 8068: 7635: 7577: 25213: 25117: 24887: 24850: 24802: 24690: 24346: 24291: 24208: 24160: 24135: 23935: 23757: 23752: 23620: 23610: 23432: 23108: 23046: 22866: 22812: 22233: 22211: 22130: 22071: 21737: 21176: 21027: 20157: 19756: 19668: 19313: 19042: 18903: 18798: 16925: 16895: 16727: 16046: 15852: 15290:

Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment

15270: 12537: 11199: 9675: 9519: 8405: 8296: 8242: 6235: 6115: 6061: 5927: 5872: 5744: 5508: 5230: 5220: 5203:; although according to various scholars Druze faith "diverge substantially from Islam, both 5049: 4123:) as a religious symbol: green, red, yellow, blue, and white. The five limits were listed by 3956: 3940: 3907: 3704:

The Druze also use a similar formula, called al-'ahd, when one is initiated into the ʻUqqāl.

3452: 3416: 3327: 2400: 1969:, which is still a leading Druze village. They were invested with feudal authority by Sultan 1649: 1603:

Little is known about the early life of al-Darazi. According to most sources, he was born in

1554: 829: 628: 21047: 20995: 15486: 14106:

Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places

13300: 11862: 11295: 10326: 10286: 10250: 10202: 8736: 7763:

Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries

7760: 7704: 7228: 6832:, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the 3847:

Renunciation of all forms of former worship (specifically, invalid creeds) and false belief.

2216:, who ordered the pasha and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din. 1816:

and officially declared the Divine call after issuing a decree promoting religious freedom.

682:

and both oral and written traditions. It suggests that the Druze are descended from twelve

25472: 25233: 24882: 24336: 24326: 24311: 24218: 24145: 24115: 24090: 24055: 24015: 24010: 23985: 23855: 23777: 23727: 23707: 23697: 23585: 23532: 23507: 23357: 23352: 23332: 23297: 23282: 23226: 22996: 22929: 22897: 22777: 22712: 22578: 22456: 22309: 22189: 22088: 22000: 21968: 21963: 21811: 21543: 20912: 20796: 20380: 20140: 19751: 19695: 19646: 19631: 19484: 19330: 19097: 18908: 18241: 18089: 18006: 17928: 17869: 17751: 17737: 16208:"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" 15928:

So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite

15201:

Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.

11978:

Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI

11512: 10706:

So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite

10579:

the Druze and the Christians in the Shouf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..

9287:

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1962). "Al-Darazî and Ḥamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion".

9056: 8909:

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1962). "Al-Darazî and Ḥamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion".

7367: 7008: 6978: 6958: 6829: 6764: 6642: 6615: 6374: 6322:, these crusaders sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon and settled there permanently. 6315: 6203: 6173: 5992: 5343: 4892: 4881: 4841: 4830: 4598:, but establish a hierarchy of respect based on religious service. The most influential of 4304:

is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it.

3602:

is often misunderstood by scholars and writers and is usually confused with the concept of

3156: 2782: 2501:. This area had seen previous waves of Druze migration starting in 1685. Consequently, the 1355: 1090: 907: 857: 671: 471: 21111: 19993: 7303:"Sending relief – and a message of inclusion and love – to our Druze sisters and brothers" 2365:. They soon made an alliance with the Ma'ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in 1938:. Because of their fierce battles with the Crusaders, the Druze earned the respect of the 8: 25328: 24959: 24897: 24807: 24744: 24654: 24642: 24341: 24316: 24296: 24273: 24200: 24150: 24130: 24045: 24035: 23990: 23950: 23905: 23900: 23890: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23860: 23845: 23840: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23802: 23712: 23687: 23565: 23555: 23517: 23487: 23472: 23457: 23447: 23437: 23402: 23397: 23347: 23292: 23267: 23211: 23068: 23051: 22939: 22934: 22924: 22792: 22593: 22506: 22451: 22427: 22314: 22199: 22157: 21952: 21801: 21429: 21221: 21096: 20875: 20662: 20547: 20475: 20365: 20286: 20113: 19766: 19590: 19436: 19283: 18606:, Jean Scot Erigène, no 8, Franc-maçonnerie et Islamité, Paris: la Grande Loge de France. 18191: 17913: 16669: 12454:

Dwairy, Marwan (2006) "The Psychosocial Function of Reincarnation Among Druze in Israel"

11382: 9385:

The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History

7761: 7373: 7166:

The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History

7119:

It is believed there are no more than 1 million Druze worldwide; most live in the Levant.

6630: 6622:

tribes. According to Makarem, Druze belief links their ancestry to tribes that lived in

6587: 6095: 5923: 5778: 5755: 5584: 5499:. Differences between Islamic schools and branches and Druze include their belief in the 5463:) is revered as the chief prophet in the Druze religion, and in Islam he is considered a 5418: 5399: 5359: 4327: 3755: 3495: 2806: 2704: 2416: 1953:(1118–35). The Ma'ans chose for their abode the Chouf in south-western Lebanon (southern 1784: 1392: 1382: 1324: 1145: 1030: 632: 498: 463: 448: 18245: 18162: 18135: 18093: 18010: 17932: 17873: 17755: 15545:

The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar

7211: 6110:, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab 4189:

Each of the colors representing the five limits pertains to a metaphysical power called

4077:

The Druze allow divorce, although it is discouraged, and circumcision is not necessary.

2047:

led to the destruction of many Christian churches and monasteries and Druze sanctuaries

1624:

although this may be exaggeration by contemporary and later historians and polemicists.

25482: 25313: 25276: 25243: 25238: 25203: 25160: 25048: 25019: 24939: 24902: 24437: 24321: 24301: 24268: 24165: 24155: 24100: 24095: 24025: 24005: 23995: 23980: 23975: 23955: 23925: 23920: 23895: 23885: 23817: 23782: 23767: 23672: 23645: 23635: 23595: 23580: 23575: 23527: 23522: 23462: 23417: 23377: 23272: 23259: 23061: 23041: 22966: 22839: 22662: 22336: 22294: 22135: 22103: 22078: 22005: 21985: 21806: 21754: 21742: 21720: 21312: 21270: 21143: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20757: 20541: 20517: 19896: 19820: 19568: 19514: 19170: 19102: 19057: 18944: 18313: 18286: 18262: 18231: 18219: 18110: 18077: 18027: 17994: 17952: 17892: 17824: 17775: 16839: 16652: 15829: 14903: 12860: 12808: 12696: 12220:"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers" 12002:"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers" 11958: 11941:

Muhammad Amara and Izhak Schnell (2004). "Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel".

11649: 10845: 10177:

The Ottoman Cities of Lebanon: Historical Legacy and Identity in the Modern Middle East

9314: 8936: 6679: 6654: 6520:, seem also to point in the direction of this origin. Arabian tribes emigrated via the 6308: 6146: 6111: 6015: 5996: 5983: 5708: 5515: 5414: 5339: 5336: 5295: 4058: 3932: 3762:

in nature, and divide the understanding of holy books and teachings into three layers.

3638: 3572: 3484: 3440: 3432: 3180: 3058: 2983: 2834: 2708: 2443: 2032: 1629: 1404: 1293:. The primary countries with Druze populations are Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. 1266: 1035: 993: 877: 604: 521:

is the foundational and central text of the Druze faith. The Druze faith originated in

517: 434: 306: 21424: 20973: 20569: 20299: 18757: 18134:

JM, Govrin Y, Erel Y, Yakir B, Pinhasi R, Carmi S, Finkelstein I, Reich D (May 2020).

18075: 17658:

The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

15108: 14492: 12893:

The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

12469: 12041:"Sending relief—and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers" 11632:

Amara, Muhammad; Schnell, Izhak (2004), "Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel",

10554:..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will.. 9215:"Sending relief—and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers" 8550:

Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America

8244:

The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

6847:

analysis shows significant traces of mitochondrial DNA unique to the Druze community.

6048:

in Mount Lebanon, Druze forces destroyed Jewish settlements in the Galilee, including

5424: 4973:

is also a popular mezze among the Druze. Other well-known dishes among Druzes include

4644:

view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some

4564:

often grow mustaches, and wear dark Levantine-Turkish traditional dresses, called the

2481:

clans. The Yamani faction also had backing from the Ottoman provincial authorities of

1906:, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the Crusaders in the seaport of 1239:("she who studies"). Others have speculated that the word comes from the Persian word 25467: 25409: 25366: 24999: 24944: 24934: 24926: 24892: 24777: 24726: 24548: 24401: 24378: 24372: 24306: 24263: 24253: 24243: 24233: 24140: 24060: 24020: 23945: 23915: 23807: 23762: 23742: 23717: 23692: 23655: 23640: 23615: 23590: 23502: 23452: 23407: 23392: 23372: 23362: 23337: 23277: 23221: 22981: 22757: 22353: 22324: 22248: 22243: 22204: 22142: 22098: 22083: 22066: 22061: 22056: 21995: 21730: 21616: 21382: 21352: 21332: 21153: 20948: 20929: 20924: 20838: 20801: 20522: 20437: 20360: 20258: 20248: 20216: 20204: 20172: 20149: 20131: 20027: 19882: 19790: 19776: 19739: 19727: 19556: 19475: 19427: 19205: 19082: 19062: 18996: 18975: 18734: 18698: 18676: 18661: 18642: 18586: 18558: 18531: 18510: 18481: 18460: 18435: 18414: 18392: 18371: 18347: 18318: 18267: 18220:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans" 18167: 18115: 18032: 17944: 17897: 17816: 17793: 17767: 17742: 17699: 17662: 17635: 17610: 17552: 17494: 17469: 17266: 17224: 17191: 17097: 16956: 16931: 16901: 16850: 16817: 16794: 16761: 16733: 16706: 16628: 16600: 16565: 16540: 16512: 16484: 16467:

They included Jesus, John the Baptist, Moses, and Mohammed—all teachers of monotheism

16456: 16431: 16402: 16377: 16352: 16321: 16293: 16240: 16183: 16150: 16121: 16084: 16052: 16013: 15945: 15917: 15885: 15858: 15799: 15771: 15743: 15715: 15686: 15650: 15594: 15548: 15523: 15498: 15487: 15461: 15436: 15402: 15374: 15349: 15321: 15293: 15247: 15218: 15190: 15165: 15088: 15063: 15012: 14984: 14955: 14926: 14907: 14895: 14849: 14821: 14793: 14764: 14736: 14685: 14656: 14631: 14606: 14544: 14519: 14465: 14440: 14401: 14350: 14306: 14245: 14220: 14192: 14163: 14134: 14109: 14084: 14059: 14029: 14001: 13976: 13951: 13926: 13886: 13841:

Languages in Contact: Preliminary Clues on an Emergence of an Israeli Arabic Variety.

13801: 13773: 13740: 13672: 13611: 13569: 13544: 13519: 13494: 13469: 13444: 13404: 13360: 13312: 13301: 13259: 13234: 13209: 13206:

The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 1: The Life of Al-Hallaj

13178: 13150: 13125: 13096: 13067: 13042: 13017: 12989: 12964: 12932: 12896: 12864: 12852: 12812: 12800: 12757: 12617: 12543: 12512: 12419: 12317: 12289: 12191: 12147: 12117: 12092: 11981: 11962: 11921: 11896: 11868: 11811: 11783: 11653: 11555: 11471: 11435: 11359: 11287: 11205: 11134: 11109: 11084: 11059: 10986: 10949: 10922: 10891: 10849: 10776: 10751: 10723: 10695: 10667: 10642: 10605: 10522: 10489: 10449: 10420: 10391: 10366: 10338: 10327: 10298: 10287: 10262: 10251: 10214: 10203: 10181: 10097: 10042: 10010: 9961: 9923: 9889: 9852: 9818: 9735: 9708: 9681: 9654: 9621: 9587: 9562: 9525: 9491: 9388: 9355: 9306: 9267: 9176: 9132:"Localities and Population, by District, Sub-District, Religion and Population Group" 9024: 8966: 8928: 8770: 8742: 8597: 8569: 8524: 8499: 8474: 8449: 8422: 8373: 8345: 8302: 8275: 8248: 8172: 8161: 8133: 8099: 8074: 8024: 7950: 7922: 7850: 7804: 7776: 7739: 7710: 7641: 7611: 7583: 7530: 7472: 7444: 7286: 7169: 7136: 7108: 7080: 7046: 6963: 6634: 6574: 6555: 6540: 6442: 6438: 6084: 6065: 5485: 5311: 5272: 5264: 5241: 5074: 4924: 4817: 4423: 4391: 4373: 4315: 3739: 3717: 3476: 3312: 3303:

region received Israeli citizenship automatically in 1948. After Israel captured the

3281: 2991: 2976: 2880:

tribes to plunder the defenseless population and allowed his own troops to run amok.

2856: 2837: 2797:

in Syrian politics and played a leading role in the nationalist struggle against the

2373:, they showed sympathy with Druzism, the religion of the majority of their subjects. 2239: 2040: 2036: 2005: 1795: 1701: 1497: 1457: 1319: 1021: 998: 916: 675: 21836: 21434: 21084: 20806: 18888: 17916: 17779: 17466:

The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation

15318:

Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation

12219: 12040: 12001: 10486:

The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation

9214: 7302: 7076: 7070: 6532:

where it occupied the position of a ruling family and apparently was Christianized.

3479:, who is of Druze descent. Other notable Venezuelan figures of Druze origin include 1349: 1323:

reported about 30,000 Druze in the United States, with the largest concentration in

1231:

Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic

733: 25218: 25078: 25030: 24949: 24767: 24331: 24213: 24110: 23722: 23682: 23630: 23625: 23542: 23512: 23422: 23312: 23176: 23128: 23123: 22682: 22647: 22620: 22378: 22363: 22238: 22162: 22012: 21990: 21898: 21759: 21538: 21501: 21357: 21342: 21290: 21074: 21054: 21022: 21017: 20988: 20983: 20895: 20885: 20694: 20658: 20650: 20621: 20534: 20454: 20449: 20412: 20402: 20328: 20266: 20108: 19945: 19795: 19453: 19276: 19233: 19143: 18858: 18718: 18629: 18625: 18308: 18298: 18257: 18249: 18157: 18147: 18105: 18097: 18022: 18014: 17956: 17936: 17887: 17877: 17828: 17808: 17759: 17691: 17585: 17527: 17382: 17302: 17166: 17133: 15833: 14887: 14280: 12844: 12792: 12688: 12509:

Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

12374: 11950: 11641: 11454: 10841: 9298: 8920: 8836: 8803: 8221: 7091:

The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million.

6894: 6598: 6583: 6497: 6350: 6207: 6127: 6099: 5911: 5876: 5600: 5565: 5268: 4928: 4759: 4751: 4031: 3871:

Absolute submission and resignation to God's divine will in both secret and public.

3673: 3480: 3448: 3208: 3168: 3164: 3136: 3015: 2944: 2927: 2911: 2556: 2381: 2377: 2125: 2084: 2076: 1970: 1911: 1794:

of al-Darazi and again between 1021 and 1026 during a period of persecution by the

1746: 1745:

By 1018, al-Darazi had gathered around him partisans—"Darazites"—who believed that

1447: 1310: 1262: 1170: 1060: 762: 695: 620: 357: 329: 21975: 18843: 11584:[Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement]. 10595: 9021:

Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings

5595:. The relationship between Druze and Christians has been characterized largely by 4876:

resonate with the Druze due to their parallels with Druze militarized traditions.

3006:

on its streets, killing at least 258 people, the vast majority of them civilians.

2357:

Arabs, but later settled in Ḥawran, advanced from Ḥawran, in 1172, and settled in

25413: 25318: 25248: 25004: 24954: 24772: 24659: 24382: 23006: 22986: 22476: 22368: 22358: 22027: 21695: 21486: 21466: 21397: 21362: 21295: 21079: 21005: 20978: 20953: 20890: 20853: 20641: 20584: 20355: 19872: 19673: 19599: 19539: 19494: 19463: 19350: 19303: 19243: 19238: 19200: 19037: 18980: 18839: 18610: 18552: 18525: 18504: 18475: 18429: 18386: 18365: 18341: 18076:

Scarlett Marshall; Ranajit Das; Mehdi Pirooznia; Eran Elhaik (16 November 2016).

17882: 17287: 16875: 16232: 16007: 16005: 15244:

Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival

14462:

Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival

14274: 13541:

Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival

12413: 11749: 10980: 10902:

the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.

10175: 9909: 9515: 9502: 9257: 8322: 8269: 7677: 7523: 7391: 6953: 6844: 6791: 6606: 6536: 6431: 6390: 6354: 6195: 6150: 6107: 6034: 6008: 5837: 5748: 5630: 4936: 4782: 4774: 4739: 4708: 4533: 4354: 3976: 3972: 3794:, accessible to those who are willing to search and learn through the concept of 3499: 3351: 3293: 3257:

identify ethnically as Arabs. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to "Druze

3228: 2972: 2809:

of 1925–27. In 1945, Amir Hasan al-Atrash, the paramount political leader of the

2754: 2579: 2575: 2486: 2343: 2235: 2162: 1985: 1681: 1585: 1378: 1126: 1070: 1065: 966: 699: 490: 451: 388: 338: 334: 13798:

The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences

11954: 11645: 11356:

Atlas of the Near East: State Formation and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1918–2010

9138: 7637:

Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West

5703:

Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity is to be "esteemed and praised" as the

5511:. Within Islam, however, such a concept of theophany is a denial of monotheism. 5060: 4762:. Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme 3935:, appears to have been a Druze individual. The account itself identifies him as 3272:. By the end of 2019, around 81% of the Israeli Druze population resided in the 2469:. The Yamani faction was led by Mahmoud Abu Harmoush and consisted of the Druze 25432: 25178: 24845: 24669: 24664: 24637: 24506: 23133: 23021: 22961: 22677: 22652: 22437: 22341: 22223: 22167: 22120: 21533: 21481: 21377: 21347: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21300: 21196: 21116: 21089: 21042: 21032: 20044: 19707: 19690: 19509: 19489: 19458: 19360: 19228: 18970: 18361: 18303: 18152: 14516:

Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants

13715: 13092: 12848: 12679:

Ismail K. Poonawala. "Review – The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning".

10976: 10773:

Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864

7492: 6925: 6890: 6840: 6806: 6802: 6623: 6567: 6342: 6304: 6199: 5848: 5763: 5696: 5650: 5646: 5616: 5569: 5355: 5315: 5252: 4994: 4873: 4869: 4778: 4735: 4676: 4433: 4358: 3616: 3451:

community consists mainly of Druze and Christians, who are affiliated with the

3420: 3389: 3277: 3176: 3172: 3120: 3102: 3098: 3082: 3078: 2964: 2852: 2826: 2814: 2778: 2750: 2732: 2626: 2595: 2571: 2536: 2498: 2454: 2389: 2270: 2182: 2119: 1895: 1860:

declared that the sect would no longer accept new pledges, and since that time

1810: 1621: 1581: 1467: 1399: 1138: 1055: 941: 716: 691: 687: 667: 550: 542: 494: 20309: 17915:

Tudor Parfitt; Michael F. Hammer; Karl Skorecki; Richard Villems (July 2010).

17738:"Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens" 17695: 17070: 14891: 14846:

Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza

13066:(2nd illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189. 12796: 9332: 7827: 7147:

The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ...

6562:

who settled in Syria, some prior to the advent of Islam and others during the

4314:

The colors can be arranged in vertically descending stripes (as a flag), or a

3890:—concealing or disguising their beliefs when necessary—that they adopted from 2513:

sects, making up a large share of the population at the expense of the Druze.

2055:

and Druze villages and the killings and mass displacement of its inhabitants.

1313:

and follow a social pattern very similar to those of the other peoples of the

646:, with between 800,000 and a million adherents. They are primarily located in 25426: 25088: 24989: 24581: 24486: 23056: 22610: 22491: 21883: 21878: 21826: 21663: 21601: 21496: 21387: 21285: 21216: 21148: 21138: 21101: 21037: 20934: 20900: 20818: 20714: 20677: 20596: 20504: 19955: 19906: 19611: 19325: 19308: 19298: 18918: 18752: 18722: 17703: 17590: 17573: 17532: 17515: 17171: 17154: 17138: 17121: 15591:

Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics

15046:

Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.

14899: 14630:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189. 14605:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189. 14303:

Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics

12856: 12830: 12804: 12195: 12162:"The U.S. Treasury says that Venezuela's vice president is a drug trafficker" 11291: 10853: 10138: 9879: 9475: 9310: 8932: 8841: 8824: 8808: 8791: 8226: 8209: 7661: 6968: 6933: 6921: 6851: 6814: 6734: 6713: 6709: 6694: 6513: 6475: 6455: 6386: 6382: 6154: 6142: 6041: 6019: 5991:, probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused the Jews of 5892: 5782: 5759: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5662: 5626: 5475: 5299: 5212: 5200: 5133: 5078: 5033:, and a very popular bread in Israel. Al-Meleh a popular dish among Druze in 4969: 4963: 4903: 4857: 4849: 4813: 4790: 4684: 4641: 4240: 4062: 4047: 4035: 3936: 3915: 3789: 3775: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3491: 3472: 3393: 3365: 3304: 3254: 3237: 3216: 3204: 3124: 2770: 2607: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2325: 2313: 2285: 2130: 2061: 1950: 1927: 1923: 1865: 1790:

The call was suspended briefly between 19 May 1018 and 9 May 1019 during the

1513: 1481: 1278: 1192: 1095: 838: 753: 663: 612: 558: 522: 482: 475: 200: 161: 21725: 18767:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–606. 18686:

R. Scott Kennedy "The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-Violent Resistance"

18051:"An International Genetic Study Confirms the History of the Druze Community" 17763: 16927:

To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel

16729:

To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel

14873: 14081:

Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research

12778: 10919:

Handbook of Asian States: Geography – History – Culture – Politics – Economy

6820:

Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of

5711:. The full Druze canon or Druze scripture (Epistles of Wisdom) includes the 5181:

from the Druze religion. The Druze community holds a negative perception of

3551:, in which he is above all attributes, but at the same time, he is present. 3081:

and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the

2079:. As a result of the Ottoman experience with the rebellious Druze, the word 2075:

after the Ottomans claimed that the Druze had assaulted their caravans near

25303: 25208: 25198: 25098: 25063: 25043: 24984: 24912: 24797: 24700: 24647: 23196: 23098: 22954: 22642: 22637: 22615: 22605: 22486: 21918: 21853: 21796: 21781: 21747: 21372: 21280: 20276: 20167: 20162: 20013: 19983: 19857: 19825: 19573: 19544: 19531: 19320: 19148: 19022: 18322: 18271: 18171: 18119: 18036: 17948: 17901: 17820: 17771: 17216: 16753: 15520:

America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump

15215:

Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East

13918: 13878: 12340: 11495: 11106:

Global Security Watch – Lebanon: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook

10678:

the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.

6929: 6917: 6859: 6761: 6749: 6594: 6579: 6521: 6492: 6330: 6211: 6162: 6131: 5978: 5915: 5868: 5817: 5658: 5592: 5580: 5280: 5256: 5166: 4920: 4865: 4821: 4727: 4712: 4660: 4319: 4066: 4027: 3568: 3564: 3519: 3335: 3152: 3106: 2968: 2915: 2766: 2622: 2621:, whose inscription can still be seen on the historic rock at the mouth of 2482: 2358: 2220: 2212:. Küçük Ahmed Pasha was a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of the sultan 2001: 1884: 1872: 1780: 1471: 1414: 624: 530: 21419: 20064: 18744:

Bashar Tarabieh "Education, Control and Resistance in the Golan Heights".

18388:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

16349:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

16237:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations

15276:

transmigration of the soul (taqammoṣ əl-arwaḥ) and the repeal of religion.

14790:

Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967

12929:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

12754:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 2 (900–1050)

12564: 12539:

The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status

12467: 11808:

Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967

11579: 8640: 7322: 6314:. According to this notion, after the fall of the Christian stronghold of 5770:'s persona among the Druze, as well as the integration of verses from the 5754:

beliefs might have influenced Druze theology, particularly in concepts of

2986:

was a reported massacre of Syrian Druze on 10 June 2015 in the village of

2242:. Fakhr al-Din is considered by the Lebanese as the founder of the country 25281: 25193: 25122: 25058: 25014: 24832: 24787: 24740: 24674: 24518: 24481: 23118: 23093: 22912: 22880: 22871: 22817: 22747: 22732: 22625: 22516: 22177: 22125: 21913: 21631: 21611: 21451: 21392: 21130: 21126: 20939: 20427: 20375: 20345: 20182: 20036: 19928: 19852: 19717: 19653: 19604: 19001: 18848: 17736:

Mekel-Bobrov, N; Gilbert, SL; Evans, PD; et al. (9 September 2005),

17066: 17003:"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism" 16481:

The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700

15649:(illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 28. 13380: 13089:

Islam And New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon

12369: 12020: 11184: 10945:

Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921

10007:

The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings

9366:

The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ...

7970: 7768: 7550: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7075:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Yale University Press. p. 7004: 6741: 6559: 6529: 6466: 6405: 6181: 6094:

in 1948, as they historically lived isolated from each other. During the

5907: 5740: 5588: 5528: 5342:'s effort to broaden his political appeal after the establishment of the 5161: 5129: 5030: 4940: 4688: 4649: 4231: 4144:

Second limit: Ismail ibn Muhamed ibn Hamed at-Tamimi (Ismail at-Tamimi) (

4109: 3751: 3603: 3468: 3444: 3388:. Druze settlement in Jordan began in 1918, when 22 Druze families left 3062: 3028: 3024: 2864: 2845: 2774: 2470: 2370: 2114: 1981: 1946: 1939: 1861: 1767: 1656: 1306: 1206: 936: 902: 781: 683: 546: 22432: 22373: 21476: 20870: 20689: 20238: 18527:

Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression

18253: 17940: 17245:"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The" 17094:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

16656: 16081:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

16048:

Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression

14733:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

14372:"In Israel, a Druze and a Jew Bond Over a Shared Tradition: Syrian Coo…" 13491:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

13175:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

13039:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

11280:"Netanyahu Seeks to Name a Golan Heights Settlement for President Trump" 11056:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

10412: 9521:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

9454: 8594:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

8471:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

7847:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

5987:; for example in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, 4093:(those few initiated in the Druze holy books) remain to read and study. 2788: 25346: 25253: 25228: 25188: 24782: 24553: 24538: 24533: 24501: 24476: 23084: 23079: 22949: 22944: 22907: 22885: 22742: 22722: 22717: 22558: 22548: 22511: 22115: 21893: 21841: 21581: 21226: 21206: 20742: 20667: 20606: 20370: 20350: 20271: 19923: 19891: 19862: 19641: 19636: 19621: 19288: 17812: 15837: 12142:"Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela" 11014: 10417:

Of Times and Spaces in Palestine: The Flows and Resistances of Identity

9253: 7281:"Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela" 6771: 6768: 6602: 6501: 6370: 6023: 5967: 5820:, though male circumcision is commonly practiced in many predominantly 5806: 5790: 5751: 5573: 5403: 5381: 5319: 5303: 5082: 5054: 5045: 4932: 4668: 4645: 4043: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4007: 3754:

meanings preserved for those of intellect, in which some teachings are

3412: 3086: 2999: 2844:. One advisor to the Syrian Defense Department warned in 1946 that the 2712: 2587: 2548: 1993: 1833: 1726: 1713: 1673: 1661: 824: 534: 529:), and has been influenced by a diverse range of traditions, including 526: 467: 72: 68: 21923: 20762: 18101: 18018: 12700: 11918:

The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy

11822:

In 1957, the Druze were recognized as a distinct religious confession.

11131:

Islam: Questions And Answers – Schools of Thought, Religions and Sects

10888:

Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon

9762: 9318: 9096: 8940: 8895: 7947:

The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy

7152: 5543:

in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid

3467:

assimilated well into the local population, with some even converting

2855:'s rule in Syria (December 1949 to February 1954) (on 25 August 1952: 2711:

saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire

25009: 24840: 24731: 24528: 24513: 24496: 24491: 24471: 23026: 22822: 22737: 22727: 22598: 22553: 22538: 22471: 22319: 21786: 21708: 21668: 21658: 21621: 21596: 21576: 21471: 21337: 21191: 21181: 20943: 20863: 20858: 20769: 20579: 20564: 20529: 20512: 20494: 20407: 20187: 20103: 20082: 20077: 20054: 20049: 20008: 20003: 19940: 19877: 19800: 19771: 19722: 19663: 19616: 19271: 19032: 18928: 18868: 15593:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 306. 14878: 14804:

the Druze connection to the Muslims remained a matter of controversy.

14305:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 306. 13751:

Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze

12835: 12783: 10869:

The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860

7042: 6833: 6716:

in late classic antiquity, but their traces fade in the Middle Ages.

6687: 6646: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6366: 6311: 6296: 6271: 6000: 5810: 5500: 5377: 5287: 5182: 5026: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4951: 4908: 4806: 4755: 4419: 4280: 4089:

law on issues which their own faith has no particular rulings about.

4015: 3927:

The author of the epistle "The Report of the Jewish and Christians" (

3911: 3891: 3859: 3735: 3661: 3595: 3548: 3523: 3464: 3415:

area hold Venezuelan citizenship, the majority of whom belong to the

3408: 3132: 3020: 2987: 2884: 2660: 2462: 2278: 2142: 2052: 2016: 1919: 1709:

called it "A spiritual doctrine without any ritualistic imposition".

1560: 1547:, who arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016 and began to preach a 1166: 961: 843: 767: 554: 455: 280: 180: 20459: 19988: 18748:, No. 194/195, Odds against Peace (May–August 1995), pp. 43–47. 17188:

The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture

15823: 12399: 9759:"About the Faith of the Mo'wa'he'doon Druze by Moustafa F. Moukarim" 8327:. Kokushikan Daigaku, Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1989. pp. 2–. 8053: 7406: 5370:

declares that the Druze are Muslims because they recite the twofold

5271:, which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands of 3712: 2421: 568:

in high regard, believing him to be the same person as the biblical

25361: 24994: 24576: 24523: 24424: 22829: 22573: 22563: 22418: 21908: 21888: 21715: 21591: 21446: 21010: 20732: 20672: 20591: 20499: 20486: 20464: 20444: 20422: 20417: 20397: 20337: 20304: 20243: 20087: 20072: 19950: 19911: 19867: 19658: 19595: 19499: 19402: 19345: 19160: 18410:

An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

18187:"DNA from the Bible's Canaanites lives on in modern Arabs and Jews" 17387: 17370: 16147:

The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective

15033:

An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

14818:

Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World

12692: 10597:

An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

9302: 8924: 6902: 6898: 6775: 6745: 6683: 6471: 6418: 6378: 6346: 6334: 6300: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6191: 6177: 6158: 5795: 5736: 5732: 5683: 5669: 5666: 5492: 5489: 5456: 5410: 5260: 5178: 5145: 4998: 4982: 4927:. It features a rich array of grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread, 4680: 4672: 4664: 4637: 4368: 4264:) "the anterior/potentiality/cause/precedent", the first intellect. 4082: 4078: 3943: 3795: 3784: 3770: 3759: 3654: 3507: 3373: 3203:. Specifically, they constitute over half of the population in the 3192: 3140: 3128: 2956: 2952: 2762: 2758: 2692: 2637: 2634: 2599: 2458: 2426: 2385: 2330: 2258: 2251: 2247: 2213: 2209: 2028: 1903: 1899: 1813: 1791: 1181: 1121: 593: 18236: 16912:

There had been pogroms against the Jews in Safed in 1834 and 1838.

15712:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

13336: 11707: 11705: 5816:

Neither mainstream Christian denominations nor Druze require male

5688: 5077:

in the 19th century. Mate is made by steeping dried leaves of the

3910:

is an important figure in the Druze faith whose eponymous founder

2930:

were predicated on the denial that "minorities" existed in Syria.

2603: 2532: 2137:

With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by

603:

as prophets. Additionally, Druze tradition honors figures such as

25351: 25053: 24964: 24812: 24759: 24695: 24589: 23103: 22702: 22667: 22588: 22501: 22442: 22346: 22049: 21903: 21653: 21606: 21491: 21367: 21186: 20611: 20574: 20385: 19935: 19901: 19744: 19445: 19123: 18878: 18132: 17338: 14706:"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are" 14580:"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora" 13784:

Circumcision is not compulsory and has no religious significance.

12742:"Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture", p. 94 by Mohamed Taher 11794:

In 1957, the Druze were declared a religious community in Israel.

11586: 7543: 7340:"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora" 6855: 6787: 6423: 6401: 6319: 6292: 6223: 6169: 5958: 5939: 5843: 5692: 5673: 5654: 5596: 5496: 5372: 5307: 5284: 5216: 5157: 4974: 4572:, with white turbans that vary according to the seniority of the 4447: 3920: 3884: 3803: 3658: 3436: 3424: 3258: 3200: 3196: 3049: 2960: 2922: 2877: 2737: 2673: 2611: 2552: 2540: 2510: 2438: 2350: 2335: 2274: 2224: 2190: 2178: 2174: 2138: 2097: 2092: 2068: 2009: 1966: 1888: 1829: 1730: 1689: 1677: 1604: 1564: 1428: 1363: 1185: 804: 647: 581: 486: 260: 136: 15825:

Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers

11980:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 273, 367–368, 426. 11940: 6161:. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with 5069:/mæte/) is a popular drink consumed by the Druze brought to the 4486:, while the "ignorant", regular members of the group are called 4307: 4210: 2821: 2266:(London, Quartet Books, 2013), for an updated view of his life. 2004:

believed the Druze had a high level of infidelity besides being

1696:

and particular worship of any prophet or person was downplayed.

63: 25299: 24862: 24449: 23011: 22890: 22875: 22694: 22583: 22568: 22526: 22304: 22182: 21456: 21211: 21201: 20813: 20774: 20616: 20224: 20194: 19918: 19138: 18923: 18863: 18774:

Druze Trilogy 1 – Philosophy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23549-9

18217: 17632:

The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020

16647:

Branca, Paolo. "Some Druze ‘Catechisms' in Italian Libraries."

15877: 11702: 10982:

Tower of the Sun: Stories from the Middle East and North Africa

10664:

Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711–1845

7673: 6913: 6909: 6611: 6508:, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the 6483: 6409: 6338: 6255: 6251: 6239: 6231: 6186: 6103: 5930:

and other common figures. Figures in the Old Testament such as

5919: 5880: 5704: 5612: 5532: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5394: 5329: 5245: 5225: 5170: 5070: 5034: 5022: 5010: 5009:. Among the popular traditional Arabic dessert by the Druze is 4990: 4957: 4912: 4887: 4717: 4618: 4467: 4451: 4439: 4429: 4409: 4377: 4347: 4343: 4288: 4086: 3984: 3980: 3951: 3587: 3556: 3385: 3357: 3323: 3245: 3184: 2900: 2888: 2873: 2798: 2720: 2685: 2681: 2527: 2494: 2466: 2447: 2362: 2293: 2194: 2155: 2087:

came, and continues, to mean someone who is the ultimate thug.

1958: 1935: 1907: 1841: 1820:

al-Dīn was assigned the leadership of the Unitarians by Hamza.

1697: 1685: 1665: 1607:. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title 1504: 1436: 1432: 1367: 1359: 1314: 1290: 1254: 1214: 1199: 799: 659: 655: 643: 616: 565: 240: 220: 156: 21402: 18780:

Druze Trilogy 3 – Genealogy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-83701-3

16006:

D. De Smet; Ismāʻīl Tamīmī; Ḥamzah ibn ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad (2007).

13149:(3rd ed.). Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 87. 6326:

century. The third approach relies on anthropometric studies.

5747:, among other religious practices. Some scholars suggest that 4880:

religious beliefs secret. According to Druze narrative, these

2994:

in which 20–24 Druze were killed. On 25 July 2018, a group of

2971:, while around 25,000 Druze were spread across 14 villages in 2563:. In 1840, social disturbance started between Druze and their 2043:, and forced outward compliance on their part to Sunnism. The 24855: 24705: 24596: 24571: 24466: 22707: 22481: 22461: 22446: 22022: 21848: 21643: 21506: 21461: 21441: 20601: 19844: 19626: 19155: 19133: 19128: 18777:

Druze Trilogy 2 – Theology. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23701-1

18756: 18595:

Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Les Druzes et la Franc-maçonnerie", in

17992: 17682:

Dar, Shimon (1988). "The History of the Hermon Settlements".

17436: 17426: 17424: 17411: 17409: 17407: 16758:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

15135:"Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect" 13923:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

13883:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

13859: 10720:

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

10500:

the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian

10363:

A house of many mansions: the history of Lebanon reconsidered

9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 7993: 7991: 7723: 6937: 6661: 6638: 6626:, some before Islam and others arriving during the conquest. 6619: 6544: 6450: 6427: 6357:

and Iraqi or Persianized Arab cultures before 1077. However,

6247: 6227: 5963: 5943: 5864: 5852: 5771: 5767: 5728: 5720: 5480: 5363: 5351: 5347: 5291: 5249: 5229:

of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph

5204: 5137: 4986: 4978: 4825:

despite their distinct religious and philosophical beliefs.

4754:, except those born and living in the Druze diaspora such as 4457: 4443: 4246: 4101: 4011: 3955:

of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph

3851: 3819: 3813: 3634: 3620: 3612: 3428: 3381: 3369: 3361: 3316: 3300: 3285: 3212: 3090: 3032: 2896: 2892: 2696: 2677: 2434: 2354: 2339: 2185:. He went so far in 1608 as to sign a commercial treaty with 2166: 2024: 2020: 1989: 1962: 1759: 1734: 1712:

The time of the call was seen as a revolution of truth, with

1693: 1669: 1616: 1577: 1509: 1493: 1424: 651: 608: 589: 585: 445: 369: 116: 56: 18343:

The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society

15851:

Mishaqa, Mikhail (1988). Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (ed.).

14049: 14047: 14045: 13633:

Citizens of equal duties—Druze identity and the Jewish State

10236:

Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the court of the Medici

9201:

Citizens of equal duties—Druze identity and the Jewish State

8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8070:

The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society

7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 6920:, and Syrians), as well as in most Jewish groups (including 6633:

asserted that the Druze people of today originated from the

6011:, when divine judgment by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah will occur. 5629:. Interaction between Christian communities (members of the 4848:, as evidenced by shared traditions and social practices in 4462: 2264:

Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici

2169:

in the south, with a part of the Syrian desert dominated by

1576:

Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, an Ismaili mystic and scholar from

25083: 24866: 24736: 24393: 22632: 22521: 20432: 19371: 19165: 19118: 13899: 13357:

Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives

11413:"ISIS kidnaps dozens of women, girls in deadly Syria raids" 11319: 11317: 11315: 11254:"Trump paves way for Israel to expand settlements in Golan" 11171:

The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation

10462: 9974: 9479: 8445:

Discovering Israel: An Archeological Guide to the Holy Land

6795: 6779: 6690: 6219: 6215: 6031: 6004: 5974: 5935: 5931: 5238: 5208: 5018: 4945: 4943:

and tomatoes. A hallmark of Druze and Levantine cuisine is

4750:

The mother tongue of Druze in Syria, Lebanon and Israel is

4653: 4545: 4225: 4216: 4057:

Druze tradition honors and reveres Hamza ibn Ali Ahmad and

3918:

is considered a reincarnation of Jesus, the Universal Mind

3188: 2869: 2805:, the Druze provided much of the military force behind the 2769:. A large Syrian Druze community historically lived in the 2102: 1802: 1750: 1721: 1571: 577: 573: 503: 18673:

Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities 1840–1974

18370:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17421: 17404: 16841:

Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840

16692: 16690: 16586: 16584: 13998:

Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present

13426:

Mosaic: The Training Kit for Euro-mediterranean Youth Work

8984: 8982: 7988: 6578:

narratives recount their involvement in pivotal events in

6102:

of the time or participate in violent confrontations with

5981:

material is contained in the Druze literature such as the

5294:

cited that Druze: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (

4081:

is forbidden, and they usually have religious services on

2967:. Approximately 30,000 Druze lived on the eastern side of 2691:

Although most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim,

1205:("exaggeration"), which refers to the belief that God was 25223: 24710: 24610: 22531: 22496: 21171: 20508: 18284: 17995:"Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud" 17375:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

17063:"Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties" 16257: 14042: 11167:"Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and intransigence" 9259:

Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074

8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8684: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7866: 6757: 6693:

tribe, which used to reside in the northern parts of the

6389:, also proposed that the Druze are a blend of Arabs from 6090:

Interactions between Jews and Druze were rare before the

5332:

fiqh today, the Druze are neither Muslims nor apostates.

4323: 3540: 3307:

from Syria in 1967 and annexed it to Israel in 1981, the

3144: 3070: 2223:

was the beginning of his defeat. He later took refuge in

1717: 18790: 18611:"Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islam – Where Do the Druze Fit?" 17735: 17237: 16627:. University of California, Berkeley Press. p. 38. 15109:"Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers" 15085: