566:
311:
334:. Australian law in 1939 designated people "enemy aliens" if they were Germans or were Australians who had been born in Germany; later, it covered Italians and Japanese as well. The Australian government would therefore intern them, sometimes for years until the war ended, in camps such as the isolated
542:
Serving as German nationals in the
British forces was particularly dangerous, since, in case of taken captive, with a high probability they would have been executed as traitors by the Germans. The number of German-born Jews joining the British forces was exceptionally high; by the end of the war, one
522:
was the only
British unit that enemy aliens could serve in early on in the war. Many thousands of Germans and Austrians joined the Pioneer Corps to assist the Allied war efforts and liberation of their home countries. These were mainly Jews and political opponents of the Nazi regime who had fled to
353:. There, armed soldiers manned watchtowers and scanned the camp that was bordered by a barbed wire fence with searchlights, and other armed soldiers patrolled the camp. Petitions by many of those interned to Australian politicians, stressing that they were Jewish refugees (such as
474:
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the United
Kingdom had become a place of refuge for people who had fled Nazi persecution, including Jews and political refugees. At first, with the outbreak of war, the British government – in accordance with its policy of
301:
is any native, citizen, denizen or subject of any foreign nation or government with which a domestic nation or government is in conflict and who is liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured and removed. Usually, the countries are in a state of declared war.
597:; when war was declared against their native countries, their status changed from "resident" to "enemy" alien. Therefore, German American, Italian American, and Japanese American permanent residents were classified as enemy aliens and interned as such.
543:
in seven Jewish refugees from
Germany had joined the British Army. Their profound knowledge of the German language and customs proved useful. Many of them served in the administration of the British occupation army in Germany and Austria after the war.
490:, relatively isolated from the British mainland and with a useful amount of holiday accommodation, was used to provide housing for the "Alien Civilians" (as it had in World War I). There were also efforts to move internees to
600:
In total 10,905 Italian
Americans and approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned in many different camps and sites across the country. German Americans were held in more than 50 different locations.
458:
civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the German Army. They included United States citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in
December 1941, and citizens of the
604:
Citizens of an enemy country who lived in the United States during World War II were required to have an "Enemy Alien" card, and to register monthly with the authorities.
766:
589:
and
Italian-Americans were not actually "aliens", as they held American citizenship. The term "enemy alien" referred only to non-American citizens who were nationals of
479:– placed these refugees with other enemy aliens regardless of their political allegiances. Later on, when Italy also declared war on Britain, significant numbers of
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323:
280:
695:
836:
808:
881:
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which held approximately 300 internees thus deemed "enemy aliens", mostly families, including children as young as two years of age, such as
740:
722:
535:. These men – often dubbed "The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens" – later moved on to serve in fighting units. Some were recruited by
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273:
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countries. Included in this number were thousands of resident aliens who were prohibited from applying for citizenship by
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416:
378:
266:
30:
This article is about citizens of a hostile country. For hostile extra-terrestrial beings in popular culture, see
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65:
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754:"Art behind the wire: the untold story of refugee families interned in Australia during the Second World War,"
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374:
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A well-known example of enemy aliens was that of the
Japanese citizens residing in the United States during
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536:
197:
17:
560:
382:
294:
165:
594:
565:
556:
912:
121:
569:
Map depicting the known internment sites wherein German
Americans were interned during World War II
504:; 743 died. The 813 surviving prisoners were subsequently included in the 2,500 men transported by
907:
459:
447:
476:
455:
342:— who two decades later represented the country that had interned her in tennis at Wimbledon.
330:
were classified as "enemy aliens" upon their arrival in
Australia if they arrived with German
582:
528:
335:
315:
202:
854:
The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens - Germans who fought for Britain in the Second World War
400:
116:
500:
was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sunk while transporting Italian and German aliens to
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Interview by Colin MacGregor Stevens with Major George Bryant (aka George Breuer)
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31:
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767:"Part III, Matters Affecting Both Enemy Prisoners of War and Enemy Internees"
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361:, and their toddler) and therefore being unjustly imprisoned, had no effect.
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73:
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during wartime, alongside many German- and Italian-Americans. However, many
811:
National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism.
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40:
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825:. Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves: London, Ontario: P. Anas Pub.
741:"Melbourne's newest musical a multi-generational European family saga,"
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Britain while it was still possible, and included the cinematographer
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577:. Many of these Japanese and Japanese-Americans were imprisoned in
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133:
80:
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War Measures Act Conference (1977: McMaster University). (1978).
232:
678:"Australian Musical Charts Family's Escape from Nazis in Europe"
491:
44:
345:
That internment camp was opened in 1940. It was located near
438:
327:
697:
Poetics and Politics of Shame in Postcolonial Literature
656:"Eva De Jong-Duldig - Escape and survival through art"
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that provided for internment during war, invasion, or
324:
Australia, in the wake of the outbreak of World War II
823:
The Japanese Canadian experience: the October crisis
635:
894:
407:. The Act was brought into force three times in
423:. In 1988, it was repealed and replaced by the
786:
274:
723:"Holocaust Footnotes: Escaping To Singapore"
641:"Driftwood: escape and survival through art"
835:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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413:national internment operations of 1914–1920
27:Natives of foreign nations during conflicts
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446:were internment camps established by the
326:, Jewish refugees and others fleeing the
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14:
895:
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654:Schaller, Maria (14 September 2017).
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483:were also interned as enemy aliens.
721:Katz, Deborah (September 4, 2019).
647:
24:
25:
924:
809:"To the other side of the world,"
469:
882:National Geographic documentary
787:Henry Benjamin (March 4, 2013).
643:. National Library of Australia.
546:
462:caught in areas engulfed by the
417:internment of Japanese Canadians
379:internment of Japanese Canadians
875:
866:
843:
814:
739:Miriam Cosic (April 29, 2022).
583:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
759:
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688:
676:Phil Mercer (April 29, 2022).
614:Illegal Alien (disambiguation)
595:race-based naturalization laws
349:, in the northern part of the
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1:
619:
391:Internment Camp in Vernon, BC
375:Ukrainian Canadian internment
553:Japanese-American internment
537:Special Operations Executive
305:
7:
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561:Italian-American internment
383:Italian Canadian internment
295:customary international law
10:
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756:Victorian History Library.
752:Melinda Mockridge (2014).
557:German-American internment
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436:
432:
368:
336:Tatura Internment Camp 3 D
29:
700:. Routledge. 7 May 2019.
415:, the Second World War's
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66:Aboard aircraft and ships
411:: during Canada's first
316:Tatura Internment Camp 3
884:Churchill's German Army
903:People by legal status
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477:Defence Regulation 18B
319:
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551:Further information:
399:was a statute of the
369:Further information:
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203:Diplomatic protection
494:. In July 1940, the
460:British Commonwealth
401:Parliament of Canada
318:, Australia, in 1943
228:Permanent residency
637:Eva de Jong-Duldig
587:Japanese-Americans
571:
539:as secret agents.
511:for internment in
419:, and in the 1970
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248:Identity cleansing
862:978-0-7509-4701-5
789:"Times at Tatura"
639:(8 August 2017).
387:Garrison Petawawa
351:state of Victoria
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16:(Redirected from
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405:insurrection
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359:Slawa Duldig
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79:
72:
41:Legal status
18:Enemy aliens
488:Isle of Man
448:German Army
355:Karl Duldig
299:enemy alien
177:Immigration
107:Citizenship
98:Nationality
897:Categories
850:Fry, Helen
660:SBS German
620:References
464:Blitzkrieg
347:Shepparton
340:Eva Duldig
208:Expatriate
61:Birthplace
52:Birthright
831:cite book
527:, writer
513:Australia
306:Australia
166:renounced
856:, 2007,
743:Plus61J.
608:See also
525:Ken Adam
454:to hold
134:Ius Doni
117:multiple
81:Jus soli
433:Germany
233:Refugee
218:Illegal
112:missing
45:persons
860:
793:J-Wire
704:
559:, and
508:Dunera
492:Canada
456:Allied
389:; and
365:Canada
770:(PDF)
328:Nazis
297:, an
191:Enemy
186:Alien
858:ISBN
837:link
702:ISBN
591:Axis
518:The
506:HMT
486:The
444:Ilag
439:Ilag
395:The
144:Test
139:Oath
581:by
450:in
322:In
293:In
223:Law
151:Law
43:of
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