160:
42:
222:
304:
251:
Calvinists believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was part of God's plan; as a result, the vast majority of
Covenanters agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but disagreed on who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists and Engagers tended to argue the king held supreme authority, but
213:
became king of
England in 1603, a unified Church of Scotland and England governed by bishops became the first step in his vision of a centralised, Unionist state. Although both churches were nominally Episcopalian, they were very different in doctrine; even Scottish bishops viewed many
399:
banned
Engagers and Royalists from holding political or military office and established the Kirk Party as the government of Scotland. However, the execution of Charles in January 1649 was viewed by Covenanters as an offence against God; they proclaimed his son
330:. In December 1647, Charles agreed to impose Presbyterianism in England for three years and suppress the Independents, but his refusal to take the Covenant himself split the Scots. It was not until April 1648 the Engagers achieved a majority in the
194:, nominated by their congregations. Arguments over structure or governance of the church were as much about politics and the power of the monarch as religious practice; political divisions often centred on different interpretations of this.
294:
and opposed any state-ordered church. Both
Covenanters and their English allies saw the Independents as a bigger threat than the Royalists and when Charles surrendered in 1646, they began negotiations to restore him to the English throne.
240:, whose signatories pledged to resist liturgical 'innovations'. In December 1638, bishops were expelled from the kirk; when Charles attempted to use military force, he was defeated in the 1639 and 1640
353:
as his subordinate. When deputy to Leven, Callendar's overestimation of his military abilities had led to constant conflict and this was repeated with
Hamilton. His commander of infantry,
392:
in
September, a new civil war seemed imminent. However, with Cromwell's support, Argyll took control and expelled his Engager opponents, with English troops being withdrawn.
337:
Most of the
Scottish army had been demobilised and efforts to recruit new regiments were undermined when many refused to serve, including their most experienced generals,
438:
252:
that did not necessarily mean they supported bishops and individual motives were very complex. Many fought for both
Covenant and king at different times, including
171:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, politics and religion were closely linked; it is impossible to understand differences between
Engagers, Royalists or
334:; Argyll's Kirk Party did not trust Charles, objected to an alliance with English and Scots Royalists, and denounced the Engagement as 'sinful.'
887:
417:
368:
was intended as a series of
Royalist risings in England and Wales, with the Scots providing support. By the time Hamilton's army entered
307:
272:
350:
323:
446:
319:
253:
225:
104:
346:
867:
338:
753:
734:
692:
654:
327:
342:
267:; the bitterness of this conflict radicalised views in Scotland and Ireland. The Covenanter faction known as the
772:
673:
882:
190:. Episcopalian meant rule by bishops, appointed by the monarch; Presbyterian structures were controlled by
275:
saw religious union with England as the best way to preserve a Presbyterian kirk and in October 1643, the
702:
408:, they agreed to restore Charles to the English throne; in return he accepted the Covenant. Defeats at
276:
164:
819:
872:
389:
354:
373:
365:
361:
144:
409:
264:
260:
148:
405:
331:
283:
20:
401:
109:
384:
Defeat at Preston led to the collapse of the Engager regime; the Kirk Party took control of
877:
372:
in early August, the other revolts had been suppressed and Cromwell routed the Engagers at
233:
191:
136:
99:
8:
413:
282:
Royalists and moderates in both Scotland and England opposed union, as did the religious
198:
179:
47:
799:
202:
140:
88:
357:, had direct experience of the New Model Army and doubted their ability to defeat it.
803:
768:
749:
730:
688:
669:
650:
237:
215:
791:
241:
183:
287:
228:; Royalist commander in Scotland 1644–1645, but a Covenanter general 1638 to 1640
159:
84:
838:
564:
706:
396:
364:
in June 1648, a poorly trained Engager army of 9,000 marched into England. The
291:
263:
began in 1642, Scotland initially remained neutral, but became involved in the
210:
861:
782:
Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism".
221:
41:
303:
205:, or 'kirk', Presbyterian in structure and governance, but predominantly
128:
74:
369:
311:
268:
245:
172:
376:
on 19 August. Hamilton was taken prisoner and executed in March 1649.
385:
279:
agreed a Presbyterian Union in return for Scottish military support.
206:
485:
795:
318:
The Scots nominated three Commissioners to negotiate with Charles;
187:
125:
583:
175:
political views without an appreciation of these distinctions.
839:"Gardiner: Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution"
565:"Gardiner: Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution"
666:
The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy
497:
19:
For the engagement with the English parliament of 1649, see
473:
612:
610:
545:
533:
461:
509:
837:
725:
Mitchison, Rosalind; Fry, Peter; Fry, Fiona (2002).
683:
Mackie, JD; Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (1986).
622:
607:
595:
563:
167:
agreed by English and Scottish Presbyterians in 1643
746:
Royalists at War in Scotland and Ireland, 1638–1650
521:
416:resulted with Scotland being incorporated into the
765:Civil War: The War of the Three Kingdoms 1638-1660
682:
647:Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567-1642
491:
859:
404:King of Scotland and Great Britain. In the 1650
724:
589:
439:"The Origins of the Scottish Episcopal Church"
418:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
218:practices as little better than Catholicism.
46:A Covenanter's helmet from the period in the
236:to impose uniform practices led to the 1638
139:in December 1647 while he was imprisoned in
360:After dispersing Kirk Party dissidents at
186:' implied differences in governance, not
743:
539:
707:"The influence of Calvinism on politics"
663:
479:
302:
220:
158:
781:
701:
503:
467:
860:
644:
515:
817:
762:
628:
616:
601:
551:
527:
888:Political party factions in Scotland
16:Faction of the Scottish Covenanters
13:
14:
899:
811:
298:
226:James Graham, Marquis of Montrose
818:Plant, David (1 November 2008).
492:Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986
436:
40:
557:
430:
248:party in control of Scotland.
1:
590:Mitchison, Fry & Fry 2002
423:
154:
379:
349:was given command, with the
7:
10:
904:
868:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
784:Journal of British Studies
638:
277:Solemn League and Covenant
165:Solemn League and Covenant
18:
744:Robertson, Barry (2014).
443:St Ninians Castle Douglas
388:and although repulsed at
95:
80:
70:
62:
54:
39:
30:
820:"The Engagement, 1647-8"
366:Second English Civil War
147:after his defeat in the
145:English Parliamentarians
790:(1, Scottish Special).
664:McDonald, Alan (1998).
506:, pp. 5–19 passim.
261:First English Civil War
763:Royle, Trevor (2005).
315:
314:opposed the Engagement
229:
199:Protestant Reformation
168:
124:were a faction of the
21:Engagement controversy
727:A History of Scotland
685:A History of Scotland
306:
224:
162:
883:Charles I of England
843:Constitution Society
714:Theology in Scotland
687:. Hippocrene Books.
645:Harris, Tim (2015).
569:Constitution Society
345:. The inexperienced
290:, who dominated the
100:Politics of Scotland
592:, pp. 223–224.
554:, pp. 420·423.
494:, pp. 204–205.
332:Scottish Parliament
48:Museum of Edinburgh
316:
308:Marquess of Argyll
230:
209:in doctrine. When
203:Church of Scotland
169:
141:Carisbrooke Castle
89:Church of Scotland
518:, pp. 53–54.
482:, pp. 75–76.
470:, pp. 55–58.
351:Earl of Callendar
244:, which left the
238:National Covenant
216:Church of England
118:
117:
105:Political parties
895:
873:1647 in Scotland
854:
852:
850:
834:
832:
830:
807:
778:
759:
740:
721:
711:
698:
679:
660:
632:
626:
620:
614:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
580:
578:
576:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
445:. Archived from
434:
347:Duke of Hamilton
44:
28:
27:
903:
902:
898:
897:
896:
894:
893:
892:
858:
857:
848:
846:
828:
826:
814:
775:
756:
737:
709:
705:(Autumn 2009).
703:Macleod, Donald
695:
676:
657:
641:
636:
635:
627:
623:
615:
608:
600:
596:
588:
584:
574:
572:
562:
558:
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
522:
514:
510:
502:
498:
490:
486:
478:
474:
466:
462:
452:
450:
449:on 7 April 2019
435:
431:
426:
406:Treaty of Breda
382:
355:William Baillie
301:
288:Oliver Cromwell
265:Irish Rebellion
157:
149:First Civil War
114:
85:Presbyterianism
71:Split from
50:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
901:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
856:
855:
835:
813:
812:External links
810:
809:
808:
796:10.1086/644534
779:
773:
760:
755:978-1409457473
754:
741:
736:978-1138174146
735:
722:
699:
694:978-0880290401
693:
680:
674:
661:
656:978-0198743118
655:
649:. OUP Oxford.
640:
637:
634:
633:
631:, p. 520.
621:
619:, p. 470.
606:
604:, p. 424.
594:
582:
556:
544:
542:, p. 125.
540:Robertson 2014
532:
530:, p. 142.
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
428:
427:
425:
422:
397:Act of Classes
381:
378:
362:Mauchline Muir
300:
299:The Engagement
297:
292:New Model Army
211:James VI and I
156:
153:
133:The Engagement
116:
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96:
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900:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
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871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
845:. 1 June 1999
844:
840:
836:
825:
821:
816:
815:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
770:
766:
761:
757:
751:
747:
742:
738:
732:
729:. Routledge.
728:
723:
719:
715:
708:
704:
700:
696:
690:
686:
681:
677:
671:
668:. Routledge.
667:
662:
658:
652:
648:
643:
642:
630:
625:
618:
613:
611:
603:
598:
591:
586:
571:. 1 June 1999
570:
566:
560:
553:
548:
541:
536:
529:
524:
517:
512:
505:
500:
493:
488:
481:
480:McDonald 1998
476:
469:
464:
448:
444:
440:
437:Main, David.
433:
429:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
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329:
325:
321:
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305:
296:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
249:
247:
243:
242:Bishops' Wars
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
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108:
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103:
101:
98:
97:
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90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:December 1647
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
847:. Retrieved
842:
827:. Retrieved
823:
787:
783:
764:
745:
726:
717:
713:
684:
665:
646:
624:
597:
585:
573:. Retrieved
568:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
504:Macleod 2009
499:
487:
475:
468:Stephen 2010
463:
451:. Retrieved
447:the original
442:
432:
394:
383:
359:
343:David Leslie
336:
317:
284:Independents
281:
258:
250:
231:
196:
184:Episcopalian
180:Presbyterian
177:
170:
135:" with King
132:
131:, who made "
121:
119:
33:The Engagers
25:
878:Covenanters
824:BCW Project
748:. Ashgate.
516:Harris 2015
232:Efforts by
129:Covenanters
75:Covenanters
862:Categories
774:0349115648
767:. Abacus.
675:185928373X
629:Royle 2005
617:Royle 2005
602:Royle 2005
552:Royle 2005
528:Royle 2005
453:14 January
424:References
402:Charles II
370:Lancashire
339:Lord Leven
320:Lauderdale
312:Kirk Party
269:Kirk Party
246:Covenanter
201:created a
182:' versus '
173:Kirk Party
155:Background
804:144730991
420:in 1654.
414:Worcester
395:The 1649
386:Edinburgh
380:Aftermath
271:, led by
259:When the
234:Charles I
207:Calvinist
137:Charles I
110:Elections
63:Dissolved
390:Stirling
310:, whose
254:Montrose
188:doctrine
126:Scottish
122:Engagers
81:Religion
849:27 June
829:27 June
639:Sources
575:27 June
374:Preston
328:Loudoun
143:by the
55:Founded
802:
771:
752:
733:
691:
672:
653:
410:Dunbar
324:Lanark
273:Argyll
192:Elders
800:S2CID
710:(PDF)
286:like
851:2018
831:2018
769:ISBN
750:ISBN
731:ISBN
720:(2).
689:ISBN
670:ISBN
651:ISBN
577:2018
455:2020
412:and
341:and
326:and
197:The
163:The
120:The
66:1651
792:doi
718:XVI
864::
841:.
822:.
798:.
788:49
786:.
716:.
712:.
609:^
567:.
441:.
322:,
256:.
151:.
853:.
833:.
806:.
794::
777:.
758:.
739:.
697:.
678:.
659:.
579:.
457:.
178:'
91:)
87:(
23:.
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