6290:
this case not a specific violation is investigated. Nevertheless, the
European Commission has almost all avenues of investigation at its disposal, which it may use to investigate and track down violations of competition law. The European Commission may decide to start a sector inquiry when a market does not seem to be working as well as it should. This might be suggested by evidence such as limited trade between Member States, lack of new entrants on the market, the rigidity of prices, or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the common market. In the course of the inquiry, the Commission may request that firms – undertakings or associations of undertakings – concerned supply information (for example, price information). This information is used by the European Commission to assess whether it needs to open specific investigations into intervene to ensure the respect of EU rules on restrictive agreements and abuse of dominant position (Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union).
6481:
4961:) energy giants, facing tough opposition from Member State governments. Another legal battle is currently ongoing over the E.ON-Endesa merger, where the commission has been trying to enforce the free movement of capital, while Spain firmly protects its perceived national interests. It remains to be seen whether NCAs will be willing to challenge their own national 'champion companies' under EC Competition Law, or whether patriotic feelings prevail. Many favour ever more uniformity in the interpretation and application of EU competition norms and the procedures to enforce them under this system. However, when there are such differences in many Member States' policy preferences and given the benefits of experimentation, in 2020 one might ask whether more diversity (within limits) might not produce a more efficient, effective and legitimate competition regime.
5421:, it was specified that dominant firms must refrain from 'methods different from those which condition normal competition'. This notion of 'normal' competition has developed into the idea of 'competition on the merits', which states that competitive practices leading to the marginalization of inefficient competitors will be permissible so long as it is within the realm of normal, or on the merit, competitive behavior. The Commission provides examples of normal, positive, competitive behavior as offering lower prices, better quality products and a wider choice of new and improved goods and services. From this, it can be inferred that behavior that is abnormal – or not 'on the merits' – and therefore amounting to abuse, includes such infractions as margin squeezing, refusals to supply and the misleading of patent authorities.
6205:, under which companies that whistle blow over the anti-competition policies of cartels are treated leniently and may obtain either total immunity or a reduction in fines. In some cases, parties have sought to resist the taking of certain documents during an inspection based on the argument that those documents are covered by legal professional privilege between lawyer and client. The ECJ held that such a privilege was recognised by EC law to a limited extent at least. The Commission also could become aware of a potential competition violation through the complaint from an aggrieved party. In addition, Member States and any natural or legal person are entitled to make a complaint if they have a legitimate interest.
6540:
constituted an important element of the market reform programme. The structure of the economy, inherited from the central planning system, was characterised with a high level of monopolisation, which could significantly limit the success of the economic transformation. In this situation, promotion of competition and counteracting the anti-market behaviours of the monopolists was especially significant. Therefore, the
Antimonopoly Office – AO (Urząd Antymonopolowy – UA) was appointed under this act, and commenced its operation in May once the Council of Ministers passed the charter. Also its first regional offices commenced operations in that very same year.
7039:"To entrust to an undertaking which markets telephone equipment the task of drawing up specifications for such equipment, of monitoring their application and granting type-approval in respect thereof is tantamount to conferring on it the power to determine at will which equipment can be connected to the public network and thus gives it an obvious advantage over its competitors which is inimical to the equality of chances of traders, without which the existence of an undistorted system of competition cannot be guaranteed. Such a restriction on competition cannot be regarded as justified by a public service of general economic interest..."
5789:
exemptions and a new system for dealing with them is currently under review. Secondly, the
Commission agreed to exempt 'Agreements of minor importance' (except those fixing sale prices) from Article 101. This exemption applies to small companies, together holding no more than 10% of the relevant market. In this situation as with Article 102 (see below), market definition is a crucial, but often highly difficult, matter to resolve. Thirdly, the commission has also introduced a collection of block exemptions for different contract types. These include a list of contract permitted terms and a list of banned terms in these exemptions.
6209:
millions of Euros, up to a maximum of 10% of the total worldwide turnover of each of the undertakings participating in the infringement, although there may be a decrease in case of cooperation and increase in case of recidivism. Fines of up to 5% of the average daily turnover may also be levied for every day an undertaking fails to comply with
Commission requirements. The gravity and duration of the infringement are to be taken into account in determining the amount of the fine. This uncertainty acts as a powerful deterrent and ensures that companies are unable to undertake a cost/benefit analysis before breaching competition law.
5095:"significantly impede effective competition…". Under Article 3(1), a concentration means a "change of control on a lasting basis results from (a) the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings… (b) the acquisition…if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings". In the original EUMR, dominance played a key role in deciding whether competition law had been infringed. However, in France v. Commission, it was established by the European Court of Justice, that EUMR also apply to collective dominance, this is also where the concept of collective dominance was established.
4916:
business agreements) by the two institutions has generally been regarded as effective. Yet some analysts assert that the commission's monopoly policy (the enforcement of Art 102) has been "largely ineffective", because of the resistance of individual Member State governments that sought to shield their most salient national companies from legal challenges. The commission also received criticism from the academic quarters. For instance, Valentine Korah, an eminent legal analyst in the field, argued that the commission was too strict in its application of EC Competition rules and often ignored the dynamics of
6285:"Where the trend of trade between Member States, the rigidity of prices or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the common market, the Commission may conduct its inquiry into a particular sector of the economy or into a particular type of agreements across various sectors. In the course of that inquiry, the Commission may request the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to supply information necessary for giving effect to Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (now Art. 101 and 102 TFEU) and may carry out any inspections necessary for that purpose."
5388:
often a question of whether a firm behaves "to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumer". Under EU law, very large market shares raise a presumption that a firm is dominant, which may be rebuttable. If a firm has a dominant position, because it has beyond a 39.7% market share, then there is "a special responsibility not to allow its conduct to impair competition on the common market" Same as with collusive conduct, market shares are determined with reference to the particular market in which the firm and product in question is sold.
6253:
European law to establish an effective legal framework enabling victims to exercise their right to compensation, victims of
European Union competition law infringements to date very often do not obtain reparation for the harm suffered. The amount of compensation that these victims are foregoing is in the range of several billion Euros a year. Therefore, the European Commission has taken a number steps since 2004 to stimulate the debate on that topic and elicit feedback from stakeholders on a number of possible options which could facilitate antitrust damages actions. Based on a
4729:
6303:
rules because information relating to innovative and generic medicines suggested that competition may be restricted or distorted. The inquiry related to the period 2000 to 2007 and involved investigation of a sample of 219 medicines. Taking into account that sector inquiries are a tool under
European Competition law, the inquiry's main focus was company behaviour. The inquiry therefore concentrated on those practices which companies may use to block or delay generic competition as well as to block or delay the development of competing originator drugs.
543:
2921:
2033:
2991:
6229:"To achieve these objectives, it is appropriate for the Commission to refer to the value of the sales of goods or services to which the infringement relates as a basis for setting the fine. The duration of the infringement should also play a significant role in the setting of the fine. It necessarily affects the potential consequences of the infringements on the market. It is therefore considered important that the fine should also reflect the number of years during which an undertaking participated in the infringement."
4199:
3608:
3081:
2394:
4151:
3560:
3032:
2109:
6994:"the extension of the medical aid organisations' exclusive rights to the non-emergency transport sector does indeed enable them to discharge their general-interest task of providing emergency transport in conditions of economic equilibrium. The possibility that would be open to private operators to concentrate, in the non-emergency sector, on more profitable journeys could affect the degree of economic viability of the service provided and, consequently, jeopardise the quality and reliability of that service."
2562:
1686:
182:
4868:"people of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary."
2601:
1738:
234:
591:
6877:
4367:
3776:
3249:
2277:
7164:"to authorise individual undertakings to compete with the holder of the exclusive rights in the sectors of their choice corresponding to those rights would make it possible for them to concentrate on the economically profitable operations and to offer more advantageous tariffs than those adopted by the holders of the exclusive rights since, unlike the latter, they are not bound for economic reasons to offset losses in the unprofitable sectors against profits in the more profitable sectors."
2046:
7031:, which involved a small telephone equipment maker, GB and the Belgian state telephone provider, RTT, which had the exclusive power to grant approved phones to connect to the telephone network. GB was selling its phones, which were unapproved by RTT, and at lower prices than RTT sold theirs. RTT sued them, demanding that GB inform customers that their phones were unapproved. GB argued that the special rights enjoyed by RTT under Belgian law infringed Article 86, and the case went to the
5780:
itself prove a concerted practice, there must also be evidence that the parties involved were aware that their behaviour may prejudice the normal operation of the competition within the common market. This latter subjective requirement of knowledge is not, in principle, necessary in respect of agreements. As far as agreements are concerned the mere anticompetitive effect is sufficient to make it illegal even if the parties were unaware of it or did not intend such effect to take place.
2770:
1920:
416:
5372:, which details the body's aims when applying Article 102, reiterating that the ultimate goal is the protection of the competitive process and the concomitant consumer benefits that are derived from it. This Guidance was amended in 2023, when the European Commission announced its intention to adopt Guidelines on exclusionary abuses under Article 102 TFEU in 2025. When the Guidelines will be adopted, the European Commission will withdraw the Guidance on Enforcement Priorities.
3366:
2895:
579:
10864:
4343:
3752:
3225:
2253:
4952:(ECN). This Network, made up of the national bodies plus the commission, manages the flow of information between NCAs and maintains the coherence and integrity of the system. At the time, Competition Commissioner Mario Monti hailed this regulation as one that will 'revolutionise' the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102. Since May 2004, all NCAs and national courts are empowered to fully apply the Competition provisions of the EC Treaty. In its 2005 report, the
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2145:
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1985:
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481:
195:
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1972:
1946:
468:
442:
2640:
1777:
273:
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1959:
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260:
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25:
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364:
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3333:
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1803:
299:
4948:. EU Council Regulation 1/2003 places National Competition Authorities and Member State national courts at the heart of the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102. Decentralised enforcement has for long been the usual way for other EC rules, Reg 1/2003 finally extended this to Competition Law as well. The Commission still retained an important role in the enforcement mechanism, as the co-ordinating force in the newly created
4247:
3656:
3129:
2169:
2525:
5122:. A transparent a market has a more concentrated structure, meaning firms can co-ordinate their behaviour with relative ease, firms can deploy deterrents and shield themselves form a reaction by their competitors and consumers. The entry of new firms to the market, and any barriers that they might encounter should be considered. In Airtours plc v. Commission, although the commission's decision here was annulled by the
2861:
2011:
507:
4307:
3716:
3189:
2783:
2217:
1933:
429:
2653:
1790:
286:
4439:
3848:
3321:
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1855:
351:
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1998:
494:
3414:
6990:, Germany, ambulances were provided exclusively by a company that also had the right to provide some non-emergency transport. The rationale was that ambulances were not profitable, not the other transport forms were, so the company was allowed to set profits of one sector off to the other, the alternative being higher taxation. The ECJ held that this was legitimate, clarifying that,
7173:
monopolies include "clearance, sorting, transport and delivery of items of domestic correspondence and incoming cross-border correspondence". For countries that had not liberalised postal services in any measure, the directive contained provisions to gradually open up to competition. It was intended to strike a balance between competition and continued quality service. In the
5767:, this just means all the same thing; any kind of dealing or contact, or a "meeting of the minds" between parties. Covered therefore is a whole range of behaviour from a strong handshaken, written or verbal agreement to a supplier sending invoices with directions not to export to its retailer who gives "tacit acquiescence" to the conduct. Article 101(1) prohibits,
7051:
infringed then
Article 86(1), as "undertakings are unable to entrust the management of such a pension scheme to a single insurer and the resulting restriction of competition derives directly from the exclusive right conferred on the sectoral pension fund." But the scheme was justified under then Article 86(2), being a service of general economic interest.
9012:
5468:
are outweighed by the greater efficiencies it promotes. In order for behaviour to be objectively justifiable, the conduct in question must be proportionate and would have to be based on factors external to the dominant undertaking's control, such as health or safety considerations. To substantiate a claim on efficiency grounds, the commission's
6197:
of investigating suspected infringements of these
Articles. The European Commission and national competition authorities have wide on-site investigation powers. Article 105 TFEU grants extensive investigative powers including the notorious power to carry out dawn raids on the premises of suspected undertakings and private homes and vehicles.
9074:
6238:
of 14 years, those companies colluded on truck pricing and on passing on the costs of compliance with stricter emission rules. In this case, MAN was not fined as it revealed the existence of the cartel to the commission (see note regarding leniency below). All companies acknowledged their involvement and agreed to settle the case.
7003:, where a new Article 16 was inserted. This affirms, "the place occupied by services of general economic interest in the shared values of the Union as well as their role in promoting social and territorial cohesion." The ongoing debate is at what point the delicate line between the market and public services ought to be drawn.
5002:, public services which were run on the basis of "solidarity" for a "social purpose" were said to be outside the scope of competition law. Self-employed people, who are in business on their own account, will be classed as undertakings, but employees are wholly excluded. Following the same principle that was laid down by the US
7160:
of general economic interest. It pointed out however that the postal regime (as was the case in most countries) allowed the post office to "offset less profitable sectors against the profitable sectors" of post operations. To provide universal service, a restriction of competition could be justified. The court went on to say,
7251:
and scope. However, often firms take advantage of their increase in market power, their increased market share and decreased number of competitors, which can have a knock on effect on the deal that consumers get. Merger control is about predicting what the market might be like, not knowing and making
7076:
Article 107 TFEU, similar to
Article 101 TFEU, lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition, but has the power to approve exceptions for specific projects addressing natural disasters or regional development. The general definition
7050:
Albany was a textile company, which found a cheap pension provider for its employees. It refused to pay contributions to the "Textile Trade
Industry Fund", which the state had given the exclusive right to. Albany argued that the scheme was contrary to EU Competition law. The ECJ ruled that the scheme
7043:
The ECJ recommended that the Belgian government have an independent body to approve phone specifications, because it was wrong to have the state company both making phones and setting standards. RTT's market was opened to competition. An interesting aspect of the case was that the ECJ interpreted the
6558:
Within the Romanian Competition Authority, there also are since 2011 the Railway National Council (Consiliul Naţional de Supraveghere din Domeniul Feroviar) and since 2017 the Naval Council (Consiliul de Supraveghere din Domeniul Naval) These two structures have exclusively supervisory and regulatory
6435:
Following the introduction of the Enterprise Act 2002 the Office of Fair Trading was responsible for enforcing competition law (enshrined in The Competition Act 1998) in the UK. These powers are shared with concurrent sectoral regulators such as Ofgem in energy, Ofcom in telecoms, the ORR in rail and
6289:
In case of sector inquiries, the European Commission follows its reasonable suspicion that the competition in a particular industry sector or solely related to a certain type of contract which is used in various industry sectors is prevented, restricted or distorted within the common market. Thus, in
6252:
According to the Court of Justice of the European Union, any citizen or business who suffers harm as a result of a breach of the European Union competition rules (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU) should be able to obtain reparation from the party who caused the harm. However, despite this requirement under
6237:
The highest cartel fine which was ever imposed in a single case was related to a cartel consisting of five truck manufacturers. The companies MAN, Volvo/Renault, Daimler, Iveco, and DAF were fined approximately €2.93 billion (not adjusted for Court judgments). Between 1997 and 2011 i.e. over a period
6200:
There are many ways in which the European Commission could become aware of a potential violation: the Commission may carry out an investigation or an inspection, for which it is empowered to request information from governments, competent authorities of Member States, and undertakings. The commission
6196:
The task of tracking down and punishing those in breach of competition law has been entrusted to the European Commission, which receives its powers under Article 105 TFEU. Under this Article, the European Commission is charged with the duty of ensuring the application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and
5102:
stated the purpose of merger control is "…to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions". Meaning that the purpose for oversight over economic concentration by the states are to
7243:
Article 101 TFEU's goals are unclear. There are two main schools of thought. The predominant view is that only consumer welfare considerations are relevant there. However, a recent book argues that this position is erroneous and that other Member State and European Union public policy goals (such as
6539:
The Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) was established in 1990 as the Antimonopoly Office. In 1989, on the verge of a political breakthrough, when the economy was based on the free market mechanisms, an Act on counteracting monopolistic practices was passed on 24 February 1990. It
5489:
If an abuse of dominance is established, the commission has the power, pursuant to Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003, to impose a fine and to order the dominant undertaking to cease and desist from the unlawful conduct in question. Additionally, though yet to be imposed, Article 7 of Regulation 1/2003
5467:
Whilst there are no statutory defences under Article 102, the Court of Justice has stressed that a dominant firm may seek to justify behaviour that would otherwise constitute abuse, either by arguing that the behaviour is objectively justifiable or by showing that any resulting negative consequences
5416:
The Article does not contain an explicit definition of what amounts to abusive conduct and the courts have made clear that the types of abusive conduct in which a dominant firm may engage is not closed. However, it is possible to discern a general meaning of the term from the jurisprudence of the EU
4995:
described "undertaking" to mean any person (natural or legal) "engaged in an economic activity", which potentially included state run enterprises in cases where they pursued economic activities like a private business. This included a state run employment agency, where it attempted to make money but
7159:
case, Mr Corbeau had wanted to operate a rapid delivery service for post, which infringed the Belgian Regie des Postes' exclusive right to operate all services. The ECJ held the legislation would be contrary to Article 86 where it was excessive and unnecessary to guarantee the provision of services
6572:
A 2017 study established that in its 20 years of functioning (1996–2016), the impact of the Romanian Competition Authority was of at least 1 billion euros in savings for consumers. In addition, the Authority applied fines of 574 million euros and had a total budget of 158,8 million euros.
5779:
within the EU. Article 101 has been construed very widely to include both informal agreements (gentlemen's agreements) and concerted practices where firms tend to raise or lower prices at the same time without having physically agreed to do so. However, a coincidental increase in prices will not in
5387:
In applying Article 102, the Commission must consider two points. Firstly, it is necessary to show that an undertaking holds a dominant position in the relevant market and, secondly, there must be an analysis of the undertaking's behavior to ascertain whether it is abusive. Determining dominance is
5094:
Under the original EUMR, according to Article 2(3), for a merger to be declared compatible with the common market, it must not create or strengthen a dominant position where it could affect competition, thus the central provision under EU law ask whether a concentration would if it went ahead would
4928:
has been challenged by the rapid growth and sophistication of the National Competition Authorities (NCAs) and by increased criticism from the European courts with respect to procedure, interpretation and economic analysis. These problems have been magnified by the increasingly unmanageable workload
4915:
upheld the commission's decision, expanded the definition of measures affecting trade to include "potential effects", and generally anchored its key position in Competition Law enforcement alongside the commission. Subsequent enforcement of Article 101 of the TFEU Treaty (combating anti-competitive
6297:
Traditionally, agreements had, subject to certain exceptions, to be notified to the European Commission, and the commission had a monopoly over the application of Article 101 TFEU (former Article 81 (3) EG). Because the European Commission did not have the resources to deal with all the agreements
5407:
Although there is no rigid demarcation between these three types, Article 102 has most frequently been applied to forms of conduct falling under the heading of exclusionary abuse. Generally, this is because exploitative abuses are perceived to be less invidious than exclusionary abuses because the
5129:
Due to the uncertainty raised by the decision in Airtours v. Commission, it is suggested that an alternative approach to the problem raised in the case would be to ask whether the merger in question would "substantially lessen Competition" (SLC). According to the Roller De La Mano article, the new
7172:
97/67/EC, which required Member States to "ensure that users enjoy the right to a universal service involving the permanent provision of a postal service... at all points in their territory." This means once a working day deliveries and pick-ups, and that services that could be reserved for state
7128:
to the goal of "free and undistorted competition" to be removed. Though competition law itself would have remained unchanged, other goals of the preamble—which include "full employment" and "social progress"—carry the perception of greater specificity, and as being ends in themselves, while "free
6587:
The Romanian Competition Authority is currently in the process of implementing a Big Data platform (expected to be finalised in 2020). The Big Data platform would give the Authority significant resources with regards to (i) bid rigging cases; (ii) cartel screening; (iii) Structural and commercial
5503:
In 2001, the EU blocked the proposed merger between General Electric and Honeywell, although it has already been cleared by the American authorities. The reasoning of the European Commission was that the merger would significantly impede the competition in the aerospace industry and therefore the
5106:
In recent years, mergers have increased in their complexity, size and geographical reach, as seen in the merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert. According to Merger Regulation No.139/2004, for these regulations to apply, a merger must have a "community dimension", meaning the merger must have a
4895:—was the establishment of a Single Market. To achieve this, a compatible, transparent and fairly standardised regulatory framework for Competition Law had to be created. The constitutive legislative act was Council Regulation 17/62 (now superseded). The wording of Reg 17/62 was developed in a pre
6401:
This policy has been of great success as it has increased cartel detection to such an extent that nowadays most cartel investigations are started according to the leniency policy. The purpose of a sliding scale in fine reductions is to encourage a "race to confess" among cartel members. In cross
6302:
One of the most spectacular sector inquiry was the pharmaceutical sector inquiry which took place in 2008 and 2009 in which the European Commission used dawn raids from the beginning. The European Commission launched a sector inquiry into EU pharmaceuticals markets under the European Competition
6268:
Many favour ever more uniformity in the interpretation and application of EU competition norms and the procedures to enforce them under this system. However, when there are such differences in many Member States' policy preferences and given the benefits of experimentation, in 2020 one might ask
6208:
Article 101 (2) TFEU considers any undertaking found in breach of Article 101 TFEU to be null and void and that agreements cannot be legally enforced. In addition, the European Commission may impose a fine pursuant to Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003. These fines are not fixed and can extend into
5788:
Exemptions to Article 101 behaviour fall into three categories. Firstly, Article 101(3) creates an exemption for practices beneficial to consumers, e.g., by facilitating technological advances, but without restricting all competition in the area. In practice the Commission gave very few official
5090:
Mergers can take a place on a number of basis. For example, a horizontal merger is where a merger takes place between two competitors in the same product and geographical markets and at same level of the production. A vertical merger is where mergers between firms that operate between firms that
4956:
lauded the modernisation effort as promising, and noted that decentralisation helps to redirect resources so the DG Competition can concentrate on complex, Community-wide investigations. Yet most recent developments shed doubt on the efficacy of the new arrangements. For instance, on 20 December
4923:
Nonetheless, the arrangements in place worked fairly well until the mid-1980s, when it became clear that with the passage of time, as the European economy steadily grew in size and anti-competitive activities and market practices became more complex in nature, the commission would eventually be
6233:
In a second step, this basic amount may be adjusted on grounds of recidivism or leniency. In the latter case, immunity from fines may be granted to the company who submits evidence first to the European Commission which enables it to carry out an investigation and/or to find an infringement of
5375:
Notwithstanding the objectives stated above, Article 102 is quite controversial and has been much scrutinized. In large part, this stems from the fact that the provision applies only where dominance is present; meaning a firm that is not in a dominant market position could legitimately pursue
6293:
There has been an increased use of this tool in the recent years, as it is not possible any more for companies to register a cartel or agreement which might be in breach of competition law with the European Commission, but the companies are responsible themselves for assessing whether their
6248:
as an added deterrent against competition law violaters. The 2003 "Modernisation Regulation" (Regulation 1/2003) has meant that the European Commission no longer has a monopoly on enforcement, and that private parties may bring suits in national courts. Hence, there has been debate over the
6576:
The actions of the Romanian Competition Authority in 2017 lead to savings for consumers ranging between 284 and 509 million lei (approximately between EUR 63 and 113 million), while in 2018 the values were similar, between 217 and 514 million lei, according to estimations using a
6998:
The ECJ did however insist that demand on the "subsidising" market must be met by the state's regime. In other words, the state is always under a duty to ensure efficient service. Political concern for the maintenance of a social European economy was expressed during the drafting of the
5356:
The provision aims to protect competition and promote consumer welfare by preventing firms from abusing dominant market positions. This objective has been emphasized by EU institutions and officials on numerous occasions – for example, it was stated as such during the judgement in
4899:
period in EC legal evolution, when the supremacy of EC law was not yet fully established. To avoid different interpretations of EC Competition Law, which could vary from one national court to the next, the commission was made to assume the role of central enforcement authority.
5498:
The EU test is the tool by which the European Commission judges the validity of a merger. If a company attains a significant strengthening of its dominant position in the market due to the merger, the European Commission is allowed to prevent the merger between the two firms.
6379:
The mechanism is straightforward. The first firm to acknowledge their crime and inform the commission will receive complete immunity, that is, no fine will be applied. Co-operation with the commission will also be gratified with reductions in the fines, in the following way:
7869:
Gerber, David J., The Future of Article 82: Dissecting the Conflict (August 2007). European Competition Law Annual 2007: A Reformed Approach to Article 82 EC (Claus-Dieter Ehlermann and Mel Marquis eds.), 2008; Chicago-Kent College of Law Research Paper. Available at SSRN:
6062:
5771:"All agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market."
5412:
explicitly recognizes the distinction between the different types of abusive conduct and states that the Guidance is limited to examples of exclusionary abuse. As such, much of the jurisprudence of Article 102 concerns behavior which can be categorized as exclusionary.
6503:. It was first established in 1958 and comes under the authority of the Federal Ministry of the Economy and Technology. Its headquarters are in the former West German capital, Bonn and its president is Andreas Mundt, who has a staff of 300 people. Today it administers
6583:
According to Global Trend Monitor 2018 (published on PaRR-global.com), Romania is one of the most competitive jurisdictions between countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, ranked 10th in this top (after moving up 4 positions compared to the previous year).
7151:
to previously state monopolised industries. The EU has also introduced positive integration measures to liberalise the internal market. There has at times been a tension between introduction of competition and the maintenance of universal and high quality service.
5507:
Another merger prevented by the Commission was the merger between the Dutch package delivery company TNT and the American counterpart UPS. The European Commission was worried that the takeover would leave the continent with only two dominant players: UPS and
1486:
6952:
Article 106(2) of the TFEU states that nothing in the rules can be used to obstruct a member state's right to deliver public services, but that otherwise public enterprises must play by the same rules on collusion and abuse of dominance as everyone else.
6551:
The Romanian Competition Authority (Consiliul Concurenței) has been functioning since 1996 on the basis of Law no. 21/1996. Its powers and, in general, Romanian competition law are closely modeled after the commission – DG Comp and EU competition law.
6009:
6264:
In 2014, the European Parliament and European Council issued a joint directive on 'certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Members States and of the European Union'.
7799:
5 CMLR 760, OJ L288; Many in the US are scathing of this approach, see W. J. Kolasky, 'Conglomerate Mergers and Range Effects: It's a long way from Chicago to Brussels' 9 November 2001, Address before George Mason University Symposium Washington,
6440:(CMA), established on 1 April 2014, combining many of the functions of the OFT and the Competition Commission (CC). Following the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, the CMA is no longer a relevant national competition authority (NCA).
5978:
4824:
and its Directorate General for Competition, although state aids in some sectors, such as agriculture, are handled by other Directorates General. The Directorates can mandate that improperly-given state aid be repaid, as was the case in 2012 with
7027:
6960:. The settlement under the European Treaties was meant to preserve Europe's social character and institutions. Article 86 refers first of all to "undertakings", which has been defined to restrict the scope of competition law's application. In
5006:, they are by their "very nature the opposite of the independent exercise of an economic or commercial activity". This means that trade unions cannot be regarded as subject to competition law, because their central objective is to remedy the
7109:
will also approve State Aid cases under the notification procedure. A report by the European Defense Agency deals with challenges to a "Level Playing Field for European Defence Industries: the Role of Ownership and Public Aid Practices"
4985:, both articles 101 and 102 use the ambiguous concept of "undertaking" to delimit competition law's reach. This uncomfortable English word, which is essentially a literal translation of the German word "Unternehmen", was discussed in
7996:
Jones, Alison and Lovdahl Gormsen, Liza, Abuse of Dominance: Exclusionary Pricing Abuses (1 January 2013). I Lianos and D Geradin, Handbook on European Competition Law: Substantive Aspects (Edward Elgar, 2013). Available at SSRN:
5335:"Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the common market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market insofar as it may affect trade between Member States.
5074:
that enables them to behave abusively in the first place. Mergers that have a "community dimension" are governed by the Merger Regulation (EC) No.139/2004, all "concentrations" between undertakings are subject to approval by the
8510:
6158:
6053:
6045:
6095:
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 330/2010, of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices OJ (2010) L
5352:(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts."
6985:
The substance of Article 106(2) also makes clear that competition law will be applied generally, but not where public services being provided might be obstructed. An example is shown in the ‘'Ambulanz Gloeckner'’ case. In
6900:
Director and Professor Richard Whish wrote sceptically that it "seems unlikely at the current stage of its development that the WTO will metamorphose into a global competition authority." Despite that, at the ongoing
5993:
5944:
5376:
competitive practices – such as bundling – that would otherwise constitute abuse if committed by a dominant firm. That is not to suggest that it is unlawful for a firm to hold a dominant position; rather, it is the
6224:
The basic amount relates, inter alia, to the proportion of the value of the sales depending on the degree of the gravity of the infringement. In this regard, Article 5 of the aforementioned guideline states, that
5133:
However, there exist certain exemptions under Article 2 EUMR, where anti-competitive conduct may be sanctioned, in the name of "technical and economic progress, as well as the "failing firm" defence. Although the
4980:
Because the logic of competition is most appropriate for private enterprise, the core of EU competition regulation targets profit making corporations. This said, regulation necessarily extends further and in the
6772:
6027:
6001:
5794:
8398:
6534:
8231:
Rasmussen, Scott (2011). "English Legal Terminology: Legal Concepts in Language, 3rd ed. by Helen Gubby. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2011. Pp. 272. ISBN 978-90-8974-547-7. €35.00; US$ 52.50".
5847:
5593:
5186:
9047:
7244:
public health and the environment) should also be considered there. If this argument is correct then it could have a profound effect on the outcome of cases as well as the Modernisation process as a whole.
5399:
abuses, involving behavior by a dominant firm which is aimed at, or has the effect of, preventing the development of competition by excluding competitors. Finally, there exists a possible third category of
5086:
of another entity, and is able to have control over that entity. Notable examples could include Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz merging to form Novartis, as well as Dow Chemical and DuPont merging to form DowDuPont.
7983:
Gal, Michal S., Abuse of Dominance – Exploitative Abuses (10 March 2015). in HANDBOOK ON EUROPEAN COMPETITION LAW (Lianos and Geradin eds., Edward Elgar, 2013), Chapter 9, pp. 385–422 . Available at SSRN:
6181:
n. 139/2004 established antitrust national authorities of EU member States have the competence to judge on undertakings whose economic and financial impact are limited to their respective internal market.
8171:
Friederiszick, Hans Wolfgang and Gratz, Linda, Dominant and Efficient – On the Relevance of Efficiencies in Abuse of Dominance Cases (19 December 2012). ESMT White Paper No. WP-12-01. Available at SSRN:
5103:
prevent abuses of dominant position by undertakings. Regulations of mergers and acquisition is meant to prevent this problem, before the creation of a dominant firm through mergers and/or acquisitions.
7913:
6673:
7025:
Companies affected by article 106 may be state owned or privately owned companies which are given special rights such as near or total monopoly to provide a certain service. The leading case in 1991,
5952:
5243:
4929:
of the centralised corporate notification system. A further reason why a reform of the old Regulation 17/62 was needed, was the looming enlargement of the EU, by which its membership was to expand to
11031:
9166:
6852:
6580:
Romania has moved up in the rankings of the Global Competition Review since 2017 and won 3 stars, along with seven other EU countries (Austria, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Sweden).
5130:
test does not insist on dominance being necessary or sufficient, arguing that under the old law, there was underenforcement, a merger can have serious anti-competitive effect even without dominance.
6968:
6543:
Right now the Office works under the name Office of Competition and Consumer Protection and bases its activities on the newly enacted Act on the Protection of Competition and Consumers from 2007.
4098:
5857:
903:
671:
6080:
5428:
Exclusive dealing agreements, whereby a customer is required to purchase all or most of a particular type of good or service from a dominant supplier and is prevented from buying from others.
6972:". The ECJ held that the competition laws in this instance were not applicable. "Undertaking" was a term that should be reserved for entities that carried on some kind of economic activity.
7336:
7120:
There is some scepticism about the effectiveness of competition law in achieving economic progress and its interference with the provision of public services. France's former president
5902:
6166:
5395:
abuses, whereby a dominant firm abuses its market position to exploit consumers – for example by reducing output and increasing the price of its goods or services. Secondly, there are
9414:
Praemble, "the reconciliation of the furtherance of the gradual, controlled liberalisation of the postal market and that of a durable guarantee of the provision of universal service."
5511:
Most recently, the proposed takeover of Aer Lingus by Ryanair would have strengthened Ryanair's position in the Irish market and has therefore been blocked by the European Commission.
5267:
5107:
noticeable impact within the EU, therefore the undertakings in question must have a certain degree of business within the EU common market. However, in Genccor Ltd v. Commission, the
4756:
8416:"Effectiveness of Private Enforcement of European Competition Law in Case of Passing-on of Overcharges: Implementation of Antitrust Damages Directive in Germany, France, and Ireland"
6641:
6847:
6707:
5404:
abuse, which concerns behavior that is harmful to the principles of the single market more broadly, such as the impeding of parallel imports or limiting of intra-brand competition.
1148:
5872:
6830:
6746:
6630:
5408:
former can easily be remedied by competitors provided there are no barriers to market entry, whilst the latter require more authoritative intervention. Indeed, the commission's
7758:
7895:
7478:
4844:
1094:
1051:
1043:
5041:
6613:
11495:
7077:
of State Aid is set out in Article 107(1) of the TFEU. Measures which fall within the definition of State Aid are unlawful unless provided under an exemption or notified.
4563:
7169:
7044:
effect of RTT's exclusive power as an "abuse" of its dominant position, so no abusive "action" as such by RTT needed to take place. The issue was further considered in
11485:
5633:
4945:
9434:
7514:
5309:
4925:
1179:
547:
7247:
The theory behind mergers is that transaction costs can be reduced compared to operating on an open market through bilateral contracts. Concentrations can increase
6402:
border or international investigations, cartel members are often at pains to inform not only the EU Commission, but also National Competition Authorities (e.g. the
5082:
A true merger, under to competition law, is where two separate entities merger into an entirely new entity, or where one entity acquires all, or a majority of, the
11026:
4713:
1134:
6909:, discussion includes the prospect of competition law enforcement moving up to a global level. While it is incapable of enforcement itself, the newly established
11345:
10930:
5648:
5331:
Article 102 is aimed at preventing undertakings that have a dominant market position from abusing that position to the detriment of consumers. It provides that,
5015:
8369:
6922:
6756:
5618:
5365:, also specified in 2005 that: "First, it is competition, and not competitors, that is to be protected. Second, ultimately the aim is to avoid consumer harm".
4794:, control of proposed mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures involving companies that have a certain, defined amount of turnover in the EU, according to the
1139:
5775:
This includes both horizontal (e.g. between retailers) and vertical (e.g. between retailers and suppliers) agreements, effectively outlawing the operation of
5460:
Price discrimination, arbitrarily charging some market participants higher prices that are unconnected to the actual costs of supplying the goods or services.
7388:
64/566/CEE: Décision de la Commission, du 23 septembre 1964, relative à une procédure au titre de l'article 85 du traité (IV-A/00004-03344 «Grundig-Consten»)
6982:, because for example, contributions from high paid workers subsidise the low paid workers. Their activities therefore fall outside competition law's scope.
3402:
861:
9495:
5545:
economic units, or enterprises, regardless of whether they are a single corporation, or a group of multiple companies linked through ownership or contract.
11587:
9411:
4998:
6120:
5828:
3926:
1250:
9093:"civitias.org.uk: "Gamekeeper or poacher? Britain and the application of State aid and procurement policy in the European Union" (Garskarth) March 2013"
6516:
4944:
To all these challenges, the commission has responded with a strategy to decentralise the implementation of the Competition rules through the so-called
7430:"Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty"
7101:
Where all of these criteria are met, State Aid is present and the support shall be unlawful unless provided under a European Commission exemption. The
6257:
issued by the Commission in 2005, and the outcomes of several public consultations, the Commission suggested specific policy choices and measures in a
1348:
595:
7454:
to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market
7451:
6690:
2080:
1396:
9601:
7835:
Guidance on the Commission's enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 TFEU to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings OJ C 45/7
1288:
1210:
1104:
6555:
In addition to the above, the Romanian Competition Authority also has competences with respect to unloyal commercial practices (Law no. 11/1991).
6391:
The first firm to provide information offering "significant added value", if not covered by immunity, will be offered a 30-50% reduction in fines.
5763:
article 101, undertakings must then have formed an agreement, developed a "concerted practice", or, within an association, taken a decision. Like
11464:
6777:
6723:
6213:
The Commission guideline on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation 1/2003 uses a two-step methodology:
4849:
4760:
4557:
1525:
1030:
42:
8579:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Antitrust: Commission fines truck producers €2.93 billion for participating in a cartel"
7344:
6241:
Another negative consequence for the companies involved in cartel cases may be the adverse publicity which may damage the company's reputation.
6807:
5349:(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;
5167:
11624:
5391:
With regard to abuse, it is possible to identify three different forms that the EU Commission and Courts have recognized. Firstly, there are
5115:) stated that it does not matter where the merger takes place, as long as it has an impact within the community, the regulations will apply.
897:
583:
89:
5463:
leveraging a dominant position by way of self-preferencing, although the terminology and exact scope of the abuse is still being determined.
7060:
5253:
4706:
1343:
991:
61:
10923:
9092:
8454:"Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation)"
7948:
6480:
4553:
3450:
1195:
1129:
1119:
649:
627:
521:
6966:
a managing director challenged the state's compulsory workplace accident and disease insurance scheme. This was run by a body known as "
11041:
9134:
8924:
6795:
6090:
Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique SAS v Président de l’Autorité de la concurrence and Ministre de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et de l’Emploi
6071:
5690:
4838:
4575:
1258:
619:
571:
535:
7168:
This meant a core of economic sectors in postal services could be reserved for financing the state industry. This was followed by the
7006:
EU Member states must not allow or assist businesses ("undertakings" in EU jargon) to infringe European Union competition law. As the
4907:, a German manufacturer of household appliances, acted illegally in granting exclusive dealership rights to its French subsidiary. In
68:
8649:
5722:
5705:
5574:
3470:
1624:
1298:
1238:
976:
801:
663:
641:
607:
8907:
7471:
6812:
4736:, which competition law aims to protect from unfair trade practices and private monopolies, generated €14.303 trillion in 2013.
1611:
11580:
10845:
8388:, per AG Reischl, there is no need to distinguish an agreement from a concerted practice, because they are merely convenient labels
4538:
4047:
3465:
8779:
5457:
Predatory pricing, where a dominant firm deliberately reduces prices to loss-making levels to force competitors out of the market.
11704:
9078:
ECR 3801, where a Belgian Royal decree incorporated a travel agent association code of conduct, which prohibited discounts (i.e.
9032:
8827:
6962:
5821:
4699:
4508:
4203:
4091:
125:
6277:
A special instrument of the European Commission is the so-called sector inquiry in accordance with Art. 17 of Regulation 1/2003.
5712:
5695:
5680:
5665:
5299:
75:
11046:
11006:
10916:
9574:
6893:
4934:
4930:
4473:
4463:
1594:
1530:
1383:
1363:
1353:
1276:
1158:
1077:
6217:
The Commission first defines a basic amount of the fine for each involved undertaking or association of undertakings; and then
4686:
11077:
11036:
9617:
9593:
9555:
9302:"eda.europa.eu: "Level Playing Field for European Defence Industries: the Role of Ownership and Public Aid Practices" (2009)"
7266:
6678:
5675:
4598:
3991:
3966:
1582:
7189:. The Commission ordered the structural separation of the normal postal services from business deliveries by Deutsche Post.
11490:
11406:
5660:
5603:
4603:
4548:
4523:
4503:
4498:
4468:
4371:
3954:
3708:
3435:
3428:
1186:
1015:
1008:
966:
759:
559:
57:
4987:
11714:
11573:
11067:
8681:
8185:
Loewenthal 'The Defence of "Objective Justification" in the Application of Article 82 EC' (2005) 28 World Competition 455
7185:
in the business parcel delivery sector (i.e. not one of the services "reserved" under the directive) by the private firm
6635:
6562:
Finally, it must be said that the Romanian Competition Authority has no competences in the field of consumer protection.
5441:
Bundling, similar to tying, whereby a supplier will only supply its products in a bundle with one or more other products.
5431:
Granting of exclusivity rebates, purported loyalty schemes that are equivalent in effect to exclusive dealing agreements.
5138:
is less concerned with mergers taking place vertically, it has taken an interest in the effects of conglomerate mergers.
4543:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4483:
4478:
3981:
2059:
1634:
1569:
6646:
6269:
whether more diversity (within limits) might not produce a more efficient, effective and legitimate competition regime.
4920:, which, in her opinion, could actually be beneficial to consumers and to the quality of available goods in some cases.
11531:
11270:
9668:
9192:
8698:
8564:
7741:
7662:
7583:
7540:
7214:
7113:
State Aid law is an important issue for all public sector organisations and recipients of public sector support in the
7011:
6142:
Since the Modernisation Regulation, the European Union has sought to encourage private enforcement of competition law.
5814:
5160:
4805:
4662:
4593:
4513:
4488:
4123:
4118:
3407:
806:
696:
157:
5091:
operate at different levels of the market. A conglomerate merger is merger between two strategically unrelated firms.
11683:
10968:
10271:
9829:
9728:
9569:
9448:
8995:
8732:
6910:
6871:
6437:
4640:
4493:
3998:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
1604:
1589:
1293:
1233:
1220:
1089:
944:
929:
686:
108:
11451:
11401:
11141:
10385:
10254:
4113:
3460:
2990:
2949:
2466:
2372:
1657:
1629:
1599:
1506:
1391:
1200:
1114:
1099:
9013:
Cisal di Battistello Venanzio and C. Sas v Instituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
6162:(2006) C 295/04, establishing that compensation is available for indirect purchasers as well as direct purchasers.
4903:
The first major decision under Article 101 (then Article 85) was taken by the Commission in 1964. They found that
10840:
10187:
10088:
9518:
8637:
Antitrust: Commission presents policy paper on compensating consumer and business victims of competition breaches
8018:
Lang. J – 'How Can the Problems of Exclusionary Abuses under Article 102 TFEU be Resolved?’ 37 E.L. Rev. 136–155
6730:
4347:
4003:
3921:
3612:
8715:
8403:
8386:
7936:
7918:
7900:
7519:
7495:
7429:
7387:
7366:
7311:
5490:
permits the commission, where proportionate and necessary, to order the divestiture of an undertaking's assets.
11662:
11510:
10347:
9981:
6249:
legitimacy of private damages actions in traditions that shy from imposing punitive measures in civil actions.
5294:
5123:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5007:
4335:
1644:
1540:
1305:
1243:
815:
710:
134:
46:
11396:
9075:
Vereniging van Vlaamse Reisbureaus v ASBL Sociale Dienst van de Plaatselijke en Gewestelijke Overheidsdiensten
6712:
6618:
6397:
Subsequent firms, where they can also provide "significant added value", can also access reductions up to 20%.
11230:
11105:
10939:
9700:
6820:
6736:
5567:
5196:
5153:
4431:
4419:
4395:
4167:
3899:
3889:
3445:
1465:
1023:
676:
7018:
could be rendered ineffective were member states free to support national companies as they saw fit. A 2013
6449:
6334:
The leniency policy consists in abstaining from prosecuting firms that, being party to a cartel, inform the
82:
11505:
11411:
11360:
10983:
10507:
9986:
7125:
5887:
5448:
5384:
a dominant firm has a "special responsibility not to allow its conduct to impair undistorted competition".
5343:(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions;
5226:
4949:
4407:
4299:
4287:
4263:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4179:
4155:
4143:
4030:
3949:
3944:
3780:
1452:
681:
8609:
11709:
11608:
11381:
10502:
9257:
8453:
6178:
5279:
5211:
4645:
4455:
4383:
4323:
4275:
4251:
4191:
4035:
3906:
2939:
2491:
2471:
865:
9598:
8565:"Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003"
11300:
11062:
10477:
9976:
9451:, the Court of First Instance's recent Glaxo Case and certain academic works, such as Okeoghene Odudu,
8310:
6152:
6125:
5965:
5907:
5892:
5877:
5862:
5729:
5638:
5623:
5608:
5454:
Refusing to supply a competitor with a good or service, often in a bid to drive them out of the market.
5284:
5216:
5201:
4861:
4801:
4775:
4443:
4359:
4311:
3976:
3911:
1639:
1358:
1330:
1323:
8622:
8276:
5066:
has the power to regulate behaviour of large firms it claims to be abusing their dominant position or
11629:
10560:
7032:
7022:
report lists some of the artifices used by participants to skirt the state aid rules on procurement.
6604:
6346:
6191:
5482:
The efficiencies would have to outweigh any negative effects on competition and consumer welfare; And
4992:
4912:
4833:
4795:
3916:
1283:
1227:
939:
789:
9301:
8592:
8535:
5476:
The efficiencies would have to be realised, or be likely to be realised, as a result of the conduct;
11634:
11536:
11391:
11021:
11016:
10355:
10337:
9279:
8699:"Communication from the Commission – Executive Summary of the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Report"
6906:
6881:
6867:
5560:
5321:
4826:
4791:
4785:
3440:
1436:
1431:
961:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
10689:
8636:
7080:
For there to be State Aid under Article 107(1) of the TFEU each of the following must be present:
11667:
11437:
11072:
10730:
10517:
10006:
9991:
8745:
8488:
7193:
6761:
5238:
3986:
3756:
2944:
1072:
1067:
35:
8072:
Bailey, D. and Whish, R. (2015). Competition law (8th Edition). Oxford University Press, pp. 209
11500:
10953:
10785:
10770:
7367:"EEC Council: Regulation No 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty"
7226:
7205:
7197:
6897:
6430:
6426:
6403:
5444:
Margin squeezing: vertical practices which have the effect of excluding downstream competitors.
4941:, the already inundated Commission anticipated a further significant increase in its workload.
4745:
4657:
4025:
3961:
3744:
3005:
2065:
986:
883:
723:
542:
9099:
7974:
Whish, R. and Bailey, D. (2015). Competition law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 212–213
11655:
11554:
11290:
11126:
11011:
10889:
10482:
10160:
9971:
8522:
7271:
7201:
7186:
6947:
6943:
6500:
6459:
4887:
One of the paramount aims of the founding fathers of the European Community—statesmen around
4680:
4042:
4008:
3840:
3828:
3804:
3576:
2486:
1376:
1163:
1143:
981:
11432:
5451:, whereby a dominant firm holding patented rights refuses to license those rights to others.
11365:
11285:
10610:
9956:
7046:
7019:
6892:
contained an Antitrust code but this was never incorporated into the WTO's forerunner, the
6147:
5960:
4763:(TFEU), as well as a series of Regulations and Directives. Four main policy areas include:
4634:
4074:
4054:
3884:
3816:
3696:
3672:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3588:
3564:
3552:
2516:
2501:
2496:
1478:
970:
8415:
6956:
Services of general economic interest is more technical term for what are commonly called
4728:
8:
11325:
11320:
11310:
11215:
11100:
10765:
9905:
9822:
8578:
7106:
7102:
7000:
6598:
6349:
and penalty reductions to firms who co-operate with the Commission in detecting cartels.
6335:
5928:
5424:
Some examples of the types of conduct held by the EU Courts to constitute abuse include:
5346:(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;
5135:
5126:, the case raised uncertainties, as it identifies a non-collusive oligopoly gap in EUMR.
5076:
5063:
4917:
4821:
4587:
4294:
4064:
4059:
3864:
3792:
3732:
3703:
3684:
3660:
3600:
3397:
3181:
3176:
2983:
2511:
2506:
2354:
2209:
2204:
1847:
1173:
1109:
954:
777:
765:
717:
343:
7452:
Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018
6913:(ICN) is a way for national authorities to coordinate their own enforcement activities.
6254:
6220:
Adjusts the basic amount according to the individual circumstances upwards or downwards.
11469:
11386:
11315:
11265:
11255:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11220:
11210:
11205:
11087:
10580:
10239:
10093:
10078:
10056:
9800:
9780:
9733:
9723:
9514:
8945:
8783:
8682:"Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Preliminary Report (DG Competition Staff Working Paper)"
8257:
7261:
7248:
6695:
6294:
agreements constitute a violation of European Union Competition Law (self assessment).
6258:
5917:
5739:
5049:
5010:
that exists in dealing with employers who are generally organised in a corporate form.
4938:
4652:
4583:
4069:
3877:
3852:
3768:
3720:
2524:
1574:
877:
729:
8835:
8343:
7845:
4748:
by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies to ensure that they do not create
2934:
11335:
11305:
11280:
11260:
11250:
11225:
10565:
10487:
10325:
10068:
10063:
10016:
9941:
9935:
9775:
9693:
9613:
9589:
9565:
9551:
8991:
8857:
8435:
8318:
8284:
8261:
8249:
7737:
7658:
7579:
7536:
7182:
6835:
4957:
2006, the Commission publicly backed down from 'unbundling' French (EdF) and German (
4878:
3413:
1386:
771:
554:
11131:
7094:
That has the potential to distort trade between in the relevant business market; and
6394:
A second firm offering "significant added value" can see a 20-30% reduction in fines
5541:
among private businesses. Any "undertaking" is regulated, and this concept embraces
5479:
The conduct would have to be indispensable to the realisation of those efficiencies;
11549:
11427:
11330:
11295:
11275:
11174:
10570:
10537:
10036:
9900:
9895:
9860:
9510:
8983:
8427:
8241:
7291:
7210:
6939:
6475:
6408:
6175:
6170:(2014) C-557/12, compensation available for umbrella effects in cartelised markets.
5932:
5754:
5532:
5071:
5003:
4970:
2422:
922:
795:
9612:, Budapest: HVG-ORAC / E.M.Meijers Institute of Legal Studies, Leiden University.
8966:
8882:
6507:
in Germany, and is one of the leading national competition authorities in Europe.
1214:
10958:
10819:
10792:
10780:
10760:
10694:
10672:
10652:
10647:
10627:
10492:
10472:
10467:
10370:
10330:
10041:
9966:
9890:
9875:
9795:
9669:
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – Articles 101–109 on competition
9605:
9491:
9348:
9235:
9213:
8716:
Leniency legislation (immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases)
7482:
7276:
7236:
7148:
7121:
6987:
6957:
6504:
6466:
in France, and is one of the leading national competition authorities in Europe.
6463:
5806:
5435:
5083:
4741:
4013:
3455:
2359:
1190:
590:
11179:
10908:
9658:
8987:
6979:
6375:(b) find an infringement of Article 81 EC in connection with the alleged cartel.
6244:
Questions of reform have circulated around whether to introduce US style treble
5145:
2434:
11526:
10896:
10704:
10622:
10211:
10177:
10128:
10113:
9885:
9790:
9770:
9760:
8733:
Commission Notice on Immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases
7144:
7138:
7114:
7007:
6889:
6660:
6343:
Commission Notice on Immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases
4892:
4817:
4733:
4611:
4198:
4018:
3607:
3085:
3080:
2606:
2393:
2051:
1743:
1401:
995:
933:
783:
747:
741:
239:
8245:
11698:
11565:
11189:
11154:
11149:
11121:
10750:
10709:
10595:
10575:
10547:
10497:
10462:
10436:
10431:
10424:
10375:
10315:
10155:
10145:
10103:
10026:
10021:
9951:
9910:
9834:
9663:
9322:
8439:
8322:
8288:
8253:
7178:
7015:
6884:
members, in green, whether competition law should form part of the agreements
6371:(a) carry out a targeted inspection in connection with the alleged cartel; or
6109:
4105:
3371:
2900:
2539:
2458:
2386:
1204:
753:
8431:
6876:
11184:
11164:
11159:
10973:
10882:
10632:
10600:
10555:
10293:
10288:
10259:
10172:
10150:
10118:
10051:
10031:
9925:
9865:
9855:
9807:
9765:
9743:
9686:
9383:
OJ L15/14, amended by Directive 2002/39/EC of 10 June 2003, OJ 2002 L176/21
9079:
7085:
6063:
Gøttrup-Klim e.a. Grovvareforeninger v Dansk Landbrugs Grovvareselskab AmbA
5764:
5493:
5362:
5067:
3893:
2446:
2410:
2398:
1545:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
735:
9167:
Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie
7091:
Which creates a selective advantage for one or more business undertakings;
10963:
10804:
10745:
10735:
10532:
10527:
10365:
10266:
10182:
10141:
10108:
10073:
9996:
9920:
9870:
9785:
6719:
6588:
connections between undertakings; (iv) sectorial inquiries; (v) mergers.
6115:
5537:
Possibly the least contentious function of competition law is to control
4888:
4366:
3775:
3253:
3248:
2926:
2775:
2281:
2276:
2038:
1925:
421:
11001:
10978:
10868:
10797:
10677:
10615:
10360:
10281:
10276:
10234:
10216:
10204:
10165:
10011:
10001:
9961:
9946:
9930:
9880:
9817:
9812:
9635:
The Liberalisation of State Monopolies in the European Union and Beyond
8858:"Consiliul Naţional de Supraveghere din Domeniul Feroviar – DESPRE NOI"
8612:, COM(2005)672 final, published 19 December 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2021
6902:
6664:
5552:
5380:
of that position that is the concern of Article 102 – as was stated in
4342:
3751:
3229:
3224:
2749:
2257:
2252:
1899:
1406:
578:
395:
5118:
Through "economics links", a new market can become more conductive to
11459:
10775:
10740:
10682:
10657:
10522:
10419:
10407:
10392:
10380:
10308:
10226:
10199:
10083:
7286:
7231:
7071:
6752:
6462:. Its predecessor was established in the 1950s. Today it administers
5521:
5119:
4771:
4330:
3739:
3217:
3212:
2736:
2340:
2245:
2240:
1886:
1082:
382:
10863:
8173:
7998:
7985:
7871:
5070:, as well as, preventing firms from gaining the position within the
24:
10824:
10809:
10512:
10397:
10194:
9738:
7962:
7759:"The impact of the new substantive test in European Merger Control"
7147:
programme entails a broadening of sector regulation, and extending
6800:
6791:
6785:
6281:
Article 17 (1) first paragraph of Council Regulation 1/2003 reads:
4781:
4426:
4414:
4390:
4162:
3835:
3823:
3799:
3571:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3277:
3272:
3048:
3043:
2840:
2827:
2801:
2580:
2381:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2087:
1990:
1977:
1951:
1704:
691:
486:
473:
447:
200:
8805:
7105:
applies a number of exemptions which enable aid to be lawful. The
6306:
The following sectors have also been subject of a sector inquiry:
6010:
Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint Laurent Parfums SA
5035:
Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint Laurent Parfums SA
10714:
10662:
10642:
10590:
10402:
10320:
10136:
10098:
10046:
8942:
The Internationalisation of Antitrust Law: Options for the Future
8610:
Green Paper: Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules
8458:
7776:
Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice
7713:
Airtours plc v. Commission (2002) T-342/99, ECR II-2585, para 62
7625:
Europemballage and Continental Can v. Commission (1973) Case 6/72
6703:
6686:
6669:
6654:
6626:
6609:
6338:
of its existence. The leniency policy was first applied in 2002.
6245:
5776:
5538:
4904:
4873:
4402:
4282:
4258:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4174:
4150:
4138:
3811:
3691:
3667:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3583:
3559:
3547:
3358:
3289:
3284:
3169:
3164:
3145:
3140:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3060:
3055:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3019:
2887:
2814:
2697:
2671:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2593:
2567:
2554:
2441:
2417:
2405:
2185:
2180:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
1964:
1834:
1808:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1717:
1691:
1678:
1487:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1038:
614:
566:
530:
460:
330:
304:
278:
265:
252:
213:
187:
174:
143:
7474:
A Framework for European Competition Law: co-ordinated diversity
7117:
because unlawful aid can be clawed back with compound interest.
6099:
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 461/2010 for motor vehicle sector
5979:
Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v Pronuptia de Paris Irmgard Schillgalis
10814:
10667:
10412:
10303:
10298:
10244:
9915:
9659:
The European Commission's competition website for professionals
8746:
European Commission > Competition > Cartels > Leniency
8665:
8548:
8472:
7722:
Mannesmann, Vallourec and Ilva CMLR 529, OJ L102 21 April 1994
6843:
6826:
6768:
6742:
6385:
5750:
4924:
unable to deal with its workload. The central dominance of the
4767:
4749:
4568:
4450:
4378:
4318:
4270:
4246:
4186:
3859:
3787:
3727:
3679:
3655:
3595:
3384:
3337:
3332:
3265:
3260:
3205:
3200:
3157:
3152:
3133:
3128:
3073:
3068:
2970:
2913:
2866:
2788:
2723:
2684:
2658:
2453:
2429:
2233:
2228:
2197:
2192:
2173:
2168:
2137:
2132:
2016:
1938:
1873:
1821:
1795:
1730:
658:
636:
602:
512:
434:
369:
317:
291:
226:
8982:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 213–258.
7946:
This was the lowest yet market share of a "dominant" firm, in
6367:
and evidence which in the Commission's view will enable it to:
5434:
Tying one product to the sale of another, thereby restricting
10755:
10699:
10605:
10446:
10249:
9748:
9674:
Information on State Aid law (Articles 107 – 109 of the TFEU)
9453:
The boundaries of EC competition law: the scope of article 81
9018:
7466:
7464:
7281:
6974:
6361:
undertaking disclosing its participation in an alleged cartel
5042:
Wouters v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten
4438:
4354:
4306:
3847:
3763:
3715:
3325:
3320:
3241:
3236:
3193:
3188:
2853:
2762:
2710:
2329:
2324:
2269:
2264:
2221:
2216:
2003:
1912:
1860:
499:
408:
356:
9629:
The Regulation of the State in Competitive Markets in the EU
8311:"U.P.S. Seeks More Than $ 2 Billion in Damages Over TNT Bid"
6359:
from any fine which would otherwise have been imposed to an
4755:
European competition law today derives mostly from articles
4564:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
11169:
10637:
10585:
10441:
9839:
9755:
9664:
The European Commission's competition website for consumers
9621:
8883:"Consiliul de Supraveghere din Domeniul Naval – DESPRE NOI"
7931:
7014:, both competition policy and the creation of the European
6917:
6489:
5844:
5760:
5590:
5183:
4982:
4958:
4953:
4809:
4752:
and monopolies that would damage the interests of society.
1354:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
9673:
7461:
5472:
states that four cumulative conditions must be satisfied:
4816:
Primary authority for applying competition law within the
9709:
8757:
7814:
Case C-280/08 P Deutsche Telekom v Commission ECR I-9555
5485:
The conduct must not eliminate all effective competition.
4616:
8489:"About the cartel leniency policy – European Commission"
7177:
decision the Commission took strong enforcement action.
5494:
Examples of mergers prevented by the European Commission
4732:
Together with its public services, the European Union's
8099:
Case T-201/04 Microsoft Corpn v Commission ECR II-3601
5016:
FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v Staat der Nederlanden
9678:
8513:
Australian Mining and Smelting Europe Ltd v Commission
7456:(Text with EEA relevance.) OJ L 11, 14.1.2019, p. 3–33
6923:
United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
4996:
was not in a position to meet demand. By contrast, in
8162:
Case C-209/10 Post Danmark v Commission EU:C:2012:172
6159:
Vicenzo Manfredi v Lloyd Adriactico Assicurazioni SpA
4850:
List of European Court of Justice rulings#Competition
8054:
Case C-209/10 Post Danmark EU:C: 2012:172, at para.
7124:
has called for the reference in the preamble to the
7028:
Régie des Télegraphes et des Téléphones v GB-Inno-BM
5368:
Additionally, the European Commission published its
8946:
http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/future.txt
8135:
Case T-340/03 France Telecom SA v Commission (2005)
8126:
Case 6/73 Commercial Solvents v Commission ECR 223
6499:, or Federal Cartel Office, is Germany's national
6363:affecting the Community if that undertaking is the
4744:promotes the maintenance of competition within the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8420:Journal of European Competition Law & Practice
8414:Jaremba, Urszula; Lalikova, Laura (1 April 2018).
8009:Case 226/84 British Leyland v Commission ECR 3263
6577:methodology developed by the European Commission.
5836:
5361:, whilst the former Commissioner for Competition,
10938:
8117:Case 24/67 Parke, Davis & Co v Probel ECR 55
8081:Case 85/76 Hoffman-La Roche v Commission ECR 461
8045:Case 85/76 Hoffman-La Roche v Commission ECR 461
7774:see the argument put forth in Hovenkamp H (1999)
6803:: Urad Republike Slovenije za varstvo konkurence.
6054:Metro SB-Großmärkte GmbH & Co KG v Commission
6046:Metro SB-Großmärkte GmbH & Co KG v Commission
5994:Societe Technique Miniere v Maschinenbau Ulm GmbH
5175:
5029:Societe Technique Miniere v Maschinenbau Ulm GmbH
4964:
11696:
7736:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 885.
7657:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 831.
7578:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 829.
7535:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 829.
7444:
6737:Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato
6523:Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato
6517:Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato
5945:SA Brasserie De Haecht v Consorts Wilkin-Janssen
1349:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
9579:The Law of Restrictive Practices and Monopolies
8967:http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/
8639:, published 3 April 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2021
8413:
8203:Case T-30/89 Hilti AG v Commission ECR II-1439
8036:Case 6/72 Continental Can v Commission ECR 215
4761:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1526:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
628:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
11595:
8090:Case T-286/09 Intel v Commission EU:T:2014:547
6808:National Commission on Markets and Competition
6773:Office for Competition and Consumer Protection
6034:Consten and Grundig and Maschinenbau Ulm, also
6028:L.C. Nungesser KG and Kurt Eisele v Commission
4804:, control of direct and indirect aid given by
11581:
10924:
9694:
9608:; Beglinger, Jacques; Wessel Geursen (2011),
9548:EC Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials
8399:Sandoz Prodotti Farmaceutica SpA v Commission
7598:Article 2(3), European Merger Regulation 1990
6535:Office of Competition and Consumer Protection
5822:
5568:
5161:
4707:
9048:Ambulanz Gloeckner v Landkreis Suedwestpfalz
8782:. autoritedelaconcurrence.fr. Archived from
8650:"EU Antitrust Damages Directive 2014/104/EU"
7616:Merger Regulation (EC) No 139/2004, art 3(1)
7061:Government procurement in the European Union
6861:
6436:Ofwat in water. The OFT was replaced by the
5255:Commercial Solvents Corporation v Commission
5098:According to Genccor Ltd v. Commission, the
5023:Viho Europe BV v Commission (1996) C-73/95 P
11027:Economic and Financial Affairs Commissioner
9647:The Law of State Aids in the European Union
9344:Removal of competition clause causes dismay
8978:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017).
8977:
8144:Case T-288/97 Irish Sugar plc v Commission
7885:Case 322/81 Michelin v Commission ECR 3461
6072:O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission
6002:Musique Diffusion Française SA v Commission
5691:O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission
5370:Guidance on Article Enforcement Priorities
5057:
4975:
4937:. Given the still developing nature of the
3451:Political groups of the European Parliament
1522:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
11588:
11574:
10931:
10917:
9701:
9687:
8908:"Romanian Competition Council 2017 Report"
8277:"The Anatomy of the GE-Honeywell Disaster"
8234:International Journal of Legal Information
7914:Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v Commission
7778:, 2nd Ed, West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota.
7756:
6657:: Agencija za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja.
6384:The first firm to denounce existence of a
5829:
5815:
5575:
5561:
5168:
5154:
4939:east-central European new market economies
4714:
4700:
8348:European Commission – European Commission
8230:
7850:European Commission - European Commission
6674:Danish Competition and Consumer Authority
5724:GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Comm
5707:T-Mobile BV v Nederlandse Mededingingsaut
1625:Publications Office of the European Union
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
10846:History of the American legal profession
9546:Jones, Alison and Sufrin, Brenda (2007)
8727:
8725:
8723:
8670:. Oxford University Press. p. 1063.
8666:Paul Craig and Gráinne de Burca (2003).
8553:. Oxford University Press. p. 1074.
8549:Paul Craig and Gráinne de Burca (2003).
8477:. Oxford University Press. p. 1064.
8473:Paul Craig and Gráinne de Burca (2003).
7230:
7097:Affects trade between the Member States.
6880:There is considerable controversy among
6875:
6796:Protimonopolný úrad Slovenskej republiky
6479:
5582:
5526:
4727:
4048:European System of Financial Supervision
1344:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
11032:Taxation and Customs Union Commissioner
9620:. Visualization of EU Competition law,
8274:
7881:
7879:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7787:Kali und Salz AG v. Commission ECR 499
7564:Case M 7932, decision of 27thMarch 2017
6978:operated according to the principle of
6601:: European Commission > Competition.
6415:
6185:
6078:T-374/94, T-375/94, T-384/94, T-388/94
4554:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2479:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
11697:
11047:European Economic and Social Committee
9610:Essential EU Competition Law in Charts
9449:Commission's Article 101(3) Guidelines
8153:Case T 612/17 Google LLC v Commission
7757:De La Mano, Miguel (22 January 2006).
6894:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
6192:European Commission § Enforcement
5953:Stergios Delimitis v Henninger Bräu AG
5802:
5795:Métropole Télévision (M6) v Commission
4576:United States–European Union relations
1595:European Economic and Social Committee
11569:
10912:
9682:
9490:
9481:case is eagerly awaited, for example.
8720:
8075:
7831:
7829:
7731:
7652:
7555:Case M 737, decision of 17thJuly 1996
7530:
7312:"EUR-Lex – 32004R0139 – EN – EUR-Lex"
7267:European Commissioner for Competition
6484:The German Federal Cartel Office, or
6298:notified, notification was abolished.
5858:Pronuptia de Paris GmbH v Schillgalis
5810:
5676:Arzneimittel-Importeure eV v Bayer AG
5556:
5149:
5141:
4599:European Union and the United Nations
4131:Foreign relations of EU member states
11496:Third-country economic relationships
8308:
7876:
7803:
7677:Case M 1878, decision of 22 May 2000
7573:
6412:) and authorities across the globe.
6081:European Night Services v Commission
5661:Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA
5604:Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Comm
4784:, or preventing the abuse of firms'
4604:European Union Association Agreement
4539:Switzerland–European Union relations
3436:Elections to the European Parliament
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
9588:, 6th Ed. Oxford University Press,
9550:, Oxford University Press, 3rd Ed.
9346:, Tobias Buck and Bertrand Benoit,
9280:"European Commission – Competition"
9258:"European Commission – Competition"
7686:Merger Regulations (EC) No.139/2004
7634:France v. Commission (1998) C-68/94
7239:to efficiency that monopolies cause
6665:Úřad na ochranu hospodářské soutěže
6388:receives immunity from prosecution.
5062:According to Article 102 TFEU, the
5050:Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission
4926:Directorate-General for Competition
4806:Member States of the European Union
4509:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2060:Nuclear power in the European Union
1635:European Personnel Selection Office
1570:European Data Protection Supervisor
1531:European Public Prosecutor's Office
13:
11532:European Trade Union Confederation
9515:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
7826:
7695:Art 1 (2) (a) & (b), EUMR 2004
7215:European Union roaming regulations
6933:
6525:in Italy was established in 1990.
6137:
6005:(1983) Cases 100-103/80, ECR 1825
5798:(2001) Case T-112/99, ECR II 2459
4839:Consten & Grundig v Commission
4663:Convention on the Future of Europe
4594:Microstates and the European Union
4474:Australia–European Union relations
4464:Argentina–European Union relations
3412:
3408:Microstates and the European Union
2989:
2957:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2523:
2064:
697:Withdrawal from the European Union
16:Economic law of the European Union
14:
11726:
10969:2008 European Union stimulus plan
9830:Restitution and unjust enrichment
9652:
8668:EU LAW, Text, Cases and Materials
8551:EU LAW, Text, Cases and Materials
8475:EU LAW, Tect, Cases and Materials
8174:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2191492
7999:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2395165
7986:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2576042
7872:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2159343
7132:
6911:International Competition Network
6872:International Competition Network
6438:Competition and Markets Authority
6103:
5903:Metropole television v Commission
4988:Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH
4836:cases on competition law include
4641:European Coal and Steel Community
1605:European Union Military Committee
1590:European Committee of the Regions
1493:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1221:Member of the European Parliament
892:Abandoned treaties and agreements
10877:
10876:
10862:
9484:
9471:
9458:
9441:
9426:
9417:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9364:
9355:
9337:
9315:
9294:
9272:
9250:
9228:
9206:
9185:
9173:
9158:
9149:
9140:
9126:
9117:
9085:
9066:
9054:
9039:
9025:
9004:
8971:
8959:
8950:
8934:
8917:
8900:
8875:
8850:
8828:"Competition Council – ABOUT US"
8820:
8798:
8772:
8750:
8373:(1995) Case C-73/95, ECR I-5457
8275:Elliott, Michael (8 July 2001).
7823:SPEECH/05/537, 23 September 2005
7476:, (2018) Hart Publishing, Oxford
7129:competition" is merely a means.
6724:Autoriteit Consument & Markt
5956:(1991) Case C-234/89, ECR I 935
5268:British Airways plc v Commission
4674:
4549:Ukraine–European Union relations
4524:Moldova–European Union relations
4504:Iceland–European Union relations
4499:Georgia–European Union relations
4469:Armenia–European Union relations
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4137:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
2976:
2963:
2950:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2638:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2353:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2044:
2031:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1630:European External Action Service
1600:Political and Security Committee
1507:European Supervisory Authorities
1037:
884:European Economic Area Agreement
657:
635:
613:
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
541:
529:
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
388:
375:
362:
349:
336:
323:
310:
297:
284:
271:
258:
245:
232:
219:
206:
193:
180:
167:
142:
58:"European Union competition law"
23:
10841:History of the legal profession
9466:Article 81 EC and Public Policy
8738:
8708:
8691:
8674:
8659:
8642:
8629:
8615:
8602:
8585:
8571:
8557:
8542:
8503:
8481:
8466:
8446:
8407:
8391:
8376:
8361:
8336:
8309:Bray, Chad (26 February 2018).
8302:
8268:
8224:
8215:
8206:
8197:
8188:
8179:
8165:
8156:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8102:
8093:
8084:
8066:
8057:
8048:
8039:
8030:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7990:
7977:
7968:
7955:
7940:
7924:
7906:
7888:
7863:
7838:
7817:
7790:
7781:
7768:
7750:
7725:
7716:
7707:
7704:Italian Flat Glass ECR ii-1403
7698:
7689:
7680:
7671:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7601:
7592:
7567:
7558:
7549:
7524:
7507:
7501:
7488:
6928:
6848:Hellenic Competition Commission
6731:Competition Authority (Ireland)
6708:Hungarian Competition Authority
5504:European Commission intervened.
4544:Turkey–European Union relations
4534:Russia–European Union relations
4529:Norway–European Union relations
4519:Mexico–European Union relations
4484:Canada–European Union relations
4479:Brazil–European Union relations
4004:Passports of the European Union
2994:Schengen Area from January 2023
34:needs additional citations for
11705:European Union competition law
11511:Transatlantic Economic Council
9564:, Cambridge University Press,
7422:
7413:
7404:
7395:
7381:
7359:
7329:
7304:
7054:
6831:Competition Authority (Turkey)
6167:Kone AG v ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG
6132:
5837:Sources on vertical restraints
5515:
5295:France Telecom SA v Commission
5008:inequality of bargaining power
4965:Mergers and abuse of dominance
4514:Japan–European Union relations
4489:China–European Union relations
1645:European Administrative School
1541:European Data Protection Board
1426:European Investment Bank Group
135:Politics of the European Union
1:
10940:Economy of the European Union
9639:Quigley & Collins (2007)
9540:
8980:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit
8108:De Poste-La Poste OJ L 61/32
7235:The economist's depiction of
6821:Swedish Competition Authority
6788:: Autoridade da Concorrência.
6642:Autorité belge de concurrence
6631:Belgian Competition Authority
6031:(1978) Case 258/78, ECR 2015
5783:
5359:Deutsche Telekom v Commission
5197:United Brands BV v Commission
5176:Monopoly, dominance and abuse
4494:European Union–NATO relations
3540:Elections in EU member states
3471:Referendums related to the EU
1466:European University Institute
1460:European University Institute
687:Germany–Netherlands relations
10984:European Employment Strategy
9401:Directive 97/67/EC Art. 7(1)
9392:Directive 97/67/EC Art. 3(1)
8780:"Autorité de la Concurrence"
7643:(1999) T-102/96, ECR II-753
7337:"Terms of Service Violation"
7126:Treaty of the European Union
7065:
6057:(1986) Case 75/84, ECR 3021
6049:(1977) Case 26/76, ECR 1875
6013:(1988) C-306/96, ECR I 1983
5982:(1986) Case 161/84, ECR 353
5888:Courage Ltd v Bernard Crehan
5873:Delimitis v Henniger Bräu AG
5449:intellectual property rights
5227:AstraZeneca plc v Commission
5045:(2002) C-309/99, ECR I-1577
4950:European Competition Network
4031:European Banking Supervision
2069:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1516:Executive agencies of the EU
1453:European Stability Mechanism
1447:European Stability Mechanism
7:
9477:The ECJ's judgement in the
9323:"A not-for-profit resource"
9236:"A not-for-profit resource"
9214:"A not-for-profit resource"
8988:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_8
7797:Guinness/Grand Metropolitan
7255:
6365:first to submit information
6261:published on 3 April 2008.
5997:(1966) Case 56/65, ECR 337
5948:(1967) Case 23/67, ECR 407
5280:Microsoft Corp v Commission
5212:AKZO Chemie BV v Commission
4646:European Economic Community
4036:Single Resolution Mechanism
3403:EEA National Identity cards
2940:Schengen Information System
2472:Enlargement of the eurozone
2081:Economic and Monetary Union
1537:Corporate bodies of the EU
1155:Council preparatory bodies
904:UK membership renegotiation
10:
11731:
11715:Competition law by country
11596:Competition law by country
10508:International legal theory
9987:International slavery laws
9982:International human rights
9977:International criminal law
7896:United Brands v Commission
7224:
7136:
7069:
7058:
7035:(ECJ). The ECJ held that,
7010:is made up of independent
6937:
6888:Chapter 5 of the post war
6865:
6532:
6514:
6473:
6456:Autorité de la concurrence
6450:Autorité de la concurrence
6447:
6424:
6189:
6126:Block Exemption Regulation
6107:
5926:
5748:
5548:
5530:
5519:
4968:
4862:History of competition law
4859:
4855:
4845:United Brands v Commission
4776:anti-competitive practices
1619:Inter-institutional bodies
1364:Public Prosecutor's Office
1331:European Court of Auditors
1324:European Court of Auditors
1277:Court of Justice of the EU
11676:
11643:
11617:
11601:
11545:
11519:
11478:
11450:
11420:
11407:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
11374:
11353:
11344:
11198:
11140:
11114:
11086:
11055:
10992:
10946:
10856:
10833:
10723:
10561:Administration of justice
10546:
10455:
10346:
10225:
10127:
9848:
9716:
8246:10.1017/s0731126500006314
7419:See Wallace & Pollack
7410:See Gerber & Cassinis
7220:
7170:Postal Services Directive
7084:There is the transfer of
7033:European Court of Justice
6862:International cooperation
6605:European Court of Justice
6016:Consten and Grundig, also
5914:
5899:
5884:
5869:
5854:
5842:
5736:
5719:
5702:
5687:
5672:
5657:
5645:
5630:
5615:
5600:
5588:
5318:
5306:
5291:
5276:
5264:
5250:
5235:
5223:
5208:
5193:
5181:
4993:European Court of Justice
4913:European Court of Justice
4796:European Union merger law
4786:dominant market positions
4778:, under article 101 TFEU.
4681:European Union portal
1284:European Court of Justice
711:Treaties and Declarations
677:Belgium–Germany relations
11537:Euro Banking Association
11486:Largest trading partners
10338:Basic structure doctrine
10188:Natural and legal rights
10069:Public international law
9496:"The Nature of the Firm"
9022:) ECR I-691, para 31–45
8758:"Office of Fair Trading"
7297:
6907:World Trade Organization
6868:World Trade Organization
6614:Bundeswettbewerbsbehörde
5634:Suiker Unie v Commission
5322:European competition law
5058:Mergers and acquisitions
4976:Scope of competition law
4946:Modernisation Regulation
4827:Malev Hungarian Airlines
1564:Other independent bodies
1009:Legislative institutions
982:College of Commissioners
962:Von der Leyen Commission
682:France–Germany relations
124:This article is part of
10518:Principle of typicality
9992:International trade law
9708:
9604:15 January 2010 at the
9435:UPS Europe v Commission
8832:consiliulconcurentei.ro
7732:Whish, Richard (2018).
7653:Whish, Richard (2018).
7607:Art. 2(3) Reg. 129/2005
7531:Whish, Richard (2018).
7515:Albany International BV
7481:31 October 2020 at the
7401:See, Cini & McGowan
7194:First Railway Directive
6905:of trade talks for the
6128:2658/2000 and 2659/2000
5310:Intel Corp v Commission
5239:Google LLC v Commission
5109:Court of First Instance
5100:Court of First Instance
4788:under article 102 TFEU.
4740:In the European Union,
2945:Visa Information System
2373:Other currencies in use
1164:Council Working Parties
11501:European Economic Area
10954:European Single Market
9584:Whish, Richard (2008)
9560:Monti, Giorgio (2007)
9447:See, for example, the
9361:Chalmers (2006) p.1145
9051:ECR I-8089, para 52–65
8940:see a speech by Wood,
8530:Cite journal requires
7574:Wich, Richard (2018).
7341:Bloomberg Businessweek
7240:
7227:Competition law theory
7206:Fourth Railway Package
7198:Second Railway Package
7166:
7041:
6996:
6898:Office of Fair Trading
6885:
6492:
6431:Competition Commission
6427:Office of Fair Trading
6404:Office of Fair Trading
6377:
6039:Selective distribution
6021:Exclusive distribution
5773:
5354:
5337:
5053:ECR I-6991, C 519/04 P
4870:
4746:European Single Market
4737:
4658:Western European Union
4026:European banking union
3962:European Single Market
3531:2024 (latest election)
3418:
3417:European Economic Area
3006:European Economic Area
2995:
2529:
2070:
1496:Single market agencies
917:Executive institutions
857:Treaties of succession
548:Bosnia and Herzegovina
11555:European Union Portal
11491:Free trade agreements
11127:London Stock Exchange
10513:Principle of legality
10272:Delegated legislation
9972:Intellectual property
9645:Biondi et al. (2003)
9282:. European Commission
9260:. European Commission
8808:. Bundeskartellamt.de
8731:European Commission,
8714:see DGCOMP's page on
8635:European Commission,
8623:"Actions for damages"
8608:European Commission,
8491:. European Commission
8432:10.1093/jeclap/lpy011
7272:Irish Competition law
7234:
7202:Third Railway Package
7162:
7037:
6992:
6948:US public service law
6944:UK public service law
6879:
6501:competition regulator
6483:
6460:competition regulator
6458:is France's national
6351:
5769:
5649:Bayer AG v Commission
5527:Cartels and collusion
5382:Michelin v Commission
5341:
5333:
4909:Consten & Grundig
4866:
4731:
4043:Capital Markets Union
3955:Free Trade Agreements
3416:
2993:
2527:
2068:
1377:European Central Bank
1338:Other auditory bodies
1318:Auditory institutions
1271:Judicial institutions
1016:Legislative procedure
898:European Constitution
822:Treaties of accession
11078:Regional development
10731:Barristers' chambers
10673:Legal representation
10611:Justice of the peace
9957:Financial regulation
9633:Geradin (Ed) (2000)
9575:Wilberforce, Richard
9438:ECR II-1915, para 66
9155:paragraphs 23 and 24
8944:3 February 1995, at
8862:consiliulferoviar.ro
8517:. Case 155/79. 1982.
8370:Viho BV v Commission
7047:Albany International
6757:Konkurencijos taryba
6416:National authorities
6355:The Commission will
6186:European enforcement
6148:Courage Ltd v Crehan
5961:Courage Ltd v Crehan
5938:Exclusive purchasing
5619:ICI Ltd v Commission
5583:Sources on collusion
5447:Refusing to license
4882:(1776) Book I, ch 10
4635:European Communities
4075:Enhanced cooperation
3446:European foundations
3063:(provisional member)
1612:EU/ESA Space Council
1479:Unified Patent Court
1473:Unified Patent Court
1259:National parliaments
1149:Directorates-general
43:improve this article
10766:Election commission
10478:Expressive function
10007:Landlord–tenant law
9906:Consumer protection
9581:, Sweet and Maxwell
9432:see also, T-175/99
9193:"Eur-lex.europa.eu"
9182:ECR I-5751, para 97
8956:Whish (2003) p. 448
8786:on 22 February 2011
7432:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7369:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7196:91/440/EC, and the
7107:European Commission
7103:European Commission
7001:Treaty of Amsterdam
6599:European Commission
6567:Recent developments
5929:Vertical restraints
5803:Vertical restraints
5259:(1974) Cases 6-7/73
5136:European Commission
5077:European Commission
5064:European Commission
4822:European Commission
4808:to companies under
4114:Ext. Action Service
4099:High Representative
4065:European Federation
3939:Policies and issues
3398:EEA Joint Committee
2528:Eurozone since 2015
1550:Joint undertakings
1174:European Parliament
955:European Commission
778:Treaty of Amsterdam
766:Single European Act
718:Schuman Declaration
672:Special territories
650:Applicant countries
522:Candidate countries
11710:European Union law
11470:Knowledge triangle
11421:of the Netherlands
11063:Agricultural (CAP)
10724:Legal institutions
10591:Lawsuit/Litigation
10581:Dispute resolution
10386:Catholic canon law
10094:State of emergency
10057:Will and testament
9781:Law of obligations
9734:Constitutional law
9724:Administrative law
9562:EC Competition Law
9524:on 13 January 2007
9412:Directive 97/67/EC
9123:C-18/88, ECR 5941
9061:Ambulanz Gloeckner
8925:"Big Data Project"
8806:"Bundeskartellamt"
8315:The New York Times
7347:on 12 January 2012
7262:Competition policy
7249:economies of scale
7241:
6886:
6747:Konkurences padome
6493:
6345:(2006) guarantees
6310:Financial Services
6234:Article 101 TFEU.
5918:EU competition law
5740:EU competition law
5142:Abuse of dominance
4999:FENIN v Commission
4738:
4653:European Community
4584:Common Travel Area
4070:Multi-speed Europe
3927:Fundamental Rights
3478:European elections
3419:
2996:
2530:
2071:
1575:European Ombudsman
1052:July–December 2024
878:Schengen Agreement
790:Berlin Declaration
760:Solemn Declaration
730:Europe Declaration
11692:
11691:
11563:
11562:
11446:
11445:
11412:Wallis and Futuna
10906:
10905:
10566:Constitutionalism
10488:Law and economics
10326:Act of parliament
10064:Product liability
10017:Legal archaeology
9942:Environmental law
9936:Entertainment law
9776:International law
9627:Szyszczak (2007)
9618:978-963-258-118-7
9594:978-0-19-928938-7
9556:978-0-19-929904-1
9494:(November 1937).
9352:p.6 June 23, 2007
9105:on 18 August 2013
8887:consiliulnaval.ro
7316:eur-lex.europa.eu
7183:predatory pricing
6592:Other authorities
6121:Merger Regulation
5924:
5923:
5746:
5745:
5328:
5327:
5230:(2012) C-457/10 P
4918:company behaviour
4879:Wealth of Nations
4852:for other cases.
4724:
4723:
4092:Foreign relations
2025:Associated states
1640:Anti-Fraud Office
1359:Anti-Fraud Office
1294:Advocates General
1140:Secretary-General
1024:Council of the EU
992:Secretary-General
772:Maastricht Treaty
119:
118:
111:
93:
11722:
11590:
11583:
11576:
11567:
11566:
11550:Economics Portal
11397:Saint Barthélemy
11382:French Polynesia
11351:
11350:
11175:Hungarian forint
10933:
10926:
10919:
10910:
10909:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10867:
10866:
10690:Question of fact
10571:Criminal justice
9901:Construction law
9896:Conflict of laws
9861:Agricultural law
9703:
9696:
9689:
9680:
9679:
9641:EC State Aid Law
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9523:
9517:. Archived from
9500:
9492:Coase, Ronald H.
9488:
9482:
9475:
9469:
9462:
9456:
9445:
9439:
9430:
9424:
9421:
9415:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9384:
9381:
9375:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9162:
9156:
9153:
9147:
9144:
9138:
9130:
9124:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9098:. Archived from
9097:
9089:
9083:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9043:
9037:
9029:
9023:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8954:
8948:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8838:on 19 March 2019
8834:. Archived from
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8754:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8729:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8646:
8640:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8619:
8613:
8606:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8575:
8569:
8568:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8533:
8528:
8526:
8518:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8411:
8405:
8395:
8389:
8380:
8374:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8177:
8169:
8163:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8145:
8142:
8136:
8133:
8127:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8091:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8028:
8025:
8019:
8016:
8010:
8007:
8001:
7994:
7988:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7959:
7953:
7944:
7938:
7928:
7922:
7910:
7904:
7892:
7886:
7883:
7874:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7842:
7836:
7833:
7824:
7821:
7815:
7812:
7801:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7779:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7714:
7711:
7705:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7650:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7571:
7565:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7528:
7522:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7486:
7468:
7459:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7408:
7402:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7343:. Archived from
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7308:
7292:US antitrust law
7211:Telecoms Package
6940:Public economics
6856:
6839:
6816:
6781:
6765:
6716:
6699:
6682:
6650:
6639:
6622:
6497:Bundeskartellamt
6486:Bundeskartellamt
6476:Bundeskartellamt
6409:Bundeskartellamt
6201:also provides a
5933:Tying (commerce)
5831:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5755:Sherman Act 1890
5725:
5708:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5533:TFEU article 101
5419:Hoffman-La Roche
5256:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5072:market structure
5004:Clayton Act 1914
4971:TFEU article 102
4897:Van Gend en Loos
4883:
4782:Market dominance
4770:, or control of
4716:
4709:
4702:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4393:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4297:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4141:
4060:Supranationalism
3967:Area of FS&J
3863:
3862:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3731:
3730:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3682:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3658:
3647:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3586:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3550:
3441:European parties
3382:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3022:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2423:Hungarian forint
2421:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2358:
2357:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2088:Eurozone members
2049:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1519:Euratom agencies
1144:Thérèse Blanchet
1042:
1041:
945:List of meetings
923:European Council
796:Treaty of Lisbon
662:
661:
640:
639:
618:
617:
606:
605:
594:
593:
582:
581:
570:
569:
558:
557:
546:
545:
534:
533:
510:
509:
508:
497:
496:
495:
484:
483:
482:
471:
470:
469:
458:
457:
456:
445:
444:
443:
432:
431:
430:
419:
418:
417:
406:
405:
404:
393:
392:
391:
380:
379:
378:
367:
366:
365:
354:
353:
352:
341:
340:
339:
328:
327:
326:
315:
314:
313:
302:
301:
300:
289:
288:
287:
276:
275:
274:
263:
262:
261:
250:
249:
248:
237:
236:
235:
224:
223:
222:
211:
210:
209:
198:
197:
196:
185:
184:
183:
172:
171:
170:
146:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
11730:
11729:
11725:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11695:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11672:
11639:
11613:
11597:
11594:
11564:
11559:
11541:
11515:
11474:
11442:
11416:
11370:
11340:
11199:State economies
11194:
11136:
11110:
11082:
11051:
11022:Investment Fund
11017:Investment Bank
10994:
10988:
10959:Lisbon Strategy
10942:
10937:
10907:
10902:
10875:
10861:
10852:
10829:
10820:Political party
10793:Legal education
10781:Law enforcement
10761:Court of equity
10719:
10695:Question of law
10648:Practice of law
10628:Judicial review
10542:
10493:Legal formalism
10473:Comparative law
10468:Contract theory
10451:
10371:Legal pluralism
10342:
10331:Act of Congress
10255:Executive order
10221:
10123:
10042:Nationality law
9967:Immigration law
9891:Competition law
9844:
9712:
9707:
9655:
9606:Wayback Machine
9599:Tobler, Christa
9586:Competition Law
9543:
9538:
9537:
9527:
9525:
9521:
9509:(16): 386–405.
9498:
9489:
9485:
9476:
9472:
9464:Chris Townley,
9463:
9459:
9446:
9442:
9431:
9427:
9423:OJ 2001 L125/27
9422:
9418:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9369:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9349:Financial Times
9342:
9338:
9328:
9326:
9325:. State Aid Law
9321:
9320:
9316:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9285:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9273:
9263:
9261:
9256:
9255:
9251:
9241:
9239:
9238:. State Aid Law
9234:
9233:
9229:
9219:
9217:
9216:. State Aid Law
9212:
9211:
9207:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9118:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9071:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9026:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8976:
8972:
8964:
8960:
8955:
8951:
8939:
8935:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8866:
8864:
8856:
8855:
8851:
8841:
8839:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8811:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8789:
8787:
8778:
8777:
8773:
8763:
8761:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8743:
8739:
8735:(2006/C 298/11)
8730:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8701:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8634:
8630:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8607:
8603:
8595:
8591:
8590:
8586:
8577:
8576:
8572:
8563:
8562:
8558:
8547:
8543:
8531:
8529:
8520:
8519:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8471:
8467:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8412:
8408:
8396:
8392:
8381:
8377:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8350:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8307:
8303:
8293:
8291:
8273:
8269:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8212:Guidance, para
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8194:Guidance, para
8193:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8143:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8116:
8112:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8063:Guidance para.
8062:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8035:
8031:
8027:Guidance para.
8026:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8008:
8004:
7995:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7960:
7956:
7945:
7941:
7929:
7925:
7911:
7907:
7893:
7889:
7884:
7877:
7868:
7864:
7854:
7852:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7813:
7804:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7782:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7734:Competition Law
7730:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7655:Competition Law
7651:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7576:Competition Law
7572:
7568:
7563:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7533:Competition Law
7529:
7525:
7521:, per AG Jacobs
7512:
7508:
7502:
7493:
7489:
7483:Wayback Machine
7469:
7462:
7449:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7405:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7277:Relevant market
7258:
7237:deadweight loss
7229:
7223:
7181:was accused of
7149:competition law
7141:
7135:
7122:Nicolas Sarkozy
7074:
7068:
7063:
7057:
6988:Rheinland Pfalz
6958:public services
6950:
6936:
6934:Public services
6931:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6850:
6833:
6810:
6775:
6759:
6710:
6693:
6691:Kilpailuvirasto
6676:
6644:
6633:
6616:
6537:
6519:
6505:competition law
6478:
6464:competition law
6452:
6433:
6425:Main articles:
6418:
6372:
6368:
6354:
6330:Leniency policy
6299:
6278:
6210:
6203:leniency policy
6194:
6188:
6140:
6138:Private actions
6135:
6112:
6106:
6087:Case C-439/09,
6069:Case T-328/03,
6060:Case C-250/92,
5935:
5925:
5920:
5910:
5895:
5880:
5865:
5850:
5838:
5835:
5805:
5786:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5723:
5715:
5706:
5698:
5683:
5668:
5653:
5641:
5626:
5611:
5596:
5584:
5581:
5551:
5535:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5496:
5436:consumer choice
5329:
5324:
5314:
5313:(2017) C-413/14
5302:
5287:
5272:
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9653:External links
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8344:"Press corner"
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7846:"Press corner"
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7743:978-0198779063
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5652:(2000) T-41/96
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5339:This can mean
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5271:(2007) C-95/04
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4893:Robert Schuman
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4759:to 109 of the
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4127:
4126:
4124:Defence Policy
4121:
4119:Foreign Policy
4116:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:Euroscepticism
4016:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:Recommendation
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3613:Czech Republic
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Constituencies
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3345:Non-EU members
3343:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3086:Czech Republic
3076:
3064:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2973:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2874:Non-EU members
2872:
2870:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2607:Czech Republic
2596:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2052:United Kingdom
2041:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1744:Czech Republic
1733:
1720:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:of the Euratom
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1402:Euro banknotes
1399:
1394:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1196:Largest groups
1193:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:Configurations
1058:
1049:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
989:
984:
979:
974:
964:
952:
950:
949:
948:
947:
942:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
901:
890:
888:
887:
881:
872:Other treaties
870:
860:
855:
825:
820:
814:
812:
811:
810:
809:
804:
793:
787:
784:Treaty of Nice
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
748:Euratom Treaty
745:
742:Treaty of Rome
739:
733:
727:
721:
714:
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
667:
666:
647:
645:
644:
625:
623:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
519:
516:
515:
502:
489:
476:
463:
450:
437:
424:
411:
398:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
320:
307:
294:
281:
268:
255:
242:
240:Czech Republic
229:
216:
203:
190:
177:
163:
162:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11727:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11685:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11675:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11652:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11642:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11616:
11610:
11609:United States
11607:
11606:
11604:
11600:
11591:
11586:
11584:
11579:
11577:
11572:
11571:
11568:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11544:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11518:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11506:Customs Union
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11479:International
11477:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11453:
11449:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11392:New Caledonia
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11361:Faroe Islands
11359:
11358:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11343:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11190:Swedish krona
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11155:Croatian kuna
11153:
11151:
11150:Bulgarian lev
11148:
11147:
11145:
11143:
11139:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11122:NYSE Euronext
11120:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11054:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10995:& Offices
10991:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10929:
10927:
10922:
10920:
10915:
10914:
10911:
10899:
10898:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10887:
10885:
10884:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10855:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10751:Civil society
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10722:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10710:Trier of fact
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10596:Legal opinion
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10576:Court-martial
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10548:Jurisprudence
10545:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10454:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10437:Statutory law
10435:
10433:
10432:Socialist law
10430:
10426:
10425:Byzantine law
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10376:Religious law
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10348:Legal systems
10345:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10316:Statutory law
10314:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10265:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10146:Statutory law
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:Transport law
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10022:Legal fiction
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9952:Financial law
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9911:Corporate law
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9835:Statutory law
9833:
9831:
9828:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:Core subjects
9715:
9711:
9704:
9699:
9697:
9692:
9690:
9685:
9684:
9681:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9656:
9648:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9622:eur-charts.eu
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9570:0-521-70075-2
9567:
9563:
9559:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9480:
9474:
9467:
9461:
9454:
9450:
9444:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9420:
9413:
9407:
9398:
9389:
9380:
9373:
9367:
9358:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9324:
9318:
9303:
9297:
9281:
9275:
9259:
9253:
9237:
9231:
9215:
9209:
9194:
9188:
9181:
9176:
9169:
9168:
9161:
9152:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9129:
9120:
9101:
9094:
9088:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9057:
9050:
9049:
9042:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9007:
8999:
8997:9783658175696
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8974:
8968:
8962:
8953:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8926:
8920:
8909:
8903:
8888:
8884:
8878:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8807:
8801:
8785:
8781:
8775:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8741:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8717:
8711:
8700:
8694:
8683:
8677:
8669:
8662:
8651:
8645:
8638:
8632:
8624:
8618:
8611:
8605:
8594:
8588:
8580:
8574:
8566:
8560:
8552:
8545:
8537:
8524:
8516:
8514:
8506:
8490:
8484:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8449:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8394:
8387:
8384:
8383:Van Landewyck
8379:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8349:
8345:
8339:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8305:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8227:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8159:
8150:
8141:
8132:
8123:
8114:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8078:
8069:
8060:
8051:
8042:
8033:
8024:
8015:
8006:
8000:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7958:
7951:
7950:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7927:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7909:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7891:
7882:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7832:
7830:
7820:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7798:
7793:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7760:
7753:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7666:
7660:
7656:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7622:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7561:
7552:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7497:
7491:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7455:
7447:
7431:
7425:
7416:
7407:
7398:
7389:
7384:
7368:
7362:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7303:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7253:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7179:Deutsche Post
7176:
7175:Deutsche Post
7171:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7062:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7016:single market
7013:
7012:member states
7009:
7004:
7002:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6536:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6153:Case C-453/99
6150:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:Joint venture
6098:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:Case C-453/99
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5781:
5778:
5772:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5523:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5402:single market
5398:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5323:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5285:Case T-201/04
5282:
5281:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5113:General Court
5110:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:Josep Borrell
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:Customs Union
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:ECJ Case 6/64
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Apportionment
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3375:
3373:
3372:Liechtenstein
3362:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2985:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2901:Liechtenstein
2891:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2764:
2753:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:Schengen Area
2536:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:Swedish krona
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:Bulgarian lev
2383:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1968:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
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1524:
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1518:
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1510:
1508:
1504:
1502:AFSC agencies
1501:
1499:CFSP agencies
1498:
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1480:
1477:
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1461:
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1450:
1448:
1441:EIB Institute
1440:
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1427:
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1408:
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1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:General Court
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
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1285:
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1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:Iratxe García
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:Manfred Weber
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
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1141:
1138:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1118:
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1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1004:
997:
993:
990:
988:
987:Civil Service
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
972:
971:Von der Leyen
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
931:
928:
927:
925:
924:
914:
913:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
893:
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:
873:
867:
863:
858:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
817:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:Merger Treaty
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
712:
707:
706:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
660:
655:
654:
652:
651:
643:
638:
633:
632:
630:
629:
621:
616:
611:
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604:
599:
597:
592:
587:
585:
580:
575:
573:
568:
563:
561:
556:
551:
549:
544:
539:
537:
532:
527:
526:
524:
523:
514:
503:
501:
490:
488:
477:
475:
464:
462:
451:
449:
438:
436:
425:
423:
412:
410:
399:
397:
386:
384:
373:
371:
360:
358:
347:
345:
334:
332:
321:
319:
308:
306:
295:
293:
282:
280:
269:
267:
256:
254:
243:
241:
230:
228:
217:
215:
204:
202:
191:
189:
178:
176:
165:
164:
159:
158:Member states
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
136:
132:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
11650:
11520:Associations
11438:Sint Maarten
11402:Saint Martin
11346:Dependencies
11185:Romanian leu
11180:Polish złoty
11165:Danish krone
11160:Czech koruna
11095:
11012:Central Bank
10993:Institutions
10974:Sapir Report
10895:
10888:
10874:
10860:
10633:Jurisdiction
10601:Legal remedy
10556:Adjudication
10456:Legal theory
10294:Ratification
10289:Promulgation
10260:Proclamation
10240:Codification
10173:Human rights
10161:Divine right
10151:Constitution
10119:Women in law
10037:Military law
10032:Marriage law
10027:Maritime law
9926:Election law
9866:Aviation law
9856:Abortion law
9808:Property law
9744:Criminal law
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9609:
9585:
9578:
9561:
9547:
9526:. Retrieved
9519:the original
9506:
9502:
9486:
9478:
9473:
9465:
9460:
9452:
9443:
9433:
9428:
9419:
9406:
9397:
9388:
9379:
9371:
9366:
9357:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9327:. Retrieved
9317:
9305:. Retrieved
9296:
9284:. Retrieved
9274:
9262:. Retrieved
9252:
9240:. Retrieved
9230:
9218:. Retrieved
9208:
9198:22 September
9196:. Retrieved
9187:
9179:
9175:
9165:
9160:
9151:
9142:
9133:
9128:
9119:
9107:. Retrieved
9100:the original
9087:
9080:fixed prices
9073:
9068:
9060:
9056:
9046:
9041:
9031:
9027:
9017:
9011:
9006:
8979:
8973:
8961:
8952:
8941:
8936:
8919:
8902:
8890:. Retrieved
8886:
8877:
8865:. Retrieved
8861:
8852:
8840:. Retrieved
8836:the original
8831:
8822:
8810:. Retrieved
8800:
8788:. Retrieved
8784:the original
8774:
8762:. Retrieved
8760:. Oft.gov.uk
8752:
8740:
8710:
8693:
8676:
8667:
8661:
8644:
8631:
8617:
8604:
8587:
8573:
8559:
8550:
8544:
8523:cite journal
8512:
8505:
8493:. Retrieved
8483:
8474:
8468:
8457:
8448:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8397:
8393:
8382:
8378:
8368:
8363:
8351:. Retrieved
8347:
8338:
8326:. Retrieved
8314:
8304:
8292:. Retrieved
8280:
8270:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8217:
8208:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8167:
8158:
8149:
8140:
8131:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8032:
8023:
8014:
8005:
7992:
7979:
7970:
7961:
7957:
7947:
7942:
7930:
7926:
7912:
7908:
7894:
7890:
7865:
7853:. Retrieved
7849:
7840:
7819:
7796:
7792:
7783:
7775:
7770:
7752:
7733:
7727:
7718:
7709:
7700:
7691:
7682:
7673:
7654:
7648:
7639:
7630:
7621:
7612:
7603:
7594:
7575:
7569:
7560:
7551:
7532:
7526:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7494:ECR I-1979 (
7490:
7473:
7453:
7446:
7434:. Retrieved
7424:
7415:
7406:
7397:
7383:
7371:. Retrieved
7361:
7349:. Retrieved
7345:the original
7340:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7315:
7306:
7252:a judgment.
7246:
7242:
7174:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7154:
7142:
7119:
7112:
7100:
7086:Member State
7079:
7075:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7026:
7024:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6984:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6929:State policy
6887:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6522:
6520:
6496:
6494:
6485:
6455:
6453:
6434:
6407:
6400:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6333:
6319:Leased Lines
6305:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6267:
6263:
6251:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6146:
6141:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6044:
6026:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5977:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5901:
5886:
5871:
5856:
5793:
5787:
5774:
5770:
5765:US antitrust
5758:
5721:
5704:
5689:
5674:
5659:
5647:
5632:
5617:
5602:
5542:
5536:
5497:
5488:
5469:
5466:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5397:exclusionary
5396:
5393:exploitative
5392:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5363:Neelie Kroes
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5308:
5293:
5278:
5266:
5252:
5237:
5225:
5210:
5195:
5132:
5128:
5117:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5068:market power
5061:
5048:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5014:
4997:
4986:
4979:
4943:
4922:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4815:
4812:article 107.
4754:
4739:
4725:
4637:(1958–1993)
4130:
4097:
3977:Agricultural
3900:Subsidiarity
3539:
3477:
3391:
3344:
3011:
2956:
2873:
2478:
2447:Romanian leu
2435:Polish złoty
2411:Danish krone
2399:Czech koruna
2371:
2366:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2086:
2024:
1663:
1618:
1581:
1563:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1425:
1421:Other bodies
1337:
1322:
1275:
1257:
1172:
1059:
1044:
1029:
1022:
953:
921:
891:
871:
856:
821:
736:Spaak Report
648:
626:
520:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
11301:Netherlands
11096:Competition
10964:Europe 2020
10805:Legislature
10736:Bureaucracy
10533:Rule of man
10528:Rule of law
10503:Libertarian
10366:Chinese law
10267:Legislation
10217:Regulations
10205:Law reports
10183:Natural law
10079:Reparations
10074:Refugee law
9997:Jurimetrics
9938:(Media law)
9876:Banking law
9871:Amnesty law
9849:Disciplines
9786:Private law
9528:10 February
9468:(Hart 2009)
8515:, ECR 1575"
7391:(in French)
7055:Procurement
6851: [
6834: [
6811: [
6776: [
6760: [
6720:Netherlands
6711: [
6694: [
6677: [
6645: [
6634: [
6617: [
6559:functions.
6259:White Paper
6255:Green Paper
6133:Enforcement
6116:Article 101
6084:ECR II 3141
6075:ECR II-1231
5987:Export bans
5972:Franchising
5863:Case 161/84
5759:To violate
5516:Oligopolies
5417:courts. In
4889:Jean Monnet
4848:. See also
4820:rests with
4372:Netherlands
4055:Integration
3999:Citizenship
3781:Netherlands
3254:Netherlands
3012:EEA members
2927:Switzerland
2776:Netherlands
2282:Netherlands
2039:Switzerland
1926:Netherlands
1230:(2019–2024)
1228:9th session
1135:Secretariat
906:(2015–2016)
422:Netherlands
11699:Categories
11354:of Denmark
11291:Luxembourg
11142:Currencies
11002:Euro Group
10979:Aho report
10798:Law school
10678:Prosecutor
10616:Magistrate
10403:Jewish law
10361:Common law
10282:Rulemaking
10277:Regulation
10227:Law making
10166:Divine law
10142:Legal code
10089:Sports law
10012:Law of war
9962:Health law
9947:Family law
9931:Energy law
9881:Bankruptcy
9818:Punishment
9813:Public law
9541:References
9455:(OUP 2006)
9374:ECR I-2533
9170:ECR I-5751
8892:27 October
8867:27 October
8842:27 October
7921:, ECR 461
7903:, ECR 207
7137:See also:
7088:resources;
7070:See also:
6980:solidarity
6938:See also:
6903:Doha round
6866:See also:
6336:Commission
6316:Local Loop
6190:See also:
6179:Regulation
6108:See also:
6066:ECR I-5641
5927:See also:
5784:Exemptions
5749:See also:
5639:Case 40/73
5624:Case 48/69
5609:Case 56/64
5520:See also:
5202:Case 27/76
5037:ECR I-1983
5025:ECR I-5457
4935:27 by 2007
4931:25 by 2004
4860:See also:
4774:and other
4348:Luxembourg
3907:Regulation
3757:Luxembourg
3230:Luxembourg
2750:Luxembourg
2258:Luxembourg
1900:Luxembourg
1511:SRM bodies
1407:Euro coins
1251:Conference
1031:Presidency
807:Article 50
584:Montenegro
396:Luxembourg
99:April 2015
69:newspapers
11684:Australia
11460:EU patent
11375:of France
11366:Greenland
11286:Lithuania
11073:Fisheries
10776:Judiciary
10771:Executive
10746:The bench
10683:Solicitor
10658:Barrister
10538:Sociology
10523:Pseudolaw
10463:Anarchist
10420:Roman law
10408:Parsi law
10393:Hindu law
10381:Canon law
10356:Civil law
10309:Concordat
10200:Precedent
10109:Trust law
10084:Space law
9921:Drugs law
9791:Procedure
9729:Civil law
9503:Economica
9370:C-320/91
9132:para 25,
9063:, para 61
9045:C-475/99
9036:, para 42
9010:C-218/00
8593:"Cartels"
8440:2041-7764
8323:0362-4331
8289:0040-781X
8262:159432182
8254:0731-1265
8221:OJ L 1/1
7949:BA/Virgin
7472:Townley,
7287:State aid
7072:State aid
7066:State aid
6753:Lithuania
6729:Ireland:
6353:II.A, §8:
5522:Oligopoly
5120:collusion
5111:(now the
5079:.
4802:State aid
4772:collusion
4336:Lithuania
3987:Fisheries
3973:Policies
3912:Directive
3745:Lithuania
3429:Elections
3218:Lithuania
2986:(Opt-out)
2737:Lithuania
2348:President
2341:Eurogroup
2246:Lithuania
1887:Lithuania
1553:of the EU
1384:President
1187:President
1083:Eurogroup
996:Juhansone
967:President
930:President
802:Article 7
383:Lithuania
11602:Americas
11326:Slovenia
11321:Slovakia
11311:Portugal
11216:Bulgaria
11056:Policies
10883:Category
10825:Tribunal
10810:Military
10653:Attorney
10623:Judgment
10483:Feminist
10398:Jain law
10195:Case law
9916:Cyberlaw
9823:Corporal
9801:Criminal
9771:Evidence
9761:Doctrine
9739:Contract
9602:Archived
9329:11 March
9286:11 March
9264:11 March
9242:11 March
9220:11 March
9164:C-67/96
9135:RTT v GB
8812:11 March
8790:11 March
8764:11 March
8353:12 April
8328:12 April
8294:12 April
8176:pp.23–30
7963:Michelin
7855:13 April
7479:Archived
7436:11 March
7373:11 March
7256:See also
6819:Sweden:
6801:Slovenia
6792:Slovakia
6786:Portugal
6406:and the
6347:immunity
5908:T-112/99
5893:C-453/99
5878:C-234/89
5730:C-513/06
5696:T-328/03
5543:de facto
5470:Guidance
5410:Guidance
5300:C-202/07
5244:T-604/18
4832:Leading
4432:Slovenia
4420:Slovakia
4396:Portugal
4168:Bulgaria
4009:Identity
3992:Regional
3917:Decision
3841:Slovenia
3829:Slovakia
3805:Portugal
3577:Bulgaria
3314:Slovenia
3302:Slovakia
3278:Portugal
3049:Bulgaria
2841:Slovenia
2828:Slovakia
2802:Portugal
2581:Bulgaria
2487:Bulgaria
2318:Slovenia
2306:Slovakia
2294:Portugal
1991:Slovenia
1978:Slovakia
1952:Portugal
1705:Bulgaria
1244:Quaestor
1090:AGRIFISH
816:Opt-outs
487:Slovenia
474:Slovakia
448:Portugal
201:Bulgaria
126:a series
11677:Oceania
11656:Ireland
11452:R&D
11433:Curaçao
11387:Mayotte
11316:Romania
11271:Ireland
11266:Hungary
11256:Germany
11246:Finland
11241:Estonia
11236:Denmark
11221:Croatia
11211:Belgium
11206:Austria
11115:Finance
10897:Outline
10834:History
10741:The bar
10715:Verdict
10663:Counsel
10643:Justice
10498:History
10321:Statute
10137:Charter
10099:Tax law
10047:Probate
9577:(1966)
9372:Corbeau
9307:18 July
9146:para 26
9109:18 July
8495:18 July
8459:EUR-Lex
8402:(1990)
8385:(1980)
7935:(1991)
7919:C-85/76
7917:(1979)
7901:C-27/76
7899:(1978)
7518:(1999)
7496:C-41/90
7351:18 July
7321:18 July
7157:Corbeau
7155:In the
7143:The EU
7020:Civitas
6806:Spain:
6735:Italy:
6704:Hungary
6687:Finland
6670:Denmark
6655:Croatia
6627:Belgium
6610:Austria
6547:Romania
6470:Germany
6322:Roaming
6246:damages
6176:Council
6151:(2001)
5964:(2001)
5906:(2001)
5891:(2001)
5876:(1991)
5861:(1986)
5848:art 101
5777:cartels
5728:(2009)
5711:(2009)
5694:(2006)
5679:(2004)
5666:C-49/92
5664:(1999)
5637:(1975)
5622:(1972)
5607:(1966)
5594:art 101
5549:Cartels
5539:cartels
5298:(2009)
5283:(2004)
5242:(2022)
5217:C-62/86
5215:(1991)
5200:(1978)
5187:art 102
5031:ECR 234
4905:Grundig
4874:A Smith
4856:History
4792:Mergers
4768:Cartels
4750:cartels
4588:Ireland
4558:History
4408:Romania
4300:Ireland
4288:Hungary
4264:Germany
4240:Finland
4228:Estonia
4216:Denmark
4180:Croatia
4156:Belgium
4144:Austria
3890:Primacy
3817:Romania
3709:Ireland
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