Chinese spring offensive

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fog all but eliminated further air observation on 14 and 15 May; poor visibility also hampered ground patrols; and a IX Corps' reconnaissance-in-force by the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team up the valley northeast of Kapyong toward what was believed to be a large concentration of enemy forces had to be cancelled shortly after it started on the 15th because of the rain and poor road conditions. As much as could be determined by 16 May was that the eastward shift probably extended to the Chuncheon area. A few reports tracing the shift indicated that some PVA units would move beyond Chuncheon. According to a PVA medical officer captured northeast of Seoul on 10 May, the 12th Army and two other armies were scheduled to leave the west central area late on the 10th, march east for four days, then attack the US 2nd Division and the ROK divisions on the eastern front. Another captive taken on the 13th in the same general area said that the 15th Army was to march east for three days and attack the 2nd Division in conjunction with KPA attacks on the ROK front. Large enemy groups reported by X Corps' observers to be moving east as far as Yanggu on the 11th and 12th were believed to be PVA, and a deserter from the engineer battalion of the 80th Division, 27th Army, picked up on the 13th in the Chuncheon area stated that his battalion had been bridging the Pukhan. The X Corps intelligence officer believed it most likely, however, that the forces moving east of the Pukhan as far as Yanggu were from the 39th Army or 40th Army, both of which had been in the east central sector for some time. In any event, he considered major PVA operations on the eastern front to be impracticable. Given the logistical difficulties the PVA experienced in supporting offensive operations even in the Seoul area, where the distance to their rear supply bases was shortest and where the roads were more numerous and in better condition than anywhere else, he doubted that they would commit a large force in the eastern mountains where a supply line could not be maintained and where living off the land would be almost impossible. The Eighth Army intelligence staff as of 16 May had no corroborating evidence of the reported movement east of the Pukhan and even had some doubt that the PVA shift extended as far east as Chuncheon.

2808:. Battalion members assumed that these were registration rounds fired by the 19th Infantry. Actually, they were the opening shots of a large PVA force occupying the ridges along both sides of the road from the defile north for more than 1 mile (1.6 km). A crescendo of PVA small arms, machine gun, recoilless rifle and mortar fire brought the remainder of Wilson's column to an abrupt halt and began to take a toll of men, weapons, and vehicles. Hardest hit was the 555th Field Artillery Battalion. Its return fire, including direct fire from its howitzers, silenced the PVA along the west side of the road; but the fire from obviously larger numbers of PVA on the east side grew in volume and kept most of Wilson's column pinned down. Three attacks by forces of the 1st Battalion were broken up, as was an attempt by the 2nd Battalion to deploy. An attack from the south by Company A, 6th Medium Tank Battalion and a company from the 19th Infantry failed at the narrow lower end of the defile at a cost of two tanks and the infantrymen riding them. Searching for a way around the roadblock, rearguard tankers from Company D meanwhile found a track branching west off Route 3A 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the defile and a connecting road leading south to be free of PVA. Moving out under continuing fire, but not pursued by the PVA, Wilson's forces followed the roundabout route and escaped without further losses, reaching the lines of the 19th Infantry shortly after dark. During the night, aircraft and artillery bombarded the weapons, vehicles, and equipment left behind: seven tanks, five from Company D, 6th Medium Tank Battalion, and two from the 5th Infantry's regimental tank company; 11 howitzers from the 555th Field Artillery Battalion; and a host of trucks, more than 60 from the 555th alone. The artillerymen also suffered the most personnel casualties. The initial count was 100 killed, wounded and missing, a figure somewhat reduced later as stragglers regained 24th Division lines over the next two days. 2463:. This would not be an easy maneuver because it would require the Marines disengaging under fire and making several river crossings. To do this, Smith had to restore tactical unity prior to movement. The 1st Marines was reunited on the morning of the 24th when 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, which had been hotly engaged while attached to the 7th Marines for the past few days, rejoined the regiment. Concurrently, the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, conducted a fighting withdrawal protected by Marine, Navy and Air Force air strikes and artillery fire by Marine and Army units. The battered 3rd Battalion passed through the 2nd Battalion and then both units fought their way back to the high ground covering the river crossing. The regiment was under continuous fire during the entire movement and suffered numerous casualties en route. At the same time, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, set up farther south on Hill 696 to defend the Chuncheon-Kapyong road as well as the southern ferry sites. This key position, the southernmost high ground, dominated the Chuncheon Corridor and the Pukhan River and would be one of the last positions vacated. On the right, the 5th Marines and the Korean Marine battalion pulled back harassed by only scattered resistance. The resultant shortening of the division front allowed Smith to pull the 7th Marines out of the lines and use it as the division reserve. By the evening of 24 April, the 1st Marine Division's lines resembled a fishhook with the Korean Marines at the eye in the north, the 5th Marines forming the shank, and the 1st Marines at the curved barb in the south. The 7th Marines, less the 3rd Battalion, was charged with rear area security and its 1st and 2d Battalions were positioned to protect river crossings along the route to Chuncheon as well as the town itself. 2533:, could reassemble the battalion and open the attack on Hill 257 to the north. Once above the Fusilier-Ulster lines, the battalion came under heavy fire from the flanks and front and had to fight off PVA groups who attempted to knock out the supporting tanks with grenades and shaped charges. By 20:00 the battalion had gained no more than a foothold in the 257 hill mass. In the Belgian withdrawal, begun as the attack on Hill 257 opened, the bulk of the battalion moved off the back side of Hill 194 and waded the Imjin under the cover of artillery fire and air strikes. Harassed by mortar fire until they ascended the steep east bank, the Belgian infantry by 18:30 were out of contact and en route east to Route 33 and then south to an assembly area to await the battalion's vehicles. In column, drivers raced the vehicles over the Imjin bridge while the 7th Infantry tankers sent to the Belgians during the morning fired on the slopes of Hill 257 to the south and the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, moved into the hill mass from the opposite direction. Incoming fire from Hill 257 destroyed four trucks but was generally weak. Although it had not cleared 257, Colonel Weyand's battalion apparently had distracted most of the PVA holding the hill. Once the last vehicle had crossed the bridge about 20:00, the motor column followed the track along the Hantan to reach Route 33. Troops and vehicles reunited, the Belgian battalion moved south and assembled near the Routes 33-11 junction. Behind the Belgians, the 3rd Battalion, 65th Infantry, 64th Tank Battalion and 3rd Reconnaissance Company left their Hantan blocking position, the 3rd Battalion joining the 7th Infantry on the 2275:

of order near dawn, collecting about 2,500 members of his three regiments some 10 miles (16 km) south of the division's original front. To the same depth, the ROK rout had peeled open the flanks of the 24th Division to the west and 1st Marine Division to the east. At the first indication of the ROK retreat, the 1st Marine Division commander, General Smith, had begun to shore up his left flank, drawing a battalion from the 1st Marines in reserve near Chuncheon and sending it out the valley road from Chich’on-ni to establish defenses tied in with the 92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion. En route aboard trucks before midnight, the 1st Battalion struggled west against a current of retreating South Koreans and scarcely managed to establish a position before dawn. Operating in a zone coinciding with the eastern third of the ROK 6th Division sector and the western edge of the Marine sector, the 40th Army of the XIII Army Group was well situated to exploit the exposed Marine flank. The 120th Division at the army's left, in particular, had virtually the entire night to move deep into the vacated ROK sector and sweep behind the Marine front. But, either unaware of the opportunity to envelop the Marines or, more likely, unable to change course rapidly, the 120th attempted only local frontal assaults on the 7th Marines west of Hwacheon town, none of which penetrated or forced a withdrawal. Farther east, forces of the

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in the west as became evident when patrols departing friendly lines in that area quickly struck an enemy hornet's nest the following morning. One such patrol was pinned down less than 200 yards (180 m) from friendly lines. Another platoon suffered 18 casualties and had to be extricated from an ambush by tanks. On the other hand, 5th Marines and Korean Marine scouts ventured 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north without contact. Air and artillery plastered the western flank, but PVA machine gun, mortar, and artillery fire continued to hit Marine positions. In the 1st Marines' zone PVA gunners found the 3rd Battalion command post, wounding the regiment and battalion commanders. Major Trompeter took over the battalion. Colonel McAlister refused evacuation and remained in command of the regiment. It was obvious the PVA were biding their time until they could gather enough strength for another try at the Marine lines. There was continual pressure, but the 11th Marines artillery harassment and interdiction fires, direct fire by Marine tanks, and an air umbrella prevented a major assault. PVA action was limited to only a few weak probes and a handful of mortar rounds as the marines moved back. The 1st Marine Division reached the modified

2958:. In preparation for the withdrawal on the 27th, Soule deployed the 7th Cavalry at the left rear of the division as a precaution which proved fortuitous against a flanking attack by XIX Army Group forces who were continuing to press hard against the adjacent ROK 15th Regiment, 1st Division. The cavalrymen fended off a PVA attack from the northeast that lasted into the afternoon. Along the second phase line, Soule meanwhile deployed his 7th and 15th Regiments at center and right and assembled the 65th Infantry in reserve. He later set the 7th Cavalry on line at the left. The continuing pressure kept the ROK 1st Division pinned in position until late afternoon, then diminished enough to allow the ROK to begin the difficult task of disengaging while under attack. Enemy forces, however, failed to follow the withdrawal. Along the second phase line, Kang deployed the 11th, 15th and 12th Regiments west to east and set out screening forces well to the front. Enemy forces did not regain contact during the night. Milburn nevertheless expected an eventual follow up in strength and ordered his forces to occupy the 3123:. Among a variety of estimates, an Eighth Army headquarters report for the eight-day period from evening of the 22nd to evening of the 30th listed 13,349 known enemy dead, 23,829 estimated enemy dead and 246 taken captive. This report included information obtained daily from UN ground units only. At UN headquarters in Tokyo, the estimate was that enemy forces suffered between 75,000 and 80,000 killed and wounded, 50,000 of these in the Seoul sector. Other estimates listed 71,712 enemy casualties on the I Corps' front and 8,009 in the IX Corps sector. Although none of the estimates was certifiable, PVA/KPA losses were unquestionably huge. Notwithstanding the high enemy losses, Van Fleet cautioned on 1 May that the enemy had the men to "Attack again as hard as before or harder." The total strength of PVA forces in Korea as of that date was believed to be about 542,000 and that of KPA forces to be over 197,000. The 1 May estimate in Ridgway's headquarters credited the PVA/KPA with having 300,000 men currently in position to attack, most of these on the central front. 2645:

neighboring interior units, the 12th ROK Regiment and the British brigade's isolated Gloster battalion at Solma-ri. The midnight exploratory probes in the eastern half of the Corps' sector developed into strong but not overpowering daytime assaults by three divisions against the 24th Infantry on the right of the 25th Division and on the entire front of the 24th Division. The 179th Division seized Hill 664, the highest ground in the 24th Infantry sector, but failed in daylong attacks to dislodge the regiment and two reinforcing battalions of the 27th Infantry from a new line established in the foothills of the high feature. Forces of the 80th and 59th Divisions kept the 24th Division's front under pressure all day, but only the 80th attacking the 19th Infantry made any penetrations, all shallow. Counterattacks by regimental reserve forces eliminated all of them. Of more concern was a visible enemy buildup in front of the division, particularly ahead of the 21st Infantry on the right flank.

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and established defensive positions in the gap that had been opened between the 11th and 12th Regiments. By that time the 192nd Division had pressed back the 12th Regiment roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) to the southwest of its original positions, widening by the same distance the gap between the ROK division and the Gloster battalion on Hill 235. The 189th Division, after brushing the right flank of the 12th Regiment, meanwhile began passing through the widening gap between the ROK and Glosters. As the 12th Regiment gave ground during the afternoon, Milburn ordered his lone reserve, the US 15th Infantry, 3rd Division, out of its assembly on the northwest outskirts of Seoul into positions 6 miles (9.7 km) behind the ROK to block a secondary road, Route 1B, which if the PVA reached would afford them an easy path to Route 1 and Seoul. Milburn shortly diverted the 1st Battalion of the 15th to clear Route 2X, a lateral secondary road connecting Route 1 to Route 3 at

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Corps away from Route 24. The two KPA divisions reduced the pressure of their attacks only after their point units had driven 2–5 miles (3.2–8.0 km) below Inje. Given some respite, the ROK forces were able to organize defenses strong enough to hold off the two KPA divisions' continuing but weaker attempts to deepen and widen their salient. To the northeast, the KPA 45th Division again displayed its inexperience on the 24th in unsuccessful attacks on the US 32nd Infantry, 7th Division at the immediate left of the ROK 5th Division and against the 23rd Infantry, 2nd Division anchoring the X Corps’ west flank above the eastern tip of the Hwacheon Reservoir. Opposite the 23rd Infantry, some 400 troops of the 45th made the mistake of assembling in a steep-sided draw near the village of Tokko-ri in full view of an artillery forward observer with Company C. The observer brought down a battalion time on target barrage of fifteen volleys using rounds tipped with

2553:, 64th Army, had begun to ford the Imjim at three points on the Korangp’o-ri bend by daybreak. Sighted by air observers, the crossing operation was shut off by 11:00 by air strikes and artillery fire, and most of the PVA who had crossed by that time hesitated in areas not far below the river. A few company-size groups moved south and tested positions of the 12th Regiment at the right of the ROK 1st Division but were turned back by noon. Sorties by two task forces of ROK infantry and tanks of the 73rd Tank Battalion, which was attached to the 1st Division, punished PVA forces ahead of ROK lines until dusk. One task force estimated that it killed 3,000 PVA. Gloster forces on Hill 235 meanwhile caught sight of PVA on the near high ground in the gap between the battalion and the ROK 12th Regiment. They had come either from the Korangp’o-ri bend or out of the Gloster Crossing area, where, despite British mortar and artillery fire, the 3176:, Van Fleet ordered intensive patrolling to locate and identify PVA/KPA formations as they continued to move out of contact. Patrols searching 3–5 miles (4.8–8.0 km) above the front during the first two days of May, however, encountered no major PVA/KPA force except at the I Corps' left where ROK 1st Division patrols found the KPA 8th Division deployed along Route 1. To deepen the search in the west and central areas, Van Fleet ordered patrol bases set up 5–6 miles (8.0–9.7 km) out along a line reaching east as far as Route 24 in the X Corps' sector. Each division fronted by this line was to establish a regimental combat team in a base position organized for perimeter defense. Patrols operating from the bases could work farther north with full fire support, and the forward positions would deepen the defense in the sectors where Van Fleet expected to be most heavily attacked. While the fortification of the 2751:(2 PPCLI)—occupied positions astride the valley and hastily developed defences on 23 April. As thousands of ROK soldiers began to withdraw through the valley, the PVA infiltrated the brigade position under the cover of darkness, and assaulted the 3 RAR on Hill 504 during the evening and into the following day. Although heavily outnumbered, the 27th Brigade held their positions into the afternoon before the 3 RAR withdrew to positions in the rear of the brigade on the evening of 24 April, with both sides having suffered heavy casualties. The PVA then turned their attention to the 2 PPCLI on Hill 677, but during a fierce night battle they were unable to dislodge them and sustained enormous casualties. The fighting helped blunt the PVA offensive and the actions of the 2 PPCLI and the 3 RAR at Kapyong were important in helping to prevent a breakthrough on the 3305:

adjacent ground to the east formed the new front of the XIX Army Group. Reports placed the 64th Army northwest of the 65th. West to east, the 60th, 15th and 12th Armies were believed to occupy the new front of the III Army Group from a point above the Pukhan River in the vicinity of Kapyong eastward almost to Chuncheon. More tentatively located, the 20th and 27th Armies of the IX Army Group were reported to be off the front in the area north of Chuncheon and the group's 26th Army possibly in the same vicinity. The XIII Army Group apparently was still on the east central front, its 40th Army astride Route 17 just above Chuncheon and the 39th Army next to the east with its bulk between the Hwacheon Reservoir and the Soyang River and light forces occupying a bridgehead below the Soyang between Chuncheon and the river town of

2258:, 20th Army, hit Chang's lines about 20:00. Without artillery support and with little other supporting fire, units of the 179th Regiment, 60th Division, struck the inside battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Forces following punched through a central gap, some veering west and east behind the 19th and 2nd Regiments, others continuing south toward the 7th Regiment. Within minutes both line regiments were in full flight. Caught up in the rush of troops from the 2nd Regiment, the 7th Regiment joined the wild retreat. Abandoned weapons, vehicles, and equipment littered vacated positions and lines of drift as the South Koreans streamed south, east, and west, rapidly uncovering the fire support units. The New Zealand artillery supporting the 19th Regiment in the west managed to withdraw with guns and equipment intact down the 3106:, Eighth Army forces since 22 April had given up about 35 miles (56 km) of territory in the I and IX Corps sectors and about 20 miles (32 km) in the sectors of X and ROK III Corps. Logistical planning completed in anticipation of the enemy offensive had kept line units well furnished with all classes of supplies during the attacks and at the same time had prevented any loss of stocks stored in major supply points during the withdrawal. Gearing removal operations to the phased rearward movements, service forces had shifted supplies and equipment southward to predetermined locations from which line units could be readily resupplied without risking the loss of supply points to advancing enemy forces. Steady rail movements and back loading aboard ships had all but cleared Inchon of supplies by the 30th and 2859:

strikes on the I Corps' front were estimated to number almost 48,000, approximately the strength of five divisions. Intelligence information indicated that the stand of the Gloster Battalion against forces of the 63rd Army and the early fumbling of the 64th Army had upset the attack schedule of the XIX Army Group and that the group commander was committing the 65th Army in an attempt to save the situation. But in this and other commitments of reserves, according to prisoner of war interrogations, enemy commanders were confused and their orders vague. With only the west sector of the Eighth Army front under any serious threat, and that beginning to show signs of lessening, Van Fleet on the 26th established an additional trans-peninsula defense line that in the central and eastern sectors lay well north of the

2788:, which, as an attachment to the 21st Infantry, had been patrolling to the east in search of PVA coming out of the IX Corps' sector and currently was in an isolated position atop Hill 1010 about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) off the right flank of the 21st. But before the Rangers could make their move, they were surrounded and attacked by forces of the PVA 60th Division. The 3rd Battalion, 5th Infantry, which Bryan earlier had placed in a blocking position along his east flank, meanwhile observed PVA moving south and west past its position. The 60th Division obviously had found and was moving into the open flank. First the 19th Infantry, then the 21st Infantry, broke contact and withdrew without difficulty. By 18:30 both regiments were in position on the 195: 2336:, 60th Army, attacked behind the fire about midnight, its bulk hitting the Turks, some forces spilling over against the 24th Infantry at division center. The latter bent back the left of the 24th's line while the forces attacking the Turkish position penetrated at several points and so intermingled themselves that artillery units supporting the brigade were forced to stop firing lest they hit Turks as well as Chinese. Further fragmented by persistent attacks through the night, the Turkish position by morning consisted mainly of surrounded or partially surrounded company perimeters, and PVA penetrating between the Turks and the curled-back left flank of the 24th Infantry moved almost 2 miles (3.2 km) behind the division's front. Ahead of the 2769:(4.8 km) directly north of the Route 3 crossing, Bradley had set the 3rd Battalion, 27th Infantry, in a blocking position above the bridge. For the withdrawal he ordered all of the 27th Infantry to cover both river crossings while first the 24th Infantry and then the 35th Infantry pulled back, the 24th using the Route 3 bridge, the 35th using the crossing at Yongp’yong town. To cover the withdrawing 27th Infantry, Bradley deployed his attached Turkish Brigade along Route 3 5 miles (8.0 km) below the Yongp’yong River. Despite the difficulty of withdrawing while heavily engaged, Bradley's forces succeeded in breaking contact with small losses. By early evening the 27th Infantry and 35th Infantry were deployed on the 2368:, the 3rd Infantry Division commander considered the Division's front along the Imjin between Korangp’o-ri and Route 33 to be particularly vulnerable to attack, not only because the line was long and thin with gaps between defensive positions but also because it lay generally alongside and at no great distance from Route 33, his main axis of communications. The 65th Infantry and the attached Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team occupied the right half of the line, with the Filipinos on the outside flank along Route 33 and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions facing northwest and west along the Imjin. In regimental reserve, the 1st Battalion was located along Route 33 just above the Hant’an River. The British 29th Brigade with the 2579: 2525:, occupied a position blocking Route 33 just above the Hantan, which was to be held until the Belgian battalion had withdrawn from Hill 194. In considering ways to get the Belgian battalion out of the Imjin angle, Brigadier Brodie early in the afternoon proposed to Soule that the Belgians destroy their vehicles and withdraw east across the Imjin off the back side of Hill 194. But Soule believed that the bridge area could be opened for the vehicles by attacking Hill 257 from the south. About 14:00 he ordered the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, to make the attack and instructed the Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team, then leading the 65th Infantry off the 52: 2658:, after receiving a report that 250 infiltrating PVA had set up a roadblock about 7 miles (11 km) west of Uijeongbu. The 1st Battalion located the PVA force at 18:00, killing 20 before the remaining PVA broke away into nearby hills. With darkness approaching, the battalion commander elected to await morning before attempting to clear the surrounding area. Meanwhile, as Milburn committed his only reserve unit, air observers and agents working in the area along Route 1 above the Imjin reported enemy forces moving south toward the river. KPA I Corps appeared ready to open its supporting attack along the west flank of the main PVA drive. 3076:' interdiction of enemy rear areas. The steady air attacks also had seriously impeded the forward movement of artillery. Confusion and disorganization among enemy forces appeared to be increasing. Commanders were issuing only such general instructions as "go to Seoul" and "go as far to the south as possible." On one occasion, according to prisoners, reserve forces ordered forward moved south under the impression that Seoul already had fallen. One factor in the deterioration was a high casualty rate among political officers-especially at company level-on whom the PVA depended so heavily for maintaining troop motivation and discipline. 2481:

Hoge in midafternoon ordered the British 27th Brigade to block the Kapyong River valley behind the ROK to prevent enemy forces from coursing down the valley and cutting Route 17 at Kapyong town. Brigadier Burke was to establish the blocking position along the trace of line Delta 4 miles (6.4 km) north of town where the Kapyong River flowing from the northwest was joined by the tributary from the northeast just above a large bend turning the Kapyong southwest toward the Pukhan. From hill masses rising on either side of the junction of the Kapyong and its tributary the commonwealth forces could cover both valley approaches.

520: 448: 2800:. Lt. Col. Arthur H. Wilson, Jr., the 5th Infantry commander, was forced to delay his withdrawal until the 8th Ranger Company, which was attempting to fight its way out of its encircled position, reached him. To assist the attempt, Wilson sent five tanks toward Hill 1010. En route, the tankers met and took aboard 65 Rangers, most of them wounded. They were all who had survived the breakout attempt. It was late afternoon before the tankers returned with the Rangers and Wilson got his forces in march order for withdrawing down Route 3A through the positions of the 19th Infantry and into an assembly area four miles behind the 2694:

bent its line and tied it to the position of its reserve battalion on the flank. But the 60th, if it should shift to the south past the refused flank and the blocking position set up by the battalion of the 5th Infantry, could slip into the division and Corps' rear area through the big opening created by the ROK 6th Division's second retreat. Because of this danger on his exposed right flank, the continuing and effective heavy pressure on the 25th Division, and the threat of a major enemy penetration through the wide gap between the ROK 1st Division and 3rd Division, Milburn at 05:00 on the 25th ordered a withdrawal to the

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want to be strong enough in position and fire power to defeat him." Lavish artillery fire, in particular, was to be used. If gun positions could be kept supplied with ammunition, Van Fleet wanted five times the normal day of fire expended against enemy attacks. As calculated by his G-4, Colonel Stebbins, the "Van Fleet day of fire" could be supported for at least seven days, although transportation could become a problem since Stebbins could not haul other supplies while handling that amount of ammunition. Rations and petroleum products already stocked in Corps' sectors, however, would last for more than seven days.

414: 371: 508: 438: 390: 348: 316: 2201: 165: 150: 540: 458: 403: 360: 302: 564: 2872:. Implicit in Van Fleet's insistence on thorough coordination between Corps during the withdrawal to the new line was that its occupation would be governed by the movement of US I Corps against the continuing PVA pressure on its front. Van Fleet's assignment of Corps' sectors along the line made US IX Corps responsible for defending the Pukhan and Han corridors; consequently, the US 24th Infantry Division, currently located directly above that area, was to pass to IX Corps control on the 27th. When, contrary to custom, Van Fleet gave the line no name, it became known as the 225: 2649:

persistently, forced the 12th Regiment at the right of the ROK line to give ground. The pressure on the ROK increased around dawn, after the 190th Division crossed the Imjin at several points southwest of Korangp’o-ri town and sent units down the boundary between the ROK 11th and 12th Regiments. Also crossing the Imjin during the night in the Korangp’o-ri bend area, the 189th Division of the 63rd Army advanced southeast on a course taking it into the gap between the ROK 12th Regiment and the Gloster battalion on Hill 235. By noon a battalion leading the attack of the

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Turkish Brigade on the east flank. With adequate reserves, fortified defenses, and a narrower front that allowed heavier concentrations of artillery fire, the Corps was in a position far stronger than any it had occupied since the beginning of the offensive. In contrast, there was further evidence that the enemy's offensive strength was weakening. The most recent prisoners taken had only one day's rations or none at all. Interrogation of these captives revealed that local foraging produced very little food and that resupply had collapsed under the

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back gradually while still in contact toward a line 2 miles (3.2 km) above Inje. During the day, Colonel Min Ki Shik, in command of the ROK 5th Division, took charge of all forces in the Inje area, which now included the 3rd Regiment, 7th Division, and organized defenses above Inje generally in the area toward which the 5th Regiment was withdrawing. By evening of the 23rd Colonel Min set the 27th, 36th and 3rd Regiments on the line while the 35th Regiment continued to reorganize behind it and the 5th Regiment continued to withdraw toward it.

270: 2438:. Above Yanggu, adjacent to the reservoir, the inexperienced KPA 45th Division had attacked during the night behind mortar and artillery barrages, but had made only a few local gains against the 32nd Infantry on the right flank of the 7th Division. On the east flank of the enemy attack, the KPA 6th Division was more successful in assaults on the ROK 3rd Division. Forcing its left and center units to the southwest, by mid-morning on the 23rd the KPA had pushed the ROK 3rd Division well back from Route 24, partially opening the way to Inje. 3148:

place most of his strength and all US divisions in the western and central sectors and aligned I, IX and X Corps so that each was responsible for one of these avenues. Deployed around Seoul, I Corps blocked the Uijeongbu approach with the ROK 1st, 1st Cavalry, and 25th Divisions on line and the 3rd Division and British 29th Brigade in reserve. IX Corps, its sector narrowed by a westward shift of its right boundary, now had the British 28th Brigade, 24th Division, ROK 2d Division, ROK 6th Division and 7th Division west to east on the

2717: 337: 530: 2529:, to join the 29th Brigade and take over the 1st Battalion's previously assigned mission of occupying a position in the gap between the Fusilier and Gloster battalions. In carrying out its original mission, the 1st Battalion, with a platoon of regimental tanks attached, by 14:00 had moved up Route 11 behind the Fusiliers, turned its three rifle companies west on a wide front, and begun sweeping the slopes rising to Hill 675, the peak of Kamak Mountain, in the gap area. It was 1800 before the commander, Lt. Col. 3215:. Available intelligence in-formation indicated that the PVA 64th, 12th, 60th and 20th Armies were completely off the west and west central fronts for refurbishing and that each of the four armies still in those sectors, the 65th 63rd, 15th and 27th, had only one division forward as a screen while remaining divisions prepared to resume the offensive. Since there were no firm indications that the resumption was an immediate prospect, however, Van Fleet on 9 May issued plans for returning the Eighth Army to the 180: 129: 552: 468: 2472:

of the ROK 6th Division's sector withdrew to the vicinity of Chich’on-ni, where the bulk of the Marine division's artillery, the 11th Marine Regiment, was clustered. Hoge directed the 92nd, which absorbed the members of the weaponless 2nd Rocket Field Artillery Battery, and the half-equipped 987th Field Artillery Battalion to reinforce the fires of the 11th Marines. Company C, 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion, out of action for lack of weapons and equipment, left the division sector for refurbishing.

210: 2994:. They were to conduct an active defense of the line, making full use of artillery in conjunction with armored counterattacks. Though members of his staff considered it a tactical mistake to risk having forces trapped against the north bank of the Han, Van Fleet insisted that there would be no withdrawal from the line unless extreme enemy pressure clearly imperiled Eighth Army positions, and then only if he himself ordered it. In case Van Fleet had to call a withdrawal from the 3239:

reconnaissance patrols, and both agents and prisoners alleged an early resumption of the offensive. Extensive smoke screens rose north of the 38th Parallel ahead of IX Corps and above the Hwacheon Reservoir in the X Corps' sector. Drawing Van Fleet's particular notice were reports that five PVA armies, the 60th, 15th, 12th, 27th and 20th, were massing west of the Pukhan for a major attack in the west central sector. In further instructions for defense, Van Fleet ordered the

586: 5735: 5747: 3297:, the latter located on Route 24 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Inje. The reconnaissance company of the ROK 9th Division already had entered Inje without a fight during the afternoon of the 11th and dispersed an enemy force about 1 mile (1.6 km) beyond the town before retiring on the 12th, but other forces of the two ROK corps were prevented by distance and moderate resistance from reaching the objectives of their attacks in the one day allotted for them. 2682:, the PVA 29th Division opened more effective assaults on the 7th Infantry between 20:00 and midnight of the 24th. Two regiments of the division attacking across the Hantan River hit all three battalions of the regiment. Hardest hit was the 2nd Battalion on the right flank, which by 02:30 on the 25th was surrounded. On orders of the regimental commander, the battalion gradually infiltrated south in small groups and reassembled some 4 miles (6.4 km) below the 285: 240: 4707: 2690:

Division apparently coming out of the adjacent sector of the 7th Infantry to the west drew close enough to place fire on the regimental command post and supporting artillery units. On the right, PVA penetrated and scattered the 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry. Unable to restore the position, Bradley pulled the 24th Infantry and 27th Infantry onto a new line about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south but gained no respite as the PVA followed closely.

2315:; reinforcements widened the attack, but concentrated on moving through the gap and down a ridge behind the inside battalion of the 19th Infantry. Pressure on the adjacent battalion of the 5th Infantry forced it to withdraw almost 1 mile (1.6 km). Quick to follow, the PVA reengaged the battalion within an hour. Regimental reserves took up blocking positions on the flanks of the PVA penetration and helped to confine it, but General 255: 5759: 2001:. The full IX Army Group had reached the front. In the US 25th Infantry Division's zone on the west flank of the advance, six PVA who blundered into the hands of the Turkish Brigade along Route 33 during the afternoon were members of a survey party from the PVA 2nd Motorized Artillery Division. The division's guns, according to the officer in charge, were being positioned to support an attack scheduled to start after dark. 2561:, pushed additional forces over the Imjin. To the northeast, units of the 187th and 188th Divisions continued to enter the gap between the Glosters and Fusiliers, directing their movement mainly toward Hill 675. Some forces worked through each gap and reached Route 5Y early in the afternoon. An attack by these forces on the Gloster supply point along the road made clear that the battalion at Solma-ri had been surrounded. 2027: 2922:

the right of the ROK 1st Division's line forced a 2 miles (3.2 km) withdrawal before the ROK were able to block the advance. KPA attacking down Route 1 against the 11th Regiment and against the tank destroyer battalion west of the road broke through the lines of both units and took a particularly high toll of tank destroyer troops before ROK counterattacks supported by US tanks stopped the advance.

3184:, both to restore contact and to clear a stretch of Route 24 and a connecting secondary road angling east to the coast for use as a supply route by the ROK divisions defending the sector. Van Fleet also directed a foray to destroy KPA forces in the I Corps' west sector after the 8th Division stopped short the ROK 12th Regiment, 1st Division's attempt to establish a patrol base up Route 1 on 4 May. 2271:

on their narrow access road to join the 92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion. Hampered further by ROK troops, trucks and equipment cluttering and finally blocking the poor road, Company C, 2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion, and the 2nd Rocket Field Artillery Battery reached the 92nd with none of their principal weapons, the 987th Armored Field Artillery Battalion with about half its equipment.

2628:. As worked out by Almond with General Yu, the leftmost units of ROK III Corps were to join the advance. Yu's attack-for reasons not clear-did not materialize, and although the ROK 5th Division recaptured Inje, enemy pressure forced the unit to return to its original positions below the town. Almond planned to attack again on the 26th, but, as he would soon learn, any attempt to retake the 3849: 3552: 3034:, now stationed just off Inchon, inflicted heavy casualties on the KPA and forced the survivors to withdraw. A PVA battalion attacking the 7th Cavalry below Uijeongbu early in the morning, but soon breaking contact after failing to penetrate and patrols investigating the positions of the 25th Division around noon were the only other enemy actions along the I Corps' front during the day. 3084:, broke up the attack before enemy assault forces could get through the outpost line and reach the main ROK positions. Tank-infantry forces sent out by Kang after daylight followed and fired on retreating enemy groups for 2 miles (3.2 km), observing 900-1000 KPA/PVA dead along the route. The 8th Division's attack proved to be the only serious enemy attempt to break through the 2476:

During the afternoon the New Zealand unit, accompanied by the Middlesex battalion for protection, moved up the valley of the Kapyong River while the 213th circled out of the Marine sector and moved up the valley of a Kapyong tributary in the eastern portion of the ROK sector. Meanwhile, as the day wore on, the move of the ROK 6th Division north to the

2934:, touching the Han near the village of Haengju located almost due north of Kimpo airfield below the river, cutting Route 1 and a minor road from the north near the village of Kup’abal-li, crossing Route 3 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Uijeongbu, and also intersecting a minor road along the new Corps boundary that below the phase line and the 2855:

Hwacheon Reservoir and the west shoulder of the KPA salient in the Inje area. The new line to be occupied by Almond's forces looped northeast from a junction with the 1st Marine Division along the Soyang to a point 2 miles (3.2 km) below Yanggu, then fell off to the southeast to the existing position of the ROK 5th Division below Inje.

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3 miles (4.8 km) below its former position in preparation for moving west into the redrawn 5th Division zone the following day as the remainder of the ROK 7th Division came into its new area. A similar shifting of KPA forces above the X and ROK III Corps was indicated when the ROK 5th Division, previously in contact with the KPA

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up a covering position to help the 27th Infantry disengage. It was well into the afternoon before the two regiments could break away. Bradley deployed the same two regiments on the second phase line. In preparation for further withdrawal, Bradley set the Turkish Brigade in a covering position midway between the phase line and the

2279:, 39th Army, penetrated the 1st Korean Marine Corps Regiment above the Hwacheon Dam and slashed southwestward to occupy heights commanding the town of Hwacheon in the 5th Marines’ central sector; American and ROK counterattacks eliminated this penetration near dawn, and the 115th made no further attempt to take the dam or town. 2541:, where it went into reserve. Ahead of all these movements, the Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team, en route to occupy the gap in the 29th Brigade's lines, reached the brigade headquarters area along Route 11 about 20:00, too late in the day for it to attempt to take position between the Fusilier and Gloster battalions. 2328:

pressure at center, they were able to stand. Meanwhile, on learning of the ROK 6th Division's retreat on his right, Bryan set the 21st Infantry in blocking positions along the endangered flank. The Eighth Army Ranger Company, attached to the 21st, patrolled east in search of PVA approaching the flank but made no contact.

2702:. He instructed the 24th and 25th Divisions to begin their withdrawals at 08:00 but directed the ROK 1st Division and 3rd Division not to withdraw until the surrounded Gloster battalion had been extricated. He specifically instructed Soule to get the Glosters out before withdrawing, "even if you have to counterattack." 2291:

scattered east and west into adjacent sectors, reorganizing his entire division, and then moving his nervous forces north toward the PVA. But the adjustments, if achieved, would retain control of the Hwach’on Dam, eliminate the Marines’ open left flank, and join the two IX Corps divisions with a minimum of movement.

2591:. Afterward the observer saw just two KPA come out of the draw. The only ground gained by the 45th Division during the day was when the 32nd Infantry pulled back to ridgetop positions that allowed it to tie in with the ROK 5th Division below Inje and thus contain the KPA salient along its southwestern shoulder. 2841:

front. Hardest hit were the ROK 11th Regiment, 1st Division along Route 1 and the US 65th Infantry at the left of the 3rd Division. The PVA also entered a 5 miles (8.0 km) gap between the ROK 1st and US 3rd Divisions but made no immediate attempt to move deep. The next position to be occupied by

2653:

drove a wedge more than 1 mile (1.6 km) deep between the 11th and 12th Regiments. General Kang countered by sending a tank-infantry force, two battalions of his reserve 15th ROK Regiment and Company A, 73rd Heavy Tank Battalion against the penetration. By evening the task force drove out the PVA

2586:

In the X Corps' sector to the east of the Marines, an attack opened near dawn on the 24th by the KPA 12th Division thoroughly disorganized the ROK 5th Division and carried the KPA through Inje by mid-morning. The KPA 6th Division at the same time continued to push the left and center units of ROK III

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by midafternoon. The 35th and 24th Infantry Regiments reoccupied the division's former positions on the ridges between the Hantan and Yongp’yong rivers while the 27th Infantry and Turkish Brigade assembled immediately behind the Yongp’yong. At the far Corps' right, the PVA maintained pressure against

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The 1st Marines again bore the brunt of PVA probes on the night of 24–25 April, but accurate close-in fires by 105 mm and 155 mm howitzers kept potential attackers at a distance. The 2nd Battalion repelled a PVA company in the only major action of the evening. But the PVA were still lurking

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and inflicting more than 10,000 casualties in the process. After being encircled, however, the 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment, nicknamed the 'Glosters', was nearly destroyed and those surviving were captured. In the course of the battle, the brigade suffered 1,091 casualties, including 622 of

2270:

town. To the east, PVA following the 2nd and 7th Regiments caught the ROK 27th Field Artillery Battalion in position. Under fire, its members abandoned guns and joined the southerly surge of infantrymen. The US support units pulled out all weapons and equipment, but came under fire as they moved east

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while the Corps was in Komisong. III Corps' commander General Yu elected a different course, committing only the 45th Division in what would be its first offensive of the war, perhaps because it had a strength of 8600 men, more than twice the strength of either of Yu's other divisions. The deployment

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some 10 miles (16 km) upstream to the northeast. On the basis of these dispositions, Van Fleet continued to believe that the main enemy effort would come in the west central sector, probably toward the Han River corridor, and would be made by five armies, the 60th, 15th, 12th, 27th and 20th. He

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the same day. The other four divisions, though still as much as 10 miles (16 km) short of the line on the 9th, had made long daily gains against scattered delaying forces. In the west, the bulk of the ROK 1st Division advancing up Route 1 between 7 and 9 May levered KPA forces out of successive

2925:

At 06:00 on the 27th, the 24th Division passed to IX Corps' control, as had been directed by Van Fleet, and what had been the boundary between the 24th and 25th Divisions became the new Corps' boundary. Shortly afterward, Milburn ordered his remaining forces to withdraw to the next phase line, which

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mid-afternoon to allow the latter to join its regiment near the 29th British Brigade command post in preparation for the scheduled attack to relieve the Gloster battalion. But after unproductive opening attacks on the 65th Infantry and Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team and a slow approach to the

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in good order, despite suffering more than 300 casualties in the last 48 hours. The month of April cost the Marines 933 casualties (93 killed, 830 wounded and 10 missing), most lost during the offensive. The 92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion and the units that had joined it after scrambling out

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north onto high ground at the point of penetration failed when PVA occupied the ground first. By daylight the PVA drove almost 3 miles (4.8 km) through the center of the division. Bryan withdrew his line regiments down the sides of the PVA wedge into positions below it, where, though kept under

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Having lost radio and wire communications with his regimental commanders soon after the panic began, Chang was hard pressed to regain control of his forces, even when they outdistanced the PVA pursuit after midnight. Traveling rear areas throughout the night, Chang and his staff established a degree

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moved up Route 17 and out the minor road to the west edge of the Marine sector from where its 155 mm self-propelled howitzers could support both the Marines and the ROK. The 987th Armored Field Artillery Battalion and 2nd Rocket Field Artillery Battery, both equipped with 105 mm howitzers,

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gift. Peng planned to converge on the city, employing principally his fresh III, IX and XIX Army Groups. From above the Imjin on the west wing of the main effort, the XIX Army Group was to attack southeast toward Seoul, crossing the river on a 12 miles (19 km) front centered on the Korangp’o-ri

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and the X Corps' right early in the evening. On 23 April, the incoming division's 3rd Regiment was to move into a 2 miles (3.2 km) gap directly above Inje between the 5th Regiment and the 35th Regiment, now the right flank unit of the 5th Division. The latter's 36th Regiment meanwhile assembled

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along Route 33. Neither Corps developed evidence of enemy offensive preparations during the day. The absence of opposition in the IX Corps' zone only confirmed the recent patrol reports of PVA/KPA withdrawal. Below the Iron Triangle, the resistance that began to stiffen on 19 April had been expected

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against almost no opposition. Immediately west, the 24th Division did not test the opposition below Kumhwa, but deliberately stood fast in the Kwangdok-san ridges to allow the neighboring ROK 6th Division to come abreast. In the Pogae-san heights, the 25th Division attacked toward Ch'orwon, but made

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Even though the PVA forces lost the strategic initiative after the first offensive per Peng's reports, Mao still insisted that the second phase of the offensive be carried out. On 15 May 1951, the PVA Command recommenced the Second Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK and US X Corps in the east at

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Light contact along the remainder of the front revealed little about PVA/KPA dispositions, but the composite of reports from air observers, agents, civilians, and prisoners made clear by 13 May that major PVA forces had begun to shift eastward from the west and west-central sectors. Steady rain and

3288:

In the X Corps sector, the ROK 5th and 7th Divisions, whose forces had all but reached the Soyang River southwest of Inje, were to fortify their present positions. ROK III Corps and ROK I Corps were to set their four divisions in fortified defenses between the lower bank of the Soyang south of Inje

3071:

As deployed for the defense of Seoul by evening of the 28th, I Corps had six regiments on line and the same number assembled in and on the edges of the city. Below the Han to meet any enemy attempt to envelop Seoul were the British 29th Brigade at the base of the Kimpo peninsula in the west and the

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positions between and including Routes 1 and 3. Milburn ordered Soule to return the 7th Cavalry to the 1st Cavalry Division, to assemble the 3rd Division less the 65th Infantry in Seoul in Corps' reserve, and to prepare counterattack plans. Milburn attached the 65th Infantry to the 25th Division so

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in the belief that a successful defense of its segment along the Pukhan corridor would improve his chances of holding Seoul and that the corridor area could be used as a springboard to recapture the capital if the forces defending the city itself were pushed out. In the central and eastern sectors,

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On I Corps' right, the two line regiments of the 25th Division had some difficulty in getting off the first phase line. The 27th Infantry ran into enemy groups that had got behind the regiment during the night, and PVA closely following the 35th Infantry took that regiment under assault when it set

2938:

joined Route 2 reaching Seoul from the east. Following suit, Hoge ordered back the left of IX Corps. The 24th Division, to which Hoge attached the ROK 6th Division and British 28th Brigade, was to take position adjoining the new I Corps' line and stretching along the lower bank of the Pukhan toward

2921:

front the previous night, the hardest assaults struck the ROK 1st Division and 65th Infantry at the left of the 3rd Division's position west of Uijeongbu. Artillery fire and air strikes helped contain penetrations of the 65th's line and forced the PVA to withdraw. PVA attacking the 15th Regiment at

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Given this penetration and the buildup of PVA below the Imjin in the west and given, in particular, the frail central position of the ROK 6th Division and open ground on either side of it, which invited envelopments both west and east, it was doubtful that I and IX Corps lines as they stood at dark

2548:

and other force adjustments swung the 3rd Division south like a gate hinged on the west at the position of the Gloster battalion, which, after consolidating forces in the Solma-ri area, had remained quiet throughout the day except for meeting engagements between patrols in Company B's sector at the

2253:

For reasons that never became clear, the ROK 2nd and 19th Regiments failed to develop the defensive positions ordered by Chang. With numerous gaps and open outside flanks, the division front was vulnerable to infiltration, and the nearby reserves were almost as subject to attack as were the forward

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fortifications improved and directed Hoge to give special attention to the Pukhan corridor, where the heaviest enemy buildup was reported. Hoge was to place the bulk of IX Corps' artillery on that flank. "I want to stop the Chinese here and hurt him," Van Fleet told Hoge. "I welcome his attack and

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and 10,000 South Koreans who had been operating the port. Against the possibility that Inch’on would have to be given up, Ridgway on the 30th took steps to forestall a repetition of the heavy damage done to the port when it was abandoned in January, damage that had served only to hinder use of the

3088:

fortifications. Another effort appeared to be in the offing during the day of the 29th when patrols and air observers reported a large enemy buildup on the front of the 25th Division, but heavy artillery fire and air attacks delivered after dark broke up the enemy force. Division patrols searching

2836:

so that in each step of the withdrawal displacing artillery units would remain within range of the line being vacated and could provide continuous support to infantry units as they withdrew. Each move to the rear was to be made in daylight so that any enemy forces following the withdrawal could be

2689:

In the eastern half of the Corps' sector, the remainder of the PVA 29th Division, the 179th Division and the 81st Division opened and steadily intensified attacks on the 25th Division between dusk and midnight. Simultaneous with frontal assaults on the 35th Infantry at the left, forces of the 29th

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and was blown back with high losses from artillery fire and air attacks. However the PVA 190th and 192nd Divisions attacking in strength just after midnight drove the ROK 1st Division back another 1 mile (1.6 km) before giving respite, widening still more the gap between the ROK and Glosters.

2606:

was to make daily physical contact with the Marine Division's right flank located near the village of Yuch’on-ni at the western tip of the reservoir. The latter step was a hedge against the possibility that enemy forces might penetrate the right of the Marine line and make a flanking or enveloping

2520:

about noon, moving easily as the PVA opposite made no attempt to follow. Except for the tanks supporting the Belgian battalion, the division reserves stationed earlier above the Hantan dropped below the river during the 65th's leapfrog action. No interference materialized out of the Imjin angle as

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appeared less and less probable. Still reorganizing the division at midday, Chang informed IX Corps' headquarters that he would have his forces on the line by 17:00. But as that hour approached, no part of the division had yet moved forward. Wary of another failing performance by Chang's division,

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to the east. By first light the 35th Regiment abandoned its position and fell back in disorder almost to the Soyang River below Inje. Taken under frontal attack and threatened with encirclement by the KPA working through the gap, the 5th Regiment followed suit but withdrew in better order, falling

2399:

was in serious jeopardy. At 21:30 the duty officer at the 1st Marine Division command post was informed that the PVA had penetrated ROK defenses and were headed toward Marine lines. Not long after the message arrived the vanguard of a long line of demoralized ROK soldiers began filing in. By 22:24

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to be directed for an assault towards Seoul, while the rest were deployed elsewhere on the battlefront with 214,000 men serving as their strategic reserve to be committed for support purposes. The PVA III and XIX Armies, under orders from Chairman Mao Zedong, began to enter Korea in February 1951,

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On 21 April, the Eighth Army G-2 (intelligence officer) reported that his information still was not firm enough to "indicate the nearness" of the impending enemy offensive with any degree of certainty. A worrisome fact, as he earlier had pointed out to Van Fleet, was that a lack of offensive signs

2969:

From the outset of the offensive Van Fleet had believed that a strong effort should be made to retain possession of Seoul, not only to gain the tactical advantage in maintaining a foothold above the Han River, but also to prevent psychological damage to the Korean people. To give up the capital a

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arching above the outskirts of Seoul. Eastward, it bulged across the Pukhan River 5 miles (8.0 km) above its confluence with the Han, then turned steeply northeast, crossing Route 29 10 miles (16 km) below Chuncheon and cutting Route 24 15 miles (24 km) south of Inje. Continuing to

2693:

In the 24th Division sector at Corps' right, two PVA companies infiltrated the positions of the 19th Infantry during the night. But a greater danger was posed by the 60th Division, which, after again routing the ROK 6th Division, reached and attacked the right flank of the 21st Infantry. The 21st

3304:

According to the consensus of current estimates of PVA/KPA dispositions as of the 16th, KPA I Corps on the west had spread forces eastward toward Route 33, taking over ground previously occupied by the PVA XIX Army Group. The 65th Army astride Route 33 north of Uijeongbu and the 63rd Army in the

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in reserve for defense against an enemy strike down or out of the Pukhan River valley. In the left portion of the X Corps' sector, the 1st Marine Division and the 2nd Division, less the bulk of the 23rd Infantry in Corps' reserve, covered the Chuncheon-Hongcheon axis. Though the concentration of

3147:

Van Fleet expected the PVA/KPA's next principal effort to come either in the west, as had the main force of the April attacks, or on his central front. Judging the Uijeongbu-Seoul, Pukhan River and Chuncheon-Hongcheon corridors to be the most likely axes of advance, he shifted forces by 4 May to

2475:

Since the ROK 6th Division had lost its artillery support during the debacle of the previous night, Hoge directed the British 27th Brigade to recommit the New Zealand artillery and transferred the 213th Field Artillery Battalion from a reinforcing mission in the Marine sector to support the ROK.

2349:

came out of reserve to take over the Turkish sector. The Turks fought their way off the front during the morning and, except for one company that had been virtually wiped out, assembled below the Hantan in better condition than Bradley had expected. The PVA followed neither the Turks nor the two

2221:

about 16:00 and ordered his forward regiments, the 19th and 2nd, to develop defensive positions tied in with each other and with the 24th Division and 1st Marine Division on their respective outside flanks. Chang moved his reserve 7th Regiment into supporting positions immediately behind the 2nd

1925:

east of the Hwacheon Reservoir. Though air strikes punished the moving troops bodies, air observers reported the southward march of enemy groups with increasing frequency during the day. On the basis of the sightings west of the Hwacheon Reservoir, it appeared that the enemy forces approaching I

2677:

By dark on the 24th there had been no enemy action against the 7th Infantry deployed along Route 33 at the right of the 3rd Division. With the sector quiet, the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, had no difficulty in replacing the 3rd Battalion, 65th Infantry, at the center of the regimental front in

2858:

Although the I Corps' withdrawal, and thus the chain reaction eastward, was prompted by the heavy enemy pressure in the Corps' western sector, there was evidence by 26 April that the main effort of the enemy offensive was beginning to falter. Enemy killed by infantry and artillery fire and air

2854:

to positions straddling the Pukhan, running through the northern outskirts of Chuncheon, and following the lower bank of the Soyang River. Since the Marines' withdrawal otherwise would leave X Corps with an open left flank, Almond was obliged to order the US 2nd and 7th Divisions away from the

3238:

advance on the 11th after changes in the intelligence picture indicated that PVA/KPA forces were within a few days of reopening their offensive. Air observation of enemy troops where none previously had been seen suggested forward movements under cover of darkness, reports told of large enemy

2917:(1.6 km) behind the line before regimental reserves contained them. A radar-directed bomb strike brought down at the point of penetration and ground fire delivered under light provided by a flare ship eliminated the PVA force. In a repetition of the pattern of PVA/KPA attacks on I Corps' 2849:

Hoge ordered conforming adjustments of the IX Corps' line. The ROK 6th Division was to withdraw and tie in with the new right flank of the I Corps. Eastward, the British 28th Brigade was to reoccupy the hill masses previously held by the Canadians and Australians above Kapyong; the 1st Marine

2644:

Following the withdrawal of the US 24th and 25th Infantry Divisions the PVA finally reestablished contact with small, groping attacks near midnight on the 23rd. Almost at the same hour, far harder attacks struck the ROK 1st Division and British 29th Brigade along the Imjin, particularly their

3268:

corridors. The 3rd Division was still to pass to army reserve and organize forces capable of reinforcing or counterattacking in the I, IX or X Corps sectors in at least regimental combat team strength on six hours’ notice. Beginning on the 11th, the 15th Regimental Combat Team assembled near

2648:

To the left of the Glosters, the 64th Army had shown little of the clumsiness with which its 192nd Division opened operations against the ROK 1st Division. Driving out of its shallow bridgehead inside the Imjin River's Korangp’o-ri bend at midnight on the 23rd, the 192nd Division slowly, but

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to a line anchored near the Hwacheon Dam and curving southwest to a juncture with the ROK. Manning the long curve would require the commitment of the entire 1st Marine Division, and even then he would not be able to set up a solid front. Chang faced no small task in recovering troops who had

2804:. The 3rd Battalion led the way south, followed by the 555th Field Artillery Battalion, 1st Battalion, 2nd Battalion, and, as rearguard, Company D, 6th Medium Tank Battalion. A few mortar rounds exploded around the 3rd Battalion as it cleared a defile about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the 2755:

central front, and ultimately the capture of Seoul. The two battalions bore the brunt of the assault and stopped an entire PVA division during the hard-fought defensive battle. The next day the PVA withdrew back up the valley to their north, in order to regroup for the second impulse of the

2916:

PVA/KPA forces reaching the I Corps' phase line after dark on the 26th attacked in each division sector except that of the 24th on the Corps' right. On the front of the 25th Division, the PVA concentrated an assault between two companies of the 27th Infantry, some reaching as far as 1 mile

2768:

With the Yongp’yong River at its back, the US 25th Infantry Division faced a canalized withdrawal over two bridges in the southeastern corner of its sector, one on Route 3, the other at Yongp’yong town 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west. Earlier, after the PVA had captured Hill 664 3 miles

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on the 30th made only minor contacts. On the basis of the patrol findings, Milburn reported to Van Fleet that the enemy forces on his front were staying out of artillery range while regrouping and resupplying for further attacks. Actually a general PVA/KPA withdrawal was beginning.

2340:

on the division's right, PVA forces (apparently the westernmost forces of the 27th Army) massed and began their approach at first light, but heavy defensive fire shattered the formation within half an hour, and the PVA attempted no further attack on the regiment. Near dawn General

2331:

In the Pogae-san ridges below Cheorwon, the PVA 2nd Motorized Artillery Division prepared the way for infantry attacks on the 25th Division with a three-hour bombardment, dropping most of its fire on the Turkish Brigade along Route 33. On the east wing of the III Army Group, the

3118:

Among US Army divisions, casualties suffered between 22 and 29 April totaled 314 killed and 1,600 wounded. In both number and rate, these losses were scarcely more than half the casualties suffered among the divisions engaged for a comparable period of time during the PVA

2100:

on the group's left would attack along the US I-IX Corps boundary through portions of the 24th Division and ROK 6th Division sectors. Peng's plan included auxiliary attacks along each flank of the main effort and another east of the Hwacheon Reservoir. In the west, KPA

1920:

Aerial reconnaissance after daybreak on 22 April, reported a general forward displacement of enemy formations from rear assemblies northwest of I Corps and north of both I and IX Corps, also extensive troop movements, both north and south, on the roads above Yanggu and

2796:, the 21st Infantry was engaged by PVA moving in from the northeast but turned back these forces with no loss of ground. Later in the evening the 21st made contact with the ROK 6th Division, which Hoge had managed to redeploy at the left of the IX Corps' sector of the 1970:, received hard local attacks that drove in its outposts and pressed its main line before easing in the evening of 22 April. Thus the KPA III Corps could be shifting west toward the reservoir and the KPA V Corps returning to the line from a point above Inje eastward. 3157:

strength in the western and central areas left the remainder of the front comparatively thin, Van Fleet believed that the six ROK divisions in the east-the 5th and 7th in the right portion of the X Corps' sector, the 9th and 3rd in the ROK III Corps' sector, and the

2516:, pass through the 7th Infantry via Route 33, and assemble in division reserve near Route 33's junction with Route 11. Exactly how the Belgians would then get out of the Imjin angle was yet to be determined. The battalions of the 65th Infantry began bounding off the 2245:. The Corps' latest ground gains had opened Route 17 in the 1st Marine Division's sector far enough north to allow use of a twisting, narrowly confined valley road branching west off Route 17 near the village of Chich’on-ni into the ROK 6th Division's rear area. The 2381:

the Glosters. This was considered by the PVA as one of their spectacular feats of arms during the war, although their casualties were nearly ten times that of their adversaries. The loss of the regiment caused much controversy in Britain and within the UN Command.

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third time, he believed, "would ruin the spirit of the nation." His determination to fight for the city lay behind his refusal to allow the Eighth Army simply to surrender ground in deep withdrawals and behind his order of 23 April directing a strong stand on the

2598:, Almond late on the 24th ordered changes in 2nd Division dispositions. On the morning of 25 April the 23rd Infantry was to drop back to positions just below the eastern tip of the Hwacheon Reservoir, a move that would place the regiment on the exact trace of the 2013:

and the rest of his command, determined to evict the UN forces from Korea permanently, reformed his frontline forces and amassed a strike force of three field armies and three KPA corps, totaling 700,000 men. Of these, he ordered 270,000 from the III, IX and XIX

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on the 23rd could be held against the next surge of PVA attacks. Earlier in the day a number of officers had recommended long withdrawals to Van Fleet to gain time to organize stronger defenses. One division commander in I Corps had proposed falling back to the

3079:

The KPA 8th Division assisted on its left by PVA in what appeared to be regimental strength struck the outpost line of the ROK 1st Division shortly before midnight on the 28th. Accurate defensive fire, especially from tanks, artillery, and the guns of the USS

1757:

from the PVA/KPA on 16 March and brought the fighting to the hills situated along the 38th Parallel. PVA commanders launched a counterattack in mid-February, with their Fourth Phase Campaign, but after gaining ground, this too was halted by UN troops in the

1989:(1st KMC) without a fight. But a PVA captive taken elsewhere in the 1st Marine Division zone during the afternoon told interrogators that an attack would open before the day was out. In mid-afternoon the ROK 6th Division captured several members of the PVA 3029:

at midmorning on the 28th, KPA in regimental strength were sighted massing near Haengju, the Han River village above Kimpo airfield, apparently in preparation for crossing the river. The massed fire of two artillery battalions and 8-inch fire from the USS

2537:, the tankers and reconnaissance troops assembling close to 3rd Division headquarters near the Routes 33-11 junction. With considerable difficulty the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry, meanwhile disengaged at Hill 257 and returned to the 7th's sector of the 1977:. The progress of the attack resembled that on the previous day, IX Corps' forces making easy moves of 2–3 miles (3.2–4.8 km), the two I Corps divisions being limited to shorter gains by heavier resistance. On the east flank of the advance, the 2400:

the impact of the disaster on the left was apparent, so all plans to resume the Operation Dauntless attack the next day were abruptly canceled. The 1st Marine Division and attached 1st Korean Marine Corps Regiment came under attack from the PVA

2837:

hit most effectively with artillery fire and air strikes. Milburn ordered the next withdrawal at midmorning on the 26th after attacks opened during the night by KPA I Corps and PVA XIX Army Group made inroads along the western portion of his

1897:

did not necessarily mean that the opening of the offensive was distant. In preparing past attacks, PVA forces had successfully concealed their locations until they moved into forward assembly areas immediately before they attacked. In the US

2521:

the Belgians, though heavily engaged, held their ground with the assistance of air strikes and artillery and tank fire. Bringing up the regimental rear, the 3rd Battalion, 65th Infantry, reinforced by the 3rd Reconnaissance Company and

1766:. The PVA by this time had been badly mauled, and were worn out from incessant combat and exhaustion and their supply lines had been constantly bombed, further weakening their fighting capabilities due to lack of food and supplies. 3115:

port after it was recaptured in March. Ridgway instructed Van Fleet not to demolish port facilities if it became necessary to evacuate Inchon again, but to leave it to UN naval forces to prevent the enemy from using the port.

2141:

and 45th Divisions had been holding the entire eastern front except for the coastal area, had sidestepped westward into a narrow zone abutting on the reservoir for the attack in the Yanggu area. Moving south through the upper

2458:

As the initial IX Corps step to the rear Hoge let stand his plan to pull the 1st Marine Division onto a line curving from the Hwacheon Dam southwestward along the Pukhan River and to push the ROK 6th Division north onto the

2500:

about 18:00, the 19th and 21st Infantry Regiments on left and right, the 5th Infantry in reserve about 5 miles (8.0 km) behind the line. Later, on receiving word that the ROK 6th Division would not move north onto the

2375:

The 29th Infantry Brigade consisted of three British and the Belgian Battalion supported by tanks and artillery. Despite facing a numerically superior enemy, the brigade held its positions for three days, repelling several

2408:

at 09:35 on 23 April to avoid being surrounded. The Marines successfully withdrew under fire towards the Pukhan River and Chuncheon. The PVA attacked the new Marine positions on the night of 23-24 April but were repulsed.

2496:

the center of the 24th Division, mainly against the 19th Infantry, and attempted to follow the division's withdrawal but gave up after suffering heavy casualties to the covering artillery fire. The division occupied the

3273:, at the intersection of Routes 13 and 20 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Seoul, ready to move on call into the X Corps' sector; for operations in support of IX Corps, the 65th Regimental Combat Team assembled near 2441:

A bigger threat to Inje materialized at the right flank of US X Corps, where the KPA 12th Division caught X Corps and ROK III Corps part way through the shift of divisions required for the now canceled advance to the

2433:

which was to have been opened on the 24th by forces east of the Hwachon Reservoir. For the forces east of the reservoir, the initial task created by Van Fleet's order was to block a KPA salient being driven into the

3352:

The presence of UN forces at the northeast of the 38th Parallel, prompted the PVA Command to plan a limited offensive dubbed the "Sixth Phase Campaign". But the armistice negotiations that began on 10 July 1951 at

2611:

under the commander of the division's 72nd Tank Battalion, Lt. Col. Elbridge L. Brubaker. Included in the task force were a platoon of tanks from the 72nd, the 2nd Reconnaissance Company, the division's attached

3041:

early in the day. Assigned a narrow sector from the Han to a point just short of Route 1, Kang was able to hold his 12th Regiment and tank destroyer battalion in reserve. The 11th and 15th Regiments manning the

2091:

in the sector of the US 25th Infantry Division. On the left of the main effort, the IX Army Group was to advance southwest out of the Kumhwa area, guiding on Route 3. Sung Shih-lun, the group commander, set the

3263:

advance was off, Van Fleet ordered the Canadians to move north, beginning on 15 May, to Kumnyangjang-ni, 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Seoul, and prepare to counter any enemy penetration in the Pukhan or

3143:

mixed with gasoline set out in front of defensive positions and rigged for detonation from the bunkers. Van Fleet also wanted provision made for counterattacking quickly once the enemy had been turned back.

2505:, the 21st Infantry covered its right as far as possible with its reserve battalion, and Bryan deepened the protection by moving a battalion of the 5th Infantry into blocking positions along the east flank. 2067:’s sector. Out of the ground between the Imjin and Chorwon, the III Army Group was to advance south on the Route 33 axis, its three armies attacking abreast in columns of divisions. Nearest the Imjin, the 2569:

just above Seoul. But Van Fleet had refused to give ground voluntarily in deep withdrawals. While by no means assuming a stand-or-die position, the enemy, he insisted, would have to "take all he gets."

2124:

In what would be essentially a separate effort east of the Hwacheon Reservoir, KPA forces were to strike for Yanggu and Inje, where breakthroughs could open up Routes 29 and 24 leading southwestward to

3337:

The spring offensive would be the last all-out offensive operation of the PVA for the duration of the war. Their objective to permanently drive the UN out of Korea had failed. The UN soon launched its

2421:

Considering the forward I Corps' and IX Corps' positions untenable, opened to envelopment as they were by the flight of the ROK 6th Division, Van Fleet about mid-morning on 23 April ordered General

2902:

to keep the possible crossing site under surveillance, and on the 26th planes from the group's carriers began to fly over the area while in transit to and from close support targets. The cruiser

3211:

From other bases in the I, IX and X Corps' sectors, patrols doubled the depth of their previous reconnaissance, but had no more success in making firm contact than had patrols working from the

3162: 2121:

of the XIII Army Group were to assist with holding attacks on either side of Route 17 in the eastern portion of the ROK 6th Division's sector and the sector of the US 1st Marine Division.

2785: 1913:

patrols, after several days of nearly fruitless searches, located several groups of 600-1000 KPA immediately above the Corps' front. These groups suggested, as X Corps' commander General

2879:

Of concern to Van Fleet after US I Corps pulled back from the Imjin was the possibility that PVA/KPA forces would cross the Han River estuary unseen west of Munsan-ni and sweep down the

2096:

on his right for an attack astride Route 3. The 27th thus initially would be advancing in a zone centered on the boundary between the US 25th and 24th Infantry Divisions. Similarly, the

3204:

positions and finally forced them into a general withdrawal. Setting the 15th Regiment in a patrol base 6 miles (9.7 km) up Route 1, Kang pulled his remaining forces back into his

3191:

on 7 May. Along the coast, ROK I Corps' forces met almost no opposition, and on the 9th the ROK 11th Division's tank destroyer battalion advanced some 16 miles (26 km) beyond the

2624:. Almond on the morning of the 25th ordered an afternoon attack by the ROK 5th Division to retake Inje and the high ground immediately above the town as a first step in regaining the 2554: 2401: 3255:, which had reached Korea on 5 May. Having undergone extensive training at Fort Lewis, Washington, the brigade would be ready to join operations after brief tune-up exercises in the 2276: 2233:

moved three Corps' artillery units forward during the afternoon to help the 1st Marine Division and, in particular, to reinforce the support being given the ROK 6th Division by the

3345:

approximately 2–6 miles (3.2–9.7 km) north of the 38th Parallel, while some UN units advanced further north. A series of smaller skirmishes followed as the UN established the

3277:, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Seoul and directly below the Pukhan River corridor; and the 7th Regimental Combat Team assembled in Seoul for missions in the I Corps' sector. 2558: 2333: 2345:

ordered the 24th and 27th Infantry Regiments to withdraw 2 miles (3.2 km) and instructed the Turkish Brigade to leave the line and reorganize south of the Hantan River. The

5838: 2255: 1990: 5848: 3089:

the enemy concentration area after daylight on the 30th found an estimated 1000 enemy dead. Across the Corps' front, patrols moving as much as 6 miles (9.7 km) above the

2650: 1503: 2159: 1951: 1652:

North Korea invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. But after having conquered much of southern Korea, the KPA suffered crushing defeats after losing much of their army at the

2222:

Regiment, ahead of which more enemy forces had been observed than ahead of the 19th Regiment. Placing reserves so close to the front went against the recommendation of his

5883: 5657: 3139:

segment around Seoul. Fortifications were to include log and sandbag bunkers, multiple bands of barbed wire with antipersonnel mines interspersed, and 55-gallon drums of

3293:, 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Yang-yang on the coast, after conducting spoiling attacks on 12 May in the two principal communications centers ahead of them, Inje and 2250:

used the winding valley road to reach the right half of the ROK sector, where they took position behind the 7th Regiment near the ROK artillery and US 4.2-inch mortars.

3046:

fortifications were able to use a battalion each in outpost lines, organizing these units about 2 miles (3.2 km) to the northwest. Behind the 3rd Division, the US

2990:

Convinced by the morning of the 28th that the main enemy effort in the west was wearing out, Van Fleet informed Corps commanders that he intended to hold firmly on the

2039:

bend and advancing on the capital through a narrowing zone between Routes 1 and 33. The group commander, Yang Teh-chih, planned to cross the Imjin with two armies, the

1719:

to the PVA/KPA on 4 January 1951. Reeling from these defeats, the UN Command sought to commence ceasefire negotiations with the Chinese government in January 1951, but

4666: 3786: 2226:(KMAG) adviser, but Chang intended that this show of support would counter uneasiness that had begun to spread among his line forces at word of a probable PVA attack. 5853: 2105:

was to move southeast toward Seoul over Route 1 and through the ground between the road and the Han River, but its leading forces displacing forward from behind the

3223:

running from Munsan-ni east through Chuncheon, then northeast toward Inje. ROK III Corps and ROK I Corps in the east meanwhile were to continue their attack to the

2150:, KPA V Corps had deployed in the vacated ground for the attack toward Inje. V Corps' commander, General Pang, chose to attack with his seasoned, if understrength, 5863: 5858: 5833: 5647: 1451: 2549:

far right. Both the 64th and 63rd Armies, however, had built up forces below the Imjin to the front and flanks of the battalion. To the left of the Glosters, the

1812:

US Eighth Army intelligence on 18 April warned that a PVA/KPA attack was likely any time between 20 April and 1 May but on 21 April Eighth Army commander General

1696: 5868: 2607:

move against X Corps through the otherwise unoccupied ground below the reservoir. To screen this ground and maintain contact with the Marines, Ruffner organized

2550: 3199:, where Route 24 ended in a junction with the coastal highway. Forces of the ROK 5th Division on the left flank of the advance in the X Corps' zone reached the 5843: 4343: 5878: 2068: 2488:

the following morning. This move would shorten the front enough for the bulk of one regiment to be taken off the line and sent south to defend Chuncheon.

5873: 5823: 5642: 2404:

at 02:00 on 23 April and with help from supporting arms successfully defended their positions until the morning when they were ordered to retreat to the

2213:

During the afternoon of 22 April, IX Corps' airborne artillery observers located and brought down fire on a large enemy force concentrated ahead of the

5828: 4671: 3306: 1496: 1593:. Mobilizing three field armies totaling 700,000 men for the operation, the Chinese command conducted their largest offensive operation since their 641: 4281: 3310:

also anticipated strong attacks toward Seoul over Route 1 and through the Uijeongbu corridor as well as another on the Chuncheon-Hongcheon axis.

2259: 2187:. At center, the 12th Division was poised for an attack in a zone straddling the US X Corps-ROK III Corps boundary and leading directly to Inje. 1937:

boundary was to be shifted 4 miles (6.4 km) west at noon on 23 April, to give the ROK III Corps, which had been operating with only the ROK

1805:

was to menace the Triangle, not invest it and if struck by strong enemy attacks during or after the advance, the two Corps were to return to the

5779: 5589: 2780:

to cover the withdrawal of the 19th and 21st Regiments. Attached to the 5th in support were the 555th Field Artillery Battalion and Company D,

2748: 1366: 17: 4686: 2508:

Under Soule's plan for pulling back the 3rd Division's rightmost forces, the 7th Infantry was to occupy the division's eastern sector of the

2300: 2282:

Eager to close ranks as the IX Corps' front quieted after daylight on the 23rd, Hoge ordered the ROK 6th Division to occupy positions on the

1994: 1489: 3827: 3294: 3290: 3274: 3256: 2286:, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the area in which Chang was reassembling his forces. The 1st Marine Division was to pull back against the 1926:

Corps would mass evenly across the Corps' front while those moving toward IX Corps would concentrate on the front of the ROK 6th Division.

2674:

The 189th Division continued, if slowly, to pass through the gap. Before midnight the entire front of the 3rd Division was under assault.

1777:

2–6 miles (3.2–9.7 km) north of the 38th Parallel to positions 10–20 miles (16–32 km) north of the 38th Parallel designated the

4681: 3742: 2621: 2147: 2080: 200: 2023:

division, and four tank regiments equipped with the T-34-85, marking the first time the Chinese had deployed such weapons in the war.

1632:

in the east. Although initially successful, they were halted by 22 May. On 20 May, perceiving that the enemy were overextended the US

5546: 3196: 2450:

at midnight on the 22nd and began sliding forces into the 2 miles (3.2 km) gap between the 35th and the 5th Regiment of the ROK

4251: 2744: 2084: 1872:

no substantial progress after receiving increasing artillery fire during the day and becoming involved in hard fights right at the

2491:

Along the eastern portion of the I Corps' line, the 25th Division, whose front had quieted after daylight on the 23rd, was on the

4191: 2234: 3695: 2346: 2337: 2320: 2308: 2238: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2088: 2072: 2060: 1824: 1820: 5632: 5240: 5106: 5044: 4085: 4066: 4047: 4028: 4009: 3947: 3928: 3371: 3338: 3153: 2312: 2180: 2064: 1910: 1906: 1183: 1041: 975: 105: 3783: 3131:

Intent on confronting PVA/KPA forces with the most formidable defenses yet, on 30 April Van Fleet ordered the length of the

2109:

would not reach the Imjin in time to participate in the opening attack on the ROK 1st Division. In the area adjacent to the

5616: 5383: 5337: 4135: 3165:

in the ROK I Corps' sector, could hold the line since opposing KPA forces were weak and the terrain barriers of the higher

3158: 3047: 2632:

was for the time being out of the question as a result of a second failing performance by the ROK 6th Division at Kapyong.

2087:

on the right flank of the US 3rd Infantry Division and through the Pogae-san ridges occupied by the Turkish Brigade and US

634: 2451: 2447: 2396: 2184: 2056: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1856: 1852: 1727:

passed Resolution 498 on 1 February, condemning China as an aggressor, and demanded that its forces withdraw from Korea.

5888: 5818: 5599: 4738: 2776:

In the 24th Division sector, Bryan deployed the 5th Infantry along secondary Route 3A 3 miles (4.8 km) behind the

2617: 1665: 888: 663: 5898: 5094: 4338: 4236: 4211: 4104: 3987: 3840: 3665: 3611: 3014:

trace along the lower bank of the Han; in the central and eastern areas, it lay 9–18 miles (14–29 km) below the

2736: 2263: 1851:

mountain masses) to Ch'orwon and Kumhwa at the base of the Iron Triangle. Leading the IX Corps' advance were the ROK

1636: 1028: 2698:, which, as set out in previously prepared Corps' plans, lay 4–12 miles (6.4–19.3 km), west to east, below the 5893: 5683: 4271: 1597:

in November and December 1950. The operation took place in the summer of 1951 and aimed at permanently driving the

5274: 4318: 4276: 1889:

front, daylight patrols working above the river again found only a scattering of PVA. I Corps' commander General

1844: 1724: 1423: 627: 5016: 2686:

around daylight. The 1st and 3rd Battalions held their ground but remained under pressure throughout the night.

2019:

alongside four field artillery divisions, two long range artillery divisions, four anti-aircraft divisions, one

942: 5652: 4935: 4661: 4378: 4373: 3329:

with 150,000 men. After taking the Hwacheon Reservoir and gaining initial success, they were halted by 20 May.

3252: 2369: 2223: 2183:

in the adjacent ground to the east. On the opposite wing of the KPA effort, the KPA 6th Division faced the ROK

2044: 1986: 848: 375: 2863:, the final line set out in the 12 April withdrawal plan. The new line incorporated the fortifications of the 2578: 5581: 4890: 4868: 4358: 4307: 4246: 4200: 3997: 2246: 2242: 1673: 1578: 1566: 902: 803: 5541: 5502: 5414: 5120: 4773: 4691: 3620: 3111: 2034:

The immediate objective of the ground attack was Seoul, whose capture Peng reportedly promised to Mao as a

1848: 1750: 1371: 1346: 1279: 1250: 1058: 691: 4286: 3736:"Resolution 498(V) Intervention of the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China in Korea" 3573:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.)

3219:. In the first phase of the return I, IX and X Corps were to attack, tentatively on the 12th, towards the 1680:, they would militarily intervene in Korea if American forces crossed the parallel. However, US president 5707: 5523: 5395: 5348: 4948: 4895: 4206: 3055:

that Bradley, using the 65th and his own reserve, the 24th Infantry, could man the eastern sector of the

2888: 2665:. As suspected, KPA I Corps was joining the offensive, although its initial move ended abruptly when its 2155: 2138: 1959: 1712: 1704: 1231: 1191: 1001: 857: 808: 5725: 5688: 5551: 5531: 5508: 5446: 5378: 5233: 5133: 5081: 5058: 4990: 4788: 4648: 4313: 4256: 3319: 2666: 2163: 2151: 2134: 1692: 1586: 1547: 1377: 1289: 1219: 1175: 1064: 1020: 987: 913: 701: 696: 407: 51: 2307:, struck hard at the center of the US 24th Infantry Division. Leading forces opened a gap between the 5667: 5556: 5463: 5313: 5218: 4900: 4880: 4808: 4798: 2974:. Defeated in the latter effort, mainly by the failures of the ROK 6th Division, he had laid out the 2739:

establish blocking positions in the Kapyong Valley, also one of the key routes south to the capital,

2512:. Protected on the west by the Belgian battalion, the 65th Infantry Regiment was to leapfrog off the 2395:

With the collapse of the ROK 6th Division a 10 miles (16 km) penetration was created and the US

2359: 1661: 1653: 1633: 1527: 1408: 1319: 1304: 1155: 876: 813: 793: 781: 726: 716: 394: 4241: 1945:, began occupying the added frontage on the 22nd, its 5th Regiment relieving the ROK 36th Regiment, 5594: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5458: 5429: 5279: 5127: 5005: 4793: 4613: 4368: 4216: 4128: 3376: 2020: 1802: 1609: 1428: 1351: 1334: 1329: 1314: 1294: 1070: 928: 711: 5452: 5419: 5373: 5269: 4843: 4833: 4656: 4353: 4169: 3923:. Military History Series. Vol. 18. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 3037:

The ROK 1st Division, which had scarcely more than 1 mile (1.6 km) to withdraw, reached the

2661:

Well before daylight on the 25th Milburn became convinced that I Corps would have to give up the

1955: 1934: 1898: 1893:

concluded in an evening wrap-up report to Van Fleet that the "enemy attitude remains defensive."

1798: 1629: 1621: 1605: 1418: 1340: 1299: 1284: 1214: 933: 756: 519: 447: 418: 170: 2200: 2071:

had a narrow zone between the river and Route 33 projecting through the area occupied by the US

5604: 5361: 5308: 5284: 5086: 4975: 4778: 4676: 3120: 2962:

on the 28th. Again in chain reaction, Milburn's withdrawal order set in motion the move to the

2752: 2425:

and Hoge to withdraw and directed all Corps' commanders to develop defenses in depth along the

1902: 1708: 1625: 1598: 1594: 1433: 1202: 1052: 969: 882: 139: 3746: 3643: 3630: 3589: 3180:

continued, the front east of Route 24 was to be advanced 6–15 miles (9.7–24.1 km) to the

2983:

would obviate relinquishing territory voluntarily, as was the case with the withdrawal to the

2824:. He considered it only a phase line to be occupied briefly in the I Corps’ withdrawal to the 5571: 5148: 5143: 5075: 4763: 4554: 4174: 2781: 2773:, left to right, with the Turkish Brigade and 24th Infantry assembled close behind the line. 2102: 1963: 1794: 1763: 1716: 1390: 1086: 1081: 1014: 706: 4266: 2303:, 20th Army, though kept under artillery fire while massing in the Kwandok-san ridges below 5424: 5408: 5402: 5184: 5178: 4426: 2955: 1677: 1384: 1262: 1256: 1244: 1238: 1121: 1115: 3543: 2716: 8: 5566: 5561: 5434: 5205: 5138: 4925: 4915: 4863: 4828: 4818: 4758: 4701: 4221: 4121: 3366: 2903: 2613: 2530: 2522: 2316: 1966:. Farther east, the ROK 3rd Division, which had had almost no contact since reaching the 1770: 1759: 1740: 1669: 1469: 1309: 1267: 1142: 1076: 838: 828: 776: 746: 736: 681: 78: 5751: 5739: 5389: 5331: 5191: 5158: 5153: 4980: 4853: 4848: 4768: 4752: 4531: 3107: 3073: 2979:

where enemy attacks had clearly lost their momentum by 26 April, the occupation of the

2896: 2390: 1917:

reported to Van Fleet, that a relief or reinforcement of enemy units was taking place.

1537: 1225: 1165: 1128: 1096: 1091: 1006: 894: 766: 761: 686: 5251: 4348: 2895:

in the process. On 25 April he had asked the commander of the west coast group of the

2792:

and were deployed as before, the 19th on the left, the 21st on the right. Once on the

1397: 5714: 5497: 5468: 5295: 5228: 5223: 5039: 4985: 4930: 4905: 4584: 4458: 4445: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4043: 4024: 4005: 3983: 3976: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3836: 3692: 3661: 3607: 3166: 2732: 2724: 2711: 2377: 2342: 1700: 1542: 1532: 1440: 1361: 1324: 1170: 1160: 963: 908: 843: 818: 675: 3357:

forced both sides to dig in at their respective positions across the 38th Parallel.

5367: 5324: 5198: 5170: 5164: 5066: 5029: 4995: 4968: 4920: 4838: 4823: 4803: 4783: 4599: 4231: 4226: 3251:

were to have been the 3rd Division, to be withdrawn from I Corps, and the Canadian

2603: 2422: 2214: 1890: 1754: 1736: 1657: 1208: 1135: 1109: 1102: 1034: 994: 953: 918: 868: 833: 751: 741: 721: 82: 5536: 4161: 3735: 5675: 5637: 5440: 5318: 5051: 5034: 5000: 4963: 4910: 4885: 4875: 4592: 4526: 4521: 4420: 4261: 4004:. Vol. II. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. 3790: 3699: 3572: 2723:, South Korea. This area witnessed one of the offensive's engagements during the 2720: 2365: 2304: 2267: 2230: 2217:. Anticipating an attack, General Chang halted his division's advance toward the 2118: 2114: 2097: 2093: 2076: 2048: 2040: 1998: 1982: 1877: 1864: 1813: 1746: 1273: 982: 958: 923: 823: 798: 788: 352: 341: 1993:

and, immediately west, the US 24th Infantry Division took captives from the PVA

1839:

and the eastern slopes of Kungmang Mountain, its trace resting on the prominent

4813: 4439: 3346: 2892: 2588: 731: 551: 467: 336: 215: 134: 2350:

regiments, and the division sector quieted as Bradley developed his new line.

2083:

at group center and left were to attack through ground held by the Philippine

5812: 5794: 5781: 5491: 4858: 4565: 4515: 3966: 3853: 3556: 3341:

which erased all gains of the spring offensive and returned the UN forces to

2899: 2106: 1914: 1356: 771: 507: 437: 389: 347: 155: 1867:. On 21 April the two divisions moved 2–5 miles (3.2–8.0 km) above the 1624:(KPA) commenced the second impulse of the spring offensive and attacked the 5763: 4570: 4478: 4407: 4401: 4298: 3326: 2910: 2287: 2143: 2110: 2052: 1978: 1681: 1481: 4097:

Red Wings Over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea

3961:(in Chinese). Beijing: Chinese People's Liberation Army Publishing House. 3545:

United States Army in the Korean War: Ebb and Flow November 1950-July 1951

2930:. West to east, the phase line lay 1–7 miles (1.6–11.3 km) above the 2171:, 2nd Infantry Division at the edge of the reservoir above Yanggu and the 1781:

which would threaten the PVA/KPA logistics hub marked out by the towns of

1769:

In mid-April 1951 UN forces in the central front in Korea were engaged in

4627: 4560: 4472: 2010: 1886: 1836: 1786: 1715:

in December 1950, carrying the war back south of the 38th Parallel, with

585: 539: 457: 413: 370: 364: 321: 290: 2055:. Yang's deployment would pit the 64th Army against the bulk of the ROK 1941:

on line, a two-division front. The III Corps' reserve division, the ROK

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The six ROK divisions on the eastern front were to stay forward of the

3270: 2015: 1840: 1790: 1720: 1688: 1590: 651: 245: 43: 5662: 5264: 4633: 4483: 2670: 2655: 2130: 2126: 1782: 1413: 573: 275: 3002:, a move which would still hold the bulk of the army well above the 4638: 3646:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2009. Pages 101-102. 2954:

On the 26th Milburn had reinforced the US 3rd Division with the US

2869: 3978:

Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953

3859: 2162:, a nearly full strength but green division that had replaced the 1973:

On 22 April, as I and IX Corps continued their advance toward the

27:

Military offensive conducted the Chinese PVA during the Korean War

5610: 4363: 3942:(Second ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. 3852:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3555:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3354: 2820:

Milburn intended to make no stubborn or prolonged defense of the

2035: 1881:

to grow progressively heavier as I Corps' forces moved above the

1707:

aimed at unifying Korea. In response, the Chinese launched their

529: 185: 3835:. History Division, United States Marine Corps. pp. 383–4. 3187:

The six ROK divisions in the east opened the advance toward the

2939:

the Chuncheon-Soyang River position of the 1st Marine Division.

2846:, generally on a line centered on and slightly above Uijeongbu. 2026: 4078:

Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953

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would be the last occupied by I Corps before it moved onto the

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I Corps' final Dauntless objectives lay in the zones of the US

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in turn. The Chinese government warned that to safeguard their

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Chinese Question Role in Korean War, from POW-MIA InterNetwork

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1127 Days of Death – a Korean War Chronology – Part II, 1951

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Along with his 30 April instructions for the defense of the

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angle northeast, the line touched the east coast just above

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Chinese People's Volunteer Army Order of Battle (中国人民志愿军序列)

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https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/Korea/KoreanWarPartII

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attempted to cross the Imjin over the railroad bridge near

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As a result of the 1st Marine Division's withdrawal to the

2429:. At the same time, Van Fleet cancelled the advance to the 1922: 3674: 2759: 2749:

2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

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Hoge directed the 1st Marine Division to withdraw to the

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between Korangp’o-ri and the confluence of the Imjin and

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valley to a position 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the

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the exhausted PVA/KPA forces, inflicting heavy losses.

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The offensive's first thrust fell upon the units of US

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Battles of the Korean War involving the United Kingdom

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The War for Korea, 1950–1951: They Came From the North

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Australia in the Korean War 1950–53: Combat Operations

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and his colleagues ardently refused; as a result, the

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Battles of the Korean War involving the United States

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while the remainder of his division was withdrawing.

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attached held the remainder of the division's line.

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Battles of the Korean War involving the Philippines

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A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea

3957:Hu, Guang Zheng (胡光正); Ma, Shan Ying (马善营) (1987). 3284:but were not to make further attempt to occupy the 3975: 3753: 3018:. Van Fleet issued instructions for occupying the 2842:I Corps lay 2–5 miles (3.2–8.0 km) below the 2446:. The 12th Division struck the ROK 35th Regiment, 3575:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. Page 659. 3025:As I Corps' forces began their withdrawal to the 5854:Battles and operations of the Korean War in 1951 5810: 4080:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 3022:"For planning purposes only," late on the 28th. 2195: 1933:east of the Hwacheon Reservoir, the X Corps/ROK 206: 125: 5864:Battles of the Korean War involving North Korea 5859:Battles of the Korean War involving South Korea 5834:Battles of the Korean War involving New Zealand 3937: 3865: 3313: 3247:Immediate army reserves for the advance to the 2987:as prescribed in the 12 April withdrawal plan. 2909:meanwhile steamed for the Inchon area from the 2573: 146: 56:Map of the offensive, showing the PVA/KPA gains 5869:Battles of the Korean War involving Luxembourg 3686: 5844:Battles of the Korean War involving Australia 4129: 1863:curved southeast from the Kumhwa area to the 1497: 635: 312: 281: 191: 161: 4023:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 3097: 2353: 1997:. These two divisions belonged to the fresh 1985:forces only a few days earlier, fell to the 1711:on 25 November that forced the UN forces to 1511: 236: 5879:Battles of the Korean War involving Belgium 3996: 3982:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 3400: 2947:and assembled the 24th Infantry behind the 2167:of the 45th Division set it against the US 1816:decided to continue the Dauntless advance. 266: 5874:Battles of the Korean War involving Turkey 5824:Battles of the Korean War involving Canada 5658:Impact on the economy of the United States 4136: 4122: 4056: 4042:. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press. 3877: 3825: 3710: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3227:, a step which would carry them above the 1831:(which arched 11 miles (18 km) above 1695:on 19 October, the Chinese launched their 1504: 1490: 642: 628: 5829:Battles of the Korean War involving China 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3126: 2384: 1958:above Inje, captured a member of the KPA 1620:by 30 April. On 15 May 1951, the PVA and 176: 4705: 4037: 3940:The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles 3918: 3901: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3802: 2745:3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 2715: 2705: 2577: 2199: 2025: 1699:on 25 October. Undeterred, UN Commander 251: 221: 4018: 3680: 3541: 2319:’s attempt to move part of his reserve 1730: 1647: 858:United Nations Command counteroffensive 298: 14: 5811: 3973: 3826:Smith, Charles; Brown, Ronald (2007). 3722: 3644:"A History of the Modern Chinese Army" 3406: 2247:92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion 2059:and the 63rd Army against the British 1656:in early September. Outflanked by the 1601:(UN) forces off the Korean peninsula. 611:: 110,000 to 160,609 total casualties 4308:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 4117: 4094: 4075: 3889: 3808: 3771: 3626: 3154:187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 2209:ROK 6th Division collapses (22 April) 2075:. Along Route 33 and east of it, the 1485: 623: 4287:65th Infantry Regiment (Puerto Rico) 3956: 3759: 3110:were standing by to take aboard the 2883:peninsula behind Seoul, overrunning 2299:At the right of US I Corps, the PVA 1745:The UN Command, under new commander 3655: 3601: 2998:, Eighth Army was to retire to the 2850:Division was to pull back from the 2204:The spring offensive, western front 1453:Naval engagements of the Korean War 24: 3738:. United Nations. 1 February 1951. 2063:occupying the left half of the US 2047:and the town of Korangp’o-ri, the 1612:on 22 April but was halted at the 1465:For further information, see also: 889:UN September 1950 counteroffensive 25: 5910: 5643:Allegations of biological warfare 5633:North Korea–South Korea relations 5241:UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive 4339:Medical support in the Korean War 4059:A Short History of the Korean War 3372:UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive 2737:27th British Commonwealth Brigade 2295:Cheorwon and Kumhwa (22–23 April) 2264:27th British Commonwealth Brigade 1929:For the scheduled advance to the 1773:to advance UN positions from the 1184:UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive 1042:Fighting around the 38th parallel 98:Chinese forces fail to recapture 5757: 5745: 5733: 5684:United Nations Memorial Cemetery 5285:Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953 5022:(25 October 1950 – January 1951) 4956:(15 September – 30 October 1950) 3847: 3550: 3349:as the main line of resistance. 2602:; beginning on the 25th General 1987:1st Korean Marine Corps Regiment 1876:, especially in the zone of the 1662:broke out of the Pusan Perimeter 1434:Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953 1367:Berlin Outposts and Boulder City 947:(25 October 1950 – January 1951) 862:(15 September – 30 October 1950) 584: 572: 562: 550: 538: 528: 518: 506: 466: 456: 446: 436: 412: 401: 388: 369: 358: 346: 335: 314: 300: 283: 268: 253: 238: 223: 208: 193: 178: 163: 148: 127: 50: 37:Chinese spring offensive of 1951 5107:Combat around the 38th parallel 3938:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). 3911: 3829:U. S. Marines in the Korean War 3777: 3745:. Wilson Center. Archived from 3728: 2582:Spring offensive, eastern front 1725:United Nations General Assembly 613:(both Chinese and North Korean) 5648:American and British defectors 4662:Republic of Korea Armed Forces 4143: 4061:. New York: Harper Perennial. 3649: 3636: 3595: 3578: 3339:May–June 1951 counteroffensive 3234:Van Fleet decided against the 2243:27th Field Artillery Battalion 2224:Korean Military Advisory Group 1901:' zone north and northeast of 1687:As the UN forces raced to the 1668:; in October they crossed the 1582: 1570: 649: 501:: 15,769 total casualties 475:10,000 from other UN countries 18:First Chinese Spring Offensive 13: 1: 4744:(25 June – 15 September 1950) 4057:Stokesbury, James L. (1990). 3382: 2743:. The two forward battalions— 2239:2nd Chemical Mortar Battalion 2196:First offensive (22–30 April) 1981:, defended so stoutly by PVA 1664:starting on 16 September and 1660:on 15 September, Eighth Army 1654:Battle of the Pusan Perimeter 1642: 1575:Chinese Fifth Phase Offensive 903:UN offensive into North Korea 668:(25 June – 15 September 1950) 4282:Arkansas Army National Guard 3332: 3314:Second offensive (15–22 May) 3112:2nd Engineer Special Brigade 2913:to provide gunfire support. 2574:KPA captures Inje (24 April) 2229:IX Corps' commander General 2146:valley from its assembly at 1110:4th Seoul (Operation Ripper) 7: 4687:United States Seventh Fleet 4154:25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 3360: 2004: 1705:Home-by-Christmas offensive 1002:UN retreat from North Korea 10: 5915: 5509:Korean Armistice Agreement 5354:(July 1951 – 27 July 1953) 4677:United Nations contingents 4038:Johnston, William (2003). 4019:Millett, Allan R. (2010). 3974:Offner, Arnold A. (2002). 3320:Battle of the Soyang River 3317: 2966:by UN forces to the east. 2709: 2388: 2357: 2085:10th Battalion Combat Team 1753:in late January 1951 that 1734: 1697:first offensive of the war 1378:Korean Armistice Agreement 1196:(July 1951 – 27 July 1953) 5889:April 1951 events in Asia 5819:Battles of the Korean War 5697: 5625: 5580: 5522: 5346: 5293: 5249: 5104: 5014: 4946: 4736: 4700: 4692:Korean People's Air Force 4682:United States Eighth Army 4647: 4539: 4387: 4331: 4297: 4190: 4183: 4170:Korea divided (1945–1949) 4160: 4151: 4095:Zhang, Xiao Ming (2004). 4076:Zhang, Shu Guang (1995). 3698:October 23, 2007, at the 3098:Assessing the First Phase 2782:6th Medium Tank Battalion 2360:Battle of the Imjin River 2354:Imjin River (22–25 April) 2254:units. Forces of the PVA 2241:; and the division's own 2190: 2158:, keeping in reserve the 1523: 1462: 877:Pusan Perimeter offensive 659: 596:: 82,769 total casualties 491: 424: 381: 328: 118: 60: 49: 41: 36: 5899:June 1951 events in Asia 3592:. Retrieved 25 July 2021 3377:Gloucestershire Regiment 3102:In dropping back to the 2735:, the offensive saw the 2021:multiple rocket launcher 1827:stretching north of the 1713:retreat from North Korea 1563:Chinese spring offensive 1515:Chinese spring offensive 485:337,000 heading to Seoul 5894:May 1951 events in Asia 3921:Ridgway Duels for Korea 3571:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3542:Mossman, Billy (1988). 2177:32nd Infantry Regiments 2133:. KPA III Corps, whose 2009:PVA Commander-in-Chief 1825:24th Infantry Divisions 1684:dismissed the warning. 1587:People's Volunteer Army 603:: 85-90,000 casualties 408:People's Volunteer Army 94:United Nations victory 4949:United Nations Command 4739:North Korean offensive 4729: 4212:Belgium and Luxembourg 3919:Appleman, Roy (1990). 3195:to occupy the town of 3127:Interregnum (1–14 May) 3121:Second Phase Offensive 2753:United Nations Command 2728: 2583: 2544:The withdrawal to the 2385:Hwacheon (22–24 April) 2347:35th Infantry Regiment 2338:27th Infantry Regiment 2321:21st Infantry Regiment 2313:5th Infantry Regiments 2205: 2169:23rd Infantry Regiment 2089:24th Infantry Regiment 2073:65th Infantry Regiment 2031: 1859:. In their sector the 1709:Second Phase Offensive 1626:Republic of Korea Army 1599:United Nations Command 1595:Second Phase Offensive 970:Second Phase Offensive 664:North Korean offensive 329:Commanders and leaders 68:22 April – 22 May 1951 5572:Panmunjom Declaration 5112:(January – June 1951) 4709: 4175:Prelude to war (1950) 3749:on 30 September 2013. 3584:Sobieski, Anthony J. 3253:25th Infantry Brigade 2719: 2706:Kapyong (22–25 April) 2581: 2557:, and apparently the 2235:New Zealand artillery 2203: 2181:7th Infantry Division 2065:3rd Infantry Division 2030:Chinese T-34-85 tank. 2029: 1911:7th Infantry Division 1764:Battle of Chipyong-ni 1735:Further information: 1717:Seoul being abandoned 1666:pursued the KPA north 1573:), also known as the 1471:Korean War (template) 1391:Panmunjom Declaration 1046:(January – June 1951) 492:Casualties and losses 5795:37.9427°N 126.9392°E 5017:Chinese Intervention 4657:Korean People's Army 4427:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4332:Medical (non-combat) 3904:, pp. 553, 579. 3866:Coulthard-Clark 2001 3793:National army Museum 3683:, pp. 441, 452. 3048:1st Cavalry Division 2956:7th Cavalry Regiment 2113:, the somewhat worn 1797:. The advance by US 1731:UN counteroffensives 1678:national sovereignty 1648:Chinese intervention 1622:Korean People's Army 943:Chinese Intervention 419:Korean People's Army 5791: / 5567:Northern Limit Line 5562:Korean DMZ Conflict 4721:South Korean, U.S., 4702:Military operations 4540:Military commanders 3892:, pp. 157–158. 3880:, pp. 136–137. 3868:, pp. 263–265. 3367:Operation Dauntless 3135:fortified like its 3074:Far East Air Forces 3006:. In the west, the 2589:variable time fuses 2531:Frederick C. Weyand 2523:64th Tank Battalion 2397:1st Marine Division 2317:Blackshear M. Bryan 1857:1st Marine Division 1771:Operation Dauntless 1760:Battle of Hoengsong 1741:Operation Dauntless 1693:capturing Pyongyang 1674:invaded North Korea 5332:Blockade of Wonsan 4730: 4725:and United Nations 4532:Vyacheslav Molotov 3789:2017-01-29 at the 2897:United States Navy 2812:Withdrawal to the 2786:8th Ranger Company 2760:Withdrawal to the 2729: 2622:1st Ranger Company 2620:, and, later, the 2584: 2413:Withdrawal to the 2391:Battle of Hwacheon 2378:human wave attacks 2206: 2032: 1865:Hwacheon Reservoir 1658:landing at Incheon 1007:Hungnam evacuation 106:a counteroffensive 5800:37.9427; 126.9392 5773: 5772: 5708:Korean War images 5617:Television series 5590:Documentary films 5518: 5517: 5355: 5302: 5258: 5113: 5095:1st and 2nd Wonju 5046:Ch'ongch'on River 5023: 4957: 4936:2nd Naktong Bulge 4891:1st Naktong Bulge 4745: 4585:Douglas MacArthur 4459:Louis St. Laurent 4446:Winston Churchill 4388:Political leaders 4327: 4326: 4201:Republic of Korea 4087:978-0-7006-0723-5 4068:978-0-688-09513-0 4049:978-0-7748-1008-1 4030:978-0-7006-1709-8 4011:978-0-642-04330-6 3949:978-1-86508-634-7 3930:978-0-89096-432-3 3805:, pp. 90–91. 3169:favored defense. 3167:Taebaek Mountains 2725:Battle of Kapyong 2712:Battle of Kapyong 2618:French Battalions 2370:Belgian Battalion 2343:Joseph S. Bradley 1701:Douglas MacArthur 1589:(PVA) during the 1556: 1555: 1479: 1478: 1446: 1403: 1197: 1047: 1029:1st and 2nd Wonju 977:Ch'ongch'on River 948: 863: 849:2nd Naktong Bulge 804:1st Naktong Bulge 669: 618: 617: 614: 606: 114: 113: 16:(Redirected from 5906: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5717: 5547:Prisoners of war 5447:White Horse Hill 5379:Heartbreak Ridge 5353: 5300: 5296:Naval operations 5256: 5213:Spring offensive 5111: 5067:Task Force Faith 5060:Chosin Reservoir 5021: 4955: 4951:Counteroffensive 4743: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4717: 4622: 4608: 4602: 4600:Mark Wayne Clark 4595: 4587: 4578: 4549: 4510: 4491: 4467: 4453: 4434: 4415: 4396: 4188: 4187: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4091: 4072: 4053: 4034: 4015: 3993: 3981: 3970: 3953: 3934: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3834: 3823: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3760:Hu & Ma 1987 3757: 3751: 3750: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3404: 3398: 3289:and the town of 3208:fortifications. 2951:fortifications. 2636:PVA attacks the 2609:Task Force Zebra 2604:Clark L. Ruffner 2423:Frank W. Milburn 2215:ROK 6th Division 1891:Frank W. Milburn 1737:Operation Rugged 1584: 1572: 1518: 1516: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1483: 1482: 1472: 1454: 1444: 1441:Naval operations 1401: 1290:White Horse Hill 1220:Heartbreak Ridge 1195: 1150:Spring offensive 1045: 995:Task Force Faith 989:Chosin Reservoir 946: 861: 667: 654: 644: 637: 630: 621: 620: 612: 604: 594:Chinese estimate 589: 588: 577: 576: 567: 566: 555: 554: 543: 542: 533: 532: 523: 522: 511: 510: 471: 470: 461: 460: 451: 450: 441: 440: 417: 416: 406: 405: 393: 392: 374: 373: 363: 362: 351: 350: 340: 339: 324: 320: 318: 317: 310: 306: 304: 303: 293: 289: 287: 286: 278: 274: 272: 271: 263: 259: 257: 256: 248: 244: 242: 241: 233: 229: 227: 226: 218: 214: 212: 211: 203: 199: 197: 196: 188: 184: 182: 181: 173: 169: 167: 166: 158: 154: 152: 151: 137: 133: 131: 130: 62: 61: 54: 34: 33: 21: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5693: 5670:Blacklist Forty 5638:Korean conflict 5621: 5582:Popular culture 5576: 5514: 5415:2nd Maryang-san 5396:1st Maryang-san 5352: 5342: 5314:Chumonchin Chan 5299: 5289: 5255: 5245: 5110: 5100: 5020: 5010: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4901:Battle Mountain 4870:Pusan Perimeter 4809:Chumonchin Chan 4742: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4649:Order of battle 4643: 4620: 4606: 4598: 4593:Matthew Ridgway 4591: 4583: 4576: 4547: 4535: 4527:Lavrentiy Beria 4522:Georgy Malenkov 4508: 4489: 4465: 4451: 4432: 4421:Harry S. Truman 4413: 4394: 4383: 4333: 4323: 4293: 4179: 4156: 4147: 4142: 4107: 4088: 4069: 4050: 4031: 4012: 3998:O'Neill, Robert 3990: 3950: 3931: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3878:Stokesbury 1990 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3848: 3843: 3832: 3824: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3791:Wayback Machine 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3711:Stokesbury 1990 3709: 3705: 3700:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660:. 北京: 人民文学出版社. 3654: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3606:. 北京: 人民文学出版社. 3600: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3563: 3551: 3540: 3407: 3399: 3390: 3385: 3363: 3335: 3322: 3316: 3129: 3100: 3069: 2818: 2766: 2714: 2708: 2642: 2576: 2419: 2393: 2387: 2366:Robert H. Soule 2362: 2356: 2297: 2266:assembled near 2231:William M. Hoge 2211: 2198: 2193: 2007: 1878:Turkish Brigade 1814:James Van Fleet 1747:Matthew Ridgway 1743: 1733: 1650: 1645: 1637:counterattacked 1559: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1458: 1452: 1443: 1400: 1305:Jackson Heights 1251:2nd Maryang-san 1232:1st Maryang-san 1194: 1044: 945: 860: 814:Battle Mountain 783:Pusan Perimeter 727:Chumonchin Chan 666: 655: 650: 648: 601:Chinese sources 583: 579: 571: 561: 557: 549: 545: 537: 527: 517: 513: 505: 465: 455: 445: 435: 411: 400: 387: 368: 367: 357: 353:James Van Fleet 345: 344: 342:Matthew Ridgway 334: 315: 313: 311: 301: 299: 284: 282: 269: 267: 254: 252: 239: 237: 224: 222: 209: 207: 194: 192: 179: 177: 164: 162: 149: 147: 128: 126: 85: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5912: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 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4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4794:Suwon Airfield 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4774:Kaesong–Munsan 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4440:Clement Attlee 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4344:Czechoslovakia 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4272:United Kingdom 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4196: 4194: 4192:United Nations 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4067: 4054: 4048: 4035: 4029: 4016: 4010: 3994: 3988: 3971: 3954: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3841: 3807: 3795: 3776: 3774:, p. 148. 3764: 3762:, pp. 37. 3752: 3727: 3725:, p. 390. 3715: 3703: 3685: 3673: 3666: 3648: 3642:Li, Xiaobing. 3635: 3619: 3612: 3594: 3577: 3561: 3405: 3403:, p. 132. 3387: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3347:Jamestown Line 3334: 3331: 3318:Main article: 3315: 3312: 3128: 3125: 3099: 3096: 3068: 3063:Defending the 3061: 2889:Kimpo Airfield 2817: 2810: 2765: 2758: 2733:Kapyong sector 2710:Main article: 2707: 2704: 2651:190th Division 2641: 2634: 2575: 2572: 2559:189th Division 2555:187th Division 2551:192nd Division 2418: 2411: 2406:Pendleton Line 2402:120th Division 2389:Main article: 2386: 2383: 2358:Main article: 2355: 2352: 2334:179th Division 2296: 2293: 2277:115th Division 2210: 2207: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2156:12th Divisions 2006: 2003: 1751:counterattacks 1732: 1729: 1703:initiated the 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1398:Air operations 1394: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1372:Samichon River 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347:Nevada Complex 1344: 1337: 1335:Pork Chop Hill 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1295:Arrowhead Hill 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1011: 1010: 1009: 999: 998: 997: 992: 985: 980: 966: 961: 956: 950: 949: 939: 938: 937: 936: 934:Sunchon tunnel 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 899: 898: 897: 885: 880: 873: 865: 864: 854: 853: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 712:Suwon Airfield 709: 704: 699: 694: 692:Kaesong–Munsan 689: 684: 679: 671: 670: 660: 657: 656: 647: 646: 639: 632: 624: 616: 615: 605:(Chinese only) 597: 592: 591: 581: 569: 559: 547: 535: 525: 515: 494: 493: 489: 488: 487: 486: 478: 477: 476: 473: 463: 453: 443: 427: 426: 422: 421: 397: 384: 383: 382:Units involved 379: 378: 355: 331: 330: 326: 325: 296: 295: 294: 279: 264: 249: 234: 219: 216:United Kingdom 204: 189: 174: 159: 135:United Nations 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 102: 91: 87: 86: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5911: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5492:Outpost Harry 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474:Outpost Vegas 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5453:Triangle Hill 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Bowling Alley 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4716:Soviet forces 4712:North Korean, 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4614:Choi Yong-kun 4611: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Chung Il-kwon 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4516:Joseph Stalin 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4277:United States 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4108: 4106:1-58544-201-1 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3989:0-8047-4774-1 3985: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3903: 3902:Appleman 1990 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3854:public domain 3844: 3842:9780160795596 3838: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803:Johnston 2003 3799: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3713:, p. 83. 3712: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3667:9787020069200 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3615: 3613:9787020069200 3609: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3557:public domain 3547: 3546: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3321: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3286:Missouri Line 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3259:. Though the 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3225:Missouri Line 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3201:Missouri Line 3198: 3194: 3193:Missouri Line 3190: 3189:Missouri Line 3185: 3183: 3182:Missouri Line 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3067:(28–30 April) 3066: 3060: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010:followed the 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2900:Task Force 95 2898: 2894: 2893:Seoul airport 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2816:(26–28 April) 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2721:Kapyŏng River 2718: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2640:(23–24 April) 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417:(22–23 April) 2416: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:59th Division 2292: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Kapyong River 2257: 2256:60th Division 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237:; Company C, 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2202: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:Ryesong River 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Hantan Rivers 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1995:59th Division 1992: 1991:60th Division 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:12th Division 1957: 1953: 1952:45th Division 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1915:Edward Almond 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Iron Triangle 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:38th Parallel 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628:(ROK) and US 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1445:(1950 – 1953) 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402:(1950 – 1953) 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Outpost Harry 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1341:Little Switch 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330:Outpost Vegas 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300:Triangle Hill 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:Outpost Kelly 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978: 974: 973: 972: 971: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 951: 944: 941: 940: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 905: 904: 900: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 879: 878: 874: 872: 871: 867: 866: 859: 856: 855: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 809:Bowling Alley 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 677: 673: 672: 665: 662: 661: 658: 653: 645: 640: 638: 633: 631: 626: 625: 622: 610: 607: 602: 598: 595: 587: 582: 575: 570: 565: 560: 553: 548: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 512:1200+ killed 509: 504: 503: 502: 500: 496: 495: 490: 484: 483: 482: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 420: 415: 410: 409: 404: 398: 396: 391: 386: 385: 380: 377: 376:Choi Yong-kun 372: 366: 361: 356: 354: 349: 343: 338: 333: 332: 327: 323: 309: 297: 292: 280: 277: 265: 262: 250: 247: 235: 232: 220: 217: 205: 202: 190: 187: 175: 172: 160: 157: 156:United States 145: 144: 143: 141: 136: 123: 122: 117: 107: 103: 101: 97: 96: 95: 92: 89: 88: 84: 80: 79:38th Parallel 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5776: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5677: 5669: 5609: 5532:Memorial Day 5507: 5490: 5478: 5451: 5439: 5407: 5388: 5366: 5362:Bloody Ridge 5347: 5330: 5323: 5309:Korea Strait 5294: 5250: 5234:Soyang River 5212: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5171: 5163: 5134:Twin Tunnels 5126: 5119: 5105: 5093: 5087:Chaegunghyon 5074: 5065: 5059: 5045: 5015: 4969: 4947: 4881:P'ohang-dong 4869: 4799:Air Campaign 4779:Korea Strait 4751: 4737: 4723:Commonwealth 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4582: 4575: 4571:Paik Sun-yup 4553: 4546: 4514: 4507: 4495: 4488: 4479:Pak Hon-yong 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4438: 4431: 4419: 4412: 4408:Shin Song-mo 4402:Syngman Rhee 4400: 4393: 4379:West Germany 4334:participants 4319:Soviet Union 4306: 4299:Eastern Bloc 4267:South Africa 4199: 4184:Belligerents 4153: 4096: 4077: 4058: 4039: 4020: 4001: 3977: 3958: 3939: 3920: 3912:Bibliography 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3828: 3798: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3747:the original 3730: 3718: 3706: 3688: 3681:Millett 2010 3676: 3657: 3656:王树增 (2009). 3651: 3638: 3622: 3603: 3602:王树增 (2009). 3597: 3585: 3580: 3544: 3401:O'Neill 1985 3351: 3342: 3336: 3327:Soyang River 3323: 3307:Naep’yong-ni 3303: 3299: 3285: 3282:No-Name Line 3281: 3279: 3260: 3248: 3246: 3241:No-Name Line 3240: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3213:No-Name Line 3212: 3210: 3206:No-Name Line 3205: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3178:No-Name Line 3177: 3174:No-Name Line 3173: 3171: 3150:No-Name Line 3149: 3146: 3136: 3133:No-Name Line 3132: 3130: 3117: 3104:No-Name Line 3103: 3101: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3070: 3065:No-Name Line 3064: 3056: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3016:No-Name Line 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996:No-Name Line 2995: 2992:No-Name Line 2991: 2989: 2984: 2981:No-Name Line 2980: 2976:No-Name Line 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964:No-Name Line 2963: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911:Sea of Japan 2905: 2878: 2874:No-Name Line 2873: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2814:No-Name Line 2813: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2747:(3 RAR) and 2730: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2667:8th Division 2662: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2566: 2563: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2452:7th Division 2448:5th Division 2444:Alabama Line 2443: 2440: 2435: 2431:Alabama Line 2430: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2394: 2374: 2363: 2330: 2324: 2298: 2288:Pukhan River 2283: 2281: 2273: 2252: 2228: 2219:Wyoming Line 2218: 2212: 2185:3rd Division 2144:Soyang River 2123: 2111:Hwacheon Dam 2061:29th Brigade 2057:1st Division 2033: 2008: 1979:Hwacheon Dam 1975:Wyoming Line 1974: 1972: 1967: 1947:5th Division 1943:7th Division 1939:3rd Division 1931:Alabama Line 1930: 1928: 1919: 1895: 1882: 1873: 1868: 1861:Wyoming Line 1860: 1853:6th Division 1835:between the 1832: 1828: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1779:Wyoming Line 1778: 1774: 1768: 1755:retook Seoul 1744: 1686: 1682:Harry Truman 1651: 1614:No-Name Line 1613: 1603: 1574: 1562: 1560: 1548:Soyang River 1513: 1468: 1464: 1409:Air Campaign 1383: 1376: 1339: 1272: 1255: 1243: 1224: 1207: 1203:Bloody Ridge 1182: 1176:Soyang River 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1108: 1101: 1069: 1065:Twin Tunnels 1057: 1053:Happy Valley 1027: 1013: 988: 976: 968: 901: 887: 875: 869: 794:P'ohang-dong 782: 717:Air Campaign 674: 608: 600: 599: 593: 558:522 captured 498: 497: 480: 430: 399: 124: 119:Belligerents 104:UN launches 93: 42:Part of the 29: 5798: / 5786:126°56′21″E 5752:South Korea 5740:North Korea 5653:Flying aces 5605:Reenactment 5301:(1950–1953) 5257:(1950–1953) 5219:Imjin River 5174:(4th Seoul) 5144:Chipyong-ni 5121:Thunderbolt 4714:Chinese and 4628:Peng Dehuai 4561:Kim Jong-oh 4555:Kim Hong-il 4473:Kim Il Sung 4252:Philippines 4247:New Zealand 4242:Netherlands 3784:Imjin River 3723:Offner 2002 3343:Line Kansas 3249:Topeka Line 3236:Topeka Line 3229:Kansas Line 3221:Topeka Line 3217:Kansas Line 3137:Golden Line 3091:Golden Line 3086:Golden Line 3057:Golden Line 3039:Golden Line 3027:Golden Line 3004:Nevada Line 2985:Nevada Line 2972:Kansas Line 2960:Golden Line 2949:Golden Line 2945:Golden Line 2936:Golden Line 2932:Golden Line 2928:Golden Line 2865:Golden Line 2861:Nevada Line 2852:Kansas Line 2826:Golden Line 2778:Kansas Line 2756:offensive. 2700:Kansas Line 2684:Kansas Line 2680:Kansas Line 2663:Kansas Line 2638:Kansas Line 2630:Kansas Line 2626:Kansas Line 2614:Netherlands 2600:Kansas Line 2596:Kansas Line 2567:Golden Line 2546:Kansas Line 2539:Kansas Line 2535:Kansas Line 2510:Kansas Line 2503:Kansas Line 2498:Kansas Line 2493:Kansas Line 2486:Kansas Line 2478:Kansas Line 2469:Kansas Line 2461:Kansas Line 2436:Kansas Line 2427:Kansas Line 2415:Kansas Line 2325:Kansas Line 2284:Kansas Line 2119:40th Armies 2016:Army Groups 2011:Peng Dehuai 1968:Kansas Line 1887:Imjin River 1869:Kansas Line 1855:and the US 1837:Imjin River 1807:Kansas Line 1775:Kansas Line 1634:Eighth Army 1528:Imjin River 1280:Bunker Hill 1156:Imjin River 1082:Chipyong-ni 1059:Thunderbolt 609:UN estimate 395:Eighth Army 365:Peng Dehuai 322:North Korea 291:New Zealand 201:Philippines 171:South Korea 5813:Categories 5783:37°56′34″N 5676:Operation 5668:Operation 5542:War crimes 5537:Casualties 5430:Sui-ho Dam 5425:Hill Eerie 5409:Polecharge 5403:Haktang-ni 5280:Sui-ho Dam 5185:Courageous 5179:Maehwa-san 4503:Zhou Enlai 4497:Mao Zedong 4162:Background 4145:Korean War 3890:Zhang 1995 3772:Zhang 1995 3629:, p. 3627:Zhang 1995 3383:References 3295:Yongdae-ri 3291:Kangson-ni 3275:Kyongan-ni 3257:Pusan area 2844:Delta Line 2822:Delta Line 2806:Delta Line 2802:Delta Line 2798:Delta Line 2794:Delta Line 2790:Delta Line 2771:Delta Line 2764:(25 April) 2762:Delta Line 2696:Delta Line 1793:named the 1721:Mao Zedong 1689:Yalu River 1643:Background 1591:Korean War 1429:Sui-ho Dam 1385:Big Switch 1263:Hill Eerie 1257:Rat Killer 1245:Polecharge 1239:Haktang-ni 1122:Courageous 1116:Maehwa-san 652:Korean War 580:3 captured 556:141 killed 514:10 missing 499:UN sources 246:Luxembourg 44:Korean War 5702:See also: 5663:MiG Alley 5552:Armistice 5524:Aftermath 5435:Old Baldy 5384:Han River 5374:Punchbowl 5349:Stalemate 5338:Han River 5265:MiG Alley 5206:Dauntless 5149:3rd Wonju 5139:Hoengsong 5082:Uijeongbu 5076:3rd Seoul 4991:Pyongyang 4976:2nd Seoul 4926:Tabu-dong 4916:Nam River 4834:Kum River 4829:Chochiwon 4819:Pyongtaek 4789:Uijeongbu 4764:1st Seoul 4759:Chuncheon 4667:Australia 4634:Chen Geng 4484:Kim Chaek 4207:Australia 3967:298945765 3333:Aftermath 3050:occupied 3020:Waco Line 3008:Waco Line 3000:Waco Line 2904:USS 2671:Munsan-ni 2656:Uijeongbu 2527:Utah Line 2518:Utah Line 2514:Utah Line 2323:from the 2131:Hongcheon 2127:Chuncheon 2098:20th Army 2094:27th Army 2081:60th Army 2077:12th Army 2069:15th Army 1999:20th Army 1983:39th Army 1956:III Corps 1935:III Corps 1885:. On the 1883:Utah Line 1874:Utah Line 1829:Utah Line 1783:Pyonggang 1616:north of 1414:MiG Alley 1268:Old Baldy 1215:Punchbowl 1192:Stalemate 1143:Dauntless 1087:3rd Wonju 1077:Hoengsong 1021:Uijeongbu 1015:3rd Seoul 914:Pyongyang 883:2nd Seoul 839:Tabu-dong 829:Nam River 747:Chochiwon 737:Pyongtaek 707:1st Seoul 702:Uijeongbu 682:Chuncheon 578:32 killed 568:12 killed 546:6 missing 544:16 killed 534:12 killed 276:Australia 77:near the 5716:Cold War 5486:3rd Hook 5464:2nd Hook 5459:1st Hook 5390:Commando 5275:Strangle 5192:Tomahawk 5154:Chuam-ni 4981:Hill 282 4854:Hwanggan 4849:Yongdong 4769:Gorangpo 4753:Pokpoong 4719: • 4710: • 4639:Deng Hua 4257:Thailand 4227:Ethiopia 4222:Colombia 4000:(1985). 3787:Archived 3696:Archived 3361:See also 3152:and the 2870:Yangyang 2364:General 2148:Komisong 2043:between 2005:Planning 1845:Kwangdok 1803:IX Corps 1787:Ch'orwon 1762:and the 1749:, began 1610:IX Corps 1538:Hwacheon 1424:Strangle 1352:3rd Hook 1320:2nd Hook 1315:1st Hook 1226:Commando 1166:Hwacheon 1129:Tomahawk 1092:Chuam-ni 895:Hill 282 767:Hwanggan 762:Yongdong 687:Gorangpo 590:2 killed 481:700,000 431:418,500 425:Strength 73:Location 5726:Portals 5689:Weapons 5611:M*A*S*H 5498:Kumsong 5469:Chatkol 5420:Sunchon 5270:Sunchon 5229:Kapyong 5224:Yultong 5128:Roundup 5040:Pakchon 5006:Chongju 4986:Sariwon 4931:Yongsan 4906:Kyongju 4374:Hungary 4349:Denmark 3355:Kaesong 3197:Kansong 3159:Capital 2731:In the 2268:Kapyong 2179:of the 2103:I Corps 2045:Route 1 2036:May Day 1964:V Corps 1899:X Corps 1630:X Corps 1608:and US 1606:I Corps 1579:Chinese 1567:Chinese 1543:Kapyong 1533:Yultong 1419:Sunchon 1362:Kumsong 1325:Chatkol 1171:Kapyong 1161:Yultong 1071:Roundup 964:Pakchon 929:Chongju 909:Sariwon 844:Yongsan 819:Kyongju 676:Pokpung 524:unknown 452:152,000 442:245,000 186:Belgium 5368:Minden 5325:Inchon 5199:Rugged 5172:Ripper 5165:Killer 5159:Wonsan 5030:Onjong 4996:Yongyu 4970:Inchon 4921:Ka-san 4859:Hadong 4844:Sangju 4839:Taejon 4824:Chonan 4804:Andong 4784:Ongjin 4727:forces 4369:Sweden 4364:Norway 4262:Turkey 4237:Greece 4232:France 4217:Canada 4103: 4084: 4065: 4046: 4027: 4008: 3986: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3839: 3664: 3658:《朝鲜战争》 3610: 3604:《朝鲜战争》 3271:Ich’on 3264:Seoul- 3261:Topeka 3141:Napalm 3082:Toledo 3052:Golden 3044:Golden 3032:Toledo 3012:Nevada 2906:Toledo 2885:Inchon 2834:Golden 2305:Kumhwa 2191:Battle 1903:Yanggu 1849:Paegun 1841:Kumhak 1833:Kansas 1791:Kumhwa 1691:after 1581:: 1571:中国春季攻势 1569:: 1209:Minden 1136:Rugged 1103:Killer 1097:Wonsan 1035:Pohang 954:Onjong 919:Yongyu 870:Inchon 834:Ka-san 772:Hadong 757:Sangju 752:Taejon 742:Chonan 722:Andong 697:Ongjin 472:11,500 319: 305: 288: 273: 261:Turkey 258: 243: 231:Canada 228: 213: 198: 183: 168: 153: 132: 108:in May 90:Result 5764:1950s 5678:Glory 5626:Other 5600:Books 5595:Films 5441:Blaze 5319:Haeju 5052:Wawon 5035:Unsan 5001:Kujin 4964:Haeju 4911:Haman 4886:Taegu 4876:Masan 4864:Notch 4672:China 4359:Italy 4354:India 4314:China 3833:(PDF) 3266:Suwon 2919:Delta 2881:Kimpo 2839:Delta 2830:Delta 2741:Seoul 1905:, US 1618:Seoul 1583:第五次战役 1310:Noris 1274:Blaze 983:Wawon 959:Unsan 924:Kujin 824:Haman 799:Taegu 789:Masan 777:Notch 462:1,500 308:China 100:Seoul 83:Korea 4814:Osan 4607:dprk 4509:ussr 4466:dprk 4101:ISBN 4082:ISBN 4063:ISBN 4044:ISBN 4025:ISBN 4006:ISBN 3984:ISBN 3963:OCLC 3944:ISBN 3925:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3740:and 3662:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3325:the 3163:11th 3161:and 3108:LSTs 2891:and 2832:and 2616:and 2311:and 2309:19th 2175:and 2173:17th 2160:32nd 2154:and 2139:15th 2129:and 2117:and 2115:39th 2079:and 2049:63rd 2041:64th 1923:Inje 1909:and 1847:and 1823:and 1821:25th 1801:and 1789:and 1739:and 1561:The 732:Osan 65:Date 5557:DMZ 4621:prc 4577:usa 4548:rok 4490:prc 4414:usa 4395:rok 3631:152 2164:7th 2152:6th 2135:1st 1907:2nd 140:UNC 5815:: 4452:ca 4433:uk 3810:^ 3588:. 3564:^ 3408:^ 3391:^ 3231:. 2887:, 2876:. 2137:, 1962:, 1954:, 1843:, 1809:. 1785:, 142:) 81:, 5728:: 4137:e 4130:t 4123:v 4109:. 4090:. 4071:. 4052:. 4033:. 4014:. 3992:. 3969:. 3952:. 3933:. 3856:. 3845:. 3670:. 3633:. 3616:. 3559:. 2727:. 1799:I 1577:( 1565:( 1505:e 1498:t 1491:v 643:e 636:t 629:v 138:( 20:)

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