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36:
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674:, or Kalinago people, and over time more settled there after being driven from surrounding islands, as European powers entered the region. In 1690, French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe begin to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood and gradually become permanent settlers. France had a colony for several years, they imported slaves from
1043:
The term varies in meaning by its usage and frame of reference. It is not used much in France, unless the speaker wants to refer to every French dependency in the
Caribbean region. The term's more ambiguous than the term "French West Indies", which refers specifically to the islands that are
750:
and creating the creole identity; Spanish, French, and Patois were the languages spoken. Trinidad's population jumped from just under 1,400 in 1777, to over 15,000 by the end of 1789. In 1797, Trinidad became a
British crown colony, with a French-speaking population.
576:(Fort-de-France) on Martinique was a major port for French warships in the region from which the French were able to explore the region. In 1638, Jacques Dyel du Parquet (1606–1658), nephew of Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and first governor of Martinique, decided to have
539:, created to accomplish this with d'Esnambuc at its head. The company was not particularly successful and Richelieu had it reorganized as the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. In 1635 d'Esnambuc sailed to Martinique with one hundred French settlers to clear land for
1036:) includes all the French-speaking countries in the region. It can also refer to any area that exhibits a combination of French and Caribbean cultural influences in music, cuisine, style, architecture, and so on. The Francophone Caribbean is a part of the wider
615:
had little interest in colonial affairs, and the company languished. In 1651 it dissolved itself, selling its exploitation rights to various parties. The du Paquet family bought
Martinique, Grenada, and Saint Lucia for 60,000 livres. The sieur
725:
to migrate to
Trinidad. The Spanish gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for ten years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. This exodus was also encouraged by the
2174:
747:
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1606:
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1558:
557:, inherited d'Esnambuc's authority over the French settlements in the Caribbean, in 1637 becoming governor of Martinique. He remained in Martinique and did not concern himself with the other islands.
686:
as an official language while
Antillean creole is spoken as a secondary language and is well maintained due to its location between the French-speaking departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique.
611:
received a twenty-year extension of its charter. The King would name the
Governor General of the company, and the company the Governors of the various islands. By the late 1640s, in France
682:
language developed. France formally ceded possession of
Dominica to Great Britain in 1763. Great Britain established a small colony on the island in 1805. As a result, Dominicans speak
1534:
580:
built to protect the city against enemy attacks. From Fort Royal, Martinique, Du
Parquet proceeded south in search for new territories and established the first settlement in
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340:
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1199:. English is their official language, but French-based Creole languages are widely spoken by the island population due to a period of French colonization.
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2400:
2154:
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168:
1661:
693:, the occupying Spanish had contributed little towards advancements, despite the island's ideal location. Because it was considered underpopulated,
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are
Guadeloupe and Martinique. Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy, formerly attached to the department of Guadeloupe, have held separate status as
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2139:
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in
Spanish), 3 November 1493. In the hundred years after Columbus's landing, Dominica remained isolated. At the time it was inhabited by the
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191:
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1974:
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language is spoken, whereas in others the language is nearing extinction; specific words and expressions may vary among the islands.
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410:
223:
1772:
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2144:
648:, which were made dependencies of Guadeloupe. In 1665, the Knights sold the islands they had acquired to the newly formed (1664)
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79:
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1957:
53:
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in 1649. Despite the long history of British rule, Grenada's French heritage is still evidenced by the number of French
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1979:
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king Charles III, on 4 November 1783, allowing French planters with their slaves, free coloreds and mulattos from the
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68:
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in 1635. Belain sailed to the Caribbean in 1625, hoping to establish a French settlement on the island of
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1602:
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8:
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The French permanently settled on Martinique and Guadeloupe after being kicked off
386:
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to establish French colonies in the region. Richelieu became a shareholder in the
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named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (
625:
483:
432:
238:
225:
678:, Martinique and Guadeloupe to work on its plantations. In this period, the
1363:
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in 1643, and headed an expedition which established a French settlement in
460:
459:, the northern half of the island with the same name, the southern half is
424:
314:
1326:
1312:
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893:
675:
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1808:
St. Lucian Kwéyòl on St. Croix: A Study of Language Choice and Attitudes
1555:"Base chiffres clés : évolution et structure de la population 2010"
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216:
1528:"Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017"
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1322:
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1866:
1835:
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1603:"Actualités : 2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy"
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Overseas collectivity, detached from Guadeloupe on 22 February 2007.
589:
550:
540:
512:
402:
1040:, which includes all the French-speaking countries in the Americas.
35:
2024:
1700:. Department of History, University of the West Indies. p. 1.
1281:
1277:
1158:
739:
722:
690:
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398:
1962:
1697:
Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492-1992
1287:
1208:
1579:"Actualités : 2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Martin"
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735:
714:
585:
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1967:
1732:
Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey
1221:
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528:
394:
186:
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territories that were formerly part of the French West Indies
1172:
702:
730:. These new immigrants established the local communities of
173:
Location of the modern territories of the French West Indies
1216:
In addition, some of the islands of the present and former
596:, French-style buildings, cuisine and places name (For ex.
1663:
France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History
549:
After six months on Martinique, d'Esnambuc returned to
697:, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a
553:, where he soon died prematurely in 1636. His nephew,
515:, who established the first permanent French colony,
2530:
1946 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
1203:
1693:
1659:
1625:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1729:
1055:The following Caribbean regions are predominantly
2525:1628 establishments in the French colonial empire
2511:
1804:
1771:Gramley, Stephan; Pätzold, Kurt-Michael (2004).
1384:List of governors general of the French Antilles
883:, detached from Guadeloupe on 22 February 2007.
1432:. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 32–38.
1482:"History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago"
1195:* Both countries gained independence from the
2540:States and territories disestablished in 1946
1851:
1727:
658:is a former French and British colony in the
1479:
139:
2535:States and territories established in 1628
1858:
1844:
1020:are also known as the French West Indies.
511:was a French trader and adventurer in the
167:
2565:French-speaking countries and territories
2271:Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act
1463:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2024-01-23
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2235:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
1207:
1018:Départments et Collectivités d’Outre Mer
482:
1427:
14:
2512:
1865:
1520:
1430:A history of St Kitts: the sweet trade
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1318:
1273:
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1247:
1242:
2311:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
1839:
1480:Ryan, Selwyn; Williams, Eric (1965).
1237:
380:
2411:Central American and Caribbean Games
1736:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1632:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. xxi.
1451:
1449:
527:(St. Kitts). In 1626 he returned to
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2560:French colonization of the Americas
1917:Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)
1811:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 210.
1666:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 17.
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27:French territories in the Caribbean
24:
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1204:Former French West Indian islands
756:Islands of the French West Indies
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609:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
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2220:Association of Caribbean States
2079:Latin America and the Caribbean
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463:, a constituent country of the
45:needs additional citations for
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1571:
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1473:
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1313:Saint Kitts (Saint-Christophe)
531:, where he won the support of
13:
1:
1932:Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)
1907:British Caribbean (1586–1834)
1891:Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)
1629:Food Culture in the Caribbean
1417:(3rd. ed.). Gale ebooks.
1399:
1231:
856:Overseas department / region
782:Population density
537:Compagnie de Saint-Christophe
2281:Central banks and currencies
1927:German Caribbean (1685-1693)
1922:Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)
1912:French Caribbean (1625–1817)
1694:Cobley, Alan Gregor (1994).
1660:Johnston, Christina (2005).
1626:Houston, Lynn Marie (2005).
1428:Hubbard, Vincent K. (2002).
1415:The People's Chronology 1635
1016:since 2007. These Caribbean
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1902:Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)
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1046:French overseas departments
1008:French overseas departments
997:
994:
419:, including the islands of
10:
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2550:Geography of the Caribbean
2276:Caribbean Development Bank
1953:Caribbean Court of Justice
1777:. Routledge. p. 265.
1774:A Survey of Modern English
982:Dependency of Guadeloupe.
958:Dependency of Guadeloupe.
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478:
465:Kingdom of the Netherlands
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2328:in the Danish West Indies
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2004:
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1805:Mitchell, Edward (2010).
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1347:Turks and Caicos Islands
1224:. Among some of them, a
908:Dependency of Guadeloupe
509:Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc
289:Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc
2074:Caribbean South America
1013:overseas collectivities
555:Jacques Dyel du Parquet
451:overseas collectivities
390:
382:[ɑ̃tijfʁɑ̃sɛːz]
196:overseas collectivities
2570:France–Haiti relations
2215:Afro-Caribbean leftism
2089:Western Caribbean zone
1759:carabinier martinique.
1728:Manuel, Peter (1988).
1413:Trager, James (2005).
1213:
495:
376:
140:
2175:Dependent territories
1992:Territorial evolution
1486:International Journal
1211:
1052:can be included too.
1034:Francophone Caribbean
881:Overseas collectivity
562:Saint Kitts and Nevis
486:
255:Common languages
239:14.68194°N 61.03056°W
2180:World Heritage Sites
1364:American West Indies
695:Roume de St. Laurent
664:Christopher Columbus
411:overseas departments
192:Overseas departments
69:"French West Indies"
54:improve this article
2423:Television stations
2225:Caribbean Community
1394:Swedish West Indies
1389:Spanish West Indies
1369:British West Indies
1238:Former territories
1226:French-based creole
1220:were once ruled by
1218:British West Indies
1147:Sovereign state(s)
987:French West Indies
814:Overseas department
758:
699:Cédula de Población
519:, on the island of
393:) are the parts of
377:Antilles françaises
346:Spanish West Indies
301:Armand Joseph Bruat
244:14.68194; -61.03056
235: /
141:Antilles françaises
2580:Cardinal Richelieu
2140:Metropolitan areas
2084:Southern Caribbean
2059:Caribbean Lowlands
1980:Influx of diseases
1461:The World Factbook
1374:Danish West Indies
1214:
765:Largest settlement
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602:Martinique Channel
572:) by the British.
533:Cardinal Richelieu
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365:French West Indies
136:French West Indies
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1006:The two official
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728:French Revolution
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284:• 1628-1636
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2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2115:Extreme points
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1948:Afro-Caribbean
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869: articles
1863:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1817:
1797:
1783:
1763:
1746:
1720:
1706:
1686:
1672:
1652:
1638:
1618:
1594:
1570:
1546:
1519:
1472:
1445:
1438:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1294:
1284:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:Saint-Domingue
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1205:
1202:
1197:United Kingdom
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1050:Collectivities
1038:French America
1025:
1022:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
990:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
966:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
942:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
918:
912:
911:
905:
902:
899:
896:
891:
885:
884:
878:
875:
872:
869:
864:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:Pointe-à-Pitre
840:
821:
820:
811:
808:
805:
802:
800:Fort-de-France
797:
791:
790:
787:
780:
775:Land area
773:
766:
763:
755:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
447:
446:
445:
440:
359:
358:
355:
354:
352:
349:
348:
343:
331:
330:
328:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
295:
292:
291:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
256:
252:
251:
204:
200:
199:
198:(1946-present)
180:
176:
175:
172:
164:
163:
160:Flag of France
158:
150:
149:
146:
145:
138:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2592:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Latin America
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Caribbean Sea
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1820:
1818:9781443821476
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1608:
1605:(in French).
1604:
1598:
1584:
1581:(in French).
1580:
1574:
1560:
1557:(in French).
1556:
1550:
1536:
1533:(in French).
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1089:French Guiana
1079:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:French Creole
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1000:
989:
986:
985:
981:
970:
965:
961:
957:
946:
945:Terre-de-Haut
941:
937:
933:
922:
917:
913:
909:
906:
895:
890:
889:Marie-Galante
886:
882:
879:
868:
863:
859:
855:
844:
837:
833:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
801:
796:
792:
788:
785:(inh. per km)
781:
774:
767:
764:
761:
760:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Blanchisseuse
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Island Caribs
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Marie-Galante
623:
619:
614:
610:
607:In 1642, the
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
433:Marie-Galante
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
407:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
293:
290:
287:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
253:
248:
218:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
181:
177:
170:
165:
161:
154:
147:
142:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2450:Pre-Arawakan
2433:Demographics
1911:
1898:(1500s–1830)
1822:. Retrieved
1807:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1773:
1766:
1758:
1751:. Retrieved
1731:
1723:
1713:23 September
1711:. Retrieved
1696:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1662:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1628:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1522:
1492:(2): 40–41.
1489:
1485:
1475:
1465:, retrieved
1460:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1215:
1193:
1141:Saint Martin
1054:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1005:
862:Saint Martin
836:Grande-Terre
748:Trinidadians
688:
667:
654:
646:Saint Martin
606:
565:
559:
548:
517:Saint-Pierre
507:
487:
461:Sint Maarten
457:Saint Martin
425:Grande-Terre
391:Antiy fwansé
368:
364:
362:
325:
212:Saint-Pierre
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2545:West Indies
2110:Earthquakes
1824:5 September
1790:5 September
1327:Saint Lucia
1304:(1651–1733)
1302:Saint Croix
1186:Saint Lucia
1063:-speaking:
964:La Désirade
940:Les Saintes
894:Grand-Bourg
832:Basse-Terre
771:(Jan. 2017)
738:, Cascade,
676:West Africa
630:La Desirade
582:Saint Lucia
544:plantations
488:Les Salines
437:La Désirade
429:Les Saintes
421:Basse-Terre
326:Preceded by
242: /
219:(1674–1851)
214:(1671–1674)
209:(1628–1671)
207:Basse-Terre
189:(1628–1946)
2514:Categories
2457:Population
2386:Literature
1975:Hurricanes
1784:020344017X
1747:0195053427
1707:9766210314
1673:1851094113
1639:0313327645
1612:2014-01-31
1588:2014-01-31
1564:2014-02-25
1540:2020-12-09
1467:2024-01-27
1457:"Dominica"
1400:References
1244:Hispaniola
1115:Martinique
1102:Guadeloupe
969:Beauséjour
825:Guadeloupe
795:Martinique
768:Population
744:Laventille
719:Guadeloupe
711:Martinique
622:Guadeloupe
574:Fort Royal
521:Martinique
500:New France
492:Martinique
443:Martinique
417:Guadeloupe
227:14°40′55″N
217:Fort-Royal
110:April 2014
80:newspapers
2462:Religions
2445:Languages
2376:Carnivals
2291:Companies
2230:CARIFORUM
2210:Democracy
2145:Mountains
2135:Cetaceans
2105:Bioregion
2006:Geography
1867:Caribbean
1506:0020-7020
701:from the
590:loanwords
541:sugarcane
513:Caribbean
403:Caribbean
230:61°1′50″W
2494:Category
2418:Stadiums
2266:Airports
2261:Airlines
2198:Politics
2098:By topic
2025:Antilles
1941:By topic
1884:Timeline
1753:10 April
1679:17 March
1645:17 March
1514:40199549
1358:See also
1282:Dominica
1159:Dominica
992:842,247
921:Gustavia
847:375,467
804:372,594
740:Carenage
723:Dominica
691:Trinidad
656:Dominica
632:and the
604:, etc.)
494:, France
449:The two
409:The two
399:Antilles
311:Currency
2485:Outline
2381:Cuisine
2349:Culture
2335:Tourism
2323:in Cuba
2296:Fishing
2249:Economy
2130:Mammals
2124:by area
2120:Islands
2018:Regions
1985:Malaria
1876:History
1292:Grenada
898:10,760
871:35,334
867:Marigot
789:Status
736:Paramin
715:Grenada
703:Spanish
684:English
668:domingo
640:bought
634:Saintes
620:bought
613:Mazarin
586:Grenada
479:History
203:Capital
94:scholar
2499:Portal
2396:Poetry
2301:Hotels
2286:Citrus
2165:Ultras
2155:Rivers
1968:Arawak
1896:Piracy
1815:
1781:
1744:
1704:
1670:
1636:
1512:
1504:
1436:
1222:France
1183:
1170:
1156:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1057:French
995:2,834
973:1,448
949:2,578
925:9,961
850:1,436
827:proper
818:region
807:1,128
636:. The
570:French
529:France
435:, and
395:France
373:French
274:
263:Creole
259:French
187:France
183:Colony
179:Status
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2406:Sport
2391:Music
2318:Sugar
2160:Trees
1963:Taíno
1607:INSEE
1583:INSEE
1559:INSEE
1535:INSEE
1531:(PDF)
1510:JSTOR
1256:Haiti
1235:Area
1173:Haiti
618:Houël
315:Franc
101:JSTOR
87:books
2366:Beer
1826:2015
1813:ISBN
1792:2015
1779:ISBN
1755:2015
1742:ISBN
1715:2015
1702:ISBN
1681:2015
1668:ISBN
1647:2015
1634:ISBN
1502:ISSN
1434:ISBN
1032:(or
1028:The
998:398
955:198
931:398
901:158
877:667
853:261
810:330
778:(km)
762:Name
742:and
721:and
644:and
502:and
453:of:
413:of:
363:The
194:and
73:news
2361:Art
1494:doi
979:69
976:21
952:13
928:25
904:68
874:53
709:of
689:In
592:in
568:in
490:in
367:or
185:of
56:by
2516::
1757:.
1740:.
1738:72
1508:.
1500:.
1490:20
1488:.
1484:.
1459:,
1448:^
910:.
816:/
717:,
713:,
652:.
628:,
624:,
616:d'
600:,
546:.
431:,
427:,
423:,
405::
389::
385:;
379:,
375::
2126:)
2122:(
1859:e
1852:t
1845:v
1828:.
1794:.
1717:.
1683:.
1649:.
1615:.
1591:.
1567:.
1543:.
1516:.
1496::
1442:.
1262:)
1258:(
1188:*
1161:*
838:)
830:(
564:(
467:.
439:.
371:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
