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Most of the older glosses are accessible only in medieval manuscripts: modern editions of only a few manuscripts exist. The main microfilm collections of glossed legal manuscripts are at the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History in Frankfurt am Main, at the universities of Munich, Würzburg,
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The glossators conducted detailed text studies that resulted in collections of explanations. For their work they used a method of study unknown to the Romans themselves, insisting that contradictions in the legal material were only apparent. They tried to harmonize the sources in the conviction that
198:) means "tongue" or "language." Originally, the word was used to denote an explanation of an unfamiliar word, but its scope gradually expanded to the more general sense of "commentary". The glossators used to write in the margins of the old texts ( 206:- interlinear glosses). Later these were gathered into large collections, first copied as separate books, but also quickly written in the margins of the legal texts. The medieval copyists at 239:
started to take over from the glossators. In fact, the early medieval legal scholars, too, wrote commentaries and lectures, but their main effort was indeed creating glosses.
226:, the final standard redaction of these glosses, contains around 100,000 glosses. Accursius worked for decades on this task. There exists no critical edition of his glosses. 376:
Gabor Hamza: Accursius és az európai jogtudomány kezdetei. /Accursius and the Beginnings of the European Jurisprudence/ Jogtudomanyi közlöny 54 /1999/ 171–175. p.
211: 159:. (This title is itself only a sixteenth-century printers' invention.) Their work transformed the inherited ancient texts into a living tradition of 62: 210:
developed a typical script to enhance the legibility of both the main text and the glosses. The typically Bolognese script is called the
363: 179:(evidence short of full proof but of some force, such as a single witness). In other medieval disciplines, for example 137:(an abridged Latin translation of selected constitutions of Justinian, promulgated in Greek after the enactment of the 84: 55: 409: 16:
This article is about the medieval school of Roman law. For the medieval glossators of canon law, see
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for every legal question only one binding rule exists. Thus they approached these legal sources in a
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Robbins Collection, School of Law, Boalt Hall, University of California at Berkeley
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Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, Frankfurt am Main
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The scholars of the 11th- and 12th-century legal schools in
187:, glosses were also made on the main authoritative texts. 354:
Stephan Kuttner Institute for Medieval Canon Law, Munich
348: 371: 386: 372:Glossator: Practice and Theory of the Commentary 54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 367:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 229:In the older historiography of the medieval 171:way, which is a characteristic of medieval 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 387: 380:Glossators' works at ParalipomenaIuris 26: 13: 113:in a specific sense. They studied 14: 421: 342: 31: 1: 243:Milan, Leyden and Berkeley. 7: 320: 153:, compiled together in the 147:), and his law manual, the 10: 426: 15: 246: 202:) or between the lines ( 150:Institutiones Iustiniani 40:This article includes a 278:Hugo de Porta Ravennate 258:Four Doctors of Bologna 69:more precise citations. 365:The Roman Law Library 141:and therefore called 300:Franciscus Accursius 156:Corpus Iuris Civilis 273:Jacobus de Boragine 212:Littera Bononiensis 204:glosa interlinearis 310:Tancred of Bologna 161:medieval Roman law 109:are identified as 42:list of references 410:Canon law history 315:Bernard of Botone 305:Joannes Bassianus 95: 94: 87: 417: 223:Glossa ordinaria 200:glosa marginalis 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 65:this article by 56:inline citations 35: 34: 27: 425: 424: 420: 419: 418: 416: 415: 414: 385: 384: 345: 323: 249: 91: 80: 74: 71: 60: 46:related reading 36: 32: 25: 12: 11: 5: 423: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 383: 382: 377: 374: 369: 361: 356: 351: 344: 343:External links 341: 340: 339: 334: 329: 322: 319: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 290:Azo of Bologna 287: 282: 281: 280: 275: 270: 268:Martinus Gosia 265: 255: 248: 245: 192:Greek language 93: 92: 50:external links 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 422: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Legal history 393: 392: 390: 381: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 366: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 346: 338: 337:Postglossator 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 244: 240: 238: 237: 232: 227: 225: 224: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:scholasticism 170: 164: 162: 158: 157: 152: 151: 146: 145: 140: 136: 132: 128: 127: 122: 121: 117:based on the 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 89: 86: 78: 75:November 2009 68: 64: 58: 57: 51: 47: 43: 38: 29: 28: 23: 19: 405:Medieval law 364: 241: 236:commentators 234: 230: 228: 221: 216: 203: 199: 195: 189: 165: 154: 148: 142: 138: 134: 124: 118: 110: 96: 81: 72: 61:Please help 53: 327:Decretalist 285:Placentinus 231:learned law 169:dialectical 135:Authenticum 67:introducing 22:Decretalist 389:Categories 194:, γλῶσσα ( 185:philosophy 177:half-proof 111:glossators 400:Roman law 332:Decretist 295:Accursius 218:Accursius 131:Justinian 115:Roman law 18:Decretist 321:See also 263:Bulgarus 253:Irnerius 181:theology 144:Novellae 208:Bologna 190:In the 120:Digesta 107:Germany 63:improve 247:People 196:glossa 133:, the 123:, the 103:France 139:Codex 126:Codex 99:Italy 48:, or 183:and 105:and 20:and 220:'s 129:of 391:: 214:. 163:. 101:, 52:, 44:, 88:) 82:( 77:) 73:( 59:. 24:.

Index

Decretist
Decretalist
list of references
related reading
external links
inline citations
improve
introducing
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Italy
France
Germany
Roman law
Digesta
Codex
Justinian
Novellae
Institutiones Iustiniani
Corpus Iuris Civilis
medieval Roman law
dialectical
scholasticism
half-proof
theology
philosophy
Greek language
Bologna
Littera Bononiensis
Accursius
Glossa ordinaria

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