981:
592:(1) A warrant under Her Majesty's Royal Sign Manual, countersigned by the Lord Chancellor, or by one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, or by the Lord High Treasurer, or two of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, shall be a necessary and sufficient authority for passing any instrument under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, according to the tenor of such warrant; Provided that any instrument which may now be passed under the Great Seal by the fiat or under the authority or directions of the Lord Chancellor or otherwise without passing through any other office may continue to be passed as heretofore.
471:
33:
2402:
623:
41:
595:(2) The Lord Chancellor may from time to time make, and when made revoke and vary, regulations respecting the passing of instruments under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, and respecting the warrants for that purpose, and the preparation of such instruments and warrants, and every such warrant shall be prepared by the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.
597:(3) No person shall make or prepare any warrant for passing any instrument under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, or procure any instrument to be passed under that Seal otherwise than in manner provided by this Act or the Crown Office Act 1877; and any person who acts in contravention of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.
614:) on both sides of the seal. Some of those used in the past are shown below. Where the inscriptions on both sides of the seal are identical, only one is given. Where they are the same except for the use of abbreviations, the one with the fuller forms is given. Where they are different, they are shown separated by a slash.
392:
seals appoint bishops and implement various other affairs of state. In some cases the seal is replaced by a wafer version, a smaller representation of the obverse of the Great Seal embossed on coloured paper attached to the document being sealed. This simpler version is used for royal proclamations,
424:
reiterates that the Lord
Chancellor continues to be the custodian of the Great Seal. Though, in the past, the Great Seal has been delivered to and remained in the custody of the Sovereign when it has been used to seal instruments that related to or granted gifts or emoluments to the Lord Chancellor.
175:
was escorted by the three "Commissioners of the Great Seal of the
Commonwealth of England", who were Whitelock, Lisle, and Widdrington. This Seal was inscribed with "The Great Seal of England, 1648", displaying a map of England, Ireland, Jersey, and Guernsey on one side, with the Arms of England and
150:
began to use a "Great Seal", which created a casting in wax of his own face, to signify that a document carried the force of his will. With some exceptions, each subsequent monarch up to 1603, when the king of
Scotland succeeded to the throne of England, chose his or her own design for the Great
176:
Ireland. On the other side was shown the interior of the House of
Commons, the Speaker in his chair, with the inscription, "In the first year of Freedom, by God's blessing restored, 1648." In 1655, Cromwell appointed three Commissioners of the Great Seal of Ireland,
321:, including crest, mantling and supporters. This is the first time that the royal arms have provided the main design for one side of the English or British Great Seal. The obverse of the 1953 version depicted the Queen on horseback, dressed in uniform and riding
211:, used the same seal matrix in their new Great Seal. This may have been a deliberate choice, in order to imply the continuity of government. A new obverse was created, but the reverse was crudely adapted by inserting a female figure beside the male figure. When
3269:
is slightly different: Elizabeth II by the Grace of God of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the
2305:
George III, by the grace of God of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
3911:
Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte (1986). "The king enthroned, a new theme in Anglo-Saxon royal iconography: the seal of Edward the
Confessor and its political implications". In Rosenthal, J. T. (ed.).
3306:"Royal Assent: A briefing paper on the history of and procedure relating to Royal Assent, not just in the UK Parliament but in the devolved legislatures and for Church of England Measures"
353:
is authorised to make use of the Great Seal for sealing all things whatsoever that pass the Great Seal until another Great Seal be prepared and authorised by His
Majesty".
923:... of Edward the Sixth, by the grace of God of England, France / and of Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, and on Earth, of the English and Irish Church, Supreme Head.
2963:
George VI, by the grace of God of Great
Britain, Ireland, and the Lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion, King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
2504:
George III, by the grace of God of the
Britains King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
2899:
George V, by the grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
3486:
397:
to legislation, writs of summons to Parliament, licences for the election of bishops, commissions of the peace, and many other documents. It formerly constituted
909:
Henry the Eighth, by the grace of God, of England and France and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, and on Earth, of the English and Irish Church, Supreme Head.
329:
ceremony for many years until the late 1980s. The seal's diameter is 6 inches (150 mm), and the combined weight of both sides of the seal matrix exceeds 275
130:, which had been used in Ireland since the 13th century, continued in use after the union of 1801, until the secession of the Irish Free State, after which a new
2782:
Edward VII, by the grace of God of the Britains and of the lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
545:
3266:
269:
2837:
George V, by the grace of God of the Britains and of the lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
225:, who abdicated only a few months after succeeding to the throne, never selected a design for his own seal and continued to use that of his predecessor,
839:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland / Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
4126:
727:
Richard, by the grace of God, King of the English / Richard, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans and of the Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins.
3828:
3802:
3776:
3750:
3724:
3698:
985:
444:, and is responsible for the affixing of the Great Seal. They are assisted by the Deputy Clerk of the Crown. Day-to-day custody is entrusted to the
233:, the silver plates that cast the seal eventually wear out. The longer-lived British monarchs have had several Great Seals during their reigns, and
713:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of the English / Henry, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans and of the Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins.
17:
3160:
980:
955:
Philip and Mary by the grace of God King and Queen of England, the Spains, France, both Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defender of the Faith
4121:
3281:
4146:
3458:
1047:
185:
122:. However, it also provided for the continued use of a separate Scottish seal to be used there, and this seal continues to be called the
4077:
The Great Seals of England: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. Arranged and Illustrated with Descriptive and Historical Notes
3452:
361:
The Great Seal is attached to the official documents of state that require the authorisation of the monarch to implement the advice of
919:... EDWARDI SEXTI DEI GRATIA ANGLIE FRANCIE / ET HIBERNIE REX FIDEI DEFESOR ET IN TERRA ECCLESIE ANGLICANE ET HIBERNICE SVPREMVM CAPVT
3157:
The lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the earliest times to the reign of Queen Victoria
3072:
Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains and of her other realms Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
3023:
Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains and of her other realms Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
4136:
4047:
3402:
3361:
3331:
493:
350:
104:
3262:
Elizabeth Secunda Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina Consortionis Populorum Princeps Fidei Defensor
905:
HENRICVS OCTAVS DEI GRATIA ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REX FIDEI DEFESOR ET TERA ECCLESIA AGLICANE ET HIBERNICE SVPREM CA
4106:
3883:
835:
HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET DNS HIBERNIE / HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINUS HIBERNIE
741:
John, by the grace of God, King of England and Lord of Ireland / John, Duke of Normandy and of Aquitaine, Count of Anjou.
4095:
215:
died, the obverse returned to the design used by James II, while the female figure was deleted from the reverse. Thus,
3211:
3929:
1736:
William III and Mary II, by the grace of God of England, France, and Ireland King and Queen, Defenders of the Faith,
4075:
1840:
gulielmus · iii · secundus · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor ·
475:
3915:. Binghamton, NY: State University of New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. pp. 53–88.
3854:
3108:
607:
429:
421:
131:
532:
441:
409:
937:
Mary, by the grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, Queen, first of that name, Defender of the Faith.
1941:
1853:
1603:
Charles the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
229:. Only one matrix of the Great Seal exists at a time, and since the wax used for the Great Seal has a high
1111:
Charles, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1627.
723:
RICARDVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / RICARDVS DEI GRATIA DVX NORMANNORVM ET AQUITANORVM ET COMES ANDEGAVORVM
1669:
James the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,
1611:
carolus · secundus · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor.
1483:
Charles II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1653.
362:
118:, joining the kingdoms of Scotland and England, provided for the use of a single Great Seal for the new
2183:
George III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
2128:
George III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
2051:
2068:
George II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
1178:
Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1643.
1146:
Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1640.
3394:
3238:
1991:
1186:
carolvs · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor. 16—43.
1154:
carolvs · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor. 16—40.
1105:· carolvs · dei · gratia · angliæ · scotiæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor · 1627.
951:
PHILIP ET MARIA D G REX ET REGINA ANGL HISPANIAR FRANC VTRIVSQ SICILE IERVSALEM ET HIB FIDEI DEFENSOR
3305:
1826:
William III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,
1172:
carolvs · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor. 1643.
1140:
carolvs · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor. 1640.
1126:
Charles, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
737:
IOHANNES DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE / IOHS DVX NORMANNIE ET AQUITANIE COMES ANDEGAVIE
2177:
georgius · iii · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex· fidei · defensor
2122:
georgius · iii · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex· fidei · defensor
2011:
George, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
1539:
Charles II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
119:
2062:
georgius · ii · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor
1042:
James, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
685:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of the English / Henry, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans.
4131:
2409:
attached to the charter incorporating the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral of Saint Alban, 1900.
1219:
219:
used a seal that was identical to James II's, except for changes to the legend and coat of arms.
3353:
2212:... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
2157:... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
2097:... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
2040:... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector,
1955:
anna · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · regina · fidei · defensor ·
1073:
Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,
184:, Chief Baron of the Exchequer. But they held the seal only until 1656, when Cromwell nominated
3323:
3103:
1781:
1696:
216:
204:
180:, Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, Sir Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of the Common Bench; and
123:
111:
2730:
Victoria, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith, of India Empress.
1965:
Anne, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith,
1881:
Anne, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith,
559:
32:
3879:
1446:
1119:
carolvs · dei · gratia · angliæ · scotiæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor ·
969:
Elizabeth, by the grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith.
732:
662:
657:
Know you this, William Patron of the Normans / By this sign recognise him King of the English
648:
627:
483:
245:
127:
4107:
mould (matrix) used to make Great Seal of Scotland @ Queen Elizabeth II and Scotland webpage
313:
and of her other realms Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith'. On the
237:
had to select four different Great Seal designs during her sixty-three years on the throne.
203:, in the hope that the machinery of government would cease to function. James's successors,
4141:
886:
746:
634:
445:
147:
68:
3472:
2401:
984:
Depiction of the Great Seal of the Realm (Charles I) on a 17th-century funerary monument (
8:
3354:"The Crown Office (Preparation and Authentication of Documents Rules) Order 1988, Sch. 1"
3216:
844:
816:
704:
488:
An Act to simplify the passing of Instruments under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom.
437:
433:
326:
314:
304:
196:
192:
4101:
4043:
4015:
3983:
3448:
3192:
830:
690:
676:
563:
265:
212:
115:
100:
76:
2002:
georgius · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei ·
4019:
3987:
3925:
3196:
2653:
William the Fourth, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
1867:· anna · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · · franciæ · · et · hiberniæ · regina ·
942:
709:
HENRICVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / HENR DEI GRA DVX NORMANNORVM ET AQUIT ET COM ANDEG
2631:
George the Fourth, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
1491:
carolus ii dei gratia magnæ britanniæ franciæ et hiberniæ rex fidei defensor · 1653.
1410:
Richard, by the grace of God of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
653:
HOC NORMANNORVM WILLELMVM NOSCE PATRONVM SI / HOC ANGLIS REGEM SIGNO FATEARIS EVNDEM
4027:
4007:
3995:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3184:
3172:
2594:
George the Third, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
1683:
iacobus secundus dei gratia magnæ britanniæ franciæ et hiberniæ rex fidei defensor
1620:
1354:
1343:
Oliver, by the grace of God of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
1269:
in · the · third · yeare · of · freedome · by · god's · blessing · restored · 1651.
622:
581:
498:
346:
60:
1895:· anna · dei · gratia · magnæ · britanniæ · · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · regina ·
1087:
carolvs dei gratia magnæ britanniæ franciæ et hiberniæ rex fidei defensor &c.
1276:
783:
Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
769:
Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
417:
413:
389:
249:
172:
154:
3038:
Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.
755:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
188:, Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in England, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
2658:
2406:
1015:
989:
797:
Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland and of Aquitaine.
373:
273:
234:
169:
4011:
3979:
3955:
3188:
2647:· guilielmus · quartus · dei · gratia · britanniarum · rex · fidei · defensor.
345:, as of 2024, uses the seal of his mother and predecessor, having directed by
4115:
933:
MARIA D G ANGLIE FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REGINA EIVS NOMINIS PRIMA FIDEI DEFENSOR
881:
Richard, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
811:
Richard, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland.
562:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
230:
177:
56:
2678:
Victoria, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.
2625:· georgius · quartus · dei · gratia · britanniarum · rex · fidei · defensor.
2588:· georgius · tertius · dei · gratia · britanniarum · rex · fidei · defensor.
867:
Edward, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
408:
The Great Seal of the Realm is in the custody of and is administered by the
95:
mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or
4081:
2987:
895:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
825:
Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland.
511:
394:
385:
310:
257:
241:
200:
181:
158:
3077:
960:
872:
342:
222:
162:
84:
45:
3031:
elizabeth · ii · dei · gratia · britann·iarvm · regina · fidei· defensor
4071:
3113:
3098:
2735:
2636:
2609:
and, on Earth, of the Anglican and Hibernican Church the Supreme Head.
2432:
2198:· dvx · sacri · romani · imperii · archithesavrarivs · et · princeps ·
2143:· dvx · sacri · romani · imperii · archithesavrarivs · et · princeps ·
2108:
2083:· dux · sacri · romani · imperii · archithesaurarius · et · princeps ·
2026:· dux · sacri · romani · imperii · archithesaurarius · et · princeps ·
1035:
iacobvs dei gracia angliæ scotiæ franciæ et hiberniæ rex fidei defensor
900:
802:
788:
330:
322:
318:
135:
1378:
The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
1310:
The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
965:
ELIZABETHA DEI GRACIA ANGLIE FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR
681:
HENRICVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / HENRICVS DEI GRATIA DVX NORMANNORVM
199:
allegedly attempted to destroy his Great Seal by throwing it into the
2904:
2614:
914:
858:
774:
718:
244:
was authorised by the Privy Council in July 2001. It was designed by
3942:(1936). "The Great Seal of England: deputed or departmental seals".
3924:. London: British Library and Public Record Office. pp. 27–34.
2672:· victoria · dei · gratia · britanniarum · regina · fidei · defensor
99:
to documents that the monarch wishes to seal officially. The formal
2787:
760:
226:
3966:(1936). "The Great Seal of England: some notes and suggestions".
1700:
1061:
carolvs dei gratia magnæ britannie franciæ et hiberniæ rex fidei
606:
The Great Seal for each successive monarch is inscribed with the
402:
398:
377:
261:
253:
208:
88:
3086:
Note: As of 2024 Charles still uses the seal of his late Mother
1238:
in the first yeare of freedome by god's blessing restored, 1648.
863:
EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE & FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
3417:
3289:
3161:
Chapter XXV. Custody of the Great Seal During The Commonwealth.
1551:· britanniæ · franciæ · et · hiberniæ · rex · fidei · defensor.
946:
928:
853:
Henry, by the grace of God, of the French and of England, King.
449:
96:
3645:
3643:
3606:
3604:
3487:"Cotton Charter XVI 4C Great Seal of Philip and Mary (Bronze)"
3451:(1906). "Appendix: Table of inscriptions on the Great Seals".
40:
891:
HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
877:
RICARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
779:
EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HYBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
765:
EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HYBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
751:
HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HIBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
611:
369:
334:
92:
126:, although it is not technically one. Similarly, a separate
3679:
3667:
3655:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
2602:
et in terra ecclesiæ anglicanæ et hibernicæ supremum caput.
381:
338:
36:
An impression in wax of the Great Seal of the Realm (1953)
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3375:
821:
HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET DNS HIBERNIE
807:
RICARDVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET DNS HIBERNIE
4049:
Historical Notes on the Use of the Great Seal of England
3175:(1943). "What happened to the Great Seal of James II?".
793:
EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DNS HIBERNIE ET AQUITANIE
63:'s approval of state documents. It is also known as the
584:
c. 30) governs the use of the Great Seal of the Realm:
191:
In 1688, while attempting to flee to France during the
3541:
44:
The Great Seal attached to the 2006 reissuance of the
368:
Under today's usage of the Great Seal, seals of dark
3429:
2708:· victoria · dei · gratia · britanniarum · regina ·
589:
2 Authority for passing instrument under Great Seal.
268:. The circumscription is an abbreviated form of the
3457:. The antiquary's books. London: Methuen. pp.
309:'Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of
161:, and also the earliest seal used by her successor
699:Stephen, by the grace of God, King of the English.
671:William, by the grace of God, King of the English.
3395:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005, Sch. 1, para. 1"
3063:· regina · consortionis · popvlorvm · princeps ·
1979:britannia · anno · regnæ · annæ · reginæ · sexto.
1473:carolus ii dei gratia magnæ britanniæ franciæ et
601:
448:, and subordinate staff include a Sealer and two
412:. This office has been held jointly with that of
295:· regina · consortionis · popvlorvm · princeps ·
260:enthroned and robed, holding in her right hand a
168:When opening Parliament on 3 September 1654, the
4113:
3919:
134:was created for use in Northern Ireland. A new
3920:Harvey, P. D. A.; McGuinness, Andrew (1996).
4042:
3829:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1953 Volume No.84"
3803:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1937 Volume No.68"
3777:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1929 Volume No.60"
3751:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1911 Volume No.42"
3725:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1904 Volume No.35"
3699:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1899 Volume No.30"
3423:
3381:
1986:Britannia, in the sixth year of Queen Anne.
3910:
3265:. This is the official English form of the
3260:
3049:
3028:
2998:
2968:
2912:
2848:
2798:
2743:
2705:
2669:
2644:
2622:
2599:
2585:
2515:
2505:
2443:
2316:
2306:
2229:
2213:
2188:
2174:
2158:
2133:
2119:
2098:
2073:
2059:
2041:
2016:
1999:
1976:
1966:
1952:
1917:
1892:
1882:
1864:
1837:
1827:
1789:
1747:
1737:
1727:· rex · et · regina · fidei · defensores ·
1708:
1680:
1670:
1628:
1608:
1566:
1544:
1506:
1488:
1470:
1411:
1389:
1379:
1362:
1344:
1321:
1311:
1294:
1183:
1169:
1151:
1137:
1116:
1102:
1084:
1074:
1058:
1032:
986:St Mary Magdalene's Church, Croome D'Abitot
849:HENRICVS DEI GRACIA FRANCORVM ET ANGLIE REX
416:since 1761. The current Lord Chancellor is
4057:Perceval, R. W. (1948). "The Great Seal".
1711:gulielmus · iii · et · maria · ii · dei ·
1262:the · great · seale · of · england · 1651.
4127:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom
4026:
3994:
3962:
3938:
3171:
3012:· regina consortionis popvlorvm princeps
2555:
2483:
2372:
2285:
1769:· rex et · regina · fidei · defensores ·
643:Seal of Edward, Sovereign of the English.
157:is believed to have designed the seal of
27:Symbol of the British monarchy's approval
4069:
4056:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3435:
3303:
3279:
2400:
979:
621:
384:seals authorise actions relating to the
39:
31:
3280:Tilbrook, Richard (10 September 2022).
3203:
248:and replaced that of 1953, designed by
14:
4114:
3231:
3209:
3064:
3013:
2947:
2935:
2883:
2871:
2821:
2809:
2766:
2754:
1062:
975:
296:
4030:(1953). "The Great Seal of England".
3447:
3304:Torrance, David (12 September 2023).
3210:Davies, Caroline (16 February 2001).
2982:George VI, by the grace of God King.
2539:
2535:
2467:
2463:
2356:
2352:
2269:
2265:
2195:
2191:
2140:
2136:
2080:
2076:
2023:
2019:
1257:14 May 1659–28 May 1660 (2nd period)
617:
351:Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
105:Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
4122:1707 establishments in Great Britain
4032:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
3140:
3056:
3005:
2805:
2750:
1332:· angliæ · scotiæ · et · hiberniæ ·
1301:· angliæ · scotiæ · et · hiberniæ ·
288:
639:SIGILLVM EADVVARDI ANGLORVM BASILEI
325:, as she used to attend the annual
24:
4147:Constitution of the United Kingdom
3878:
3053:
3002:
2972:
2943:
2923:
2916:
2879:
2859:
2852:
2817:
2802:
2762:
2747:
284:
146:At some time before the year 1066
25:
4158:
4089:
3998:(1938). "A new seal of Henry V".
3922:A Guide to British Medieval Seals
3060:
3009:
2954:
2927:
2890:
2863:
2828:
2773:
2721:
2619:17 September 1821–31 August 1831
2567:
2495:
2396:
2384:
2332:
2297:
2245:
2203:
2148:
2088:
2031:
1956:
1904:
1872:
1841:
1817:
1805:
1770:
1750:
1728:
1684:
1660:
1644:
1625:21 October 1685–10 December 1688
1582:
1518:
1400:
1396:
1370:
1366:
1333:
1329:
1302:
1298:
1165:30 November 1643–7 February 1649
1065:
695:STEPHANVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM
667:WILLELMVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM
292:
3212:"New seal of approval for Queen"
2931:
2867:
2713:
2581:1 August 1815–17 September 1821
2559:
2531:
2487:
2459:
2376:
2348:
2340:
2289:
2261:
2253:
2003:
1900:
1813:
1766:
1753:· iii · et · maria · ii · dei ·
1724:
1652:
1590:
1526:
1474:
1231:the great seale of england 1648.
476:Parliament of the United Kingdom
469:
349:on 10 September 2022, "that the
65:Great Seal of the United Kingdom
18:Great Seal of the United Kingdom
3904:
3872:
3847:
3821:
3795:
3769:
3743:
3717:
3691:
3479:
3465:
3441:
3387:
3346:
3316:
2939:
2875:
2844:28 March 1930–28 February 1938
2813:
2794:13 February 1912–28 March 1930
2758:
2685:23 January 1860–14 August 1878
2563:
2551:
2491:
2479:
2380:
2368:
2336:
2293:
2281:
2249:
2199:
2144:
2084:
2027:
1809:
1762:
1720:
1648:
1586:
1522:
560:Text of the Great Seal Act 1884
452:to His Majesty's Crown Office.
280:
4137:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
3884:"The Making of the Great Seal"
3297:
3273:
3253:
3165:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3109:Great Seal of Northern Ireland
2950:
2919:
2886:
2855:
2547:
2523:
2475:
2451:
2364:
2324:
2277:
2237:
1797:
1754:
1716:
1712:
1636:
1574:
1562:19 April 1672–21 October 1685
1547:carolus · ii · dei · gratia ·
1510:
1422:
1393:
1325:
1226:8 February 1649–26 March 1651
1196:
602:Inscriptions on the Great Seal
430:Clerk of the Crown in Chancery
422:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
132:Great Seal of Northern Ireland
59:that is used to symbolise the
13:
1:
3324:"Crown Office Act 1877, s. 4"
2824:
2769:
2717:
2709:
2665:18 July 1838–23 January 1860
2543:
2527:
2471:
2455:
2439:1 January 1801–1 August 1815
2360:
2344:
2328:
2273:
2257:
2241:
2225:15 April 1785–1 January 1801
1896:
1868:
1801:
1656:
1640:
1594:
1578:
1548:
1530:
1514:
1248:
533:Statute Law Revision Act 1898
410:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
376:elevating individuals to the
2641:31 August 1831–18 July 1838
2170:25 March 1784–15 April 1785
2115:3 August 1764–23 March 1784
1477:· rex fidei defensor · 1653.
114:since the 14th century. The
7:
4098:at British monarchy website
3241:. The Royal Household. 2009
3155:James Roderick O'Flanagan,
3092:
2519:
2447:
2405:Great Seal of the Realm of
2320:
2233:
2056:12 June 1728–3 August 1764
1816:· rex · fidei · defensor ·
1793:
1632:
1570:
1502:17 June 1663–19 April 1672
81:Great Seal of Great Britain
10:
4163:
4044:Maxwell Lyte, Sir Henry C.
3282:"Twelve Orders in Council"
3059:· regnorvmqve · svorvmqve
1996:17 June 1715–12 June 1728
1399:angliæ scotiæ et hiberniæ
1369:angliæ scotiæ et hiberniæ
455:United Kingdom legislation
442:His Majesty's Crown Office
141:
75:; and from then until the
4012:10.1017/s0003581500015547
3980:10.1017/s0003581500011355
3956:10.1017/s026134090001523x
3855:"Great Seal of the Realm"
3239:"Great Seal of the Realm"
3189:10.1017/s0003581500042189
2991:
2986:
2908:
2903:
2786:
2677:
2668:
2657:
2578:
2503:
2436:
2431:
2304:
2222:
2167:
2112:
2107:
2055:
2050:
1995:
1990:
1945:
1940:
1880:
1857:
1852:
1825:
1785:
1780:
1735:
1704:
1695:
1668:
1624:
1619:
1602:
1559:
1538:
1499:
1482:
1463:
1456:
1445:
1358:
1353:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1177:
1162:
1145:
1130:
1095:
1072:
1051:
1046:
558:
551:
541:
525:
520:
510:
505:
492:
482:
468:
463:
291:· regnorvmqve · svorvm ·
3310:House of Commons Library
3141:King, Catherine (1999).
3119:
3008:· regnorvmqve svorvmqve
1918:Kingdom of Great Britain
1758:
393:letters patent granting
363:His Majesty's Government
356:
240:The last seal matrix of
138:was introduced in 2011.
120:Kingdom of Great Britain
4070:Wyon, Alfred Benjamin;
2526:· britanniarvm · rex ·
2454:· britanniarvm · rex ·
1039:(seal and counterseal)
69:Treaty of Union of 1707
53:Great Seal of the Realm
3835:. 1954. pp. 13–15
3757:. 1912. pp. 17–18
3731:. 1905. pp. 16–17
3705:. 1900. pp. 17–18
3261:
3104:Great Seal of Scotland
3050:
3029:
2999:
2969:
2913:
2909:28 February 1938–1953
2849:
2799:
2744:
2740:1904–13 February 1912
2706:
2670:
2645:
2623:
2600:
2586:
2516:
2506:
2444:
2410:
2317:
2307:
2230:
2214:
2189:
2175:
2159:
2134:
2120:
2099:
2074:
2060:
2042:
2017:
2000:
1977:
1967:
1953:
1893:
1883:
1865:
1860:11 November 1702–1707
1838:
1828:
1790:
1786:1695–11 November 1702
1748:
1738:
1709:
1681:
1671:
1629:
1609:
1567:
1545:
1507:
1489:
1471:
1412:
1390:
1380:
1363:
1345:
1322:
1312:
1295:
1184:
1170:
1152:
1138:
1117:
1103:
1085:
1075:
1059:
1033:
993:
630:
599:
277:
256:shows the middle-aged
124:Great Seal of Scotland
48:
37:
4059:Parliamentary Affairs
3888:The Royal Mint Museum
3859:The Royal Mint Museum
3833:The Royal Mint Museum
3807:The Royal Mint Museum
3781:The Royal Mint Museum
3755:The Royal Mint Museum
3729:The Royal Mint Museum
3703:The Royal Mint Museum
3403:The National Archives
3362:The National Archives
3332:The National Archives
2404:
1631:iacobus · secundus ·
1569:carolvs · secundus ·
1509:carolus · ii · dei ·
983:
625:
586:
546:Crown Office Act 1877
128:Great Seal of Ireland
110:Scotland has had its
73:Great Seal of England
43:
35:
4102:Great Seals of State
3809:. 1938. pp. 6–7
3783:. 1930. pp. 7–8
3686:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3674:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3662:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3650:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3635:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3623:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3611:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3596:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3584:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3572:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3560:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3548:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3536:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3524:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3512:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3500:Wyon & Wyon 1887
3436:Wyon & Wyon 1887
2693:14 August 1878–1899
1297:magnum · sigillum ·
635:Edward the Confessor
446:Clerk of the Chamber
264:and in her left the
148:Edward the Confessor
67:(known prior to the
4000:Antiquaries Journal
3968:Antiquaries Journal
3688:, pp. 133–136.
3676:, pp. 131–132.
3664:, pp. 129–131.
3652:, pp. 120–128.
3637:, pp. 118–120.
3625:, pp. 116–118.
3613:, pp. 113–116.
3598:, pp. 112–113.
3586:, pp. 109–111.
3574:, pp. 108–109.
3562:, pp. 102–108.
3426:, pp. 321–322.
3217:The Daily Telegraph
3177:Antiquaries Journal
3143:What Women Can Make
3045:18 July 2001– 2023
2424:Latin inscriptions
2414:
1933:Latin inscriptions
1923:
1438:Latin inscriptions
1428:
1202:
1007:Latin inscriptions
997:
976:Union of the Crowns
576:Great Seal Act 1884
460:
459:Great Seal Act 1884
438:Ministry of Justice
434:Permanent Secretary
372:wax are affixed to
327:Trooping the Colour
193:Glorious Revolution
3913:Kings and Kingship
3399:legislation.gov.uk
3358:legislation.gov.uk
3328:legislation.gov.uk
2994:1953–18 July 2001
2413:
2411:
1948:1707–17 June 1715
1922:
1792:gulielmus · iii ·
1466:1653–17 June 1663
1427:
1324:olivarius · dei ·
1201:
1022:19 July 1603–1605
996:
994:
631:
626:The Great Seal of
618:Kingdom of England
564:legislation.gov.uk
458:
116:Acts of Union 1707
101:keeper of the seal
49:
38:
4028:Jenkinson, Hilary
3996:Jenkinson, Hilary
3964:Jenkinson, Hilary
3940:Jenkinson, Hilary
3538:, pp. 95–97.
3526:, pp. 90–94.
3514:, pp. 82–90.
3502:, pp. 79–81.
3473:"Philip and Mary"
3424:Maxwell Lyte 1926
3382:Maxwell Lyte 1926
3173:Jenkinson, Hilary
3145:. pp. 61–62.
3090:
3089:
3052:elizabeth · ii ·
2394:
2393:
2319:georgivs · iii ·
2232:georgivs · iii ·
1915:
1914:
1420:
1419:
1359:1658–14 May 1659
1194:
1193:
966:
952:
934:
920:
906:
892:
878:
864:
850:
836:
822:
808:
794:
780:
766:
752:
738:
724:
710:
696:
682:
668:
654:
640:
582:47 & 48 Vict.
572:Section 2 of the
570:
569:
521:Other legislation
499:47 & 48 Vict.
464:Act of Parliament
308:
16:(Redirected from
4154:
4085:
4066:
4053:
4039:
4023:
3991:
3959:
3935:
3916:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
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3867:
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3844:
3842:
3840:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
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3790:
3788:
3773:
3767:
3766:
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3762:
3747:
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3740:
3738:
3736:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
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3689:
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3659:
3653:
3647:
3638:
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3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3449:Bloom, J. Harvey
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3350:
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3339:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3286:
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3271:
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3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3169:
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3153:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2978:
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2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
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2918:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
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2861:
2857:
2854:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2675:
2673:
2650:
2648:
2628:
2626:
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2603:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
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2545:
2541:
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2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2501:
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2473:
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2412:
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2283:
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2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
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2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2217:
2208:
2206:
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2201:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2178:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2125:
2123:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2065:
2063:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1924:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1874:
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1831:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
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1621:James VII and II
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1415:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:magnum sigillum
1355:Richard Cromwell
1348:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1304:
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1189:
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1173:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1141:
1133:1640 – May 1646
1122:
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1038:
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722:
708:
694:
680:
666:
652:
638:
578:
577:
473:
472:
461:
457:
405:the Great Seal.
347:Order in Council
303:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
165:, in the 1540s.
21:
4162:
4161:
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4112:
4111:
4092:
4052:. London: HMSO.
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3838:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3723:
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3718:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3641:
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3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3170:
3166:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3095:
3051:
3030:
3001:elizabeth· ii·
3000:
2970:
2914:
2850:
2800:
2745:
2707:
2671:
2646:
2624:
2601:
2587:
2518:georgivs iii ·
2517:
2446:georgivs iii ·
2445:
2399:
2318:
2231:
2190:
2176:
2135:
2121:
2075:
2061:
2018:
2001:
1978:
1954:
1920:
1894:
1866:
1839:
1791:
1749:
1710:
1682:
1630:
1610:
1568:
1546:
1508:
1490:
1472:
1425:
1391:
1364:
1323:
1296:
1286:
1277:Oliver Cromwell
1268:
1261:
1251:
1237:
1230:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1153:
1139:
1118:
1104:
1086:
1060:
1034:
978:
620:
608:monarch's style
604:
598:
575:
574:
554:
553:Status: Amended
537:
478:
470:
456:
418:Shabana Mahmood
414:Lord Chancellor
359:
278:
250:Gilbert Ledward
173:Oliver Cromwell
155:Levina Teerlinc
144:
83:). To make it,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4132:National seals
4129:
4124:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4090:External links
4088:
4087:
4086:
4067:
4054:
4040:
4024:
3992:
3960:
3936:
3930:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3871:
3846:
3820:
3794:
3768:
3742:
3716:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3478:
3464:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3386:
3374:
3345:
3315:
3296:
3272:
3252:
3230:
3202:
3164:
3148:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3025:
3024:
3021:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:(counterseal)
2965:
2964:
2961:
2915:georgius· vi·
2910:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2808:: et terrarvm
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2753:: et terrarvm
2741:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:(counterseal)
2596:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2574:(counterseal)
2512:
2511:
2502:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2407:Queen Victoria
2398:
2397:United Kingdom
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:(counterseal)
2313:
2312:
2303:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2209:(counterseal)
2185:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2154:(counterseal)
2130:
2129:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2094:(counterseal)
2070:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2037:(counterseal)
2013:
2012:
2009:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:(counterseal)
1973:
1972:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:(counterseal)
1889:
1888:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:(counterseal)
1834:
1833:
1824:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1776:(counterseal)
1744:
1743:
1734:
1706:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1691:(counterseal)
1677:
1676:
1667:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1615:(counterseal)
1605:
1604:
1601:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1555:(counterseal)
1541:
1540:
1537:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1495:(counterseal)
1485:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1407:(counterseal)
1392:richardus dei
1386:
1385:
1376:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1340:(counterseal)
1318:
1317:
1308:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1271:(counterseal)
1265:
1264:
1259:
1247:26 March 1651–
1242:
1241:
1240:(counterseal)
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:(counterseal)
1180:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1158:(counterseal)
1148:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:(counterseal)
1113:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1091:(counterseal)
1081:
1080:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1018:
1016:James VI and I
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
990:Worcestershire
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
970:
958:
957:
956:
940:
939:
938:
926:
925:
924:
912:
911:
910:
898:
897:
896:
884:
883:
882:
870:
869:
868:
856:
855:
854:
842:
841:
840:
828:
827:
826:
814:
813:
812:
800:
799:
798:
786:
785:
784:
772:
771:
770:
758:
757:
756:
744:
743:
742:
730:
729:
728:
716:
715:
714:
702:
701:
700:
688:
687:
686:
674:
673:
672:
660:
659:
658:
646:
645:
644:
619:
616:
603:
600:
587:
568:
567:
556:
555:
552:
549:
548:
543:
539:
538:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
503:
502:
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
474:
466:
465:
454:
432:, who is also
374:letters patent
358:
355:
235:Queen Victoria
186:William Steele
170:Lord Protector
143:
140:
112:own great seal
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4159:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3931:0-7123-0410-X
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:Butler, James
3875:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3550:, p. 98.
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3454:English Seals
3450:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3405:. p. 210
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:(1–2): 1–13.
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:georgius vi:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2851:georgivs· v·
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2746:edwardvs vii
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2427:Translations
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2388:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1936:Translations
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1909:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1871:· defensor ·
1863:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1659:· defensor ·
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1533:· defensor ·
1505:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:Translations
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1416:, Protector.
1414:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1349:, Protector.
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:· protector ·
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:(1st period)
1243:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1214:Translations
1213:
1211:Inscriptions
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:Translations
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
991:
987:
982:
968:
967:
962:
959:
954:
953:
948:
944:
941:
936:
935:
930:
927:
922:
921:
916:
913:
908:
907:
902:
899:
894:
893:
888:
885:
880:
879:
874:
871:
866:
865:
860:
857:
852:
851:
846:
843:
838:
837:
832:
829:
824:
823:
818:
815:
810:
809:
804:
801:
796:
795:
790:
787:
782:
781:
776:
773:
768:
767:
762:
759:
754:
753:
748:
745:
740:
739:
734:
731:
726:
725:
720:
717:
712:
711:
706:
703:
698:
697:
692:
689:
684:
683:
678:
675:
670:
669:
664:
661:
656:
655:
650:
647:
642:
641:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
615:
613:
609:
596:
593:
590:
585:
583:
579:
565:
561:
557:
550:
547:
544:
540:
534:
531:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
513:
509:
504:
500:
497:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
467:
462:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:; 8,600
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:are the full
316:
312:
306:
301:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
231:melting point
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:Richard Pepys
174:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:Union of 1801
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
4082:Elliot Stock
4076:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4035:
4031:
4003:
3999:
3971:
3967:
3947:
3944:Archaeologia
3943:
3921:
3912:
3905:Bibliography
3891:. Retrieved
3887:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3832:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3806:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3780:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3728:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3702:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3630:
3618:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3481:
3467:
3453:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3398:
3389:
3384:, p. 1.
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3309:
3299:
3288:
3275:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3215:
3205:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3131:Article XXIV
3127:
3044:
2993:
2988:Elizabeth II
2938:· quae· in·
2874:· qvae· in·
2843:
2793:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2664:
2580:
2438:
2224:
2169:
2114:
1947:
1859:
1561:
1501:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1256:
1246:
1225:
1220:Commonwealth
1164:
1132:
1097:
1053:
1027:
1024:
1021:
605:
594:
591:
588:
573:
571:
516:28 July 1884
512:Royal assent
427:
407:
395:royal assent
386:royal family
367:
360:
311:the Britains
279:elizabeth ·
270:royal titles
258:Elizabeth II
246:James Butler
242:Elizabeth II
239:
221:
201:River Thames
190:
182:Miles Corbet
167:
159:Queen Mary I
153:
145:
109:
80:
72:
64:
52:
50:
29:
4142:English law
4072:Wyon, Allan
4065:(4): 40–46.
3950:: 293–340.
3334:. p. 2
3267:royal title
3078:Charles III
2801:georgivs v
1782:William III
1697:William III
1597:· defensor.
1423:Restoration
1252: 1658
1197:Interregnum
961:Elizabeth I
873:Richard III
343:Charles III
331:troy ounces
223:Edward VIII
217:William III
205:William III
163:Elizabeth I
85:sealing wax
46:BBC Charter
4116:Categories
4096:Great Seal
4080:. London:
4006:: 382–90.
3893:30 October
3864:30 October
3839:30 October
3813:30 October
3787:30 October
3761:30 October
3735:30 October
3709:30 October
3245:25 October
3223:25 October
3159:, (1870),
3114:Welsh Seal
3099:Great Seal
3035:(reverse)
3020:(obverse)
2736:Edward VII
2701:1899–1904
2637:William IV
2433:George III
2418:Sovereign
2196:lvnebvrgen
2192:brvnswicen
2141:lvnebvrgen
2137:brvnswicen
2109:George III
2081:lunebergen
2077:brunswicen
2024:lunebergen
2020:brunswicen
1927:Sovereign
1705:1689–1695
1453:1649–1651
1447:Charles II
1432:Sovereign
1290:1657–1659
1283:1655–1657
1098:1627–1640
1054:1625–1627
1028:1605–1625
1001:Sovereign
901:Henry VIII
803:Richard II
789:Edward III
663:William II
542:Relates to
526:Amended by
484:Long title
333:(302
323:sidesaddle
319:royal arms
136:Welsh Seal
4038:: 550–63.
4020:159578757
3988:162671803
3409:28 August
3367:28 August
3338:28 August
3259:In full:
3197:162188010
3043:2nd seal
2992:1st seal
2930:· &·
2905:George VI
2842:2nd seal
2812:: qvæ in
2792:1st seal
2757:: qvæ in
2699:4th seal
2691:3rd seal
2683:2nd seal
2663:1st seal
2615:George IV
2579:5th seal
2507:et cetera
2437:4th seal
2308:et cetera
2223:3rd seal
2215:et cetera
2168:2nd seal
2160:et cetera
2113:1st seal
2100:et cetera
2052:George II
2043:et cetera
1968:et cetera
1946:2nd seal
1884:et cetera
1858:1st seal
1829:et cetera
1739:et cetera
1672:et cetera
1560:4th seal
1500:3rd seal
1464:2nd seal
1451:1st seal
1413:et cetera
1403:protector
1381:et cetera
1346:et cetera
1313:et cetera
1287:2nd seal
1281:1st seal
1245:2nd seal
1224:1st seal
1163:4th seal
1131:3rd seal
1096:2nd seal
1076:et cetera
1052:1st seal
1048:Charles I
1025:2nd seal
1020:1st seal
915:Edward VI
887:Henry VII
859:Edward IV
775:Edward II
747:Henry III
719:Richard I
649:William I
628:King John
61:sovereign
4074:(1887).
4046:(1926).
3974:: 8–28.
3093:See also
2942:· sunt·
2936:transmar
2878:· svnt·
2872:transmar
2810:transmar
2788:George V
2755:transmar
2659:Victoria
2359:· dvx ·
2272:· dvx ·
1992:George I
1655:· rex ·
1593:· rex ·
1529:· rex ·
1397:republic
845:Henry VI
817:Henry IV
761:Edward I
705:Henry II
494:Citation
440:, heads
227:George V
197:James II
3459:247–253
2946:· rex·
2882:· rex·
2816:: svnt
2761:: svnt
2558:· et ·
2538:· et ·
2486:· et ·
2466:· et ·
2421:Period
2375:· et ·
2355:· et ·
2343:· rex·
2339:· et ·
2288:· et ·
2268:· et ·
2256:· rex·
2252:· et ·
2194:· et ·
2139:· et ·
2079:· et ·
2022:· et ·
1930:Period
1812:· et ·
1765:· et ·
1751:gulielm
1723:· et ·
1701:Mary II
1651:· et ·
1589:· et ·
1525:· et ·
1458:unknown
1435:Period
1208:Period
1066:&c.
1004:Period
831:Henry V
691:Stephen
677:Henry I
450:Scribes
436:of the
399:treason
390:scarlet
378:peerage
315:reverse
307:
262:sceptre
254:obverse
209:Mary II
142:History
103:is the
79:as the
71:as the
4018:
3986:
3928:
3290:Gov.uk
3270:Faith.
3195:
2820:: rex
2765:: rex
2542:· dvx
2470:· dvx
1842:&c
1818:&c
1685:&c
1661:&c
1519:britan
1401:&c
1334:&c
1299:reipub
947:Mary I
943:Philip
929:Mary I
420:. The
388:, and
252:. The
151:Seal.
97:ribbon
89:melted
4016:S2CID
3984:S2CID
3285:(PDF)
3193:S2CID
3120:Notes
3061:ceter
3057:britt
3010:ceter
3006:britt
2866:· et
2806:britt
2751:britt
2564:elect
2556:a · t
2536:brvns
2492:elect
2484:a · t
2464:brvns
2381:elect
2373:a · t
2353:brvns
2294:elect
2286:a · t
2266:brvns
2200:elect
2145:elect
2085:elect
2028:elect
2004:defen
1771:&
1729:&
1475:hiber
1371:&
1367:repub
1303:&
612:Latin
506:Dates
501:c. 30
403:forge
370:green
357:Usage
293:ceter
289:britt
274:Latin
93:metal
91:in a
55:is a
3926:ISBN
3895:2023
3866:2023
3841:2023
3815:2023
3789:2023
3763:2023
3737:2023
3711:2023
3411:2021
3369:2021
3340:2021
3247:2013
3225:2013
3054:d·g·
3003:d·g·
2973:d:g:
2948:f·d·
2944:brit
2932:terr
2917:d·g·
2884:f·d·
2880:brit
2868:terr
2853:d·g·
2822:f:d:
2818:brit
2803:d:g:
2767:f:d:
2763:brit
2748:d:g:
2333:brit
2246:brit
1942:Anne
1854:Anne
1699:and
1523:fran
1330:reip
945:and
733:John
610:(in
428:The
382:blue
305:lit.
213:Mary
207:and
57:seal
51:The
4036:101
4008:doi
3976:doi
3952:doi
3185:doi
3065:f·d
3014:f·d
2975:rex
2955:imp
2951:ind
2940:dit
2928:hib
2920:mag
2891:imp
2887:ind
2876:dit
2864:hib
2856:mag
2829:imp
2825:ind
2814:dit
2774:imp
2770:ind
2759:dit
2722:imp
2718:ind
2714:def
2710:fid
2540:lvn
2468:lvn
2357:lvn
2341:hib
2329:mag
2270:lvn
2254:hib
2242:mag
1957:etc
1901:def
1897:fid
1873:etc
1869:fid
1814:hib
1810:fra
1806:bri
1802:mag
1798:gra
1767:hib
1763:fra
1759:ang
1755:gra
1725:hib
1721:fra
1717:ang
1713:gra
1657:fid
1653:hib
1649:fra
1645:bri
1641:mag
1637:gra
1595:fid
1591:hib
1587:fra
1583:bri
1579:mag
1575:gra
1549:mag
1531:fid
1527:hib
1515:mag
1511:gra
1394:gra
1326:gra
1063:def
401:to
341:).
297:f·d
285:d·g
272:in
266:orb
107:.
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3016:🕂
2953:·
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2924:br
2922:·
2889:·
2870:·
2862:·
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2858:·
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2720:·
2716:·
2712:·
2568:et
2566:·
2562:·
2560:pr
2554:·
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