161:
145:
508:
An Indus loanword of "para-Munda" nature in
Mesopotamian has been identified by Michael Witzel, A first link between the Rgvedic Panjab and Mesopotamia: śimbala/śalmali, and šimmar? In: Klaus Karttunen and Petteri Koskikallio (eds.) Vidyarnavavandanam. Essays in Honour of Asko Parpola. 2000 (Studia
206:
is yet undeciphered, indeed it has not even been demonstrated to be a writing system, and therefore the language remains unknown. The language being yet unattested in readable contemporary sources, hypotheses regarding its nature are based on possible
355:
immigrants introduced their language to the area in the 5th millennium BC. The
Dravidian language was spoken by the new settlers in the southern plains, while Para-Munda remained the main language of those in Punjab.
394:
As of 2019, Witzel prefers to leave the question of the original Indian language(s) open until better reconstructions for
Dravidian and Munda substrate components in Indo-Aryan languages have been done.
379:" (i.e. a language related to the Munda subgroup or other Austroasiatic languages, but not strictly descended from the last common predecessor of the contemporary Munda family). Witzel argued that the
1934:
1799:
986:
2806:
160:
335:
The Indus script only indicates that it was used to write one language (if any), but it is quite possible that multiple languages were spoken in the IVC, much as
1786:
484:
868:
3001:
2106:
322:). In this case, the only trace left by the language of the Indus Valley civilization would be historical substratum influence, in particular the
750:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: Ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics"
619:"Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics"
896:
387:
in the earliest historic level, and
Dravidian only in later levels, suggesting that speakers of Austroasiatic were the original inhabitants of
583:
546:
391:
and that the Indo-Aryans encountered
Dravidian speakers only in later times. The theory was since further supported by Franklin Southworth.
2139:
1507:
1458:
2856:
976:
513:
901:
2796:
3036:
3016:
1475:
861:
3021:
2101:
3031:
3026:
3011:
3006:
854:
605:... Harappan language, the ancient script is as yet undeciphered, but a prevailing theory suggests a Dravidian origin.
828:
807:
450:
307:
argues that Proto-Dravidian was spoken in Indus Valley based on the ultraconserved
Dravidian tooth-word and genetics.
2879:
2132:
1451:
488:
936:
409:
2721:
2709:
1415:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2786:
2614:
2398:
2393:
1330:
119:
2941:
2911:
2766:
2091:
1420:
466:
384:
323:
212:
156:" glyphs; the Indus script is interpreted by some scholars as the writing system of the Harappan language.
2889:
2791:
2230:
2125:
2086:
1444:
414:
2558:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2814:
2736:
2731:
2387:
2373:
2148:
1425:
877:
404:
2781:
2726:
2497:
2327:
2216:
2096:
981:
952:
590:
282:
351:
was originally the main language of the civilization, especially in the Punjab region. Later, the
236:
may be derived from a
Harappan term for the Indus Valley civilization, also reflected in Sanskrit
2595:
2490:
2440:
2419:
2410:
2292:
2209:
2169:
964:
558:
839:
2751:
2746:
2511:
2483:
2474:
2433:
1652:
232:
There are some possible loanwords from the language of the Indus Valley civilization. Sumerian
440:
2903:
2776:
2756:
2504:
2299:
2237:
1530:
1512:
1280:
971:
689:
510:
199:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2714:
2568:
2381:
2265:
2009:
1904:
1335:
1270:
714:
678:
570:... who was the first to suggest that the language of the Indus Civilization was Dravidian.
315:
682:
8:
2931:
2704:
2689:
2624:
2426:
2348:
2258:
2251:
2202:
2160:
1954:
1285:
554:
298:
278:
2665:
2619:
2534:
2529:
2524:
1909:
1869:
1762:
1467:
1081:
931:
771:
648:
216:
135:
2869:
2846:
2841:
2819:
2761:
2539:
2355:
2064:
1859:
1844:
1839:
1747:
1647:
1565:
1555:
1540:
1520:
1355:
824:
803:
775:
652:
640:
446:
340:
336:
2831:
2824:
2771:
2699:
2694:
2651:
2644:
2574:
2518:
2456:
2362:
2334:
2320:
2306:
2223:
2195:
2183:
2176:
2019:
1889:
1874:
1854:
1834:
1814:
1732:
1697:
1687:
1606:
1596:
1581:
1560:
1525:
1170:
1056:
793:
761:
630:
311:
302:
42:
840:"An ancient language has defied translation for 100 years, can AI crack the code?"
2658:
2609:
2563:
2446:
2341:
2313:
2272:
2189:
2069:
2034:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1924:
1899:
1894:
1809:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1677:
1662:
1621:
1611:
1586:
1575:
1360:
818:
797:
517:
388:
376:
352:
348:
319:
165:
60:
2836:
2604:
2117:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1969:
1884:
1864:
1849:
1829:
1819:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1712:
1682:
1616:
1535:
1497:
1210:
1126:
1101:
959:
766:
749:
635:
618:
372:
367:
suggested as an alternative, that an underlying, prefixing language similar to
364:
290:
76:
2995:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2014:
2004:
1979:
1914:
1742:
1727:
1657:
1591:
1320:
916:
644:
509:
Orientalia, published by the
Finnish Or. Soc. 94): 497–508. See also Witzel,
368:
289:
in the 1950s, the hypothesis has gained some plausibility and is endorsed by
176:
168:
112:
846:
273:
There are a number of hypotheses as to the nature of this unknown language:
2741:
2549:
2283:
1944:
1325:
1250:
1190:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1031:
1007:
926:
921:
294:
226:
203:
153:
83:
35:
103:
1667:
1381:
1240:
891:
344:
286:
314:", i.e. a language with no living continuants (or perhaps a last living
144:
2916:
2635:
2585:
2451:
1672:
1245:
1215:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1155:
1116:
1091:
1046:
1041:
718:
188:
149:
1570:
1436:
1394:
1315:
1265:
1180:
1165:
1150:
1121:
1106:
128:
96:
347:
for centuries. Jane R. McIntosh suggests one such possibility: Para-
1692:
1601:
1389:
1370:
1365:
1345:
1340:
1305:
1220:
1200:
1131:
1071:
1051:
1036:
1018:
911:
906:
255:
208:
442:
The Roots of
Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
2152:
1879:
1824:
1550:
1410:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1275:
1260:
1111:
1061:
1026:
380:
238:
221:
2593:
2244:
1642:
1290:
1255:
1235:
1205:
1160:
1919:
1545:
1492:
1350:
1230:
1225:
1142:
1066:
467:"Meluhha interpreter seal. Site officiel du musée du Louvre"
1626:
16:
Language of the Bronze Age civilization of the Indus Valley
659:
694:
Proceedings of the conference on the Indus civilization
485:"India - Agriculture and animal husbandry | Britannica"
799:
Between the
Empires: Society in India 300 BC to AD 400
735:
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics (IJDL)
616:
549:. Asian Studies Network Information Center (ASNIC).
250:, and Witzel (2000) further suggests that Sumerian
173:"Shu-ilishu, interpreter of the language of Meluhha"
547:"Peoples and languages in pre-islamic Indus valley"
534:. Bombay, IN: Indian Historical Research Institute.
511:
The language or languages of the Indus civilization
2993:
2147:
748:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (December 2021).
2133:
1452:
876:
862:
754:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
623:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
2977:Families with more than 30 languages are in
747:
617:Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, Bahata (2021-08-03).
277:One hypothesis places it within or near the
187:is the unknown language or languages of the
987:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation
977:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
532:Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture
2140:
2126:
1459:
1445:
869:
855:
820:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
765:
634:
202:(Indus Valley civilization, or IVC). The
3002:Languages extinct in the 13th century BC
816:
792:
665:
445:. Oxford University Press. p. 353.
159:
143:
823:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
719:"Substrate languages in old Indo-Aryan"
438:
225:), in conjunction with analyses of the
2994:
1466:
837:
713:
677:
2121:
1440:
850:
529:
330:
301:. A 2021 research paper published in
254:(a type of tree) may be cognate to
13:
838:Kohari, Alizeh (8 February 2022).
786:
544:
14:
3048:
359:
268:
581:
741:
707:
671:
385:hypothetical Harappan influence
3037:Linguistic history of Pakistan
3017:Unclassified languages of Asia
1416:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
610:
575:
538:
523:
502:
477:
459:
432:
1:
2107:Scheduled languages in states
425:
215:, and some terms recorded in
192:
47:
3022:Unattested languages of Asia
1421:Northern Black Polished Ware
487:. 2023-03-06. Archived from
420:
324:substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
213:substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
152:, showing a string of five "
7:
3032:Linguistic history of India
3027:Pre-Indo-European languages
937:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
802:. Oxford University Press.
415:Megalithic graffiti symbols
410:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
398:
10:
3053:
2797:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
817:McIntosh, Jane R. (2008).
767:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w
683:"The Languages of Harappa"
636:10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w
27:Indus Valley, Mohenjo-Daro
3012:Indus Valley civilisation
3007:Extinct languages of Asia
2965:
2902:
2855:
2805:
2685:
2678:
2633:
2584:
2548:
2473:
2409:
2372:
2282:
2159:
2082:
1933:
1798:
1785:
1635:
1506:
1485:
1474:
1426:Painted Grey Ware culture
1403:
1379:
1140:
1016:
995:
945:
884:
878:Indus Valley Civilisation
405:Elamo-Dravidian languages
281:, perhaps identical with
126:
110:
94:
89:
73:
57:
41:
31:
26:
21:
982:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
196: 2nd millennium BC
2974:have no living members.
2857:East and Southeast Asia
265:(also names of trees).
148:Impression of an Indus
1380:Indus Valley sites in
1141:Indus Valley sites in
1017:Indus Valley sites in
439:Parpola, Asko (2015).
180:
157:
1513:Constitution of India
972:Harappan architecture
584:"The Sindhi language"
530:Heras, Henry (1953).
383:showed signs of this
375:; he called it "para-
200:Harappan civilization
179:, reference AO 22310.
163:
147:
946:Art and architecture
285:itself. Proposed by
2615:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2399:Northwest Caucasian
2394:Northeast Caucasian
1935:100,000 – 1 million
996:Language and script
885:History and culture
555:University of Texas
299:Iravatham Mahadevan
279:Dravidian languages
2880:Austronesian–Ongan
2679:Proposed groupings
2087:Linguistic history
1468:Languages of India
932:Cemetery H culture
668:, p. 355-356.
596:on January 6, 2007
516:2011-07-20 at the
471:cartelfr.louvre.fr
331:Multiple languages
217:Sumerian cuneiform
181:
171:with inscription:
158:
2989:
2988:
2898:
2897:
2890:Sino-Austronesian
2674:
2673:
2149:Language families
2115:
2114:
2078:
2077:
1781:
1780:
1434:
1433:
1356:Kotla Nihang Khan
1003:Harappan language
794:Olivelle, Patrick
185:Harappan language
164:Impression of an
142:
141:
3044:
2957:Proto-Euphratean
2683:
2682:
2591:
2590:
2559:Great Andamanese
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2118:
1796:
1795:
1636:State-level only
1483:
1482:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1057:Lakhueen-jo-daro
912:Mehrgarh culture
907:Bhirrana culture
871:
864:
857:
848:
847:
843:
834:
813:
796:(13 July 2006).
780:
779:
769:
745:
739:
738:
731:cf. reprint in:
730:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
687:
675:
669:
663:
657:
656:
638:
614:
608:
607:
602:
601:
595:
589:. Archived from
588:
582:Cole, Jennifer.
579:
573:
572:
567:
566:
557:. Archived from
542:
536:
535:
527:
521:
506:
500:
499:
497:
496:
481:
475:
474:
463:
457:
456:
436:
318:in the moribund
312:language isolate
197:
194:
138:
122:
106:
99:
79:
63:
52:
49:
19:
18:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2961:
2952:Paleo-Laplandic
2947:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2894:
2851:
2815:Greater Siangic
2801:
2787:Uralic–Yukaghir
2737:Ibero-Caucasian
2732:Elamo-Dravidian
2670:
2629:
2580:
2544:
2469:
2405:
2388:North Caucasian
2368:
2278:
2217:Paleo-Sardinian
2155:
2146:
2116:
2111:
2097:Multilingualism
2074:
1936:
1929:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1631:
1511:
1502:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1435:
1430:
1399:
1375:
1361:Kerala-no-dhoro
1136:
1012:
991:
941:
880:
875:
831:
810:
789:
787:Further reading
784:
783:
746:
742:
737:(1). sqq. 2001.
732:
717:(August 1999).
712:
708:
699:
697:
685:
676:
672:
664:
660:
615:
611:
599:
597:
593:
586:
580:
576:
564:
562:
545:Rahman, Tariq.
543:
539:
528:
524:
518:Wayback Machine
507:
503:
494:
492:
483:
482:
478:
465:
464:
460:
453:
437:
433:
428:
423:
401:
362:
353:proto-Dravidian
333:
320:Nihali language
283:Proto-Dravidian
271:
227:Harappan script
204:Harappan script
195:
166:Akkadian Empire
134:
118:
115:
102:
95:
80:
75:
69:
64:
61:Language family
59:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Uralo-Siberian
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Serbi–Mongolic
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Dravido-Korean
2724:
2722:Dené–Yeniseian
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2710:Dené–Caucasian
2707:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2328:Hurro-Urartian
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2210:Paleo-Corsican
2206:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:Over 1 million
1793:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
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1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
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1700:
1695:
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1645:
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1633:
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1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
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1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1404:Related topics
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
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957:
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740:
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681:(2000-02-17).
670:
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553:. Austin, TX:
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365:Michael Witzel
361:
360:Other theories
358:
343:co-existed in
332:
329:
328:
327:
308:
291:Kamil Zvelebil
270:
269:Identification
267:
140:
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90:Language codes
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51: 1300 BC
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2792:Eskimo–Uralic
2790:
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2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
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2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:Paleosiberian
2592:
2589:
2587:
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2570:
2567:
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2514:
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2509:
2507:
2506:
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2500:
2499:
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2491:Austroasiatic
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
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2448:
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2443:
2442:
2441:Austroasiatic
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:Indo-European
2417:
2416:
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2293:Indo-European
2290:
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2268:
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2263:
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2198:
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2193:
2191:
2188:
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2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:Indo-European
2167:
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2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
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2138:
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1651:
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948:
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928:
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923:
920:
918:
917:Kulli culture
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Periodisation
895:
893:
890:
889:
887:
883:
879:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
852:
849:
841:
836:
832:
830:9781576079072
826:
822:
821:
815:
811:
809:9780199775071
805:
801:
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795:
791:
790:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
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751:
744:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
696:. Madison, WI
695:
691:
684:
680:
674:
667:
666:McIntosh 2008
662:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
606:
592:
585:
578:
571:
561:on 2008-05-09
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
533:
526:
519:
515:
512:
505:
491:on 2023-03-06
490:
486:
480:
472:
468:
462:
454:
452:9780190226930
448:
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435:
431:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:
392:
390:
386:
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378:
374:
370:
369:Austroasiatic
366:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
305:
300:
296:
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288:
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240:
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228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
190:
186:
178:
177:Louvre Museum
174:
170:
169:cylinder seal
167:
162:
155:
151:
146:
137:
133:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:Linguist List
109:
105:
101:
98:
93:
88:
85:
82:
78:
72:
66:
62:
56:
46:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2978:
2971:
2970:Families in
2927:Pre-Goidelic
2922:Pre-Germanic
2752:Indo-Semitic
2747:Indo-Pacific
2742:Indo-Hittite
2657:
2650:
2643:
2573:
2550:Indian Ocean
2517:
2512:Austronesian
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2484:Sino-Tibetan
2482:
2462:
2461:
2439:
2434:Sino-Tibetan
2432:
2425:
2418:
2386:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2238:North Picene
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2182:
2175:
2168:
1508:8th schedule
1251:Lohari Ragho
1097:Tharro Hills
1087:Sutkagan Dor
1077:Rehman Dheri
1032:Mohenjo-daro
1008:Indus script
1002:
965:
954:Dancing Girl
953:
927:Bara culture
922:Amri culture
819:
798:
757:
753:
743:
734:
726:
722:
709:
698:. Retrieved
693:
673:
661:
626:
622:
612:
604:
598:. Retrieved
591:the original
577:
569:
563:. Retrieved
559:the original
550:
540:
531:
525:
520:, July 2007.
504:
493:. Retrieved
489:the original
479:
470:
461:
441:
434:
393:
363:
334:
303:
295:Asko Parpola
272:
262:
258:
251:
247:
243:
237:
233:
231:
220:
184:
182:
172:
154:Indus script
127:
84:Indus script
68:unclassified
36:Indus Valley
2777:Ural-Altaic
2757:Indo-Uralic
2569:Sentinelese
2300:Afroasiatic
2266:Eteocypriot
1486:Union-level
1382:Afghanistan
1336:Bhagwanpura
1241:Oriyo timbo
966:Priest-king
892:Indus River
690:Kenoyer, J.
629:(1): 1–14.
345:Mesopotamia
287:Henry Heras
2996:Categories
2917:Pre-Celtic
2885:East Asian
2875:Austro-Tai
2865:Andamanese
2715:Eurasiatic
2636:North Asia
2586:North Asia
2498:Hmong–Mien
2452:Burushaski
2411:South Asia
2382:Kartvelian
2349:Philistine
2259:Eteocretan
2203:Tartessian
2102:Endangered
1905:Rajasthani
1789:unofficial
1748:Rajbangshi
1673:Kamatapuri
1578:(Manipuri)
1246:Dher Majra
1216:Rakhigarhi
1196:Alamgirpur
1186:Kalibangan
1176:Jognakhera
1156:Gola Dhoro
1117:Ganeriwala
1092:Sokhta Koh
1047:Ganweriwal
1042:Chanhudaro
760:(1): 193.
729:(1): 1–67.
715:Witzel, M.
700:2007-07-18
679:Witzel, M.
600:2008-11-20
565:2008-11-20
551:utexas.edu
495:2023-06-02
426:References
371:, notably
189:Bronze Age
150:stamp seal
53:, or later
2942:Pre-Vedic
2932:Pre-Greek
2904:Substrata
2807:Arunachal
2705:Nostratic
2690:Alarodian
2625:Yeniseian
2475:East Asia
2427:Dravidian
2284:West Asia
2252:Tyrsenian
2092:Classical
1910:Surjapuri
1870:Khandeshi
1840:Dhundhari
1791:languages
1763:Sikkimese
1571:Malayalam
1478:languages
1395:Shortugai
1316:Babar Kot
1281:Ganeshwar
1266:Loteshwar
1181:Surkotada
1166:Bhagatrav
1151:Dholavira
1122:Nindowari
1107:Allahdino
776:236901972
653:257091003
645:2662-9992
421:Footnotes
244:non-Vedic
219:(such as
209:loanwords
129:Glottolog
97:ISO 639-3
2937:Vasconic
2912:Atlantic
2666:Eskaleut
2620:Yukaghir
2535:Koreanic
2530:Tungusic
2525:Mongolic
2463:Harappan
2374:Caucasus
2356:Sumerian
2231:Ligurian
2065:Tangkhul
1937:speakers
1860:Haryanvi
1845:Garhwali
1802:speakers
1693:Kokborok
1648:Bhojpuri
1602:Sanskrit
1566:Maithili
1556:Kashmiri
1541:Gujarati
1521:Assamese
1476:Official
1390:Mundigak
1371:Desalpur
1366:Mitathal
1346:Banawali
1341:Bhirrana
1306:Pabumath
1221:Rupnagar
1201:Daimabad
1132:Dabarkot
1072:Kot Diji
1052:Mehrgarh
1037:Nausharo
1019:Pakistan
902:Religion
514:Archived
399:See also
341:Akkadian
337:Sumerian
256:Rigvedic
242:meaning
136:hara1272
22:Harappan
2972:italics
2870:Austric
2847:Kho-Bwa
2842:Hrusish
2820:Siangic
2762:Karasuk
2662: ?
2575:Kenaboi
2540:Japonic
2505:Kra–Dai
2466: ?
2457:Kusunda
2363:Elamite
2335:Kassite
2321:Kaskian
2224:Camunic
2196:Iberian
2153:Eurasia
2020:Ladakhi
1925:Varhadi
1890:Marwari
1880:Lambadi
1875:Kumaoni
1855:Harauti
1835:Bundeli
1825:Bajjika
1815:Bagheli
1733:Mundari
1698:Kurmali
1688:Khortha
1607:Santali
1597:Punjabi
1582:Marathi
1561:Konkani
1551:Kannada
1526:Bengali
1498:English
1411:Meluhha
1331:Bargaon
1311:Nagwada
1301:Sanghol
1296:Sanauli
1276:Farmana
1261:Kuntasi
1171:Rangpur
1112:Balakot
1062:Larkana
1027:Harappa
692:(ed.).
381:Rigveda
263:śalmali
259:śimbala
248:foreign
239:mleccha
234:Meluhha
222:Meluhha
43:Extinct
2832:Mijiic
2825:Digaro
2772:Pontic
2700:Borean
2695:Altaic
2659:Rouran
2652:Turkic
2645:Uralic
2634:Other
2519:Turkic
2447:Nihali
2342:Gutian
2314:Hattic
2307:Turkic
2273:Minoan
2245:Sicani
2190:Basque
2184:Turkic
2177:Uralic
2161:Europe
2070:Thadou
2035:Mising
1995:Konyak
1990:Kolami
1985:Kodava
1980:Khotta
1965:Dimasa
1960:Badaga
1950:Angami
1900:Nimadi
1895:Mewari
1865:Kangri
1810:Awadhi
1773:Tamang
1768:Sunwar
1758:Sherpa
1738:Newari
1718:Magahi
1708:Lepcha
1703:Kurukh
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