1935:"Et afin que le Lecteur se satisfasse entierement, ie luy presente les deux metaux, les cinq couleurs, & les deux pennes graués en la page suiuante, & luy fais voir l’inuention de laquelle ie me suis seruy au premier liure de blazon, que ie fis imprimer pour connoistre les metaux & les couleurs par la taille douce, laquelle a ésté imitée & practiquée par le docte Petra Sancta, au liure intitulé, Tessera gentilitia, qu’il a composé en Latin, & fait imprimer à Rome; Aupaurauant l’on se seruoit des lettres capitales des metaux, & des couleurs pour les denoter, mais cela enlaidissoit l’armoirie, & apportoit de la confusion, & tout au contraire ceste inuention remplit & ombrage les pieces bien mieux qu’elles n’estoient auant qu’on la practiquât; & contente la veuë auec plus d’agréement: Et il seroit necessaire que d’ores-en-auant tous les graueurs d’vn commún consentement se seruissent de ceste methodo, & la practiquassent inuiolablement lors qu’ils grauent des Armoiries en des lieux où l’on ne peut dechiffrer leurs blazons, ny exprimer leur émail."
169:
1229:
1492:) do not need a special hatching method, as they have a special pattern that is easily recognizable even on the uncoloured illustrations. Nevertheless, there existed two heraldic furs that had their own hatchings. Also, there are in use (mainly in the Czech heraldic literature) furs like zibeline and marten. The colour and hatching for zibeline is the same as the sable (black) tincture, and the colour and hatching of marten is identical with the gules (red) tincture. So, in some countries these tinctures are also held as furs (mainly in the Czech heraldic traditions, but not in real use, and sometimes also in the German heraldry, which is also not in real use today).
1142:
160:
136:
746:
127:
3245:
3277:
1587:
800:
1185:, on wood, besides 58 copperplate illustrations that at first sight appear to have hatchings. If one however compares these "hatchings" with the descriptions, then one finds out that there isn't any system in it at all. For instance Gules is alternately indicated by horizontal or vertical or diagonal lines or is left blank. It seems l'Espinoy considered lines and dots merely as a sort of artistic additions which he put in at random. There is no hatching table at all.
3611:
758:
1995:
habe, daß die
Herolde, wenigstens in Deutschland, die Eisenfarbe und die weise farbe, das ist, Silber als gleichgültige Ausdrücke gebrauchen. Zur Erläuterung dieser Abhandlung vom Ursprunge der Schrafirungen dient das oben angeführte köhlerische Programma. Das Zeichen der Tinctur des Pelzwerkes, sowohl des gemeinen, als Hermelins, hat mit dem Urbilde selbst, als eine Gattung der natürlichen Farbe (§. 10.), eine Aehlnichkeit (Fig. 17.und 18.).
1667:
25:
962:
1217:
neighboring the Low
Countries. However, Gelenius’ hatching system is identical only at two points with Petra Sancta, indicating that he consciously tried to develop an independent system but failed to make a serious cut, or it can also indicate that Petra Sancta's system was not yet fully developed when they met in Cologne. If this is true, it makes certain the primacy of de la Colombière as the inventor of the hatching system.
1016:, where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638. He had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time. For this reason, it could perhaps be concluded that de la Colombière was right in claiming the title of the inventor of the hatching system, and accusing Petra Sancta of copying his method and incorrectly publishing it in his 1638 work (
1221:
1133:
1107:(Francesco Liberati,... Rome: Per gli Heredi di Francesco Corbelletti) already use a complete example of heraldic hatching. That means Corbelletti adopted the heraldic hatching system in the very next year after Petra Sancta's 1638 system. If we consider the time needed to prepare the engravings and the approval by the
1341:, set up his printing shop called 'De Gulden Passer' (Golden Compasses) in Antwerp in 1555, publishing both Catholic and Protestant literature. This Frenchman, who fled his native country to Antwerp to escape the persecution during the 1540s, was the best-known printer of his time. Moretus was also a close friend to
1123:
Designation of tinctures by hatching requires copperplate engravings, as the tiny areas in the escutcheons need lines more closely spaced than woodcuts can produce. And copperplate engraving was the most developed form of hatching in the Low
Countries, especially in Antwerp, while until the 1630s it
826:(1515–1580). He drew a difference between metals and colours of arms on his woodcuts by leaving the places for metals blank; similarly, all colours were hatched the same way the colour vert is today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking:
1994:
Der sel. Rink zu
Altdorf hat zu den Schrafirungen des Colombiere noch zwo, nämlich das Zeichen der natürlichen (Fig. 19.) und der Eisenfarbe (Fig. 20.) hinzusetzt: ich halte jedoch die erste für überflüssig, die andere aber um deswillen für unterweislich, weil ich aus alten Wappenbriefen gelernet
1114:
Thus it is obvious that Petra Sancta got the model for his system from the illustrators and publishers of his books in the Low
Countries. It is possible that these engravers also knew at least two earlier hatching systems: Zangrius' in 1600 and Francquart's in 1623. The techniques might have even
1216:
historians of his time. He developed a late hatching system but it did not gain popularity. Gelenius was deeply influenced by Petra Sancta and both the men met personally several times in
Cologne. Gelenius also studied the coats of arms and antiquities of the Rhenish nobility in the territory
1070:
through his sermons and religious discussions, including through two of his emblematic books published in 1634 and 1638, respectively. Later he settled down in Rome and published his famous treatise on heraldry there, but during the late 1620s and the early 1630s he stayed in the
Spanish
1349:
in 1604 using the same portrait of
Lipsius that was engraved by Zangrius in 1601. Zangrius had also some Parisian connections. The Parisian Book Society knew several representatives of a number of leading engravers originating from the Netherlands, for instance, the famous
1119:
of engravers one after another. Certainly, Petra Sancta must have at least held consultations with the engravers who were preparing illustrations for his books to explain his concept or to develop a coherent method to designate tinctures by mutual agreement.
1103:...., Rome: Francesco Corbelletti, 1627) are good examples of stripping applied for screening. One of the woodcuts (no. 152) in the book even shows a kind of a screening with hatching. Moreover, the arms on the title page of one of Corbelletti's 1639
1405:
as well. He maintained that the first one is needless, but the second one has its own importance, because he had noticed himself that old armorials produced by heralds, at least in
Germany, also made a difference between iron-colour
1075:
and the neighbouring territories. In 1634 he published his first book touching the topic of heraldry, containing a hatching table, and his main heraldic work with a coherent hatching system was published in 1638 in Rome.
1054:
and that it is very likely that he was acquainted with the idea of hatching and the earlier existing hatching methods from the Dutch engravers before he developed his own hatching system. He was the confessor of the
788:, it served as a natural method to designate heraldic tinctures. Copper plate engravers faced difficulties producing coloured illustrations. The first tests of colour copperplate engravings were done by
1136:
Comparison of hatching systems, published by Oszkár Bárczay in
Budapest, 1897 (n.b.:'Pegoing' is a typographical error for 'Segoing'. Colors in Hungarian: gold, silver, red, blue, green, black, purple,
1084:
According to the data from the Plantin-Moretus archive, the emblems in Petra Sancta's 1634 book were initially prepared by artist-engravers in the service of the Jesuit monks, and then redone by
822:
maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries. Both tricking and hatching were applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and historian
198:(colours) are represented by dots and lines. This technique is employed in cases where colours, for either aesthetic, practical or economic reasons are not reproduced – e.g. on surfaces such as
1000:. He visited Paris in 1618, but by all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the
1200:
also developed his own system, but it was used by him in an inconsequent way which led to the misunderstandings and the resultant sudden disappearance of this system. The hatching table of
1580:
1248:. Paris, 1654). His system is similar to the method of Petra Sancta. On the table X of his work, Otto Titan von Hefner published still another system of hatching from 1639, attributed to
1124:
was almost unknown in some other countries, including Paris. So heraldic hatching was developed as a result of the cooperation between heraldists and copperplate engravers and artists.
1381:
as well. Some additional tinctures had already appeared in the theory of heraldry in the early 15th century, which were then soon applied in practice. The German jurist and heraldist
985:. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the armorial chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish
1547:, and in some cases the goules are made of the marten fur (one text says goules de martre). Maybe its reddish tint came to the heraldry from the fur of pine marten. In the poem of
3643:
1355:
1365:
published another hatching system, which has distinct hatching for the tincture Argent and the color white. His marking of the tincture Or is a slightly different as well.
1042:
maintains that the hatching system in heraldry was invented by de la Colombière and not Petra Sancta who only popularized the system through his second treatise titled
1904:
1374:
1358:(1566–1581) from Tielt. He started off as a corrector at Badius, married the sister-in-law of Badius' daughter Madeleine and became an uncle to Petrus Zangrius.
1032:(1644), Colombière maintains that Petra Sancta simply copied his system without any changes. De la Colombière also mentions the book publishers and copperplate
1046:, published in 1638. On the other hand, it is also true that Silvester Petra Sancta provided though preliminary, comprehensive studies on his heraldic work in
1085:
1241:
708:
953:, in 1600. The hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differed from Zangrius's method only in their hatchings of the colour Sable.
1268:, but there is no hatching table at all. However, in his earlier book from 1636 we can really find a hatching table. (One of the book censors was
1178:
989:(where by all probability the heraldic hatching systems were invented), that is to say from the neighbouring territories to France, visited
269:
2301:
1583:
defines it as a timber usually pale in colour, no source, including heraldry textbooks, mentions it in connection with heraldry.
792:
around the middle of the 17th century. According to some views, however, multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by
89:
2643:
61:
1377:
published some further hatching methods at table X of his above cited book, presenting hatching methods for some additional
2607:
2014:
1663:
use hatching on characters whose color is essential to the character's identity, such as the twelve colored "heart" emoji.
42:
1196:(1623), was the earliest hatching method after Zangrius. The Cistercian abbot from Antwerp and historian and genealogist
1028:, Paris 1639). However, the earlier book of Petra Sancta from 1634 had a hatching table as well. On page 37 of his title
68:
2073:
1188:
Most other known hatching systems also originated in the Low Countries. The tiny hatching table of the above-mentioned
1153:
The French heraldist Imbert de la Phalecque and his Italian counterpart Goffredo di Crollanza claimed that the work of
1252:. (On page 49, footnote 4 Hefner names his source as Rietstap's Handboek der Wapenkunde, p. 96.) His book titled
1977:
1957:
1059:
108:
997:
978:
927:
581:
230:
1275:
In 1632 Lobkowitz was sent to the Low Countries where he became a renowned preacher and missionary. His first book
75:
1481:) were introduced by two Italian heraldists Guelfi Camaini and Goffredo di Crollanza, but these were rarely used.
818:
even beyond the 17th century. Tricking was a simpler and quicker way than hatching to designate the tinctures.
2359:
1427:
1157:
was the first one that adopted the hatching system applied in the blazon. His two-volume book was published in
46:
57:
3620:
1228:
789:
2881:
2876:
262:
1141:
745:
168:
2746:
1312:
1916:
1591:
1402:
1345:
who made several illustrations for the company's publications. This company also published a work by
1249:
939:
902:
during the 15th–18th centuries. For this reason, different hatching methods emerged in the system of
612:
547:
3440:
2936:
2463:
1774:
1154:
819:
3603:
3565:
2957:
2896:
2836:
2223:
2168:
2133:
1572:
1382:
1324:
255:
35:
3458:
3407:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
1686:, with vertical hatching used to indicate the red stripes and no hatching for the white stripe.
2339:
2316:
2272:
2211:
2066:
1645:
1299:
printed by Perus Zangrius (Lovanii, typis ac sumptibus Petrus Zangrius, 1645). His book titled
1056:
974:
931:
777:
577:
514:
226:
82:
3235:
1979:
Ordinum Equestrium et Militarium Catalogus: in imaginibus expositus & cum brevi narratione
1548:
1419:
2344:
2294:
2289:
2267:
2151:
1170:
159:
3463:
2250:
2216:
2108:
2044:
1316:
1292:
1205:
970:
946:
911:
781:
762:
418:
8:
3321:
3101:
2891:
2474:
2426:
2401:
2103:
1697:
1683:
1378:
1334:
815:
350:
297:
195:
135:
965:
Example of hatching on the title page of a book printed in 1639 by Francesco Corbelletti
3653:
3515:
3488:
2816:
2761:
2711:
2622:
2612:
2549:
2524:
2459:
2434:
2406:
2306:
2093:
1945:
1653:
1515:
for the black tincture, and the arms of the count von Zollern also contained zibeline (
1269:
1197:
1039:
919:
482:
1331:(Antwerp, June 3, 1610 – 1660), also after a design by Erasmus Quellinus the Younger.
981:
made only minor changes to Zangrius' system such as different hatching for the colour
145:
3432:
3363:
3354:
3248:
2977:
2582:
2454:
2393:
2371:
2349:
2233:
2185:
2059:
1953:
1767:
1485:
1390:
1338:
1304:
1209:
1182:
1089:
935:
823:
750:
676:
233:. Some earlier hatching methods were also developed, but did not come into wide use.
1586:
3648:
3244:
3200:
3188:
3109:
2911:
2716:
2663:
2658:
2592:
2577:
2519:
2484:
2334:
2329:
2262:
2228:
2156:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1024:
1638), one year before the same hatching system was published by de la Colombière (
1008:
that year. Colombière's ideas suited the king's taste too, as a result he departed
982:
907:
857:
844:
326:
320:
314:
290:
926:(1645). The four other authors to produce hatching systems in the 17th century –
3615:
3527:
3212:
3057:
3042:
3037:
2972:
2653:
2617:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2444:
2416:
2190:
2113:
1973:
1746:
1362:
1233:
1201:
1189:
1146:
923:
915:
885:
811:
785:
644:
450:
332:
126:
3276:
2731:
3539:
3505:
3498:
3052:
3017:
2809:
2736:
2721:
2701:
2439:
2284:
2279:
2173:
2161:
1351:
1346:
1508:
1099:
The woodcuts from one of Corbelletti's publications (Giovanni Antonio Brandi,
942:– also had close connection with heraldists and artists in these territories.
190:, from the French word) is a conventional system for monochrome denotation of
3637:
3587:
3522:
3493:
3153:
3077:
3009:
2098:
1718:
1679:
1450:
1072:
1067:
986:
899:
869:
793:
308:
207:
2962:
3600:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
3577:
3555:
3510:
3388:
3047:
2952:
2587:
2514:
2479:
2324:
2257:
2180:
2118:
2027:
1781:
1265:
1246:
Armorial universel, contenant les armes des principales maisons de l'Europe
1096:. Petra Sancta's 1638 book was published by Francesco Corbelletti in Rome.
799:
222:
2989:
2706:
2685:
1161:
in 1631 and in 1632 respectively. (A facsimile of l’Espinoy's book titled
3582:
3424:
2921:
2901:
2769:
2648:
2411:
1671:
1328:
1062:(1581–1655). Between 1624 and 1634, Petra Sancta stayed with his lord in
1051:
1001:
773:
214:
3397:
2994:
2469:
221:, the earlier method of indicating heraldic tinctures by use of written
177:
The coat of arms of the United States in a coloured and hatched version.
3082:
3072:
3032:
3027:
3022:
2967:
2841:
2799:
2779:
2751:
2741:
2128:
1891:
757:
3416:
1788:
1648:
as a standard system of colors and hatch patterns for use in planning
1111:, Corbelletti must have known Petra Sancta's system even before 1638.
3483:
3087:
3067:
3062:
2871:
2856:
2673:
2378:
1531:) is identical with the red (gules) tincture. The origin of the word
1284:
1092:(1574–1641). The allegorical title page of this book was prepared by
1033:
949:, a copperplate engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller from
225:. The present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by
203:
2726:
2602:
24:
3572:
3114:
2999:
2926:
2906:
2851:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2354:
2082:
1280:
1257:
1166:
1165:
was published in 1972.) This city, now in France, was then part of
1088:(Andries Pauli, 1600–1639) between December 1631 and June 1634 for
1009:
969:
The primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to
961:
903:
895:
891:
769:
236:
218:
191:
3333:
3285:
1760:
1666:
1660:
358:
3224:
2982:
2916:
2886:
2866:
2861:
2846:
2826:
2680:
2668:
2638:
2597:
2561:
2494:
2449:
2245:
2206:
1753:
1649:
1644:
The basic Petra Sancta system was adopted in the modern world by
1430:(1775–1854) introduced hatching for some other tinctures such as
1320:
1308:
1213:
1108:
1063:
1047:
338:
239:
is an alternative method which has the same purpose as hatching.
199:
3560:
3534:
3309:
3141:
2931:
2821:
2804:
2774:
2554:
2509:
2499:
2240:
2123:
1711:
1598:(1909): Extended hatching scheme used in continental heraldry.
1544:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1426:, to learn about the origin of hatchings. The German heraldist
1342:
1288:
1093:
1005:
956:
950:
881:
807:
344:
302:
1297:
Theologia Moralis ad prima, eaque clarissima principia reducta
1295:
was also active. Here Lobkowitz published a major work titled
3176:
2831:
2504:
2383:
2366:
1536:
1532:
1220:
1158:
1116:
1013:
990:
835:
3280:
2489:
2051:
1489:
1470:
1462:
1261:
1174:
1132:
1079:
1021:
1507:) was already used in the ancient times of heraldry. Some
2045:
https://onlinecoin.club/Coins/CoinType/Austria/Two_Euro/
1909:Über Alter und Herkunft der Heraldischen Schraffierungen
3644:
Techniques and principles related to heraldic tinctures
213:
Several systems of hatchings were developed during the
1303:
containing some hatched arms was published in 1639 by
1026:
Recueil de plusieurs pièces et figures d'armoiries...
1327:, and the engraving of the frontispiece was made by
996:
We have only some fragmental data about the life of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1894:, dot patterns as textures in monochrome printing.
1244:, a French heraldist and royal historian in 1654 (
1469:, etc. also emerged over the years. Hatching for
3635:
2028:"National flag on Austrian EURO coins (Austria)"
1519:). The colour and hatching of marten (in German
1224:Hatching table of Charles Segoing (1660 edition)
1559:. (Furthermore, we can read there phrases like
1169:. The illustrations in this book include 1,121
1163:Recherche des antiquités et noblesse de Flandre
1385:(1670–1746) introduced hatching for the gray (
945:The earliest hatching system was developed by
2067:
1952:. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 187.
1555:(line 985) transformed into modern German as
1354:(1462–1535) from Asse, and the not-so-famous
263:
957:Dispute of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière
1418:. He also recommended to study the work by
772:developed as a method of screening used by
144:The coat of arms of the German district of
2074:
2060:
1240:The last hatching method was developed by
270:
256:
1944:
1543:, which means the mouth of a carnivorous
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1665:
1585:
1227:
1219:
1140:
1131:
1080:Contribution of engravers to development
960:
798:
756:
744:
1972:
1368:
3636:
1950:Heraldry: sources, symbols and meaning
1639:
761:The original of the armorial chart of
242:
2055:
1822:Present extended conventional system
1579:as a white, yellowish timber and the
1311:. The coats of arms were engraved by
1204:was radically different from that of
1036:as the users of the hatching system.
888:was not represented among his works.
796:, as described in his 1645 treatise.
1982:. Rome: Giorgio Placho. p. 142.
1194:Pompa funebris Alberti Pii Austriaci
906:in these territories (mainly in the
248:Historical and present conventional
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1919:), 7 N.F. Berlin 1969/71, 67–68. l.
1424:Programma de auctoribus incisurarum
1066:where he fought against the rising
16:System of patterns used in heraldry
13:
1898:
1581:Cambridge International Dictionary
1264:, among them several with hatched
14:
3665:
1659:The representative glyphs in the
1457:(silver), some other metals like
1291:University – the same city where
803:Hatching table of Zangrius (1600)
148:in coloured and hatched versions.
3609:
3275:
3243:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1674:with hatched flag at lower left.
1449:Besides the traditional metals,
1256:contains as many as 27 engraved
1127:
733:
730:
727:
702:
699:
696:
693:
670:
667:
664:
661:
638:
635:
632:
629:
606:
603:
600:
569:
566:
540:
537:
534:
531:
508:
505:
502:
499:
476:
473:
470:
467:
444:
441:
438:
435:
167:
158:
134:
125:
23:
1277:Steganographia ars orthographia
973:. In comparison to his system,
810:did not like hatching, and the
765:from the Helmond archive (1600)
34:needs additional citations for
2038:
2020:
2004:
1986:
1966:
1938:
1929:
1690:Modern color hatching systems
1428:Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd
1212:was one of the most respected
1101:Cronologia de' sommi pontefici
998:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière
582:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière
231:Marcus Vulson de la Colombière
1:
1997:" Johann Christoph Gatterer,
1923:
1399:natürlichen Farbe, Eisenfarbe
1317:Erasmus Quellinus the Younger
3366:(metal in the United States)
2081:
1337:(1520–1589), grandfather of
1115:been carried forward by the
388:Present conventional system
7:
1885:
1571:(400) as well.) Though the
1414:), when they omit the term
1356:Johannes Lodoicus Tiletanus
1323:, 1607 – Antwerp, 1678), a
10:
3670:
2011:Systematic Layout Planning
1905:Schroeder, Johann Karl von
1596:Complete Guide to Heraldry
1313:Cornelis Galle the Younger
1105:La perfettione del cavallo
910:), such as the methods of
740:
412:
3596:
3548:
3476:
3449:
3373:
3342:
3296:
3234:
3163:
3128:
3100:
3008:
2945:
2760:
2694:
2631:
2570:
2425:
2392:
2315:
2199:
2144:
2089:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1279:was published in 1636 in
613:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz
296:
289:
286:
283:
2001:. Nürnberg, 1774. p. 12.
1682:appears engraved on the
1410:) and the white colour (
1315:, after the drawings of
898:advanced greatly in the
58:"Hatching" heraldry
3604:List of oldest heraldry
1575:defines the meaning of
1434:(sienne, earth-color),
1383:Eucharius Gottlieb Rink
1325:Flemish Baroque painter
1675:
1636:
1438:(yellow-red, orange),
1373:Out of these systems,
1237:
1225:
1150:
1138:
966:
804:
766:
754:
578:Silvester Petra Sancta
515:Silvester Petra Sancta
227:Silvester Petra Sancta
1669:
1589:
1535:is from the Medieval
1375:Otto Titan von Hefner
1231:
1223:
1192:, to be found in his
1155:Philippe de l'Espinoy
1144:
1135:
964:
820:Otto Titan von Hefner
802:
778:copperplate engravers
760:
748:
217:as an alternative to
1646:industrial engineers
1573:Webster's Dictionary
1495:Zibeline (in German
1401:) were presented by
1397:). These hatchings (
1369:Additional tinctures
1293:Jan Baptist Zangrius
1044:Tesserae gentilitiae
1018:Tesserae gentilitiae
947:Jan Baptist Zangrius
780:and artists such as
763:Jan Baptist Zangrius
419:Jan Baptist Zangrius
194:armory, whereby the
43:improve this article
3616:Heraldry portal
3043:Hastings/Hungerford
2330:Crowns and coronets
2302:National traditions
1999:Abriss der Heraldik
1946:Neubecker, Ottfried
1691:
1684:Austrian euro coins
1640:Other modern usages
1635:, colour of nature.
1549:Konrad von Würzburg
1527:, and in Hungarian
1503:, and in Hungarian
1484:The heraldic furs (
1420:Johann David Köhler
1335:Christoffel Plantin
1030:La Science Heroїque
814:gave preference to
413:Historical systems
277:
243:Conventional system
3000:Waterlily/Seeblatt
2224:Ancient and modern
1689:
1676:
1637:
1270:Christophe Butkens
1260:of the Portuguese
1238:
1232:Hatching table of
1226:
1198:Christophe Butkens
1151:
1145:Hatching table of
1139:
1040:Ottfried Neubecker
967:
805:
767:
755:
749:Hatching table of
483:Christophe Butkens
247:
186:(sometimes called
3631:
3630:
3472:
3471:
3410:(color in Canada)
3096:
3095:
1883:
1882:
1654:material handling
1511:applied the word
1442:(steel blue) and
1339:Balthasar Moretus
1305:Balthasar Moretus
1301:Philippus Prudens
1254:Philippus Prudens
1210:Aegidius Gelenius
1183:armorial bearings
1090:Balthasar Moretus
1060:Pier Luigi Carafa
824:Vincenzo Borghini
751:Aegidius Gelenius
738:
737:
677:Aegidius Gelenius
119:
118:
111:
93:
3661:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3452:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3376:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3332:
3329:
3320:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3279:
3247:
3223:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3187:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3152:
3149:
3140:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3110:Rule of tincture
2827:Griffin/Keythong
2423:
2422:
2114:Officers of arms
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1974:Bonanni, Filippo
1970:
1964:
1963:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1692:
1688:
1623:, flesh-colour;
1618:, water-colour;
1610:, earth-colour;
1563:(405), which is
979:de la Colombière
928:de la Colombière
908:Duchy of Brabant
790:François Perrier
753:, published 1645
355:
278:
272:
265:
258:
250:hatching systems
246:
171:
162:
138:
129:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3544:
3468:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3306:
3303:
3292:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3209:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3159:
3150:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3124:
3092:
3058:Hungerford knot
3028:Cavendish/Savoy
3004:
2941:
2756:
2690:
2627:
2566:
2421:
2388:
2311:
2195:
2140:
2085:
2080:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:, Cahners, 1973
2009:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1901:
1899:Further reading
1888:
1855:Unicode charts
1642:
1619:
1371:
1363:Filippo Bonanni
1242:Charles Segoing
1234:Filippo Bonanni
1202:Thomas de Rouck
1190:Jacob Franquart
1147:Thomas de Rouck
1130:
1082:
1012:and settled in
959:
812:College of Arms
743:
709:Charles Segoing
645:Thomas de Rouck
451:Jacob Franquart
353:
276:
245:
181:
180:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
164:
163:
152:
151:
150:
149:
146:Minden-Lübbecke
141:
140:
139:
131:
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3629:
3628:
3626:
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3623:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3540:Trophy of arms
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3499:banner of arms
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
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3444:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3313:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3167:
3165:
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3160:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:Tristram/Bowen
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:Ecclesiastical
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2019:
2015:Richard Muther
2003:
1985:
1965:
1958:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
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1845:
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1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1661:Unicode charts
1641:
1638:
1631:, orange; and
1627:, ashen-grey;
1370:
1367:
1352:Jodocus Badius
1347:Justus Lipsius
1283:when he was a
1129:
1126:
1081:
1078:
958:
955:
776:painters. For
742:
739:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
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680:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
658:
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641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
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618:
616:
609:
608:
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602:
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597:
595:
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591:
589:
587:
585:
574:
573:
571:
568:
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563:
561:
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385:
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348:
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318:
312:
306:
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275:
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241:
176:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3666:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3588:Sigillography
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
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3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Laurel wreath
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
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2855:
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2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
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2657:
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2630:
2624:
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2606:
2604:
2601:
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2589:
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2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
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2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
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2526:
2523:
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2506:
2503:
2501:
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2413:
2410:
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2286:
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2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Grant of arms
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2032:www.fotw.info
2029:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1959:9780354041577
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:Austrian flag
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:, iron-grey;
1613:
1609:
1606:, blood-red;
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:Fig. 36 from
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1477:) and steel (
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1128:Other systems
1125:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:André Pauwels
1077:
1074:
1073:Low Countries
1069:
1068:Protestantism
1065:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
987:Low Countries
984:
980:
976:
972:
963:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Low Countries
897:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
797:
795:
794:Abraham Bosse
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
710:
707:
706:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
678:
675:
674:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
646:
643:
642:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
575:
572:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
549:
545:
544:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
516:
513:
512:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
452:
449:
448:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
420:
417:
416:
411:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
364:
360:
357:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
295:
292:
280:
279:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
253:
251:
240:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:abbreviations
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
170:
161:
147:
137:
128:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3578:Phaleristics
3511:Roll of arms
3477:Applications
3389:Bleu celeste
3375:Rare colours
3119:
3068:Ormonde/Wake
2953:Fleur-de-lis
2515:Inescutcheon
2480:Crozier head
2325:Coat of arms
2212:Augmentation
2119:King of Arms
2040:
2031:
2022:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1912:
1908:
1782:Bleu celeste
1780:Light blue (
1677:
1658:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1576:
1568:
1565:hermelinweiß
1564:
1561:vîz hermelin
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:we can read
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:minnesängers
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1448:
1446:(sanguine).
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1412:weisse Farbe
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1389:= iron) and
1386:
1372:
1360:
1333:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1266:coat of arms
1253:
1245:
1239:
1193:
1187:
1162:
1152:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1017:
995:
993:very often.
975:Petra Sancta
968:
944:
932:Petra Sancta
922:(1626), and
890:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
843:
839:
831:
827:
806:
768:
249:
235:
212:
187:
183:
182:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3583:Vexillology
3344:Rare metals
3324:(blood red)
2922:Winged lion
2902:Sea-griffin
2837:Hippocampus
2770:Allocamelus
2412:Fimbriation
2340:Compartment
2317:Achievement
2285:Marshalling
2251:distinction
2109:Law of arms
2094:Authorities
1523:, in Czech
1499:, in Czech
1453:(gold) and
1329:Jacob Neefs
1171:escutcheons
1052:Netherlands
1002:Gallicanism
774:Renaissance
354:(blood-red)
347:(mulberry)
215:Renaissance
210:and coins.
3638:Categories
3528:equestrian
3312:(mulberry)
3038:Harrington
2968:Quatrefoil
2897:Salamander
2842:Hippogriff
2800:Cockatrice
2780:Amphiptere
2752:Wolfsangel
2732:Portcullis
2644:Black swan
2598:Camelopard
2427:Ordinaries
2345:Escutcheon
2295:impalement
2290:quartering
2273:variations
2191:Attributed
2129:pursuivant
1924:References
1913:Der Herold
1892:Screentone
1592:Fox-Davies
1521:Marderfell
1408:Eisenfarbe
1395:Naturfarbe
615:1639-1642
204:engravings
69:newspapers
3654:Engraving
3621:resources
3566:socialist
3489:Hatchment
3484:Bookplate
3464:Carnation
3451:Realistic
3264:Erminites
3102:Tinctures
3053:Hinckaert
3018:Bourchier
2872:Ouroboros
2857:Manticore
2762:Legendary
2737:Reremouse
2674:Przepaska
2603:Hind/stag
2593:Dog/hound
2402:Attitudes
2379:Supporter
2307:Societies
2268:divisions
2217:abatement
1698:Tinctures
1670:Austrian
1656:systems.
1650:factories
1602:, brown;
1553:kelen rôt
1517:Zobelfell
1513:Zobelfell
1497:Zobelfell
1444:Blutfarbe
1440:Stahlblau
1379:tinctures
1361:In 1711,
1285:professor
1258:portraits
1250:Lobkowitz
1175:standards
1034:engravers
940:Lobkowitz
916:Franquart
786:Franquart
341:(purple)
196:tinctures
3573:Logotype
3516:Illyrian
3398:Brunâtre
3322:Sanguine
3259:Erminois
3227:(purple)
3120:Hatching
3115:Tricking
3078:Stafford
2978:Shamrock
2927:Woodwose
2907:Sea-lion
2877:Pantheon
2852:Lindworm
2795:Chollima
2790:Biscione
2785:Basilisk
2707:Crapaudy
2608:Kangaroo
2470:Componée
2464:Łękawica
2360:pavilion
2355:Mantling
2234:courtesy
2229:Alliance
2157:dominion
2152:National
2083:Heraldry
1976:(1711).
1948:(1977).
1886:See also
1766:Orange (
1752:Purple (
1717:Yellow (
1403:Gatterer
1281:Brussels
1206:Zangrius
1167:Flanders
1057:Cardinal
1050:and the
1010:Grenoble
971:Zangrius
936:Gelenius
924:de Rouck
918:(1623),
914:(1600),
912:Zangrius
904:heraldry
896:graphics
892:Painting
816:tricking
782:Zangrius
770:Hatching
548:Caramuel
361:(tawny)
351:Sanguine
335:(green)
323:(black)
305:(white)
298:Tincture
287:Colours
237:Tricking
219:tricking
200:woodcuts
192:heraldic
184:Hatching
99:May 2013
3649:Etching
3549:Related
3417:Cendrée
3400:(brown)
3254:Ermines
3225:Purpure
3215:(green)
3191:(black)
3164:Colours
3144:(white)
3048:Heneage
2990:Thistle
2983:Trefoil
2917:Unicorn
2892:Phoenix
2887:Pegasus
2882:Panther
2867:Musimon
2862:Mermaid
2847:Lampago
2817:Enfield
2810:Chinese
2747:Serpent
2742:Scallop
2712:Dolphin
2686:Pelican
2681:Martlet
2669:Szaszor
2639:Alerion
2613:Leopard
2588:Bull/ox
2562:Saltire
2550:Roundel
2525:Lozenge
2495:Flaunch
2460:Chevron
2450:Bordure
2435:Annulet
2407:Erasure
2394:Charges
2258:Canting
2246:Cadency
2207:Armiger
2181:Burgher
2134:private
2104:History
1789:Cendrée
1759:Brown (
1754:Purpure
1745:Green (
1731:Black (
1710:White (
1702:Others
1672:€2 coin
1557:pelzrot
1479:acciaio
1436:Rotgelb
1422:titled
1321:Antwerp
1309:Antwerp
1287:at the
1214:Cologne
1109:censure
1064:Cologne
1048:Germany
920:Butkens
878:biancho
872:), and
808:Heralds
741:Genesis
550:" 1636
339:Purpure
329:(blue)
311:(gold)
284:Metals
188:hachure
83:scholar
3561:Emblem
3535:Tabard
3459:Proper
3438:
3433:Orange
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3362:
3360:
3355:Copper
3352:
3331:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3310:Murrey
3307:
3304:
3297:Stains
3286:Potent
3249:Ermine
3222:
3219:
3210:
3207:
3203:(blue)
3198:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3174:
3171:
3156:(gold)
3151:
3148:
3142:Argent
3139:
3136:
3129:Metals
2995:Turnip
2946:Plants
2932:Wyvern
2822:Garuda
2805:Dragon
2775:Alphyn
2571:Beasts
2555:Bezant
2510:Hamade
2500:Goutte
2455:Canton
2372:slogan
2350:Helmet
2241:Blazon
2200:Topics
2124:herald
1956:
1911:. In:
1787:Gray (
1773:Pink (
1768:Orange
1738:Blue (
1712:Argent
1707:Color
1567:, and
1545:animal
1525:kunina
1505:coboly
1486:ermine
1467:bronze
1459:copper
1455:argent
1416:Argent
1391:proper
1343:Rubens
1289:Leuven
1236:, 1711
1149:(1645)
1137:iron.)
1117:guilds
1094:Rubens
1006:Geneva
951:Leuven
938:, and
882:argent
866:gialbo
580:1638,
345:Murrey
317:(red)
303:Argent
291:Stains
281:Class
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3506:Badge
3425:Ochre
3334:Tenné
3201:Azure
3189:Sable
3179:(red)
3177:Gules
3073:Savoy
3033:Dacre
3023:Bowen
3010:Knots
2912:Tyger
2832:Harpy
2717:Emmet
2695:Other
2664:Eagle
2632:Birds
2520:Label
2505:Gyron
2485:Chief
2475:Cross
2417:Lines
2384:Torse
2367:Motto
2335:Crest
2280:Fraud
2263:Field
2186:Women
2174:papal
2162:civic
2145:Types
1761:Tenné
1740:Azure
1733:Sable
1726:Gules
1724:Red (
1569:zobel
1539:word
1537:Latin
1533:gules
1529:nyest
1501:sobol
1475:ferro
1432:Umbra
1387:Eisen
1262:kings
1179:seals
1159:Douai
1014:Paris
991:Paris
983:Sable
858:sable
854:nigro
845:azure
836:gules
832:rosso
711:1654
679:1645
647:1645
584:1639
517:1634
485:1626
453:1623
421:1600
359:Tenné
327:Azure
321:Sable
315:Gules
208:seals
90:JSTOR
76:books
3523:Seal
3494:Flag
3441:Rose
3408:Buff
3364:Buff
3281:Vair
3269:Pean
3236:Furs
3213:Vert
3088:Wake
3063:Lacy
2973:Rose
2937:Yale
2727:Lucy
2659:Dove
2654:Crow
2649:Cock
2623:Wolf
2618:Lion
2583:Boar
2578:Bear
2545:Pile
2540:Pall
2535:Pale
2530:Orle
2490:Fess
2445:Bend
1954:ISBN
1775:Rose
1747:Vert
1678:The
1652:and
1577:pine
1541:gula
1490:vair
1471:iron
1463:lead
1177:and
1022:Rome
977:and
894:and
886:Vert
884:).
876:for
864:for
852:for
842:for
830:for
784:and
333:Vert
229:and
62:news
3556:Mon
2963:Oak
2722:Ged
2702:Bee
2440:Bar
1307:in
1272:.)
1181:of
1004:in
860:),
838:),
202:or
45:by
3640::
3154:Or
2030:.
2013:,
1917:de
1907::
1850:—
1847:—
1844:—
1841:—
1791:)
1784:)
1777:)
1770:)
1763:)
1756:)
1749:)
1742:)
1735:)
1728:)
1721:)
1719:Or
1714:)
1594:,
1488:,
1465:,
1461:,
1451:or
1208:.
1173:,
1020:,
934:,
930:,
870:Or
848:,
734:—
731:—
728:—
703:—
700:—
697:—
694:—
671:—
668:—
665:—
662:—
639:—
636:—
633:—
630:—
607:—
604:—
601:—
570:—
567:—
541:—
538:—
535:—
532:—
509:—
506:—
503:—
500:—
477:—
474:—
471:—
468:—
445:—
442:—
439:—
436:—
309:Or
206:,
2466:)
2462:(
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
2034:.
1992:"
1962:.
1915:(
1633:i
1629:h
1625:g
1621:f
1616:e
1612:d
1608:c
1604:b
1600:a
1473:(
1406:(
1393:(
1319:(
880:(
874:B
868:(
862:G
856:(
850:N
840:A
834:(
828:R
546:"
271:e
264:t
257:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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