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1802:", which included a pledge by President Eyadéma that he would respect the constitution and not seek another term as president after his current one expires in 2003. The accord also called for the negotiation of a legal status for opposition leaders, as well as for former heads of state (such as their immunity from prosecution for acts in office). In addition, the accord addressed the rights and duties of political parties and the media, the safe return of refugees, and the security of all citizens. The accord also contained a provision for compensating victims of political violence. The President also agreed to dissolve the National Assembly in March and hold new legislative elections, which would be supervised by an independent national election commission (
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transitional unity government whose primary purpose would be to prepare for benchmark legislative elections, originally scheduled for June 24, 2007. CAR opposition party leader and human rights lawyer Yawovi
Agboyibo was appointed Prime Minister of the transitional government in September 2006. Leopold Gnininvi, president of the CDPA party, was appointed minister of state for mines and energy. The third opposition party, UFC, headed by Gilchrist Olympio, declined to join the government, but agreed to participate in the national electoral commission and the National Dialogue follow-up committee, chaired by Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaore.
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the Kodjo government. Kodjo was then forced to form a governing coalition with the RPT. Kodjo's government emphasized economic recovery, building democratic institutions and the rule of law and the return of
Togolese refugees abroad. In early 1995, the government made slow progress toward its goals, aided by the CAR's August 1995 decision to end a 9-month boycott of the National Assembly. However, Kodjo was forced to reshuffle his government in late 1995, strengthening the representation by Eyadéma's RPT party, and he resigned in August 1996. Since then, Eyadéma has reemerged with a sure grip on power, controlling most aspects of government.
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favored the incumbent and appear to have affected the outcome materially. Although the government did not obstruct the functioning of political opponents openly, the
President used the strength of the military and his government allies to intimidate and harass citizens and opposition groups. The government and the state remained highly centralized: President Eyadéma's national government appointed the officials and controlled the budgets of all subnational government entities, including prefectures and municipalities, and influenced the selection of traditional chiefs.
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773:, who became prime minister. On 13 October 1958 the French government announced that full independence would be granted. On 14 November 1958 the United Nations’ General Assembly took note of the French government's declaration according to which Togo which was under French administration would gain independence in 1960, thus marking an end to the trusteeship period. On 5 December 1959 the United Nations’ General Assembly resolved that the UN Trusteeship Agreement with France for Cameroon would end when Togo became independent on 27 April 1960.
1790:, in which the ruling party won 79 of the 81 seats in the National Assembly. Those two seats went to candidates from little-known independent parties. Procedural problems and significant fraud, particularly misrepresentation of voter turnout marred the legislative elections. After the legislative election, the government announced that it would continue to pursue dialog with the opposition. In June 1999, the RPT and opposition parties met in Paris, in the presence of facilitators representing France, Germany, the
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the opposition's boycott the government party won more than two-thirds of the seats in the
National Assembly. In December 2002, Eyadéma's government used this rubber-stamp parliament to amend Togo's constitution, allowing President Eyadéma to run for an “unlimited” number of terms. A further amendment stated that candidates must reside in the country for at least 12 months before an election, a provision that barred the participation in the upcoming presidential election of popular
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several security force members were waylaid and injured or killed by civilian oppositionists. On 30 January 1993, elements of the military went on an 8-hour rampage throughout Lomé, firing indiscriminately and killing at least 12 people. This incident provoked more than 300,000 Togolese to flee Lomé for Benin, Ghana, or the interior of Togo. Although most had returned by early 1996, some still remain abroad.
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1813:) and which would use the single-ballot method to protect against some of the abuses of past elections. However, the March 2000 date passed without presidential action, and new legislative elections were ultimately rescheduled for October 2001. Because of funding problems and disagreements between the government and opposition, the elections were again delayed, this time until March 2002.
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the security forces marked the months that followed. In April 1991, the government began negotiations with newly formed opposition groups and agreed to a general amnesty that permitted exiled political opponents to return to Togo. After a general strike and further demonstrations, the government and opposition signed an agreement to hold a "national forum" on 12 June 1991.
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Republic) to dissolve the
President's political party—the RPT—in November 1991, the army attacked the prime minister's office on 3 December and captured the prime minister. Koffigoh then formed a second transition government in January 1992 with substantial participation by ministers from the President's party. Opposition leader
1255:, the party of President Olympio. Rivalries between elements of these parties had begun as early as the 1940s, and they came to a head with Olympio dissolving the opposition parties in January 1962 because of alleged plots against the majority party government. The reign of Olympio was marked by the terror of his militia, the
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serve primarily as a consultative body. Eyadéma was reelected to a third consecutive 7-year term in
December 1986 with 99.5% of the vote in an uncontested election. On 23 September 1986, a group of some 70 armed Togolese dissidents crossed into Lomé from Ghana in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Eyadéma government.
1890:(UFC) initially stated that his party would not accept the election results. Mr Olympio stated that the election results did not properly represent the voters' will, pointing out that the UFC received nearly as many votes as the RPT, but that due to the way the electoral system was designed the UFC won far fewer seats.
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In May 2002 the government scrapped CENI, blaming the opposition for its inability to function. In its stead, the government appointed seven magistrates to oversee preparations for legislative elections. Not surprisingly, the opposition announced it would boycott them. Held in
October, as a result of
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The democratic process was set back in
October 1991, when elements of the army held the interim legislature hostage for 24 hours. This effectively put an end to the interim legislature. In retaliation, on 16 November, opposition political parties and labor unions declared a general strike intended to
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In April 2015, President Faure
Gnassingbe was re-elected for a third term. In late 2017, tens of thousands of demonstrators gathered in a series of mass protests to demand the immediate resignation of President Faure Gnassingbe. In February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was again re-elected for his fourth
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setting forth conditions for upcoming presidential and legislative elections and ending the general strike as of 3 August 1993. The presidential elections were set for 25 August, but hasty and inadequate technical preparations, concerns about fraud, and the lack of effective campaign organization by
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On 25 March 1993, armed
Togolese dissident commandos based in Ghana attacked Lomé's main military camp and tried unsuccessfully to kill President Eyadéma. They inflicted significant casualties, however, which set off lethal reprisals by the military against soldiers thought to be associated with the
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In January 1993, President Eyadéma declared the transition at an end and reappointed Koffigoh as prime minister under Eyadéma's authority. This set off public demonstrations, and, on 25 January, members of the security forces fired on peaceful demonstrators, killing at least 19. In the ensuing days,
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In 1989 and 1990, Togo, like many other countries, was affected by the winds of democratic change sweeping Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. On 5 October 1990, the trial of students who handed out antigovernment tracts sparked riots in Lomé. Anti-government demonstrations and violent clashes with
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On April 22, President Eyadéma named Edem Kodjo, the head of the smaller opposition party, the UTD, as prime minister instead of Yawovi Agboyibo, whose CAR party had far more seats. Kodjo's acceptance of the post of prime minister provoked the CAR to break the opposition alliance and refuse to join
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The national forum, dominated by opponents of President Eyadéma, opened in July 1991 and immediately declared itself to be a sovereign "National Conference." Although subjected to severe harassment from the government, the conference drafted an interim constitution calling for a 1-year transitional
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During the next several years, the Grunitzky government's power became insecure. On 21 November 1966, an attempt to overthrow Grunitzky, inspired principally by civilian political opponents in the UT party, was unsuccessful. Grunitzky then tried to lessen his reliance on the army, but on 13 January
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however disputed the election and declared himself to be the winner with 70% of the vote. After the announcement of the results, tensions flared up and to date, 100 people have been killed. On 3 May 2005, Gnassingbé was sworn in and vowed to concentrate on "the promotion of development, the common
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In the June 1998 presidential election, the government prevented citizens from effectively exercising the right to vote. The Interior Ministry declared Eyadéma the winner with 52% of the vote in the 1998 election; however, serious irregularities in the government's conduct of the election strongly
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ousted President Grunitzky without bloodshed. Following the coup, political parties were banned, and all constitutional processes were suspended. Dadjo became the chairman of the "committee of national reconciliation", which ruled the country until 14 April, when Eyadéma assumed the presidency. In
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In late 1979, Eyadéma declared a third republic and a transition to greater civilian rule with a mixed civilian and military cabinet. He garnered 99.97% of the vote in uncontested presidential elections held in late 1979 and early 1980. A new constitution also provided for a national assembly to
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A test of wills between the president and his opponents followed over the next 3 years during which President Eyadéma gradually gained the upper hand. Frequent political paralysis and intermittent violence marked this period. Following a vote by the transitional legislature (High Council of the
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Ghana-based armed dissidents launched a new commando attack on military sites in Lomé in January 1994. President Eyadéma was unhurt, and the attack and subsequent reaction by the Togolese armed forces resulted in hundreds of deaths, mostly civilians. The government went ahead with legislative
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In August 2006 President Gnassingbe and members of the opposition signed the Global Political Agreement (GPA), bringing an end to the political crisis triggered by Gnassingbé Eyadéma's death in February 2005 and the flawed and violent electoral process that followed. The GPA provided for a
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and German control was gradually extended inland. Because it became Germany's only self-supporting colony and because of its extensive rail and road infrastructure—Germany had opened Togo's first rail line between Lomé and Aného in 1905—Togoland was known as its model possession.
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led by army non-commissioned officers dissatisfied with conditions following their discharge from the French army. Grunitzky returned from exile 2 days later to head a provisional government with the title of prime minister. On 5 May 1963, the Togolese adopted a new constitution
736:, and refused to participate in further French supervised elections because it claimed that the PTP was receiving French support. By statute in 1955, French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French union, although it retained its UN trusteeship status. Following
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Before the colonial period, the various ethnic groups in Togo had little contact with each other. Except for two small kingdoms in the north, the territory consisted of groups of villages which were under military pressure from the two neighbouring West African powers – the
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In July and August 1992, a commission composed of presidential and opposition representatives negotiated a new political agreement. On 27 September, the public overwhelmingly approved the text of a new, democratic constitution, formally initiating Togo's fourth republic.
1798:(an international organization of French-speaking countries), to agree on security measures for formal negotiations in Lomé. In July 1999, the government and the opposition began discussions, and on 29 July 1999, all sides signed an accord called the "
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on 12 June 1955, which were boycotted by CUT, considerable power over internal affairs was granted, with an elected executive body headed by a prime minister responsible to the legislature. These changes were embodied in a constitution approved in a
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On August 8, 1914, French and British forces invaded Togoland and the German forces there surrendered on 26 August. In 1916, Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones. Following the war, Togoland formally became a
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in 1961 established an executive president, elected for 7 years by universal suffrage and a weak National Assembly. The president was empowered to appoint ministers and dissolve the assembly, holding a monopoly of executive power. In
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753:, took advantage of the visit of the United Nations mission, to express its frustration with the French colonial administration. Faced with the anger of the demonstrators, protesting against the arrest of the Togolese nationalist,
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President Eyadéma died on 5 February 2005 while on board an airplane en route to France for treatment for a heart attack. Papa Gnassingbé is said to have killed more than fifteen thousand people during his dictatorship. His son
298:, as president. Gnassingbe held elections and won, but the opposition claimed fraud. Because of political violence, around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was re-elected two more times. In late 2017,
205:, and various other tribes entered the region. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century, followed by other European powers. Until the 19th century, the coastal region was a major
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overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup in 1967. He assumed the presidency and introduced a one-party system in 1969. Eyadéma remained in power for the next 38 years. When he died in 2005, the military installed his son,
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elections on 6 February and 20 February 1994. In generally free and fair polls as witnessed by international observers, the allied opposition parties UTD and CAR together won a narrow majority in the National Assembly.
1761:—to drop out of the race before election day and to call for a boycott. President Eyadéma won the elections by a 96.42% vote against token opposition. About 36% of the voters went to the polls; the others boycotted.
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before the late fifteenth century, when Portuguese explorers arrived, although there are signs of Ewe settlement for several centuries before their arrival. Various tribes moved into the country from all sides – the
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1821:(UFC) candidate, Gilchrist Olympio, who had been in exile since 1992. The presidential election was held 1 June. President Eyadéma was re-elected with 57% of the votes, amid allegations of widespread vote rigging.
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On 27 April 1960, in a smooth transition, Togo severed its constitutional ties with France, shed its UN trusteeship status, and became fully independent under a provisional constitution with Olympio as president.
1842:, the country's former minister of public works, mines, and telecommunications, was named president by Togo's military following the announcement of his father's death. Under international pressure from the
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Under substantial domestic and foreign pressure and the burden of the general strike, the presidential faction entered negotiations with the opposition in early 1993. Four rounds of talks led to the 11 July
1886:(RPT), won a majority of the parliamentary seats in the election. International observers declared the poll "largely" free and fair. Despite these assurances, the secretary-general of the opposition party
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presidential term. The opposition had a lot of accusations of fraud and irregularities. The Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since 1967, meaning it is Africa’s longest lasting dynasty.
557:. For the next 200 years, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast".
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force President Eyadéma to agree to satisfactory conditions for elections. The general strike largely shut down Lomé for months and resulted in severe damage to the economy.
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and placed under military rule. In 1916 the territory was divided into separate British and French administrative zones, and this was formalized in 1922 with the creation of
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1369:
282:, dissolved the opposition parties and arrested their leaders. When he was assassinated in a coup in 1963, the military handed over power to an interim government led by
1808:
1240:, from which Grunitzky's party was disqualified, Olympio's party won 100% of the vote and all 51 National Assembly seats, and he became Togo's first elected president.
1706:, a lawyer and human rights group head, as transitional prime minister but kept President Eyadéma as chief of state for the transition, although with limited powers.
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trust territory administered by the United Kingdom and France. During the mandate and trusteeship periods, western Togo was administered as part of the
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1854:, Gnassingbé was forced to step down on 25 February 2005, shortly after accepting the nomination to run for elections in April. Deputy Speaker
728:(PTP). The CUT was overwhelmingly successful, and Sylvanus Olympio, the CUT leader became Council leader. However, the CUT was defeated in the
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but this idea did not succeed. Lome was initially allocated to the British zone but after negotiations transferred to France 1 October 1920.
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became Prime Minister of the Republic of Togo. The situation escalated further on 21 June 1957, when the local population of the Pya-Hodo,
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took place on October 14, 2007. Olympio, who returned from exile to campaign, took part for the first time in 17 years. The ruling party,
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705:. In December 1956, the residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the new independent nation of Ghana.
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was appointed interim president until the inauguration of the 24 April election winner. As to official results, the winner of the
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The second multi-party legislative elections of Eyadéma's 33-year rule were held on 21 March 1999. However, the opposition
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in 1914 the colony was drawn into the conflict. It was invaded and quickly overrun by British and French forces during the
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1920:
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1714:, son of the slain president Sylvanus Olympio, was ambushed and seriously wounded apparently by soldiers on 5 May 1992.
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mandate divided for administrative purposes between France and the United Kingdom. After World War I, newly founded
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to choose deputies from all political parties for the National Assembly, and elected Grunitzky as president and
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that frequented the Hoda market, killing 20 and injuring many. Due to irregularities in the plebiscite, a
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1304:(RPT), was created, and President Eyadéma was elected party president on 29 November 1969. In 1972, a
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can be traced to archaeological finds which indicate that ancient local tribes were able to produce
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Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German Empire, and the Globalization of the New South
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to gain control of the coast of what would eventually become Togoland, particularly the cities of
553:). Although the coast of Togo had no natural harbors, the Portuguese did trade at a small fort at
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1259:. Many opposition members, including Grunitzky and Meatchi, were jailed or fled to avoid arrest.
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regime tasked with organizing free elections for a new government. The conference selected
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Most of the information here is derived from the U.S. Department of State website on Togo.
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8:
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2145:"Date of the independence of the Trust Territory of Togoland under French administration"
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became the Togolese Republic in 1960. Its Constitution, adopted in 1961, instituted the
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mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. After
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During this period, four principal political parties existed in Togo: the leftist
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21 juin : les Togolais célèbrent les martyrs de la lutte pour l’indépendance
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Histoire du Togo : le régime et l'assassinat de Sylvanus Olympio, 1960-1963
2358:(in French). Paris Lome: Éditions Karthala Presses de l'UL, Université de Lome.
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2095:"Togo Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Togo"
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The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization
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however, who both denounced the transfer of power from father to son as a
1251:(UDPT), the PTP, founded by Grunitzky but having limited support, and the
2246:"Togo President Gnassingbé wins re-election | DW | 24.02.2020"
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as the supreme legislative body. In the same year, the first president,
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the opposition led the chief opposition candidates—former minister and
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Cotton is loaded onto a ship in the German colony of Togoland, 1885
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193:. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, the
2228:"Thousands protest in Togo to demand exit of President Gnassingbe"
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was Gnassingbé who garnered 60% of the vote. Opposition leader
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Histoire du Togo : le coup de force permanent (2006-2011)
1271:, which reinstated a multi-party system. They also voted in a
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centre, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The
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British Togoland shown in pale green, which joined with Ghana
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of Ghana) in 1884 during the period generally known as the "
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On 13 January 1963 Olympio was overthrown and killed in a
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into the German colonial empire, had negotiated with King
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The colony was established in part of what was then the
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was held on 27 April 1958, the first held in Togo with
2210:"Togo's Faure Gnassingbe wins third term as president"
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who sailed along its coast between 1471 and 1473. The
232:, and other infrastructure were developed. During the
2331:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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2119:"The future of Togoland under French administration"
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Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Togo (1957–1958)
109:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2356:Histoire des Togolais des origines aux années 1960
2062:"Political parties – Togo – issues, system, power"
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1300:late 1969, a single national political party, the
2151:. United Nations. A/RES/1416(XIV). Archived from
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628:. France, at the time controller of neighboring
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502:. These three groups settled along the coast.
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51:that contextualizes different points of view.
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67:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1978:
1249:Democratic Union of the Togolese People
1114:1963 Togolese constitutional referendum
3711:
2280:"Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth"
2009:
1825:Death of Eyadéma and Gnassingbé's rise
730:1951 Representative Assembly elections
244:. In 1922, Great Britain received the
3481:
3083:
3057:
2805:
2426:
1683:
738:elections to the Territorial Assembly
720:in 1946, there were two parties, the
545:built forts in neighboring Ghana (at
3640:
2391:
2372:
1990:Journal of the Royal African Society
1961:"Cool Planet | Oxfam Education"
1295:(later Gen. Gnassingbé Eyadéma) and
763:UN-supervised parliamentary election
302:were suppressed by security forces.
107:adding citations to reliable sources
78:
17:
2028:
1988:Crabtree, W.A. (1915). "Togoland".
1921:List of heads of government of Togo
1209:Second Republic of Togo (1967–2005)
1085:• Established one-party state
734:1952 Territorial Assembly elections
216:In 1884, Germany claimed a coastal
13:
2306:
2125:. United Nations. A/RES/1253(XIII)
1769:Edem Kodjo named as prime minister
565:
14:
3730:
2452:
2411:
1867:good, peace and national unity".
1311:
718:Representative Assembly elections
3620:
3384:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3154:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2833:
2529:
1348:
1334:
1213:
1188:
1075:• Independence from France
875:
817:
803:
588:established the protectorate of
560:
431:
344:
339:
334:
228:in 1905. A railway, the port of
83:
22:
2396:(in French). Paris: Harmattan.
2294:
2272:
2258:
2238:
2220:
2202:
2177:
2167:
1739:Negotiating with the opposition
305:
94:needs additional citations for
2137:
2111:
2087:
2075:
2054:
2014:. Scarecrow Press. p. 4.
1963:. Oxfam.org.uk. Archived from
1953:
1926:List of heads of state of Togo
1897:In June 2022, Togo joined the
1610:1979 constitutional referendum
1110:1963 Togolese general election
864:Salut Ă toi, pays de nos aĂŻeux
592:(in what is now the nation of
1:
2012:Historical Dictionary of Togo
1946:
1751:Organization of African Unity
1692:
2036:"Togo under the German Flag"
1884:Rally of the Togolese People
1302:Rally of the Togolese People
690:was also interested in this
596:and most of what is now the
7:
1904:
1819:Union des Forces du Progrès
1782:National Assembly elections
1231:A new constitution adopted
722:Committee of Togolese Unity
10:
3735:
2354:Gayibor, Théodore (2011).
2327:Zimmerman, Andrew (2010).
1888:Union of Forces for Change
924:provisional military junta
839:'Travail, Liberté, Patrie'
726:Togolese Party of Progress
666:
663:League of Nations mandates
577:
474:Little is known about the
236:, Togoland was invaded by
3672:
3631:
3616:
3593:
3522:
3515:
3397:
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3091:
2848:
2775:
2698:
2689:
2649:
2640:
2598:
2589:
2547:
2538:
2527:
2461:
2377:(in French). Paris: NM7.
2266:"Togo's dynasty lives on"
2084:, retrieved on 04-12-2023
2064:. Nationsencyclopedia.com
1671:
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1155:
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1136:
1127:1967 Togolese coup d'Ă©tat
1123:
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1097:1963 Togolese coup d'Ă©tat
1093:
1083:
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899:
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852:'Work, Liberty, Homeland'
838:
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787:
276:National Assembly of Togo
3139:Central African Republic
1800:Lomé Framework Agreement
1060:Decolonisation of Africa
781:Independence and turmoil
745:. On 10 September 1956,
300:anti-government protests
252:, these mandates became
2010:Decalo, Samuel (1996).
1899:Commonwealth of Nations
1880:Parliamentary elections
1253:Party of Togolese Unity
870:"Land of our ancestors"
643:At the outbreak of the
1916:History of West Africa
1834:
1788:boycotted the election
1654:West African CFA franc
1145:West African CFA franc
789:First Republic of Togo
713:
678:
575:
3299:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3159:Republic of the Congo
2486:West Africa Campaign
2418:Background Note: Togo
2040:World Digital Library
1832:
1746:Ouagadougou agreement
1704:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
1623:Constitutional change
1597:1979 general election
1475:Joseph Kokou Koffigoh
1402:Military dictatorship
922:(1962–1963); under a
916:Presidential republic
711:
676:
573:
45:by rewriting it in a
1901:as its 56th member.
1864:Emmanuel Bob-Akitani
1511:Eugene Koffi Adoboli
757:, the colonial army
539:Portuguese explorers
289:The military leader
254:UN Trust Territories
103:improve this article
3374:States with limited
2268:. 28 February 2020.
2234:. 31 December 2017.
1238:elections that year
602:Scramble for Africa
256:. The residents of
2667:Telecommunications
2476:Colonial governors
2471:Battle of Atakpamé
1835:
1753:Secretary General
1684:The third republic
1445:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
767:universal suffrage
759:fired on the crowd
714:
703:British Gold Coast
679:
576:
291:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
260:voted to join the
3706:
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3549:South West Africa
3475:
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3401:other territories
3174:Equatorial Guinea
3085:History of Africa
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2798:
2771:
2770:
2738:Human trafficking
2685:
2684:
2636:
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2618:Political parties
2608:Foreign relations
2585:
2584:
2521:1986 coup attempt
2506:Pya-Hodo Massacre
2494:Togoland campaign
2403:978-2-296-99659-5
2365:978-2-8111-0481-8
1911:History of Africa
1712:Gilchrist Olympio
1681:
1680:
1628:27 September 1992
1585:became president
1549:National Assembly
1530:• 2002–2005
1518:• 2000–2002
1506:• 1999–2000
1494:• 1996–1999
1482:• 1994–1996
1470:• 1991–1994
1440:• 1967–2005
1370:L'unité nationale
1320:Togolese Republic
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1201:
1200:
1050:National Assembly
1031:• 1963–1966
1001:• 1960–1961
976:Nicolas Grunitzky
971:• 1963–1967
963:Emmanuel Bodjollé
946:• 1960–1963
882:
747:Nicolas Grunitzky
684:League of Nations
669:Togoland Campaign
649:Togoland campaign
529:to see Togo were
472:
471:
438:Africa portal
425:
424:
406:
405:
284:Nicolas Grunitzky
246:League of Nations
179:
178:
171:
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118:"History of Togo"
77:
76:
69:
31:This article may
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3573:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
3567:
3520:
3519:
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3488:
3479:
3478:
3462:
3461:(United Kingdom)
3457:Tristan da Cunha
3453:Ascension Island
3445:
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3399:Dependencies and
3092:Sovereign states
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2596:
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2516:1967 coup d'Ă©tat
2511:1963 coup d'Ă©tat
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2217:
2216:. 29 April 2015.
2206:
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2197:
2196:
2187:. Archived from
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2155:on 18 March 2017
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2007:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1957:
1931:Politics of Togo
1840:Faure Gnassingbé
1833:Faure Gnassingbé
1812:
1615:30 December 1979
1602:30 December 1979
1570:1967 coup d'Ă©tat
1381:
1352:
1338:
1316:
1315:
1291:led by Lt. Col.
1273:general election
1217:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1006:Sylvanus Olympio
951:Sylvanus Olympio
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884:
883:
871:
853:
849:
841:
840:
821:
807:
785:
784:
771:Sylvanus Olympio
653:British Togoland
606:Gustav Nachtigal
549:) and Benin (at
531:João de Santarém
464:
457:
450:
436:
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412:
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378:British Togoland
354:
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296:Faure Gnassingbé
280:Sylvanus Olympio
258:British Togoland
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48:balanced fashion
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3719:History of Togo
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3537:Kionga Triangle
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2501:French Togoland
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2316:. Berg (2002).
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2307:Further reading
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1806:
1796:La Francophonie
1784:
1771:
1759:Yawovi Agboyibo
1741:
1724:
1695:
1686:
1641:5 February 2005
1638:
1636:Eyadéma's death
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1575:13 January 1967
1572:
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1519:
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1483:
1471:
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1410:
1408:One-party state
1406:
1404:
1360:
1359:
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1345:
1344:
1339:
1321:
1314:
1293:Étienne Eyadéma
1277:Antoine Meatchi
1214:
1196:French Togoland
1189:
1132:13 January 1967
1129:
1116:
1102:13 January 1963
1099:
1086:
1076:
1036:Antoine MĂ©atchi
1032:
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972:
959:
947:
920:one-party state
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743:1956 referendum
671:
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657:French Togoland
645:First World War
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566:German Togoland
563:
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368:French Togoland
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272:French Togoland
234:First World War
183:history of Togo
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823:
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815:
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797:
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724:(CUT) and the
688:Czechoslovakia
667:Main article:
664:
661:
578:Main article:
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559:
470:
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415:
408:
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394:
393:
390:
388:The Gold Coast
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
350:
349:
331:
330:
321:
320:
313:
307:
304:
177:
176:
91:
89:
82:
75:
74:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3731:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3684:
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3678:
3675:
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3454:
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3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3387:
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3382:
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3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
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3312:
3310:
3307:
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3300:
3297:
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3262:
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3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Guinea-Bissau
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
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3160:
3157:
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3137:
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3132:
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3127:
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3112:
3110:
3107:
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3097:
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3036:
3034:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
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2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
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2926:
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2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
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2879:
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2874:
2871:
2869:
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2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2827:
2822:
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2815:
2813:
2808:
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2804:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
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2716:
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2711:
2709:
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2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2655:
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2648:
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2578:
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2570:
2568:
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2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
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2546:
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2541:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:(World War I)
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
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2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2392:Tété (2012).
2390:
2386:
2384:2-913973-30-2
2380:
2376:
2373:Tété (2002).
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:9780691123622
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:1-85973-557-6
2319:
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2299:
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2267:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2191:on 2008-09-14
2190:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2021:9780810830738
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1967:on 2012-02-06
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:Bonfoh Abbass
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:African Union
1841:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1775:
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1756:
1752:
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1732:
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1715:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1677:
1674:
1672:Today part of
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:ISO 3166 code
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
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1605:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:14 April 1967
1588:
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1565:
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1539:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1499:Kwassi Klutse
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
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1423:
1418:
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1400:
1398:
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1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:by referendum
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:Ablode Sodjas
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:by referendum
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:ISO 3166 code
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:27 April 1960
1078:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
988:
984:
980:
977:
974:
968:
965:(provisional)
964:
961:
955:
952:
949:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
898:
894:
889:
866:
865:
860:
856:
847:
836:
832:
826:
820:
812:
806:
798:
793:
786:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
710:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
675:
670:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:German Empire
581:
572:
561:Colonial rule
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
479:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
445:
443:
442:
439:
429:
428:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
410:
409:
401:
399:
396:
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389:
386:
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381:
379:
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375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
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355:
352:
351:
347:
342:
337:
333:
332:
329:
323:
322:
317:
312:
311:
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301:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:German colony
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
173:
170:
162:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120: –
119:
115:
114:Find sources:
108:
104:
98:
97:
92:This article
90:
86:
81:
80:
71:
68:
60:
50:
49:
44:
38:
36:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3692:Nazi Germany
3690:(claimed by
3673:Unrecognised
3449:Saint Helena
3420:
3343:
3324:South Africa
3314:Sierra Leone
3119:Burkina Faso
2763:Prostitution
2733:Human rights
2718:Demographics
2672:Trade unions
2654:Central bank
2462:
2393:
2374:
2355:
2328:
2313:
2295:Bibliography
2284:Commonwealth
2283:
2274:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2148:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2030:
2011:
1993:
1989:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1955:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1874:
1836:
1815:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1365:
1356:Coat of arms
1297:Kléber Dadjo
1285:
1261:
1242:
1230:
1178:Succeeded by
1177:
1172:
1089:January 1962
958:• 1963
862:
858:
835:Motto:
834:
825:Coat of Arms
775:
755:Bouyo Moukpé
715:
696:
680:
642:
634:
598:Volta Region
583:
555:Porto Seguro
535:PĂŞro Escobar
524:
504:
475:
473:
417:
402:1957–present
324:
306:Pre-colonial
288:
270:
250:World War II
218:protectorate
215:
189:and process
182:
180:
165:
156:
146:
139:
132:
125:
113:
101:Please help
96:verification
93:
63:
57:October 2013
54:
46:
35:undue weight
32:
15:
3633:Concessions
3554:West Africa
3532:East Africa
3376:recognition
3329:South Sudan
3219:Ivory Coast
2748:LGBT rights
2562:Prefectures
2046:18 February
1807: [
1757:and lawyer
1735:attackers.
1545:Legislature
1420:(1992–2005)
1411:(1979–1992)
1405:(1967–1979)
1264:coup d'Ă©tat
1173:Preceded by
1046:Legislature
637:Slave Coast
476:history of
325:History of
211:Slave Coast
207:slave trade
3687:New Swabia
3680:Antarctica
3601:New Guinea
3565:Neukamerun
3431:(Portugal)
3389:Somaliland
3309:Seychelles
3274:Mozambique
3259:Mauritania
3244:Madagascar
3199:The Gambia
3134:Cape Verde
2661:(currency)
2195:2008-02-07
2149:undocs.org
2123:undocs.org
2104:2013-10-31
2068:2013-10-31
1971:2013-10-31
1947:References
1755:Edem Kodjo
1693:Opposition
1535:Koffi Sama
1487:Edem Kodjo
1397:Government
1306:referendum
1119:5 May 1963
911:Government
868:(English:
543:Portuguese
525:The first
490:, and the
262:Gold Coast
129:newspapers
3578:Mahinland
3264:Mauritius
2853:Pre-1960s
2839:Years in
2743:Languages
2723:Education
2677:Transport
2623:President
2603:Elections
2540:Geography
2347:463674842
2232:France 24
1426:President
1326:1967–2005
932:President
795:1960–1967
614:Mlapa III
527:Europeans
392:1821–1957
382:1916–1956
372:1916–1960
362:1884–1914
268:in 1957.
3713:Category
3660:Tientsin
3653:Tsingtao
3583:Togoland
3542:Wituland
3516:Colonies
3455: /
3451: /
3444:(France)
3438: /
3416: /
3412: /
3364:Zimbabwe
3339:Tanzania
3189:Ethiopia
3184:Eswatini
3164:Djibouti
3129:Cameroon
3114:Botswana
2791:Category
2703:Abortion
2613:Military
2591:Politics
2577:Wildlife
2481:Togoland
2214:BBC News
2159:17 March
2129:17 March
1941:timeline
1905:See also
1860:election
1846:and the
1650:Currency
1417:republic
1287:1967, a
1141:Currency
1064:Cold War
918:under a
732:and the
590:Togoland
580:Togoland
514:and the
494:and the
358:Togoland
316:a series
314:Part of
226:Togoland
159:May 2011
3594:Oceania
3559:Kamerun
3440:RĂ©union
3436:Mayotte
3427:Madeira
3422:(Spain)
3418:Melilla
3349:Tunisia
3319:Somalia
3304:Senegal
3289:Nigeria
3279:Namibia
3269:Morocco
3234:Liberia
3229:Lesotho
3179:Eritrea
3149:Comoros
3124:Burundi
3099:Algeria
2782:Outline
2713:Culture
2691:Society
2642:Economy
2567:Regions
2552:Borders
2463:History
1937:history
1634:•
1621:•
1608:•
1595:•
1583:Eyadéma
1581:•
1568:•
1555:History
1386:Capital
1368: "
1366:Anthem:
1245:Juvento
1125:•
1108:•
1095:•
900:Capital
859:Anthem:
716:In the
610:Kamerun
516:Dahomey
508:Ashanti
419:By year
238:Britain
187:pottery
143:scholar
41:Please
3524:Africa
3459:
3442:
3429:
3359:Zambia
3354:Uganda
3294:Rwanda
3249:Malawi
3209:Guinea
3104:Angola
2659:Franc
2572:Rivers
2557:Cities
2400:
2381:
2362:
2345:
2335:
2320:
2042:. 1899
2018:
1794:, and
1558:
1460:
1430:
1247:, the
1021:
991:
936:
926:(1963)
861:
846:French
842:
692:colony
551:Ouidah
547:Elmina
537:, the
318:on the
242:France
201:, the
197:, the
145:
138:
131:
124:
116:
3641:China
3606:Samoa
3414:Ceuta
3334:Sudan
3284:Niger
3239:Libya
3224:Kenya
3204:Ghana
3194:Gabon
3169:Egypt
3109:Benin
2868:1980s
2863:1970s
2858:1960s
2758:Music
2753:Media
1935:Lomé
1811:]
751:Kozah
630:Benin
626:Aného
520:Benin
518:from
512:Ghana
510:from
500:Ghana
498:from
488:Benin
486:from
266:Ghana
150:JSTOR
136:books
33:lend
3344:Togo
3254:Mali
3144:Chad
3043:2024
3038:2023
3033:2022
3028:2021
3023:2020
3018:2019
3013:2018
3008:2017
3003:2016
2998:2015
2993:2014
2988:2013
2983:2012
2978:2011
2973:2010
2968:2009
2963:2008
2958:2007
2953:2006
2948:2005
2943:2004
2938:2003
2933:2002
2928:2001
2923:2000
2918:1999
2913:1998
2908:1997
2903:1996
2898:1995
2893:1994
2888:1993
2883:1992
2878:1991
2873:1990
2841:Togo
2728:Flag
2454:Togo
2398:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2343:OCLC
2333:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2161:2017
2131:2017
2048:2013
2016:ISBN
1939:and
1852:coup
1804:CENI
1676:Togo
1390:Lomé
1342:Flag
1289:coup
1112:and
904:Lomé
811:Flag
655:and
624:and
622:Sebe
618:Lomé
594:Togo
584:The
533:and
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