1228:
jurisdiction remains under the authority of the presiding juvenile court system through the adjudicated delinquent juvenile's nineteenth year of age. At times, a juvenile offender who is initially charged in juvenile court will be waived to adult court, meaning that the offender may be tried and sentenced in the same manner as an adult. "Once an adult, always an adult" provisions state that juveniles who are convicted of a crime in adult court will thereafter always be tried in adult court, regardless of the seriousness of the offense.
1072:
1662:
addressing local social problems through generic, broad-spectrum solutions. Juvenile courts in the
Netherlands, for example, emphasize rehabilitation but often exhibit punitive tendencies in practice, exacerbating biases and exclusion for minority groups. This disparity underscores the need for nuanced consideration when implementing global practices in local communities, as globalization of youth justice may inadvertently perpetuate international scapegoating and complicate identity issues.
86:
1027:
1016:
45:
1654:, particularly regarding punishment guidelines. There has been a shift towards less punitive approaches, with the UN General Assembly proposing measures to protect children and young people from harsh or degrading punishment. However, many Western countries have faced criticism for failing to implement these policies effectively or differentiate between youth and adult offenders in legal proceedings or sentencing.
149:
1106:
Serious offenses, such as murder or rape, can be prosecuted through adult court in
England. However, as of 2007, no United States data reported any exact numbers of juvenile offenders prosecuted as adults. In contrast, countries such as Australia and Japan are in the early stages of developing and implementing youth-focused justice initiatives
1658:
more child-friendly. More recently, the restorative justice model has gained traction as a more effective means of processing and reintegrating youth offenders into society. However, challenges in implementing restorative justice arise from cultural differences and the model's applicability across diverse social contexts.
1506:(JRB). These committees can present a resolution that does not result in a juvenile criminal record. However, there are qualifying circumstances for a case to be accepted for review, such as the type of offense (often must be minor in nature) and prior court involvement (many JRBs only accept first-time offenses).
1163:. In the United States, there is an observable shift towards embracing a more restorative approach, particularly concerning juvenile offenders. Canada has long embraced a restorative model and continues to enhance its practices aimed at integrating youthful offenders into society, with a focus on preventing
1102:. In most modern legal systems, children who commit a crime are treated differently from legal adults who have committed the same offense. Juveniles have a lack of capacity for understanding their criminal acts, meaning they also have diminished criminal responsibility compared to their adult counterparts.
1540:
Mandatory minimum sentences found their way into the juvenile justice system in the late 1970s out of concern that some juveniles were committing very serious criminal offenses. Mandatory minimum sentences might be imposed in juvenile court for some very serious crimes, such as homicide, and apply to
1199:
Child soldiers often find themselves embroiled in armed conflict due to pervasive structural or systemic threats in their environments. Nevertheless, they bear responsibility for perpetrating numerous violent and egregious acts. This dual role as both victims of oppressive regimes and perpetrators of
1187:
In the realm of international law, the prosecution of children for crimes against the state stands as a contentious and multifaceted issue, particularly concerning child soldiers. A proposed remedy to this complex dilemma involves the establishment of specialized juvenile courts aimed at adjudicating
1142:
However, in cases involving serious or repeated offenses, juvenile offenders may face incarceration, potentially leading to transfer to a state correctional facility upon reaching legal adulthood. In situations where parental neglect or inability to control the minor is evident, the court may explore
1134:
Juvenile court, a specialized division within the judicial system, is tasked with adjudicating cases involving underage defendants who face charges ranging from criminal offenses to neglect, or are deemed to be beyond parental control. Typically, these defendants are under the age of 18, although the
1117:
has encouraged nations to reform their systems to fit with a model in which "entire society ensure the harmonious development of adolescence" despite the delinquent behavior that may be causing issues. The hope was to create a more "child-friendly justice". Despite all the changes made by the United
1549:
As part of China's ongoing legal reforms aimed at aiding juvenile offenders in reintegrating into society more effectively and swiftly, juvenile courts have been established with an emphasis on education. A distinctive feature of these juvenile courts is that trials often take the form of roundtable
1218:
Although the rules governing juvenile court vary significantly from state to state, the broad goal of U.S. juvenile courts is to provide a remedial or rehabilitative alternative to the adult criminal justice system. Although not always met, the ideal is to put a juvenile offender on the correct path
1195:
When juveniles are referred to these specialized courts, they receive treatment imbued with a heightened sense of respect, alongside a concerted effort towards rehabilitation and reintegration, acknowledging the tender age at which many child soldiers are coerced into conflict. The
Secretary General
1661:
Critics caution against the global adoption of juvenile court reforms, highlighting the limitations of applying uniform solutions to diverse social contexts. For instance, the experiences of
Moroccan youth and other ethnic minorities or migrant groups in the Netherlands illustrate the challenges of
1450:
Procedures in juvenile court, for juveniles charged with delinquent acts (acts that would be crimes if committed by adults) or status offenses (offenses that can only be committed by minors, such as running away from home, curfew violations and truancy) are typically less formal than proceedings in
1167:
and fostering their positive contribution to communities. Similarly, Austria has launched initiatives to implement victim-offender mediation programs, geared towards a restorative form of justice. New
Zealand has undergone significant systemic restructuring, drawing from the long-standing practices
1657:
The United
Nations advocates for less severe punishment for youths and emphasizes community-based support programs over punitive measures. In the mid-1900s, the UN promoted "informalism," advocating for diversion and alternatives to formal criminal proceedings for minors, making the justice system
1227:
Rules for jurisdiction of a juvenile court depend upon the state. In most states, juvenile court jurisdiction continues through the age of eighteen, but in some states it may end at age seventeen or younger. Some states, such as
Arizona, have recently adopted extended jurisdiction policies, where
1138:
Juvenile court operates distinctively from adult courts, lacking jurisdiction over cases where minors face charges as adults. While the proceedings within juvenile court may not always adhere to an adversarial format, minors are afforded the right to legal representation by counsel. Additionally,
1105:
Industrialized countries differ in whether juveniles should be charged as adults for serious crimes or considered separately. Since the 1970s, minors have been increasingly tried as adults in response to "increases in violent juvenile crime". Young offenders may still not be charged as adults.
1125:
has progressed in recent centuries, questions about justice, particularly concerning the protection of children's rights within juvenile courts, have come to the forefront. Global policies on this matter have garnered wider acceptance, and there has been a general cultural shift towards treating
1642:
made a case for radical reform within juvenile court systems. He contended that the current system often fails to effectively rehabilitate many young offenders, instead sending them to adult court prematurely or neglecting them altogether without adequate counseling, support, or accountability.
1558:
Within the 23 provinces of China, except for cases involving homicide, offenses committed by individuals under the age of 16, or children (if there are no individuals over the age of 16 charged in the case), are adjudicated by juvenile courts. Juvenile courts also have the authority to issue
1646:
Critics in the United States argue against maintaining a separate court system for youths and juvenile delinquents. They argue that societal perceptions of youth and adolescence are evolving, necessitating corresponding changes in the legal system. Childhood today differs significantly from
1118:
Nations, the rules in practice are less clear cut. Changes in a broad context cause issues of implementation locally, and international crimes committed by youth are causing additional questions regarding the benefit of separate proceedings for juveniles.
1614:
Whether other joint crime cases involving juvenile defendants or other criminal cases involving minors are to be tried by juvenile courts shall be determined by the
President of the People's Court based on the actual situation of juvenile court
1541:
juveniles in the same manner as adults if the juvenile is waived to adult court. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the use of mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole for juvenile offenders is unconstitutional.
1550:
meetings, reducing the number of irrelevant personnel involved in the proceedings. This aims to alleviate the psychological burden of guilt on juvenile offenders and facilitate their smoother and quicker reintegration into society.
1172:
population. Their approach emphasizes family-centric solutions aimed at reducing youth incarceration rates. Globally, there is a growing trend of leveraging traditional values to positively influence juvenile court systems.
1280:
States vary in relation to the age at which a child may be subject to juvenile court proceedings for delinquent behavior. Most states do not specify a minimum age as a matter of law. Of states that set a minimum age, for
1389:
held that a juvenile must be afforded due process rights, specifically that a waiver of jurisdiction from a juvenile court to a district court must be voluntary and knowing. The U.S. Supreme Court held, in the case of
1146:
Juvenile court is multifaceted, addressing both delinquency—pertaining to criminal acts committed by minors—and dependency, encompassing scenarios where non-parental guardianship is required for the minor's welfare.
1611:
Cases where the defendant was under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged crime, under the age of 20 at the time of filing, and charged as the principal offender or co-principal in a joint crime;
739:
1459:
In an
American juvenile court, it is possible to avoid placing formal charges. Factors that may affect a court's treatment of a juvenile offender and the disposition of the case include:
1711:
699:
1200:
atrocities presents a formidable challenge that the United
Nations has endeavored to address, not only within Sierra Leone but also in other afflicted nations globally.
1481:
The parent's or guardian's apparent ability to control the minor. The greater the lack of parental control, the more likely the intake officer is to file a petition.
1495:
Whether the minor has family or community support. The more support the young person has, the more likely the intake officer is to deal with the case informally.
1492:
The minor's appearance. If the young person is polite, dressed well, and neatly groomed, then the intake personnel are more likely to handle the case informally.
1139:
parental figures, social workers, and probation officers may play integral roles in the proceedings, aiming to achieve positive outcomes and prevent recidivism.
2179:
1904:
709:
622:
577:
681:
1643:
Statistics show that while 57% of first-time juvenile offenders never reoffend, 27% commit one or two more crimes, and 16% commit four or more offenses.
633:
950:
1058:
955:
96:
1472:
The strength of the evidence that the minor committed a crime. Obviously, stronger evidence leads to a greater likelihood of formal charges.
272:
1378:
All states have laws that allow, and at times require, young offenders to be prosecuted or sentenced as adults for more serious offenses.
1650:
Globally, the United Nations has spearheaded reforms in juvenile courts and juvenile justice. Measures have been introduced to safeguard
945:
296:
245:
1518:
informal supervision, through which a court informally monitors a minor and dismisses a pending charge if the minor stays out of trouble
2061:
749:
2009:
1982:
1192:, there exists a strong societal demand for holding perpetrators fully accountable, regardless of their age or social circumstances.
2014:
1987:
1706:
1213:
1608:
Cases where the defendant was under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged crime and under the age of 20 at the time of filing;
1871:
1688:
2287:
1478:
The minor's social history. Petitions are more likely to be filed when children have a history of problems at home or school.
1242:
There is no uniform national age from which a child is accountable in the juvenile court system; this varies between states.
255:
1451:
adult courts. Proceedings may be closed to the public, and a juvenile offender's name may be kept out of the public record.
2315:
Pakes, Francis (2010). "Global forces and local effects in youth justice: The case of Moroccan youngsters in Netherlands".
1647:
historical norms, prompting some to question the necessity of a distinct juvenile court system and age deferment policies.
1463:
The severity of the offense. A serious crime is more likely to result in the filing of a petition than a less severe crime.
915:
814:
167:
159:
2357:
2136:
1051:
1469:
The minor's past record. Formal charges are more likely when a minor has been previously involved with juvenile court.
1940:
1694:
769:
754:
203:
185:
130:
72:
31:
1489:
The minor's attitude. Formal proceedings are less likely to occur when a child shows remorse for committing a crime.
2388:
1716:
1209:
910:
900:
804:
729:
17:
1726:
1700:
663:
511:
58:
1753:
1672:
1575:
1498:
Whether the minor has an attorney. Disposing of a case informally may be less likely when a child has a lawyer.
521:
476:
234:
1182:
2383:
1044:
794:
1956:
734:
588:
548:
1386:
724:
284:
1837:
1742:
1682:
905:
809:
516:
240:
1628:
895:
789:
694:
388:
2262:
2086:
1398:
proceeding have the rights to due process, counsel, and against self-incrimination, essentially the
2393:
2036:
1414:
832:
486:
361:
260:
112:
2207:
1638:
In his 1997 book "No Matter How Loud I Shout," which delves into the Los Angeles Juvenile Courts,
2232:
1838:"Restorative Justice and Dialogue: Impact, Opportunities, and Challenges in the Global Community"
1618:
Cases of crimes committed by students who were under the age of twenty-two at the time of filing.
890:
759:
643:
1599:
may establish collegial panels for juvenile criminal cases within the criminal trial divisions.
1596:
1529:
1107:
779:
538:
408:
250:
2153:
1581:
In areas where the conditions are not yet in place, juvenile criminal cases may be heard by a
2378:
1503:
1426:
In some jurisdictions, in addition to delinquent cases, juvenile court hears cases involving
1019:
461:
30:"Juvenile justice", "Youth court", and "Children's court" redirect here. For other uses, see
1502:
In Connecticut, a referral can be made to a non-court associated committee referred to as a
1475:
The minor's sex. Formal charges are more likely to be filed against boys than against girls.
1651:
1563:
1395:
1250:
852:
847:
558:
496:
446:
356:
1578:
and grassroots people's courts in China may establish juvenile criminal trial divisions.
1121:
Issues of juvenile justice have gained global prominence in various cultural contexts. As
8:
1632:
1466:
The minor's age. Petitions are more likely to be filed in cases involving older children.
1156:
985:
970:
784:
764:
648:
603:
506:
302:
266:
108:
64:
104:
1589:
1400:
1237:
842:
744:
658:
613:
573:
393:
366:
278:
2360:
a review of the juvenile justice system in the United States, comparing it to Canada.
2345:
2132:
1936:
1818:
Peterson, Scott (Summer 2009). "Made in America: The Global Youth Justice Movement".
1747:
1525:, under which a juvenile meets with and is supervised by a juvenile probation officer
1373:
1363:
sets a minimum age of 12 except for murder or rape, which for there is no minimum age
1196:
has characterized the utilization of such tribunals as presenting a "moral dilemma".
774:
583:
413:
2324:
1797:
1585:
1320:
1160:
1155:
In the realm of juvenile justice, two predominant models are typically considered:
930:
719:
593:
553:
451:
351:
1169:
2126:
1930:
1721:
1418:(1971) decided that minors do not have the same rights in this regard as adults.
1188:
cases involving minors accused of international crimes. Notably, in regions like
1099:
837:
471:
466:
418:
336:
2328:
1801:
1408:
wrote, "Under our Constitution, the condition of being a boy does not justify a
1409:
1282:
1273:
1114:
1071:
1031:
965:
960:
935:
799:
653:
628:
491:
456:
423:
403:
1246:
In 44 states, the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction is age seventeen
2372:
1782:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1289:
1122:
920:
862:
686:
321:
290:
2037:"Kent v. United States, 383 US 541, 86 S. Ct. 1045, 16 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1966)"
1639:
1582:
1350:
1346:
1189:
975:
867:
704:
568:
543:
501:
481:
378:
346:
219:
1872:"Change In Law Raises Arizona's Juvenile Court Jurisdiction From 18 To 19"
2111:
1731:
1435:
1299:
1295:
925:
714:
618:
598:
533:
428:
398:
373:
1485:
Along with these seven, four "unofficial" factors can sway an official:
1736:
1405:
1360:
1164:
980:
872:
638:
1559:
supervision and protection orders for individuals aged 18 or younger.
2363:
2351:
1522:
1342:
1266:
995:
990:
341:
1712:
Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system
1434:, and visitation as well as cases where children are alleged to be
1334:
1330:
1324:
1258:
1254:
1091:
940:
857:
740:
International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International
608:
383:
326:
1276:, has a maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction of age fifteen
1026:
1677:
1412:." However, most juvenile proceedings are held without a jury as
1354:
1305:
1000:
1269:) the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction is age sixteen
1143:
placement in foster care, assuming guardianship over the child.
1905:"Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws"
1338:
1095:
528:
331:
1262:
2180:"Court: Required Minimum Juvenile Sentences Should Be Rare"
2131:(3 ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
2087:"In re Gault, 387 US 1, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527"
1176:
1135:
legal threshold for adulthood varies by jurisdiction.
1783:"Towards a global 'child friendly' juvenile justice?"
1404:
rights. Writing for the majority, Associate Justice
710:
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
682:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
2010:"California Welfare & Institutions Code § 602"
1983:"California Welfare & Institutions Code § 601"
691:Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
2370:
2354:, formerly the National Juvenile Defender Center
1126:child offenders in accordance with this trend.
1098:committed by children who have not attained the
1094:having special authority to pass judgements for
2317:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
1842:Washington University Journal of Law and Policy
1790:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
1592:divisions or handled by designated personnel.
1535:
951:Legal status of tattooing in European countries
956:Legal status of tattooing in the United States
1835:
1780:
1052:
93:The examples and perspective in this article
2348:from the Penal Reform International website.
1150:
273:History of youth rights in the United States
2233:"2022年《中国儿童发展纲要（2021—2030年）》统计监测报告 - 国家统计局"
2125:Mays, G. Larry; Winfree, L. Thomas (2012).
2124:
1292:and North Carolina set a minimum age of six
946:French petition against age of consent laws
297:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2154:"Mandatory Minimums, Maximum Consequences"
1813:
1811:
1454:
1183:Military use of children § war crimes
1059:
1045:
1909:National Conference of State Legislatures
1566:courts have been established nationwide.
1514:Juvenile court sentences may range from:
1316:North Carolina sets a minimum age of six.
750:National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2358:Juveniles involved in the Justice System
2263:"最高人民法院 关于适用《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》的解释（20）-中国法院网"
2015:California Office of Legislative Counsel
1988:California Office of Legislative Counsel
1928:
1817:
1562:As of the end of 2022, a total of 2,181
1367:
1231:
1214:Youth incarceration in the United States
1070:
700:Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
246:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
2151:
1869:
1836:Umbreit, Mark; Armour, Marilyn (2011).
1808:
1569:
14:
2371:
2062:"Facts and Case Summary - In re Gault"
1902:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1357:and Wisconsin set a minimum age of ten
27:Court to try minors for legal offenses
2314:
2310:
2308:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2202:
2200:
1949:
1932:Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice
1707:Children's Court of Western Australia
1521:formal supervision, similar to adult
256:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2177:
1865:
1863:
1831:
1829:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1177:International human rights tribunals
916:Ages of consent in the United States
815:World Federation of Democratic Youth
142:
79:
38:
1929:Roberson, Cliff (August 20, 2010).
1889:
1689:Children's Court of New South Wales
1394:(1967), that children accused in a
24:
2346:Information about Juvenile Justice
2305:
2250:
2197:
2152:Steiner, Emily (August 16, 2017).
1445:
1075:Youth Court Building in Camberwell
158:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2405:
2339:
1860:
1826:
1767:
1602:
1553:
1110:as a deferment from adult court.
770:Students for a Democratic Society
755:National Youth Rights Association
54:This article has multiple issues.
32:Juvenile justice (disambiguation)
1876:KJZZ Arizona Public Access Radio
1781:Goldson, B.; Muncie, J. (2012).
1717:Ghanaian juvenile justice system
1210:American juvenile justice system
1203:
1025:
1014:
911:Ages of consent in South America
901:Ages of consent in North America
805:Young Communist League of Canada
730:High School Democrats of America
168:guide to writing better articles
147:
84:
43:
2280:
2225:
2171:
2145:
2118:
2104:
2079:
2054:
2029:
1870:Jenkins, Jimmy (May 24, 2018).
1739:, aka youth court or peer court
1727:The Juvenile Court in Hong Kong
1222:
62:or discuss these issues on the
2002:
1975:
1922:
1903:Teigen, Ann (April 17, 2017).
1754:Youth justice (disambiguation)
1695:Children's Court of Queensland
1673:Age of criminal responsibility
1421:
477:Behavior modification facility
235:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
13:
1:
2178:Pitt, David (June 16, 2017).
1820:Reclaiming Children and Youth
1760:
1509:
795:Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor
1963:. U.S. Department of Justice
1701:Children's Court of Victoria
1685:, New South Wales, Australia
1576:intermediate people's courts
1536:Mandatory minimum sentencing
1528:incarceration, usually in a
1308:sets a minimum age of eight.
735:Indian Youth Climate Network
549:Human rights and youth sport
7:
2364:Prevent Delinquency Project
2329:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2010.10.003
1957:"Jurisdictional Boundaries"
1802:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.09.004
1665:
1530:juvenile detention facility
1387:United States Supreme Court
1219:to be a law-abiding adult.
725:Global Youth Action Network
634:Underage drinking in the US
107:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2410:
1961:Office of Justice Programs
1743:Youth Court of New Zealand
1626:
1371:
1327:set a minimum age of seven
1302:set a minimum age of seven
1235:
1207:
1180:
906:Ages of consent in Oceania
810:Young Democrats of America
241:Child Labor Deterrence Act
29:
1629:School-to-prison pipeline
1622:
1151:Restorative justice model
1129:
896:Ages of consent in Europe
790:Youth International Party
695:Canadian Youth for Choice
389:Taking Children Seriously
1544:
1415:McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
487:Children in the military
362:Intergenerational equity
285:Newsboys' strike of 1899
261:Fair Labor Standards Act
2389:Juvenile justice system
1683:Children's Court Clinic
1455:Avoiding formal charges
891:Ages of consent in Asia
760:One World Youth Project
644:Youth-adult partnership
1597:higher people's courts
1108:positive youth justice
1084:young offender's court
1076:
539:Emancipation of minors
409:Youth detention center
251:Kids Online Safety Act
1504:Juvenile Review Board
1383:Kent v. United States
1368:Waiver to adult court
1312:And for delinquency:
1236:Further information:
1232:Age of responsibility
1181:Further information:
1074:
462:Age of consent reform
2384:Juvenile delinquency
2066:United States Courts
1570:Courts Establishment
1396:juvenile delinquency
559:Juvenile delinquency
497:Compulsory education
447:Adolescent sexuality
357:Free-range parenting
113:create a new article
105:improve this article
95:may not represent a
2158:Juvenile Law Center
1633:Restorative justice
1157:restorative justice
986:Liberation theology
971:Youth Olympic Games
785:UK Youth Parliament
780:Three O'Clock Lobby
765:Queer Youth Network
649:Youth participation
604:Minors and abortion
589:Minimum driving age
507:Corporal punishment
303:Wild in the Streets
267:Hammer v. Dagenhart
2288:"中华人民共和国司法部政府信息公开"
2267:www.chinacourt.org
1238:Defense of infancy
1168:of its indigenous
1077:
1032:Society portal
659:Youth unemployment
614:School leaving age
574:Legal drinking age
394:Universal suffrage
367:Future generations
279:Morse v. Frederick
2115:, 387 U.S. 1, 28.
1748:Youth Koori Court
1652:children's rights
1374:Trial as an adult
1069:
1068:
775:Freechild Project
584:Legal working age
414:Youth empowerment
214:
213:
206:
196:
195:
188:
162:used on Knowledge
160:encyclopedic tone
141:
140:
133:
115:, as appropriate.
77:
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2352:The Gault Center
2333:
2332:
2312:
2303:
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2300:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2259:
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2245:
2243:
2237:www.stats.gov.cn
2229:
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2222:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2128:Juvenile Justice
2122:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
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2097:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2058:
2052:
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2049:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1999:
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2379:Juvenile law
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2295:. Retrieved
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2240:. Retrieved
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2040:
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2019:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1967:September 8,
1965:. Retrieved
1960:
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1914:September 8,
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
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1722:Girl's court
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1640:Edward Humes
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976:Youth sports
705:Common Cents
664:Youth voting
623:U.S. history
578:U.S. history
569:Juvenile law
563:
544:Gambling age
502:Conscription
482:Child labour
379:Social class
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56:Please help
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2112:In re Gault
2021:February 1,
1994:February 1,
1852:October 30,
1750:(Australia)
1732:Minor (law)
1703:, Australia
1697:, Australia
1691:, Australia
1588:within the
1422:Other cases
1392:In re Gault
1300:Mississippi
1296:Connecticut
1272:One state,
926:Anti-racism
715:DoSomething
619:Smoking age
599:Minor (law)
534:Child abuse
429:Youth voice
399:Unschooling
374:Paternalism
2373:Categories
2208:"昌平-北京政法网"
1848:(1): 65–89
1761:References
1737:Teen court
1627:See also:
1510:Sentencing
1406:Abe Fortas
1361:California
1208:See also:
1165:recidivism
981:Youth wing
639:Voting age
228:Activities
59:improve it
2297:March 24,
2272:March 24,
2242:March 24,
2217:March 24,
2184:U.S. News
1796:: 47–64.
1583:collegial
1523:probation
1440:neglected
1353:, Texas,
1343:Louisiana
1267:Wisconsin
996:Socialism
991:Communism
517:at school
342:Democracy
109:talk page
65:talk page
1881:April 8,
1666:See also
1564:juvenile
1335:Colorado
1331:Arkansas
1325:Maryland
1321:New York
1259:Missouri
1255:Michigan
1092:tribunal
941:Feminism
833:Fletcher
745:Mermaids
609:Restavec
384:Suffrage
327:Adultism
103:You may
1678:Borstal
1401:Miranda
1355:Vermont
1306:Arizona
1251:Georgia
1090:, is a
1001:Marxism
885:Related
868:Postman
512:at home
2135:
1939:
1623:Reform
1436:abused
1339:Kansas
1323:, and
1130:Models
1096:crimes
838:Hanson
827:People
529:Curfew
522:in law
441:Issues
332:Ageism
1786:(PDF)
1615:work.
1586:panel
1545:China
1263:Texas
1170:Māori
863:Males
843:Henry
111:, or
2299:2024
2274:2024
2244:2024
2219:2024
2191:2017
2165:2017
2133:ISBN
2098:2017
2073:2017
2048:2017
2023:2019
1996:2019
1969:2017
1937:ISBN
1916:2017
1883:2020
1854:2015
1631:and
1595:The
1574:The
1298:and
1265:and
1212:and
1159:and
873:Yaco
858:Duff
848:Holt
291:Prez
2325:doi
1798:doi
1438:or
1381:In
1086:or
687:Akt
2375::
2321:38
2319:.
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2012:.
1985:.
1959:.
1907:.
1891:^
1874:.
1862:^
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1844:.
1840:.
1828:^
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1792:.
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68:.
2331:.
2327::
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2246:.
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2100:.
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1998:.
1971:.
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1918:.
1885:.
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1800::
1060:e
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625:)
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119:(
101:.
75:)
71:(
34:.
20:)
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