298:(court days, i. e. meetings with the powerful of the empire) and court sessions (to settle disputes and punish offenses to prove their authority) alternately in different parts of the country. A second reason was a lack of communication options over long distances at a time when there were often hardly any solid roads. Therefore, the court had to show its presence in order to keep the realm under control. A third reason was supply bottlenecks: Due to inadequate transport routes, it was not yet possible until the 13th century to provide long-term food supply for hundreds of people who had traveled to the same place, in addition to the local population. Consequently, instead of sending food to royal courts, the courts went to the food.
706:
473:
722:
226:
4790:
29:
554:), where they spent several months and which therefore had to provide considerable resources and comfort, while in the summer they often only stayed for a shorter time while spending much time traveling across the country, including military campaigns, often using tent camps where there were no palaces, monasteries or cities. Other important palaces were the festival palaces (
325:
which led to kings of very different regional origins being elected. But if they wanted to control the empire and its rebellious regional rulers, they could not limit themselves to their home region and their private palaces. As a result, kings and emperors continued to travel around the empire well
394:
was not a permanent residence but a place where the emperor stayed for a certain time, at most a few months; itineraries suggest that the monarch rarely would stay for longer than a few weeks. Moreover, they were not always grand palaces in the accepted sense: some were small manor houses or
407:), that offered catering and accommodation for the king and his companions, often running to hundreds of staff, as well as numerous guests and their staff and horses. For accommodation there were wooden outbuildings around the mostly stone main buildings. In
457:. Old bishoprics were often located in these places, which also had the advantage that bishops were usually more loyal to the king than the dukes, who pursued their own dynastic goals. The kings even appointed the bishops, until the
292:. Therefore, this dependency had to be constantly maintained and renewed, including through the allocation of positions or land. This was one of the reasons why kings and emperors constantly traveled around their realm and held
636:. One weak king after another was elected, but no one was able to exercise sovereign power. Princes and bishops tried to expand their territories. They oppressed less powerful nobles, fought the urban rulers (
434:
was just a farm with a smaller manor owned by the kingdom, which was occasionally used by the kings as a transit station. However, they were mostly mentioned in documents using the same Latin expressions.
1013:
313:
became the respective main residences. This was not possible in the Holy Roman Empire because no real hereditary monarchy emerged, but rather the tradition of elective monarchy prevailed
2781:
Deutsche Königspfalzen: Beiträge zu ihrer historischen und archäologischen
Erforschung, Zentren herrschaftlicher Repräsentation im Hochmittelalter: Geschichte Architektur und Zeremoniell
4184:
280:
already ruled according to the feudal principle in which a ruler does not rule over a territory with specific land boundaries with the support of administrative officials, as in a
301:
In France and
England, from the 13th century onwards, stationary royal residences began to develop into capitals that grew rapidly and developed corresponding infrastructure: the
1639:
662:
no longer offered sufficient security to the German kings. Most were abandoned, repurposed by cities or local princes, disappeared under new development or fell into disrepair.
1299:
320:
445:, the oldest cities in Germany, which were also mostly located on navigable rivers, which enabled quick and comfortable travel and also made supplies easier, mainly on the
867:
690:
2278:
1143:
2845:
pub. by the
Wartburg-Gesellschaft for the research of castles and palaces along with the Germanic National Museum. Research into castles and palaces. Vol. 7.
912:
2293:
937:
2398:
2228:
550:
that the rulers visited varied depending on their function. Especially important were those palaces in which the kings spent the winter (winter palaces or
2049:
1539:
1494:
4815:
1384:
2757:
1874:
1534:
2004:
1579:
1263:
1414:
2218:
2204:
2338:
2308:
2089:
1123:
1789:
2044:
1258:
1133:
832:
2094:
693:
in prosperity. The ruling patricians of these cities not only entertained the kings generously, but - like the
Augsburg merchant and banker
2268:
1934:
1924:
1093:
1404:
2248:
2223:
2144:
2064:
892:
342:
emperors subsequently resided. However, Vienna never became the official capital of the empire, just of a
Habsburg hereditary state (the
1809:
4820:
2253:
1654:
847:
2024:
1273:
1048:
2897:
2418:
2388:
253:, the medieval emperors of the Holy Roman Empire did not rule from a capital city, but had to maintain personal contact with their
465:
and smaller royal manors were generally built at intervals of 30 kilometres (18 miles), which at that time corresponded to a
2039:
4000:
120:, especially since they were obliged to accommodate the emperor and his court when they were in transit, a duty referred to as
2869:
2862:
Burg und Kirche während des deutschen
Mittelalters. Untersuchungen zur Sakraltopographie von Pfalzen, Burgen und Herrensitzen
2841:
Studies of relevance and validity to do with the term "Pfalz" for the research of castles of the 12th and 13th centuries in:
593:
era of the Roman-German kingdom, important imperial princes began to demonstrate their claims to power by building their own
532:
442:
309:
206:
461:. Furthermore, such houses were often located in the countryside in the middle of royal estates or near important abbeys.
4594:
4289:
2822:
Studien zu
Relevanz und Gültigkeit des Begriffes „Pfalz“ im Hochmittelalter anhand des Beispiels (Kaisers-)Lautern. In:
2788:
517:
284:, but rather his sovereignty was based on a personal relationship of dependence between feudal lords and their vassals
632:
In the middle of the 13th century, after the fall of the
Hohenstaufens, the royal power temporarily lapsed during the
4409:
4194:
2854:
2812:
480:
with the
Salvator church from the 9th century, in the background the main house, used from the 8th to 11th centuries.
355:
2688:
4619:
705:
633:
379:
327:
1659:
677:, which were usually located in towns, lowlands, valleys or on river banks - were often hilltop castles like
637:
367:
331:
469:
by the royal train of horses and chariots. (Individual riders managed much longer distances on dry ground.)
3842:
3380:
2890:
877:
359:
197:
is a 19th-century appellation that overlooks the fact that a king of
Germany did not bear the title of the
217:, which mostly were only undertaken years after his accession to the throne and in many cases not at all.
4825:
4179:
3260:
1869:
531:, who executed jurisdiction in the region in the emperor's stead. The most powerful of these counts, the
3775:
2714:"Die Reginswindis-Tradition von Lauffen. Königliche Politik und adelige Herrschaft am mittleren Neckar"
20:
734:
4224:
2428:
1814:
1454:
1344:
714:
32:
3849:
4721:
3799:
2657:(The early Middle Ages), Fischer Weltgeschichte, Vol 10, publisher Fischer, Frankfurt 2000, p. 201.
2104:
1314:
655:
65:
50:
2864:, 2 Vols., published by the Constance Working Group for Medieval History, Thorbecke-Verlag, 1984,
2453:
4768:
4543:
4249:
4244:
4164:
3961:
3908:
3878:
3635:
3565:
3509:
3086:
2883:
1644:
458:
2831:
2478:
4793:
4609:
4199:
4096:
3981:
3165:
2169:
2154:
1208:
917:
527:) and celebrated important church festivals. The most important of them were administered by a
1829:
1694:
4746:
4584:
4366:
4119:
3856:
3679:
3008:
2846:
2448:
2258:
2184:
1904:
1349:
287:
2114:
1794:
472:
116:
The dukes and bishops of the empire also owned palaces, which were sometimes referred to as
4731:
4259:
3885:
3684:
3650:
3050:
2932:
2795:
Stand und Aufgaben des archäologischen Pfalzenforschung in den Bezirken Halle und Magdeburg
2671:
2528:
2373:
1859:
1148:
644:), illegally seized imperial fiefdoms, introduced customs duties, new taxes and even royal
602:
540:
343:
2746:
2213:
1163:
303:
8:
4548:
4284:
3640:
3018:
2713:
2383:
2134:
1223:
1113:
857:
2084:
16:
Palaces throughout the Holy Roman Empire which served as temporary seats for the Emperor
4670:
4279:
4254:
4239:
4234:
4084:
4064:
3861:
3422:
3289:
3033:
2443:
2353:
2298:
1939:
1479:
1469:
852:
686:
575:
198:
185:
106:
70:
35:, built 1030−1055. One of the few original, albeit heavily restored, palaces remaining.
2800:
2189:
932:
721:
4726:
4685:
4660:
4533:
4214:
4054:
3901:
3487:
3365:
3043:
2986:
2865:
2850:
2827:
2808:
2784:
2724:
2622:
1434:
1284:
1063:
567:
516:). It was here that kings and emperors carried out the business of state, held their
316:
281:
102:
2099:
1919:
4700:
4675:
4604:
4528:
4129:
4124:
4059:
3610:
3414:
2993:
2438:
2199:
1974:
1889:
1854:
1634:
1399:
978:
957:
678:
466:
427:, where the itinerant ruler stayed for a while and enacted his sovereign duties, a
238:
1734:
4589:
4441:
4414:
4354:
4324:
4209:
4174:
4154:
4139:
3694:
3689:
3657:
3418:
3360:
3348:
3330:
3197:
3178:
3104:
3081:
2839:... ut nostrum regale palatium infra civitatem vel in burgo eorum non hedificent.
2598:
2079:
1759:
1664:
1619:
1178:
862:
670:
277:
260:
136:
77:
1834:
1819:
1584:
4758:
4753:
4419:
4404:
4339:
4329:
4204:
4189:
4089:
4079:
4044:
3918:
3711:
3408:
3375:
3339:
3155:
3013:
2977:
2538:
2488:
2473:
2243:
2194:
1484:
1374:
1228:
998:
682:
598:
583:
536:
528:
146:
2498:
1824:
1549:
4809:
4763:
4716:
4624:
4614:
4568:
4538:
4523:
4492:
4473:
4334:
4274:
4229:
4144:
4103:
3913:
3546:
3541:
3274:
3237:
3222:
3173:
3118:
3097:
2906:
2728:
2568:
2483:
2378:
2303:
1884:
1529:
1294:
509:
225:
2783:, by the Max Planck Institute of History, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963,
2403:
2358:
2174:
1008:
4741:
4599:
4563:
4518:
4502:
4430:
4383:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4159:
3976:
3837:
3804:
3669:
3605:
3580:
3492:
3466:
3434:
3428:
3370:
3309:
3279:
3127:
2518:
2343:
2313:
2283:
1954:
1669:
1599:
1504:
1489:
1429:
1389:
1334:
1248:
1053:
902:
842:
694:
646:
606:
590:
450:
273:
84:
2700:
2674:), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-04131-3.
2129:
1959:
1799:
1238:
1128:
1058:
817:
767:
346:). The emperors continued to travel to their elections and coronations at
4640:
4497:
4466:
4436:
4378:
4373:
4314:
4309:
4269:
4169:
4134:
4030:
3933:
3704:
3674:
3664:
3570:
3459:
3076:
3023:
2805:
Deutsche Königspfalzen, Von Karl dem Großen bis Friedrich II. (765–1240).
2238:
2019:
1964:
1779:
1739:
1684:
1679:
1614:
1524:
1449:
1319:
1289:
1203:
1193:
897:
812:
375:
110:
3267:
2543:
2179:
2119:
1914:
1714:
1268:
942:
4665:
4485:
4457:
4388:
4264:
4219:
4149:
4069:
3966:
3871:
3811:
3770:
3748:
3699:
3645:
3595:
3590:
3575:
3534:
3482:
3440:
3385:
3227:
3143:
2433:
2423:
2288:
2273:
2149:
2074:
2034:
1969:
1929:
1719:
1629:
1474:
1464:
1439:
1409:
1218:
1198:
1118:
1003:
993:
988:
710:
617:
in Thuringia. Both buildings followed the basic design of Hohenstaufen
496:
363:
212:
4645:
3190:
2563:
2323:
1324:
423:) that are mostly mentioned in contemporary Latin documents. Unlike a
4074:
4005:
3832:
3827:
3760:
3401:
3314:
3244:
3202:
3028:
2998:
2959:
2925:
2508:
2468:
2413:
2139:
2054:
1999:
1979:
1949:
1894:
1864:
1769:
1754:
1724:
1609:
1604:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1509:
1459:
1444:
1424:
1394:
1364:
1354:
1339:
1329:
1304:
1213:
1138:
1038:
983:
947:
827:
802:
782:
762:
757:
520:
sessions, where they met with the greats of the empire at court days
477:
347:
28:
2533:
1744:
4558:
4553:
4478:
4319:
4037:
4012:
3995:
3925:
3866:
3794:
3787:
3630:
3518:
3392:
3212:
3207:
3183:
3111:
3091:
3071:
3038:
2513:
2463:
2458:
2164:
2124:
2109:
2069:
2059:
1909:
1899:
1849:
1844:
1749:
1704:
1689:
1624:
1594:
1589:
1309:
1278:
1253:
1158:
1153:
1103:
1083:
1073:
1023:
1018:
927:
907:
807:
797:
792:
777:
747:
729:
Examples of surviving imperial palaces may be found in the town of
614:
610:
339:
2824:
Kaiserslauterer Jahrbuch für pfälzische Geschichte und Volkskunde.
1709:
1173:
1028:
4690:
4655:
4650:
3988:
3971:
3956:
3940:
3892:
3820:
3765:
3755:
3723:
3625:
3600:
3585:
3355:
3299:
3217:
3064:
3057:
3003:
2875:
2774:
Der königliche Grundbesitz im 10. und beginnenden 11. Jahrhundert
2573:
2523:
2393:
2368:
2328:
2208:
2159:
2029:
2009:
1994:
1839:
1804:
1674:
1649:
1574:
1564:
1519:
1379:
1233:
1183:
1098:
1068:
1033:
887:
872:
837:
822:
787:
752:
396:
335:
250:
2687:, publisher Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 61–63, referring to
2014:
1569:
4695:
4049:
3615:
3553:
3497:
3475:
3452:
3445:
3321:
3304:
3136:
2968:
2950:
2920:
2586:
2553:
2548:
2408:
2333:
2263:
2233:
1984:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1699:
1499:
1419:
1359:
1243:
1188:
1088:
1043:
973:
968:
922:
742:
730:
579:
559:
523:
501:
454:
371:
351:
338:
in the middle of the 16th century, where most of the following
294:
254:
246:
234:
161:
141:
98:
2747:
Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde
257:
on the ground. This was the so-called "itinerant kingship" or
4736:
4680:
4424:
3949:
3780:
3620:
2941:
2820:
Barbarossaburg, Kaiserpfalz, Königspfalz oder Casimirschloss?
2592:
2558:
2503:
2493:
2348:
2318:
1989:
1944:
1879:
1729:
1514:
1369:
1168:
1108:
1078:
952:
772:
641:
490:
446:
408:
321:
List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire
154:
91:
562:
being the most important and celebrated, at Easter palaces (
3718:
3560:
3527:
3502:
3294:
3284:
3253:
3232:
2685:
Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (1367–1650)
962:
882:
651:
571:
400:
202:
2363:
441:
were often located near the remaining urban remnants of
101:") refers to a number of palaces and castles across the
2711:
725:
Imperial Palace of Paderborn (from 1015), reconstructed
700:
689:
loyal to them, which had long since surpassed the old
220:
2634:
2644:
Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1970.
658:escalated. In this situation, the barely fortified
2721:Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins/N.F.
385:
183:were built and used by the king as a ruler of the
4807:
358:at different places and to other occasions. The
153:, meaning "palace", and itself derived from the
105:that served as temporary seats of power for the
3147:
2705:
3709:
3655:
3473:
3319:
403:. But generally they were large manor houses (
4364:
4094:
3923:
3899:
3516:
3507:
3464:
3188:
2984:
2975:
2891:
334:, who moved his main residence to the Vienna
4483:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4035:
4010:
3986:
3947:
3938:
3890:
3876:
3847:
3818:
3809:
3785:
3746:
3551:
3532:
3450:
3399:
3390:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3265:
3251:
3242:
3125:
3102:
145:, meaning "emperor", which is derived from "
3134:
3116:
3062:
3048:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
19:For the municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, see
2898:
2884:
4816:Imperial palaces of the Holy Roman Empire
2642:Karolingische Königshöfe am Mittelrhein.
720:
704:
535:, would eventually rise to the title of
471:
390:Unlike the common notion of "palace", a
224:
27:
697:- financed their wars with huge loans.
4808:
597:. Important examples of these include
2879:
624:
127:
64:
49:
570:). The larger palaces were often in
411:, such a royal manor was known as a
326:into modern times. It was only King
209:which required expeditions to Italy
4290:Weapons Storage and Security System
2691:who ended his life gravely in debt.
701:List of Holy Roman Imperial palaces
221:Tradition of the “Itinerant Courts”
13:
2905:
2843:Burgenbau im 13. Jahrhundert.
621:and also had the same dimensions.
395:fortified hunting lodges, such as
330:, the younger brother of the then
14:
4837:
4821:Monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire
419:It is these expressions (and not
189:, the correct historical term is
4789:
4788:
2712:Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (1983),
290:, a "personal dependency state")
673:were built, which - unlike the
386:Purpose, locations, description
2751:
2740:
2694:
2677:
2660:
2647:
2616:
709:Digital reconstruction of the
685:. Kings also liked to stay in
574:that had special rights (e.g.
139:word that is a combination of
1:
4185:British "hedgehog" road block
2776:, H. Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1909
2766:
2609:
124:(obligation to accommodate).
2723:(in German), vol. 131,
2701:Die Geschichte von Kraisdorf
476:Model of the Royal Pfalz at
360:Perpetual Diet of Regensburg
193:or "royal palace". The term
7:
4595:Cities with defensive walls
4180:Defensive fighting position
4095:
3900:
3710:
3656:
3517:
3508:
3474:
3465:
3320:
2580:
1870:Neuenburg Castle (Freyburg)
533:Count palatine of the Rhine
229:Artist's impression of the
10:
4842:
654:, the law of the fist and
176:, meaning "royal palace".
21:Kaiserpfalz, Saxony-Anhalt
18:
4779:
4709:
4633:
4577:
4511:
4397:
4302:
4225:Hardened aircraft shelter
4200:Entry control point (ECP)
4112:
4023:
3739:
3732:
3164:
2913:
715:Ingelheim Imperial Palace
269:("travelling kingdom").
66:[ˈkøːnɪçsˌpfalts]
33:Imperial Palace of Goslar
4722:Continuity of government
2826:Kaiserslautern, 1.2001,
2105:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
669:, the heavily fortified
160:, meaning the same (see
54:, "imperial palace") or
4544:Motte-and-bailey castle
4250:Missile launch facility
4245:Main line of resistance
2940:
2797:, Akademie-Verlag, 1961
1645:Lautertal (Oberfranken)
735:Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth
494:with its Great Hall or
459:investiture controversy
69:, "royal palace", from
51:[ˈkaɪzɐˌpfalts]
4620:Military installations
4484:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4365:
4036:
4011:
3987:
3977:Scarp and Counterscarp
3948:
3939:
3924:
3891:
3877:
3848:
3819:
3810:
3786:
3747:
3552:
3533:
3451:
3400:
3391:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3266:
3252:
3243:
3189:
3148:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3103:
3063:
3049:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2931:
2155:Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl
726:
718:
481:
242:
109:in the Early and High
36:
4389:Floating water castle
4120:Admiralty scaffolding
3413:Fortified buildings (
2847:Deutscher Kunstverlag
2655:Das frühe Mittelalter
2259:Sontheim an der Brenz
1665:Limburg an der Haardt
724:
708:
578:), but could also be
475:
310:Palace of Westminster
288:Personenverbandsstaat
228:
31:
4732:Subterranean warfare
3685:Viking ring fortress
2672:Frederick Barbarossa
2668:Friedrich Barbarossa
2374:Vaihingen an der Enz
1149:Freiburg im Breisgau
687:free imperial cities
603:Dankwarderode Castle
541:Electoral Palatinate
344:Archduchy of Austria
245:Like their peers in
241:), built in the 790s
168:is a combination of
4549:Quadrangular castle
4285:Weapon storage area
3641:Quadrangular castle
1114:Esslingen am Neckar
366:from 1663 to 1806.
265:; in German called
207:imperial coronation
4826:Castles in Germany
4280:Underground hangar
4065:Fire control tower
3862:Gunpowder magazine
3290:Butter-churn tower
2758:Ortsteil Stallbaum
2299:Tauberbischofsheim
1164:Frohse an der Elbe
727:
719:
576:imperial immediacy
482:
243:
205:) until after his
199:Holy Roman Emperor
186:Kingdom of Germany
128:Origin of the name
107:Holy Roman Emperor
71:Middle High German
37:
4803:
4802:
4727:Military urbanism
4661:Fortified gateway
4534:Concentric castle
4298:
4297:
4215:Fire support base
4055:Coastal artillery
3930:(Spanish America)
3524:
3366:Concentric castle
2870:978-3-7995-6689-6
2860:Gerhard Streich:
2807:Darmstadt, 1996,
1640:Lauffen am Neckar
1144:Frankfurt am Main
332:Emperor Charles V
317:Imperial election
304:Palais de la Cité
282:territorial state
103:Holy Roman Empire
4833:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4676:National redoubt
4605:Fortified estate
4529:Circular rampart
4489:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4370:
4130:Anti-tank trench
4125:Air raid shelter
4100:
4060:Disappearing gun
4041:
4016:
3992:
3953:
3944:
3929:
3905:
3896:
3882:
3853:
3824:
3815:
3791:
3752:
3737:
3736:
3715:
3695:Bailey (or ward)
3661:
3566:Motte-and-bailey
3557:
3538:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3479:
3470:
3456:
3405:
3396:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3271:
3257:
3248:
3194:
3151:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3108:
3068:
3054:
2994:Circular rampart
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2849:, Munich, 2002,
2837:Alexander Thon:
2818:Alexander Thon:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2683:Mark Häberlein:
2681:
2675:
2666:Ferdinand Opll,
2664:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2640:Michael Gockel:
2638:
2632:
2620:
2200:Schwarzrheindorf
2185:Schwäbisch Gmünd
1385:Herrenbreitungen
679:Nuremberg Castle
671:imperial castles
484:At a minimum, a
239:Palace of Aachen
201:(granted by the
68:
63:
53:
48:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4783:
4775:
4705:
4629:
4573:
4507:
4442:Imperial castle
4415:Coercion castle
4410:Coastal defence
4393:
4355:Promontory fort
4325:Hillside castle
4294:
4210:Fallout shelter
4175:Concertina wire
4155:Border security
4108:
4019:
3728:
3361:Coercion castle
3349:Cheval de frise
3331:Chemin de ronde
3179:Albarrana tower
3160:
3105:Schwedenschanze
3082:Promontory fort
2909:
2904:
2801:Günther Binding
2769:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2599:Imperial castle
2583:
2578:
2190:Schwäbisch Hall
863:Bingen am Rhein
703:
691:imperial abbeys
665:Instead of the
630:
584:imperial abbeys
556:Festtagspfalzen
488:consisted of a
388:
278:Frankish Empire
261:itinerant court
223:
130:
122:Gastungspflicht
78:Old High German
61:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4759:Trench warfare
4756:
4754:Tunnel warfare
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Fortifications
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:Counter-castle
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Border barrier
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4340:Lowland castle
4337:
4332:
4330:Hilltop castle
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Electric fence
4202:
4197:
4195:Dragon's teeth
4192:
4190:Czech hedgehog
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4104:Wire obstacles
4101:
4092:
4090:Polygonal fort
4087:
4082:
4080:Martello tower
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Border outpost
4042:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3931:
3921:
3919:Polygonal fort
3916:
3911:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3883:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3530:
3525:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3411:
3409:Flanking tower
3406:
3397:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Counter-castle
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3166:Post-classical
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3156:Vitrified fort
3153:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3109:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3014:Defensive wall
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:Fortifications
2903:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2858:
2835:
2834:, pp. 109–144.
2816:
2798:
2791:
2789:978-3525365212
2777:
2772:Adolf Eggers:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2739:
2704:
2693:
2676:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2195:Schwarzenbruck
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Kaiserslautern
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Hilwartshausen
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Herbrechtingen
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:Gieboldehausen
1226:
1224:Giebichenstein
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Donaueschingen
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
702:
699:
683:Trifels Castle
629:
623:
599:Henry the Lion
537:Prince-elector
529:count palatine
518:imperial court
500:, an imperial
387:
384:
356:Imperial Diets
222:
219:
172:, "king", and
129:
126:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4838:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4796:
4795:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:Urban warfare
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Civil defense
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Bastion forts
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4569:Z-plan castle
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:L-plan castle
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Bridge castle
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Refuge castle
4491:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Military base
4472:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Hunting lodge
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Moated castle
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Island castle
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:By topography
4301:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Submarine pen
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Hesco bastion
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Blast shelter
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Place-of-arms
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3547:Machicolation
3545:
3543:
3542:L-plan castle
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Bridge castle
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3238:Bent entrance
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Battery tower
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Advanced work
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3098:Refuge castle
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:3-422-06361-7
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:3-534-12548-7
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:Lutz Fenske:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Zusmarshausen
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Seidmannsdorf
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Niederalteich
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Markgröningen
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Heiligenstadt
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
732:
723:
716:
712:
707:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:robber barons
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Winterpfalzen
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
479:
474:
470:
468:
467:day's journey
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:curtis regia.
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:was based in
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
312:
311:
306:
305:
299:
297:
296:
291:
289:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
267:Reisekönigtum
264:
262:
256:
252:
248:
240:
236:
232:
227:
218:
216:
214:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
67:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4787:
4742:Siege engine
4710:Other topics
4634:Related word
4600:Defense line
4564:Tower castle
4519:Bastion fort
4503:Urban castle
4448:
4431:Ganerbenburg
4429:
4384:Water castle
4360:Ridge castle
4345:Marsh castle
4160:Bomb shelter
4140:Belgian gate
4113:20th century
4024:19th century
3962:Retrenchment
3934:Punji sticks
3843:Entrenchment
3838:Device Forts
3805:Counterguard
3740:Early modern
3670:Tower castle
3606:Powder tower
3581:Outer bailey
3493:Inner bailey
3467:Gulyay-gorod
3435:Ganerbenburg
3433:
3429:Fujian tulou
3371:Corner tower
3310:Chamber gate
3280:Bridge tower
3128:Trou de loup
2861:
2857:, pp. 45–72.
2842:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2804:
2794:
2793:Paul Grimm:
2780:
2773:
2753:
2742:
2732:, retrieved
2720:
2707:
2696:
2689:Maximilian I
2684:
2679:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2653:Jan Dhondt:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2630:Duden online
2629:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2591:
2519:Wildeshausen
2309:Thangelstedt
2229:Seligenstadt
2090:Rommelhausen
1955:Oschersleben
1835:Münstereifel
1585:Königslutter
1580:Königsdahlum
1490:Kaiserswerth
1435:Hohenstaufen
1430:Hohenaltheim
1345:Heiligenberg
1335:Heidingsfeld
1264:Großseelheim
1124:Etterzhausen
1054:Eckartsberga
903:Braunschweig
843:Beratzhausen
728:
717:(around 790)
695:Jakob Fugger
674:
666:
664:
659:
645:
631:
626:
618:
594:
591:Hohenstaufen
588:
582:'s seats or
564:Osterpfalzen
563:
555:
551:
547:
545:
521:
513:
506:Pfalzkapelle
505:
495:
489:
485:
483:
462:
438:
437:
431:
429:royal estate
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
391:
389:
314:
308:
302:
300:
293:
285:
274:Merovingians
271:
266:
258:
244:
230:
210:
194:
190:
184:
180:
178:
173:
169:
165:
164:). Likewise
157:
150:
140:
132:
131:
121:
117:
115:
94:
87:
85:Middle Latin
80:
73:
56:
55:
41:
40:
38:
25:
4641:Castle town
4498:Toll castle
4467:Lustschloss
4449:Kaiserpfalz
4379:Spur castle
4374:Rock castle
4315:Hill castle
4310:Cave castle
4270:Spider hole
4170:Bremer wall
4135:Barbed tape
4031:Barbed wire
3705:Witch tower
3675:Tower house
3665:Toll castle
3651:Shield wall
3571:Murder hole
3460:Guard tower
3077:Pincer gate
3024:Faussebraye
2499:Wiedenbrück
2294:Tangermünde
2254:Sömmeringen
2239:Siptenfelde
2045:Reibersdorf
2020:Quedlinburg
1965:Osterhausen
1825:Münnerstadt
1780:Mindersdorf
1740:Mecklenburg
1685:Lonnerstadt
1680:Lippspringe
1660:Lichtenberg
1615:Lampertheim
1550:Kissenbrück
1525:Kelsterbach
1450:Hollenstedt
1320:Hasselfelde
1300:Hammerstein
1290:Halberstadt
1281:an der Vils
1204:Germersheim
1194:Geldersheim
1179:Gandersheim
1134:Flamersheim
989:Diedenhofen
913:Breitenbach
898:Brandenburg
833:Batzenhofen
813:Baden-Baden
634:interregnum
625:End of the
568:Quedlinburg
443:Roman times
432:(Königshof)
413:villa regia
382:in Munich.
380:Charles VII
376:Wittelsbach
370:resided in
328:Ferdinand I
231:Königspfalz
195:Kaiserpfalz
191:Königspfalz
166:Königspfalz
133:Kaiserpfalz
111:Middle Ages
57:Königspfalz
42:Kaiserpfalz
4810:Categories
4666:Gatekeeper
4486:Ordensburg
4458:Landesburg
4265:Sentry gun
4220:Flak tower
4150:Blast wall
4070:Gun turret
3967:Sally port
3872:Kotta mara
3812:Couvreface
3776:Breastwork
3771:Blockhouse
3749:Abwurfdach
3700:Watchtower
3690:Wall tower
3646:Shell keep
3596:Portcullis
3591:Peel tower
3576:Neck ditch
3535:Landesburg
3483:Half tower
3441:Gate tower
3386:Drawbridge
3228:Battlement
3144:Wagon fort
2987:Chengqiang
2767:Literature
2734:2014-02-21
2610:References
2603:Reichsburg
2529:Winterbach
2479:Weißenburg
2449:Wallhausen
2444:Wallhausen
2434:Waldsassen
2424:Waiblingen
2404:Völklingen
2359:Überlingen
2289:Stegaurach
2274:Staffelsee
2269:Stadtamhof
2175:Schöningen
2170:Schierling
2160:Schattbuch
2150:Sankt Goar
2035:Regensburg
1970:Osterhofen
1935:Oferdingen
1930:Ochsenfurt
1925:Obertheres
1905:Nordhausen
1815:Mühlhausen
1720:Maastricht
1630:Langenzenn
1545:Kirchohsen
1475:Ingolstadt
1465:Imbshausen
1440:Hohentwiel
1410:Hildesheim
1219:Gerstungen
1199:Gelnhausen
1119:Ettenstatt
1094:Ermschwerd
1009:Donauwörth
1004:Donaustauf
994:Dollendorf
965:(now Cheb)
918:Breitingen
868:Böckelheim
711:aula regia
638:patricians
508:) and an
497:Aula Regia
364:Regensburg
213:Italienzug
4769:Guerrilla
4512:By design
4260:Revetment
4075:Land mine
4006:Star fort
3833:Crownwork
3828:Covertway
3761:Barricade
3402:Embrasure
3315:Chartaque
3245:Bergfried
3203:Arrowslit
3029:Gatehouse
2999:City gate
2960:Castellum
2926:Acropolis
2832:1619-7283
2729:0044-2607
2509:Wiesbaden
2469:Weinsberg
2414:Wadgassen
2304:Tennstedt
2279:Stallbaum
2249:Sohlingen
2224:Seinstedt
2214:Seehausen
2145:Samswegen
2140:Salzwedel
2130:Säckingen
2115:Rüdesheim
2100:Rosenburg
2065:Ritteburg
2055:Rheinbach
2050:Reichenau
2000:Pforzheim
1980:Paderborn
1960:Osnabrück
1950:Oppenheim
1895:Nierstein
1875:Neuhausen
1865:Neudingen
1800:Mörfelden
1790:Mögeldorf
1770:Merseburg
1755:Memmingen
1725:Magdeburg
1610:Ladenburg
1605:Kreuznach
1600:Kraisdorf
1560:Kitzingen
1555:Kissingen
1535:Kirchberg
1510:Kaufungen
1470:Ingelheim
1460:Ilsenburg
1445:Hohnstedt
1425:Hirschaid
1395:Herstelle
1365:Helmstedt
1355:Heimsheim
1340:Heilbronn
1330:Havelberg
1315:Haselbach
1305:Harsefeld
1239:Göppingen
1214:Gernsheim
1139:Forchheim
1129:Eußerthal
1064:Eisenberg
1059:Eichstätt
1039:Ebersberg
984:Derenburg
948:Buxtehude
893:Boyneburg
858:Bierstadt
828:Bardowick
818:Balgstädt
803:Aufhausen
783:Andernach
768:Altötting
763:Altenburg
758:Albisheim
607:Brunswick
478:Frankfurt
368:Rudolf II
354:, to the
348:Frankfurt
118:"pfalzen"
39:The term
4794:Category
4784:See also
4671:Loophole
4559:Ringwork
4554:Ringfort
4479:Obstacle
4320:Hillfort
4240:Loophole
4038:Barbette
4013:Tenaille
3996:Sea fort
3926:Presidio
3886:Magazine
3867:Hornwork
3800:Cavalier
3795:Casemate
3788:Caponier
3631:Ringwork
3519:Detinets
3488:Hoarding
3393:Enceinte
3268:Bretèche
3213:Bartizan
3208:Barbican
3184:Alcazaba
3112:Stockade
3092:Ringfort
3072:Palisade
3044:Landwehr
3039:Hillfort
2623:Eintrag
2581:See also
2544:Würzburg
2514:Wiesloch
2474:Weisenau
2464:Weinheim
2459:Weilburg
2439:Walldorf
2180:Schüller
2165:Schienen
2125:Saalfeld
2120:Rülzheim
2110:Rottweil
2095:Rösebeck
2070:Rochlitz
2060:Riekofen
1975:Osterode
1915:Nürnberg
1910:Northeim
1900:Nijmegen
1890:Nienburg
1855:Naumburg
1850:Nattheim
1845:Nanstein
1795:Moosburg
1785:Mirsdorf
1750:Memleben
1715:Lüneburg
1705:Lustenau
1690:Lonsheim
1675:Lippeham
1655:Leitzkau
1625:Langenau
1595:Kostheim
1590:Konstanz
1455:Hornburg
1400:Herzberg
1390:Hersfeld
1310:Harzburg
1279:Hahnbach
1269:Günzburg
1254:Grebenau
1209:Gernrode
1159:Fritzlar
1154:Freising
1104:Eschwege
1084:Eresburg
1074:Eisleben
1024:Duisburg
1019:Dortmund
1014:Dornburg
943:Bürstadt
928:Bruchsal
908:Breisach
853:Biebrich
848:Berstadt
808:Augsburg
798:Arnstadt
793:Arneburg
778:Amorbach
748:Adelberg
615:Eisenach
611:Wartburg
609:and the
566:such as
405:Gutshöfe
378:emperor
340:Habsburg
307:and the
179:Because
158:palatium
95:palatium
81:phalanza
4701:Vedette
4691:Schloss
4656:Festung
4651:Dungeon
4646:Château
4590:Castles
4398:By role
4255:Pillbox
4085:Outpost
4001:Station
3989:Schanze
3972:Sandbag
3957:Redoubt
3941:Ravelin
3909:Palanka
3893:Orillon
3879:Lunette
3821:Coupure
3766:Bastion
3756:Arsenal
3724:Zwinger
3636:Roundel
3626:Ricetto
3601:Postern
3586:Outwork
3510:Kremlin
3381:Curtain
3356:Citadel
3340:Chemise
3300:Caltrop
3218:Bastion
3191:Alcázar
3087:Rampart
3065:Oppidum
3058:Nuraghe
3004:Crannog
2978:Castros
2914:Ancient
2574:Zutphen
2564:Zülpich
2524:Wimpfen
2454:Wechmar
2429:Walbeck
2399:Vlatten
2394:Villmar
2369:Utrecht
2354:Trifels
2329:Tilleda
2324:Thüngen
2314:Thingau
2209:Lupburg
2207:, Gem.
2030:Rasdorf
2025:Ramspau
2010:Pondorf
1995:Peiting
1940:Ohrdruf
1920:Nußdorf
1860:Neuburg
1840:Nabburg
1830:Münster
1805:Mosbach
1650:Leisnig
1575:Komburg
1565:Koblenz
1540:Kirchen
1520:Kelheim
1405:Heßloch
1380:Herford
1325:Haßloch
1274:Gustedt
1249:Gottern
1234:Giengen
1184:Gebesee
1099:Erwitte
1069:Eisfeld
1049:Ebsdorf
1034:Durlach
933:Brüggen
888:Boppard
873:Bodfeld
838:Belgern
823:Bamberg
788:Ansbach
753:Aibling
733:and at
675:pfalzen
667:pfalzen
660:pfalzen
647:regalia
627:Pfalzen
619:pfalzen
595:pfalzen
589:In the
548:pfalzen
539:of the
514:Gutshof
463:Pfalzen
439:Pfalzen
399:in the
397:Bodfeld
336:Hofburg
295:Hoftage
276:in the
255:vassals
251:England
181:pfalzen
149:"; and
88:palatia
62:German:
47:German:
4696:Trench
4686:Picket
4097:Sangar
4050:Bunker
3982:Sconce
3902:Ostrog
3850:Flèche
3733:Modern
3712:Yagura
3680:Turret
3616:Reduit
3554:Merlon
3498:Kasbah
3476:Gusuku
3453:Glacis
3446:Gabion
3415:church
3322:Chashi
3305:Castle
3149:Laager
3137:Vallum
3094:(Rath)
2969:Castra
2951:Burgus
2921:Abatis
2868:
2853:
2830:
2811:
2787:
2727:
2587:Palace
2554:Xanten
2549:Wurzen
2534:Wölfis
2489:Werden
2484:Werben
2419:Wahren
2409:Vreden
2389:Vilich
2384:Verden
2379:Velden
2339:Trebur
2334:Treben
2284:Steele
2264:Speyer
2234:Sinzig
2080:Roding
2075:Rodach
2005:Pöhlde
1985:Passau
1820:Münden
1810:Mötsch
1775:Minden
1765:Mering
1760:Mengen
1745:Meißen
1700:Lorsch
1670:Lingen
1635:Laufen
1620:Langen
1530:Kessel
1505:Kastel
1500:Kassel
1480:Inning
1420:Hirsau
1360:Helfta
1244:Goslar
1189:Gehren
1089:Erfurt
1044:Ebrach
979:Dahlen
974:Corvey
969:Cochem
938:Bürgel
923:Bremen
878:Bodman
743:Aachen
731:Goslar
642:guilds
613:above
580:bishop
560:Easter
524:Hoftag
510:estate
502:chapel
455:Danube
374:, the
372:Prague
352:Aachen
315:(see:
247:France
235:Aachen
162:palace
147:caesar
142:Kaiser
137:German
99:palace
74:phalze
4737:Siege
4681:Palas
4625:Walls
4615:Forts
4578:Lists
4425:Fence
4367:Rocca
4235:Kabal
3950:Redan
3857:Gorge
3781:Canal
3658:Shiro
3621:Ribat
3611:Qalat
3423:Dzong
3419:house
3119:Sudis
3051:Limes
3009:Ditch
2942:Broch
2933:Agger
2717:(PDF)
2625:Pfalz
2593:Palas
2559:Zeitz
2539:Worms
2504:Wiehe
2494:Werla
2349:Trier
2344:Treis
2319:Thorr
2244:Soest
2040:Rehme
1990:Pegau
1945:Ohrum
1880:Neuss
1730:Mainz
1710:Lügde
1695:Lorch
1515:Kayna
1495:Kamba
1370:Hemau
1295:Halle
1285:Haina
1259:Grone
1174:Fürth
1169:Fulda
1109:Essen
1079:Elten
1029:Düren
953:Calbe
773:Alzey
652:Feuds
572:towns
491:palas
486:pfalz
447:Rhine
425:pfalz
421:pfalz
409:Latin
392:pfalz
174:Pfalz
170:König
155:Latin
151:Pfalz
135:is a
92:Latin
83:from
4747:list
4165:Buoy
3719:Yett
3561:Moat
3528:Ksar
3503:Keep
3295:Caer
3285:Burh
3261:Boom
3254:Berm
3233:Bawn
3198:Amba
3034:Gord
2866:ISBN
2851:ISBN
2828:ISSN
2809:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2725:ISSN
2135:Salz
2085:Rohr
2015:Prüm
1570:Köln
963:Eger
958:Cham
883:Bonn
640:and
546:The
453:and
451:Main
401:Harz
350:and
272:The
249:and
203:Pope
3019:Dun
2628:in
2364:Ulm
2205:See
713:of
681:or
605:in
601:'s
558:),
415:or
233:at
113:.
90:to
76:to
4812::
4786::
3421:,
3417:,
2803::
2719:,
737:.
650:.
586:.
543:.
449:,
319:,
3523:)
3515:(
3425:)
3152:)
3146:(
2899:e
2892:t
2885:v
2872:.
2815:.
2670:(
2605:)
2601:(
522:(
512:(
504:(
323:)
286:(
263:"
259:"
237:(
215:)
211:(
97:"
60:(
45:(
23:.
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