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1086:, which has a maritime Antarctic climate, is the mildest part of the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this part of the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for 3 or 4 months during the summer, and rarely fall below −10 °C (14 °F) during the winter. Farther south along the west coast and the northeast coast of the peninsula, mean monthly temperatures exceed 0 °C (32 °F) for only one or two months of summer and average around −15 °C (5 °F) in winter. The east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of
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seasonal variation in amounts. Between about 68° S and 63° S on the west coast of the
Antarctic Peninsula and along its northeast coast, precipitation is 35 cm (14 in) or less with occasional rain. Along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula south of 63° S, precipitation ranges from 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in). In comparison, the
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occurred about 10,000 years ago. The deglaciation of some locations within the
Antarctic Peninsula continued until 4,000 to 3,000 years ago. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, an interglacial climatic optimum occurred about 3,000 to 5,000 years ago. After the climate optimum, a distinct climate cooling, which lasted until historic times, occurred.
1750:, with mosses and ferns in the undergrowth. The paleosols, in which trees are rooted, have physical characteristics indicative of modern soils that form under seasonally dry climates with periodic high rainfall. Younger Cretaceous strata, which outcrop within James Ross, Seymour, and adjacent islands, contain fossil plants of Late Cretaceous
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Paleogene and Early Eocene marine sediments that outcrop on
Seymour Island contain plant-rich horizons. The fossil plants are dominated by permineralized branches of conifers and compressions of angiosperm leaves, and are found within carbonate concretions. These Seymour Island region fossils date to
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The
Antarctic Peninsula is a part of the world that is experiencing extraordinary warming. Each decade for the last five, average temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen by 0.5 °C (0.90 °F). Ice mass loss on the peninsula occurred at a rate of 60 billion tons / year in 2006,
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with leaf morphotypes that are similar to those of living families such as
Sterculiaceae, Lauraceae, Winteraceae, Cunoniaceae, and Myrtaceae. They indicate that the emergent parts of the volcanic island arc, the eroded roots of which now form the central part of the Antarctic Peninsula, were covered
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and other marine sediments. As reflected in the plant fossils, paleosols, and climate models, the climate was warm, humid, and seasonally dry. According to climate models, the summers were dry and winters were wet. The rivers were perennial and subject to intermittent flooding as the result of heavy
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These fossil plants are indicative of tropical and subtropical forest at high paleolatitudes during the Middle and Late
Cretaceous, which grew in climates without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures and with adequate moisture for growth. The Cretaceous strata of James Ross Island
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A rich record of fossil leaves, wood, pollen, and flowers demonstrates that flowering plants thrived in subtropical climates within the volcanic island arcs that occupied the
Antarctic Peninsula region during the Cretaceous and very early Paleogene periods. The analysis of fossil leaves and flowers
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is generally much colder, with mean temperatures exceeding 0 °C (32 °F) for at most one month of summer, and winter mean temperatures ranging from −5 to −25 °C (23 to −13 °F). The colder temperatures of the southeast, Weddell Sea side, of the
Antarctic Peninsula are reflected in
2623:
Francis, J. E.; Ashworth, A.; Cantrill, D. J.; Crame, J. A.; Howe, J.; Stephens, R.; Tosolini, A.-M.; Thorn, V. (2008). "100 Million Years of
Antarctic Climate Evolution: Evidence from Fossil Plants". In Cooper, A. K.; Barrett, P. J.; Stagg, H.; Storey, B.; Stump, E.; Wise, W.; et al. (eds.).
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Analysis of paleontologic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic data acquired from the study of drill core and seismic acquired during the
Shallow Drilling on the Antarctic Continental Shelf (SHALDRIL) and other projects and from fossil collections from and rock outcrops within Alexander, James Ross,
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Precipitation varies greatly within the Antarctic Peninsula. From the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula to 68° S, precipitation averages 35–50 cm (14–20 in) per year. A good portion of this precipitation falls as rain during the summer, on two-thirds of the days of the year, and with little
144:. Over the past 50 years, the warm, moist maritime climate of the northern WAP has shifted south. This climatic change increasingly displaces the once dominant cold, dry continental Antarctic climate. This regional warming has caused multi-level responses in the marine ecosystem such as increased
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climate was established in the region. It initially started about 18,000 to 14,000 years ago with retreat of the ice sheet from the Pacific outer continental shelf and the continental margin within the Weddell Sea. Within the Weddell Sea, the transition from grounded ice to a floating ice shelf
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During the Cenozoic climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was the last region of Antarctica to have been fully glaciated according to current research. As a result, this region was probably the last refugium for plants and animals that had inhabited Antarctica after it separated from the
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Detailed studies of the paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of glacial and nonglacial deposits within the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the Weddell Sea and its Pacific continental shelf have found that it has become progressively glaciated as the climate of Antarctica
1321:, the Antarctic Peninsula and its associated islands were completely buried by the ice sheet. In addition, the ice sheet extended past the present shoreline onto the Pacific outer continental shelf and completely filled the Weddell Sea up to the continental margin with grounded ice.
1589:. The penguins return each year and may reach populations of more than ten thousand. Of these the most common on the Antarctic Peninsula are the chinstrap and gentoo, with the only breeding colony of emperor penguins in West Antarctica an isolated population on the
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and prehistoric ice sheet fluctuation of it for over the last 100 million years. This research shows the dramatic changes in climate, which have occurred within this region after it reached its approximate position within the Antarctic Circle during the
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After the peak warmth of the Cretaceous thermal maximum the climate, both regionally and globally, appears to have cooled as seen in the Antarctic fossil wood record. Later, warm high-latitude climates returned to the Antarctic Peninsula region during the
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period, the size of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has fluctuated in response to glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial epochs, this ice sheet was significantly thicker than it is currently and extended to the edge of the continental shelves. During
122:. Beneath the ice sheet that covers it, the Antarctic Peninsula consists of a string of bedrock islands; these are separated by deep channels whose bottoms lie at depths considerably below current sea level. They are joined by a grounded ice sheet.
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Anderson, J. B.; Warny, S.; Askin, R. A.; Wellner, J. S.; Bohaty, S. M.; Kirshner, A. E.; Livsey, D. N.; Simms, A. R.; Smith, Tyler R.; Ehrmann, W.; Lawverh, L. A.; Barbeaui, D.; Wise, S. W.; Kulhanek, D. K.; Weaver, F. M.; Majewski, W. (2012).
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when the transition from a temperate, alpine glaciation to a dynamic ice sheet occurred. Eventually, the Antarctic Peninsula was overridden by an ice sheet, which has persisted without any interruption to this day, in the early Pliocene, about
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indicates that semitropical woodlands, which were composed of ancestors of plants that live in the tropics today, thrived within this region during a global thermal maximum with summer temperatures that averaged 20 °C (68 °F).
1836:, a tundra landscape completely replaced any remaining woodlands. At this time, woodlands became completely extirpated from the Antarctic Peninsula and all of Antarctica. A tundra landscape probably persisted until about 12.8
1082:. Its temperatures are warmest in January, averaging 1 to 2 °C (34 to 36 °F), and coldest in June, averages from −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F). Its west coast from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula south to
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as reflected in fossil plants. Abundant plant and marine fossils from Paleogene marine sediments that outcrop on Seymour Island indicate the presence of cool and moist, high-latitudes environment during the early Eocene.
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concentrations. Initially, during the Eocene, this climate cooling resulted in a decrease in diversity of the angiosperm-dominated vegetation that inhabited the northern Antarctic Peninsula. During the Oligocene, about
1783:(monkey puzzle) from Chile. They suggest that the adjacent parts of the prehistoric Antarctic Peninsula were covered by forests that grew in a cool and moist, high-latitude environment during the early Eocene.
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The oldest fossil plants come from the middle Cretaceous (Albian) Fossil Bluff Group, which outcrop along the edge of Alexander Island. These fossils reveal that at this time the forests consisted of large
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This research found that vegetation within the Antarctic Peninsula changed in response to a progressive climatic cooling that started with the initiation of mountain glaciation in the latest Eocene, about
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Johnson, J. S.; Bentley, M. J.; Roberts, S. J.; Binnie, S. A.; Freeman, S. P. H. T. (2011). "Holocene deglacial history of the northeast Antarctic Peninsula — A review and new chronological constraints".
456:
The 1950s saw a marked increase in the number of research bases as Britain, Chile and Argentina competed to make claims over the same area. Meteorology and geology were the primary research subjects.
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Hayes, P. A.; Francis, J. E.; Cantrill, D. J. (2006). "Palaeoclimate of Late Cretaceous Angiosperm leaf floras, James Ross Island, Antarctic". In Francis, J. E.; Pirrie, D.; Crame, J. A. (eds.).
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with the greatest change occurring in the northern tip of the peninsula. Seven ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated or disintegrated in the last two decades. Research by the
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have been the subject of intensive geologic, paleontologic, and paleoclimatic research by interdisciplinary and multinational groups over the last several decades. The combined study of the
1417:-covered rocks are free of snow during the summer months, although the weather is still intensely cold and the growing season very short. The plant life today is mainly mosses, lichens and
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islands have precipitation of 100–200 cm (39–79 in) per year and the dry interior of Antarctica is a virtual desert with only 10 cm (3.9 in) precipitation per year.
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1709:, which bans industrial development, waste disposal and nuclear testing, there is still a threat to these fragile ecosystems from increasing tourism, primarily on cruises across the
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Falcon-Lang, H. J.; Cantrill, D. J.; Nichols, G. J. (2001). "Biodiversity and terrestrial ecology of a mid-Cretaceous, high-latitude floodplain, Alexander Island, Antarctica".
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in the lower parts of the glaciers. Professor David Vaughan has described the disintegration of the Wilkins Ice Shelf as the latest evidence of rapid warming in the area. The
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or the British name "Graham Land" for this geographic feature. This dispute was resolved by making Graham Land the part of the Antarctic Peninsula northward of a line between
1967:
Ducklow, Hugh W; Baker, Karen; Martinson, Douglas G; Quetin, Langdon B; Ross, Robin M; Smith, Raymond C; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Vernet, Maria; Fraser, William (2007-01-29).
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on the continent can be found there, or on the many nearby islands, and it is the part of Antarctica most often visited by tour vessels and yachts. Occupied bases include
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Heroy, D. C.; Anderson, J. B. (2005). "Ice-sheet extent of the Antarctic Peninsula region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) — insights from glacial geomorphology".
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is the world's southernmost colony of gentoo penguins. The exposed rocks on the island is one of many locations on the peninsula that provides a good habitat for
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has yielded a record of the changes in terrestrial vegetation that occurred within the Antarctic Peninsula over the course of the past 37 million years.
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The most likely first sighting of the Antarctic Peninsula, and therefore also of the whole Antarctic mainland, was on 27 January 1820 by an expedition of the
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3514:
1317:, about 20,000 to 18,000 years ago, the ice sheet covering the Antarctic Peninsula was significantly thicker than it is now. Except for a few isolated
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epochs, the West Antarctica Ice Sheet was thinner than during glacial epochs and its margins lay significantly inland of the continental margins.
3005:
Ferrigno, J. G.; Cook, A. J.; Mathie, A. M.; Williams, R. S. Jr.; Swithinbank, C.; Foley, K. M.; Fox, A. J.; Thomson, J. W.; Sievers, J. (2009).
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has revealed that every ice front on the southern half of the peninsula experienced a retreat between 1947 and 2009. According to a study by the
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dramatically and progressively cooled during the last 37 million years. This progressive cooling was contemporaneous with a reduction in
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1449:) are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, including offshore islands, where the climate is relatively mild.
1281:. At this time, the Antarctic Peninsula formed as the bedrock islands underlying it were overridden and joined by an ice sheet in the early
3139:
Salgado, L.; Gasparini, Z. (2006). "Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica)".
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17:
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The peninsula is very mountainous, its highest peaks rising to about 2,800 m (9,200 ft). Notable peaks on the peninsula include
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3199:
464:
2284:
Sweet, Stephen T.; Kennicutt, Mahlon C.; Klein, Andrew G. (2015-02-20). "The Grounding of theBahía Paraíso, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica".
1074:, is the most northerly part of Antarctica, it has the mildest climates within this continent. Its climate is therefore classified as a
322:, one of the first expeditions to explore parts of Antarctica. They landed on the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1902, aboard the ship
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2702:
Ingolfsson, O.; Hjort, C.; Humlum, O. (2003). "Glacial and Climate History of the Antarctic Peninsula since the Last Glacial Maximum".
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concentrations. During this climatic cooling, the Antarctic Peninsula was probably the last region of Antarctica to have been fully
32:
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2093:"Recent Changes in Phytoplankton Communities Associated with Rapid Regional Climate Change Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula"
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adapted to this harsh environment, with lichens preferring the wetter areas of the rocky landscape. The most common lichens are
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and are dominated by leaves, cone scales, and leafy branches of Araucarian conifers, very similar in all respects to living
885:. The Lemaire Channel is a popular destination for tourist cruise ships that visit Antarctica. Further to the west lies the
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as Antarctica separated from South America. The South Shetland Island separated from Graham Land about 4 Ma as a volcanic
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connecting the two. This is the basis for the position advanced by Chile and Argentina for their territorial claims. The
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Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences
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284:, with a British expedition, were the first to chart part of the Antarctic Peninsula. This area was later to be called
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The marine ecosystem around the western continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has been subjected to rapid
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The Antarctic Peninsula is currently dotted with numerous research stations, and nations have made multiple claims of
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are both just off the east coast. A number of smaller peninsulas extend from the main Antarctic Peninsula, including
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Other portions of the peninsula are named by and after the various expeditions that discovered them, including the
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1362:, glaciers on the peninsula are not only retreating but also increasing their flow rate as a result of increased
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the part southward of that line, which is roughly 69° S. Palmer Land is named for the United States seal hunter
187:, the respective countries do not attempt to enforce their claims. The British claim, however, is recognised by
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1273:. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, mountain glaciation was initiated during the latest Eocene, about 37–34
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climates with adequate moisture for growth and without extended periods of below freezing winter temperatures.
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Livingstone, S. J.; Cofaigh, C. O.; Stokes, C. R.; Hillenbrand, C.-D.; Vieli, A.; Jamieson, S. S. R. (2011).
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Schofield, O.; Ducklow, H. W.; Martinson, D. G.; Meredith, M. P.; Moline, M. A.; Fraser, W. R. (2010-06-18).
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The Antarctic Peninsula is 522,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi) in area and 80% ice-covered.
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1807:. The cooling was contemporaneous with glaciation elsewhere in Antarctica and a reduction in atmospheric CO
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There are various volcanoes in the islands around the Antarctic Peninsula. This volcanism is related to
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Because of issues concerning global climate change, the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent parts of the
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which is native to many sub-Antarctic islands, the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America.
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and is the extreme northeast portion of the peninsula. The next confirmed sighting was in 1832 by
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after being hunted towards extinction, has returned to the waters around the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Thomson, Michael; Swithinbank, Charles (1 August 1985). "The prospects for Antarctic Minerals".
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838:, which experienced significant breakup in 2002. Other ice shelves on the peninsula include the
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associated with this subduction is evident in the Scotia Metamorphic Complex, which outcrops on
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3011:. Geologic Investigations Series Map no. I-2600-C. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
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307:, was almost certainly the first. But, sealers were secretive about their movements and their
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2091:; Ducklow, H. W.; Fraser, W.; Martinson, D.; Stammerjohn, S. E.; Schofield, O. (2009-03-13).
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Although this very remote part of the world has never been inhabited and is protected by the
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species found on the peninsula, especially near the tip and surrounding islands, include the
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372:, the Chilean patriot and Antarctic visionary. Most other Spanish-speaking countries call it
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fish that lives in sub-zero water temperatures around the peninsula. Vocalizations of the
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and nonglacial deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula has allowed the reconstruction of the
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is the island arc system that links the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula to those of
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Since the peninsula has the mildest climate in Antarctica, the highest concentration of
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which sank not far from the peninsula. All crew were rescued by an Argentine ship. The
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of the Antarctic Peninsula largely occurred between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago as an
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on the west coast of the peninsula. Most emperor penguins breed in East Antarctica.
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The animals of Antarctica live on food they find in the sea—not on land—and include
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and subsequent 170,000 US gal (640,000 L; 140,000 imp gal)
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in 1964 resolved a long-standing difference over the use of the United States' name
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Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Palmer Land Area, Antarctica: 1947–2009
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are found in the seas surrounding the peninsula and the rest of the continent. The
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Nearly cloud-free view of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula during spring
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were deliberately unreliable, to protect any new sealing grounds from competition.
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2387:"Geochemical signatures of tephras from Quaternary Antarctic Peninsula volcanoes"
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aircraft, and concluded that Graham Land was not an archipelago but a peninsula.
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Islands along the peninsula are mostly ice-covered and connected to the land by
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create a funneling effect, which channels the winds into the relatively narrow
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Biodiversity at Ardley Island, South Shetland archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula
2225:"Antarctic Life: No Dogs, Few Vegetables and 'a Little Intense' in the Winter"
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is found in the middle of the peninsula. Other geographical features include
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The first European to land on the continent is also disputed. A 19th-century
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can be heard emanating from the waters surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula.
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2555:"Progressive Cenozoic cooling and the demise of Antarctica's last refugium"
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Warm high-latitude climates reached a peak during the mid-Late Cretaceous
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3026:"Hundreds Of Antarctic Peninsula Glaciers Accelerating As Climate Warms"
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The coasts of the peninsula have the mildest climate in Antarctica and
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991:
947:
939:
890:
801:
641:
606:
559:
544:
111:
100:
81:
3164:
Account of a tourist visit to the Antarctic Peninsula by Roderick Eime
2790:
Cretaceous-Tertiary High Latitude Palaeoenvironments, James Ross Basin
2342:
New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain
1973:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3369:
2683:
1734:
1718:
1671:
1604:
and West Antarctica found on the peninsula include: southern fulmar (
1494:
1467:
1250:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1130:
894:
680:
is an active volcano at the southern end of this rift zone. Notable
665:
515:
188:
183:. None of these claims have international recognition and, under the
1301:
3980:
3394:
3098:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
2821:
2502:. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
1817:
1760:
1520:
1363:
1282:
1190:
1178:
1063:
904:
862:
626:
594:
579:
571:
548:
533:
368:. The Chilean name for the feature, O'Higgins Land, is in honor of
270:
3726:
3118:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 50–51, 160–231.
2794:. Special Publication 258. Geological Society of London. pp.
1832:
as the climate continued to cool. By middle Miocene, 16–11.6
1021:
at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. Also located here are the
2319:
Geology of Graham Land, in Antarctic Peninsula: A Visitor's Guide
2026:"How Do Polar Marine Ecosystems Respond to Rapid Climate Change?"
2023:
1769:, which was the first dinosaur fossil to be found on Antarctica.
1747:
1714:
1586:
1562:
1524:
1516:
1429:
1318:
1306:
1198:
1154:
1079:
1059:
831:
551:
540:
308:
3085:
1829:
1414:
1254:
1186:
1182:
1091:
the persistence of ice shelves that cling to the eastern side.
1075:
776:, which is the highest point at 3,239 m (10,627 ft),
681:
555:
345:
200:
192:
1370:
has been unable to determine the greatest potential effect on
605:
deposits. Volcanism along western Graham Land dates from the
445:
The first Antarctic research stations were established during
171:. The peninsula is part of disputed and overlapping claims by
3177:
2288:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 547–556.
2086:
1485:
spends most of its life in the same waters feeding on krill.
1423:
1418:
789:
788:. These mountains are considered to be a continuation of the
637:
633:
234:
Off the coast of the Peninsula are numerous islands. Here is
161:
2904:"Even The Antarctic Winter Cannot Protect Wilkins Ice Shelf"
2622:
1070:
Because the Antarctic Peninsula, which reaches north of the
87:
2984:
2863:
2716:
10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0175:gachot]2.0.co;2
1966:
1410:
959:
669:
629:
110:, protruding 1,300 km (810 miles) from a line between
106:
The Antarctic Peninsula is part of the larger peninsula of
80:
in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland
3004:
2739:
2489:
2817:
2815:
2735:
2733:
2632:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp.
2551:
1969:"Marine pelagic ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula"
333:
between 1934 and 1937 carried out aerial surveys using a
2697:
2695:
2693:
2385:
Kraus, Stefan; Kurbatov, Andrei; Yates, Martin (2013).
2317:
Leat, Philip; Francis, Jane (2019). Fox, Adrian (ed.).
1433:
species. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the
865:. Separating the peninsula from nearby islands are the
597:, with the breakup of Gondwana, and outcrop in eastern
2812:
2730:
1193:
that form the Fossil Bluff Group accumulated within a
164:
recruitment, abundance and availability to predators.
2701:
2690:
830:. The peninsula has a sharp elevation gradient, with
636:, and indicate Graham Land was a continuation of the
376:, though Argentina also officially refers to this as
130:, is about 1,000 km (620 miles) away across the
2785:
1852:
1201:
backbone of the Antarctic Peninsula, in prehistoric
2998:
2781:
2779:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2283:
938:, is near the northern extremity of the peninsula,
696:, Early Cretaceous sediments in Byers Peninsula on
609:to present times, and outcrops are found along the
340:Agreement on the name "Antarctic Peninsula" by the
3515:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
2857:
2384:
2321:. London: Natural History Museum. pp. 18–31.
2207:
1221:. Plant fossils found within the Late Cretaceous (
2187:"British Research Stations and Refuges - History"
1755:by either warm temperate or subtropical forests.
1334:at the margin of an ice-covered continent during
226:on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, 2001
4079:
3138:
2776:
2650:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2560:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
656:, along with Clarence and Smith Islands of the
518:occurred near the Antarctic Peninsula in 1989.
3055:"Wilkins Ice Shelf hanging by its last thread"
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1871:Argentina–Chile relations § Border issues
640:. This line of volcanoes are associated with
625:. These rocks in western Graham Land include
3742:
3193:
2661:
2538:
2506:
1177:, provides a detailed record, which includes
499:, the first person to be born in Antarctica.
2599:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2286:Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology
2222:
2159:The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica
1724:
160:community composition as well as changes in
3081:
3079:
3020:
3018:
2742:Journal of the Geological Society of London
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2460:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
2358:"Operation IceBridge Returns to Antarctica"
2316:
1913:
1700:
118:) and a point on the mainland south of the
99:Location of the Antarctic Peninsula within
3749:
3735:
3200:
3186:
2458:Natural History of The Antarctic Peninsula
2378:
942:, at 63°13′S. Near the tip at Hope Bay is
826:The landscape of the peninsula is typical
3132:
2935:"Satellites Shed Light On Global Warming"
2582:
2572:
2524:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2438:
2404:
2000:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1813:
1804:
1774:
1610:), the scavenging southern giant petrel (
1368:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1286:
1278:
1274:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3076:
3015:
2519:
2474:
1728:
1397:
1390:, once reduced to a small population on
1381:
1323:
1300:
1058:
1050:
731:
723:
715:
507:The grounding of the Argentine ship the
465:Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme
426:
229:
210:
94:
86:
27:Peninsula located in northern Antarctica
2898:
2896:
2419:
1930:
1374:that glaciers in the region may cause.
986:along the west coast of the peninsula.
246:
14:
4080:
2977:"Antarctic Heating and Cooling Trends"
2837:(1–2) (published 2011-10-25): 90–128.
2704:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
2664:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2235:
2152:
2150:
1828:) and conifer-dominated woodlands and
728:Satellite image of Antarctic Peninsula
276:Three days later, on 30 January 1820,
3730:
3181:
3116:Antarctic Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide
3113:
3102:
2256:
2156:
342:Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names
3706:
3173:89 photos of the Antarctic Peninsula
2893:
2455:
1935:. New York, NY: McFarland & Co.
1628:), the small Wilson's storm-petrel (
422:
3756:
3047:
2350:
2335:
2147:
998:are all on the west coast as well.
858:lies to the east of the peninsula.
477:Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
24:
2201:
1881:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula
1377:
528:Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula
346:UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee
267:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
25:
4129:
3155:
2958:. TerraDaily.com. 14 January 2008
2424:. Sydney: ABC Books. p. 40.
2259:"Struggling to Protect 'The Ice'"
2242:"The world's frozen clean room".
1102:
954:is called the Trinity Peninsula.
449:by a British military operation,
3705:
3696:
3695:
3455:
3090:(2011). Cleveland, C. J. (ed.).
2494:(2009). Cleveland, C. J. (ed.).
2257:Smith, James F. (5 April 1990).
1855:
532:Antarctica was once part of the
72:in Argentina, and originally as
3065:from the original on 2008-08-08
3036:from the original on 2008-07-05
2969:
2948:
2937:. TerraDaily.com. 29 April 2007
2927:
2916:from the original on 2008-06-17
2887:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.011
2843:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.003
2413:
2310:
2277:
2250:
2223:Simon Romero (6 January 2016).
1646:), the large south polar skua (
1457:is an example of this habitat.
1356:United States Geological Survey
3207:
3092:"Marielandia Antarctic tundra"
2824:"Antarctic palaeo-ice streams"
2422:Antarctica: Heart of the World
2216:
2179:
2080:
2017:
1960:
1949:
1185:plants, of Middle Cretaceous (
1113:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1109:Antarctica cooling controversy
893:. The Antarctic Peninsula and
331:British Graham Land expedition
76:in the United Kingdom and the
13:
1:
1956:Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet
1906:
1891:Instituto Antártico Argentino
1820:were replaced by a mosaic of
1189:) terrestrial climates. The
796:, with a submarine spine or
720:Geographic map of Antarctica
711:
574:Trinity Peninsula Group are
502:
438:at the wharf of the British
320:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
18:Marielandia Antarctic tundra
7:
4103:Chilean Antarctic Territory
4098:British Antarctic Territory
3086:Hogan, C. M.; Draggan, S.;
2981:Goddard Space Flight Center
1848:
273:covered by small hillocks.
10:
4134:
2867:Quaternary Science Reviews
2294:10.1002/9781118989982.ch23
2189:. British Antarctic Survey
1933:Antarctic: An Encyclopedia
1795:King George, Seymour, and
1670:). The imperial shag is a
1219:Cretaceous Thermal Maximum
1106:
1044:
1040:
525:
521:
250:
206:
126:, the southernmost tip of
3904:
3863:
3764:
3691:
3644:
3543:
3507:
3464:
3453:
3408:
3357:
3280:
3215:
1725:Paleoflora and paleofauna
1001:On the east coast is the
257:Voyage of the James Caird
3876:Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf
3365:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2522:Antarctic Marine Geology
2520:Anderson, J. B. (1999).
2366:. NASA. October 15, 2011
2345:British Antarctic Survey
1701:Threats and preservation
1360:British Antarctic Survey
1173:, which outcrops within
1015:Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula
966:is found here also. The
889:and in the north is the
856:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
485:Rothera Research Station
440:Rothera Research Station
2574:10.1073/pnas.1014885108
2420:Tulloch, Coral (2003).
2406:10.5027/andgeoV40n1-a01
2117:10.1126/science.1164533
2050:10.1126/science.1185779
1707:Antarctic Treaty System
1664:), and Antarctic tern (
1541:Leptonychotes weddellii
1475:seen on coastal rocks.
700:, and the sediments on
543:from this time include
431:German research vessel
314:Between 1901 and 1904,
185:Antarctic Treaty System
91:Antarctic Peninsula map
3905:Seas and major islands
2363:NASA Earth Observatory
1985:10.1098/rstb.2006.1955
1797:South Shetland Islands
1738:
1733:Antarctic Peninsula's
1649:Catharacta maccormicki
1637:Phalacrocorax atriceps
1545:southern elephant seal
1439:Deschampsia antarctica
1406:
1395:
1338:
1310:
1197:, which now forms the
1067:
1056:
871:Erebus and Terror Gulf
737:
729:
721:
692:Fossil Bluff Group of
684:locations include the
658:South Shetland Islands
495:was the birthplace of
469:Bellingshausen Station
442:
374:la Península Antártica
243:
227:
103:
92:
3114:Lowen, James (2011).
3096:Encyclopedia of Earth
3059:European Space Agency
2831:Earth-Science Reviews
2762:10.1144/jgs.158.4.709
2500:Encyclopedia of Earth
2496:"Antarctic Peninsula"
2163:Australian Geographic
2161:. Terrey Hills, NSW:
2157:Scott, Keith (1993).
1773:about 51.5–49.5
1732:
1677:Also present are the
1640:), snowy sheathbill (
1613:Macronectes giganteus
1607:Fulmarus glacialoides
1557:Lobodon carcinophagus
1527:. The seals include:
1502:Antarctic minke whale
1447:Colobanthus quitensis
1401:
1385:
1327:
1309:in thousands of years
1304:
1062:
1054:
1047:Climate of Antarctica
1045:Further information:
1033:, the twin towers of
813:extensional tectonics
735:
727:
719:
706:Cretaceous extinction
632:and granite from the
584:Prince Gustav Channel
430:
335:de Havilland Fox Moth
263:Imperial Russian Navy
253:History of Antarctica
233:
214:
98:
90:
4108:Antarctic ecoregions
4093:Argentine Antarctica
3896:Sulzberger Ice Shelf
3855:Queen Elizabeth Land
3811:King Edward VII Land
2956:"Antarctic Ice Loss"
2873:(27–28): 3791–3802.
2165:. pp. 114–118.
1931:Stewart, J. (2011).
1655:Catharacta lönnbergi
1435:Antarctic hair grass
1315:Last Glacial Maximum
984:Forster Ice Piedmont
704:, which include the
378:Tierra de San Martín
247:Discovery and naming
70:Tierra de San Martín
4088:Antarctic Peninsula
3772:Antarctic Peninsula
3678:Robert Falcon Scott
3335:South magnetic pole
3293:Antarctic Peninsula
3288:Biogeographic realm
3088:World Wildlife Fund
2879:2011QSRv...30.3791J
2754:2001JGSoc.158..709F
2676:2005GSAB..117.1497H
2567:(28): 11356–11360.
2492:World Wildlife Fund
2109:2009Sci...323.1470M
2103:(5920): 1470–1473.
2042:2010Sci...328.1520S
2036:(5985): 1520–1523.
1631:Oceanites oceanicus
1500:Whales include the
1451:Lagotellerie Island
1443:Antarctic pearlwort
1285:about 5.3–3.6
1195:volcanic island arc
922: /
497:Emilio Marcos Palma
62:Antarctic Peninsula
44: /
4038:King George Island
3934:Bellingshausen Sea
3616:Telecommunications
3530:Territorial claims
2490:Draggan, S. &
2347:, 11 December 2017
2246:. 22 January 1990.
1780:Araucaria araucana
1739:
1634:), imperial shag (
1407:
1396:
1388:Antarctic fur seal
1339:
1311:
1171:Fossil Bluff Group
1147:structural geology
1068:
1057:
1011:Åkerlundh Nunataks
887:Bellingshausen Sea
738:
730:
722:
672:formed within the
443:
370:Bernardo O'Higgins
350:"Palmer Peninsula"
244:
228:
104:
93:
4075:
4074:
4060:James Ross Island
4043:Livingston Island
4018:Coronation Island
3954:Rothschild Island
3864:Major ice shelves
3724:
3723:
3683:Ernest Shackleton
3611:Research stations
3556:Antarctic English
3525:National programs
3520:Military activity
3494:COVID-19 pandemic
3451:
3450:
3320:Floristic Kingdom
3225:Antarctic sea ice
2670:(11): 1497–1512.
2531:978-0-521-59317-5
2467:978-0-231-06269-5
2456:Moss, S. (1988).
2431:978-0-7333-0912-0
2303:978-1-118-98998-2
2264:Los Angeles Times
2172:978-1-86276-010-3
2087:Montes-Hugo, M.;
1942:978-0-7864-3590-6
1886:Hope Bay incident
1759:also yielded the
1713:from the port of
1661:Larus dominicanus
1567:chinstrap penguin
1533:Hydrurga leptonyx
1506:dwarf minke whale
1462:Xanthoria elegans
1123:continental shelf
1078:, rather than an
980:Prospect Glaciers
926:63.383°S 57.000°W
834:flowing into the
698:Livingston Island
674:Bransfield Strait
619:Argentine Islands
576:sedimentary rocks
461:research stations
451:Operation Tabarin
423:Research stations
316:Otto Nordenskjöld
286:Trinity Peninsula
278:Edward Bransfield
222:flank the narrow
48:69.500°S 65.000°W
16:(Redirected from
4125:
4033:Joinville Island
4023:D'Urville Island
3944:Alexander Island
3886:Larsen Ice Shelf
3751:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3673:James Clark Ross
3645:Famous explorers
3459:
3278:
3277:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3162:"Of Ice and Men"
3149:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2952:
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2945:
2943:
2942:
2931:
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2922:
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2891:
2890:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2684:10.1130/b25694.1
2659:
2648:
2647:
2631:
2620:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2576:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2453:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
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2274:
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2247:
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2233:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1896:Rendezvous Rocks
1865:
1863:Geography portal
1860:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1815:
1806:
1791:supercontinent.
1776:
1691:macaroni penguin
1679:Antarctic petrel
1622:), snow petrel (
1616:), Cape petrel (
1600:Seabirds of the
1583:Petermann Island
1549:Mirounga leonina
1473:crustose lichens
1288:
1280:
1276:
1209:and offshore as
1175:Alexander Island
1159:paleoclimatology
1121:and its Pacific
1072:Antarctic Circle
1023:Scaife Mountains
964:Sheppard Nunatak
937:
936:
934:
933:
932:
931:-63.383; -57.000
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
852:Bach Ice Shelves
836:Larsen Ice Shelf
828:Antarctic tundra
819:to the west and
806:Tierra del Fuego
694:Alexander Island
690:Early Cretaceous
678:Deception Island
664:opened about 30
578:that outcrop in
366:Nathaniel Palmer
238:and, behind it,
124:Tierra del Fuego
78:Palmer Peninsula
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
53:-69.500; -65.000
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4118:West Antarctica
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4028:Elephant Island
3974:Thurston Island
3939:Adelaide Island
3900:
3871:Abbot Ice Shelf
3859:
3823:Marie Byrd Land
3760:
3758:West Antarctica
3755:
3725:
3720:
3687:
3657:Richard E. Byrd
3640:
3601:Protected areas
3539:
3503:
3460:
3447:
3404:
3358:Bodies of Water
3353:
3342:West Antarctica
3298:East Antarctica
3276:
3211:
3206:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3112:
3103:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
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2933:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2862:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2784:
2777:
2738:
2731:
2700:
2691:
2660:
2651:
2644:
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2600:
2550:
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2532:
2518:
2507:
2488:
2475:
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2336:
2329:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2155:
2148:
2085:
2081:
2022:
2018:
1979:(1477): 67–94.
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1914:
1909:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1810:
1727:
1703:
1652:), brown skua (
1625:Pagodroma nivea
1619:Daption capense
1571:emperor penguin
1479:Antarctic krill
1403:Adélie penguins
1380:
1378:Flora and fauna
1267:
1115:
1105:
1049:
1043:
1019:Prehn Peninsula
930:
928:
924:
921:
916:
913:
911:
909:
908:
883:Lemaire Channel
879:Gerlache Strait
875:George VI Sound
867:Antarctic Sound
817:Bransfield Rift
714:
654:Elephant Island
623:Adelaide Island
615:Lemaire Channel
611:Gerlache Strait
593:erupted in the
564:Joerg Peninsula
530:
524:
505:
489:San Martín Base
425:
259:
249:
240:Adelaide Island
224:Lemaire Channel
209:
150:Adélie penguins
108:West Antarctica
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Charcot Island
4010:
4008:Brabant Island
4005:
3998:Southern Ocean
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Sherman Island
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:Ross Ice Shelf
3888:
3883:
3881:Getz Ice Shelf
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:Saunders Coast
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Walgreen Coast
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3789:Ellsworth Land
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3667:Ui-te-Rangiora
3664:
3662:Douglas Mawson
3659:
3654:
3652:Roald Amundsen
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Gateway cities
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Antarctica Day
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3421:Microorganisms
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:List of rivers
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Extreme points
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:Climate change
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3156:External links
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:(11): 119–135.
3131:
3124:
3101:
3075:
3061:. 2008-07-10.
3046:
3032:. 2007-06-06.
3014:
2997:
2987:. 12 July 2005
2968:
2947:
2926:
2912:. 2008-06-14.
2892:
2856:
2811:
2804:
2775:
2748:(4): 709–724.
2729:
2710:(2): 175–186.
2689:
2649:
2642:
2598:
2537:
2530:
2505:
2473:
2466:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2392:Andean Geology
2377:
2349:
2334:
2327:
2309:
2302:
2276:
2249:
2234:
2229:New York Times
2215:
2212:(1467): 31–35.
2200:
2178:
2171:
2146:
2079:
2016:
1959:
1948:
1941:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1847:
1822:southern beech
1808:
1726:
1723:
1711:Southern Ocean
1702:
1699:
1683:Antarctic shag
1667:Sterna vittata
1658:), kelp gull (
1602:Southern Ocean
1595:Marguerite Bay
1579:Adélie penguin
1575:gentoo penguin
1553:crabeater seal
1483:crabeater seal
1455:Marguerite Bay
1379:
1376:
1372:sea level rise
1265:
1264:atmospheric CO
1211:submarine fans
1104:
1103:Climate change
1101:
1042:
1039:
1027:Eternity Range
1003:Athene Glacier
996:Marguerite Bay
944:Sheppard Point
742:Deschanel Peak
713:
710:
702:Seymour Island
591:volcanic rocks
537:supercontinent
526:Main article:
523:
520:
504:
501:
493:Esperanza Base
481:Palmer Station
424:
421:
417:Wilkins Coasts
248:
245:
208:
205:
181:United Kingdom
146:heat transport
142:climate change
120:Eklund Islands
66:O'Higgins Land
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4066:
4065:Hearst Island
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:Renaud Island
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Anvers Island
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Spaatz Island
3967:
3965:
3964:Smyley Island
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Latady Island
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Ruppert Coast
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Bakutis Coast
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:Shirase Coast
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:English Coast
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
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3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Midwinter Day
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3535:Treaty System
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:McMurdo Sound
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
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3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3142:
3141:Geodiversitas
3135:
3127:
3125:9780691150338
3121:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3035:
3031:
3030:Science Daily
3027:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2936:
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2911:
2910:
2909:Science Daily
2905:
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2897:
2888:
2884:
2880:
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2868:
2860:
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2836:
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2807:
2805:9781862391970
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2643:9780309118545
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
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2607:
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2603:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:
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2433:
2427:
2423:
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2328:9780565094652
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2244:Business Week
2238:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2210:New Scientist
2204:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
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2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1846:
1841:5.3–3.6
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:Antarctopelta
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1698:
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1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
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1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Bald notothen
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:South Georgia
1389:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1332:sedimentation
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:. During the
1284:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
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1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:sedimentology
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:glacier, 2012
1065:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:Avery Plateau
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:Charlotte Bay
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
906:
902:
900:
899:Drake Passage
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
823:to the east.
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:South America
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Mount William
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Mounts Castro
743:
734:
726:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Late Jurassic
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Drake Passage
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Phoenix Plate
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Carboniferous
565:
561:
558:found in the
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
529:
519:
517:
513:
512:
511:Bahía Paraíso
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
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478:
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466:
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457:
454:
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448:
441:
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386:
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375:
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367:
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343:
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336:
332:
328:
326:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:William Smith
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
258:
254:
241:
237:
232:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:phytoplankton
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
133:
132:Drake Passage
129:
128:South America
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
97:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:in Chile and
67:
63:
57:
19:
3927:Siple Island
3922:Grant Island
3912:Amundsen Sea
3804:Eights Coast
3771:
3581:Firefighting
3566:Demographics
3489:Colonization
3484:World War II
3292:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3115:
3095:
3067:. Retrieved
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3029:
3007:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2960:. Retrieved
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2929:
2918:. Retrieved
2907:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2834:
2830:
2789:
2745:
2741:
2707:
2703:
2667:
2663:
2627:
2564:
2558:
2521:
2499:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2337:
2318:
2312:
2285:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2262:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2181:
2158:
2100:
2096:
2089:Doney, S. C.
2082:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1951:
1932:
1901:Summit Ridge
1876:Brategg Bank
1825:
1801:
1793:
1789:Gondwanaland
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1744:
1740:
1704:
1687:king penguin
1676:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1643:Chionis alba
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1591:Dion Islands
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:), the huge
1540:
1537:Weddell seal
1532:
1529:leopard seal
1514:
1510:killer whale
1499:
1477:
1471:are visible
1466:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1408:
1352:
1347:interglacial
1343:deglaciation
1340:
1336:interglacial
1329:Glaciomarine
1312:
1296:interglacial
1260:
1247:
1216:
1168:
1143:stratigraphy
1135:paleontology
1116:
1097:subantarctic
1093:
1069:
1000:
952:Cape Longing
903:
860:
825:
810:
739:
650:Metamorphism
603:volcanic ash
588:Ring of Fire
566:, while the
531:
510:
506:
473:Carlini Base
458:
455:
447:World War II
444:
434:
409:Nordenskjöld
382:
377:
373:
358:Cape Agassiz
339:
323:
313:
298:
275:
260:
216:Booth Island
166:
139:
136:
105:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
29:
4055:Weddell Sea
3986:Ross Island
3917:Dean Island
3838:Hobbs Coast
3799:Bryan Coast
3782:Palmer Land
3777:Graham Land
3669:(legendary)
3576:Field camps
3474:Expeditions
3400:Weddell Sea
3380:Lake Vostok
3375:Lake Mercer
3247:Ice shelves
2399:(1): 1–40.
1812:34–23
1803:37–34
1752:angiosperms
1695:Arctic tern
1491:cryopelagic
1313:During the
1243:subtropical
1203:floodplains
1151:volcanology
1119:Weddell Sea
956:Brown Bluff
929: /
821:Larsen Rift
786:Mount Scott
599:Graham Land
362:Palmer Land
354:Cape Jeremy
301:seal hunter
294:Graham Land
290:John Biscoe
236:Webb Island
220:Mount Scott
197:New Zealand
169:sovereignty
158:zooplankton
116:Weddell Sea
74:Graham Land
64:, known as
51: /
4082:Categories
3993:Scotia Sea
3479:Heroic Age
3330:South Pole
3240:Heat waves
3209:Antarctica
3069:2008-08-08
3040:2008-07-09
2991:2008-03-29
2962:2008-03-29
2941:2011-01-30
2920:2008-06-18
2370:15 October
2270:2011-01-30
2193:8 November
1907:References
1826:Nothofagus
1508:, and the
1291:Quaternary
1253:and early
1235:James Ross
1214:rainfall.
1164:Cretaceous
1127:glaciology
1107:See also:
1088:63° S
1084:68° S
992:Hughes Bay
958:is a rare
948:Cape Kater
940:Prime Head
891:Scotia Sea
802:Scotia Arc
782:Mount Owen
736:Relief map
642:subduction
607:Cretaceous
560:Scar Inlet
545:Ordovician
435:Polarstern
305:John Davis
251:See also:
179:, and the
112:Cape Adams
101:Antarctica
82:Antarctica
3631:Transport
3370:Lake CECs
3347:ice sheet
3303:ice sheet
3272:Volcanoes
3262:Mountains
3217:Geography
2851:129048010
2770:129448125
2125:0036-8075
2058:0036-8075
1993:0962-8436
1818:woodlands
1719:Argentina
1672:cormorant
1587:rookeries
1495:sei whale
1468:Caloplaca
1305:The last
1271:glaciated
1251:Paleocene
1231:Campanian
1227:Santonian
1223:Coniacian
1191:sediments
1179:paleosols
1131:ice sheet
1035:Una Peaks
1007:Arctowski
982:form the
895:Cape Horn
840:George VI
712:Geography
516:oil spill
503:Oil spill
405:Fallières
325:Antarctic
189:Australia
173:Argentina
3981:Ross Sea
3701:Category
3606:Religion
3508:Politics
3426:Wildlife
3395:Ross Sea
3257:Glaciers
3063:Archived
3034:Archived
2914:Archived
2724:55371952
2593:21709269
2133:19286554
2074:43782473
2066:20558708
2011:17405208
1849:See also
1816:, these
1761:dinosaur
1748:conifers
1737:movement
1735:tectonic
1577:and the
1525:penguins
1517:seabirds
1364:buoyancy
1319:nunataks
1283:Pliocene
1166:Period.
1133:and the
1064:Hope Bay
917:057°00′W
905:Hope Bay
881:and the
863:pack ice
832:glaciers
627:andesite
595:Jurassic
580:Hope Bay
572:Triassic
552:granites
549:Devonian
541:Outcrops
534:Gondwana
318:led the
309:logbooks
271:icefield
3711:Commons
3626:Tourism
3571:Economy
3544:Society
3466:History
3436:Mammals
3325:Islands
3281:Regions
3252:Geology
3230:Climate
2875:Bibcode
2750:Bibcode
2672:Bibcode
2584:3136253
2141:9723605
2105:Bibcode
2097:Science
2038:Bibcode
2030:Science
2002:1764834
1715:Ushuaia
1563:Penguin
1551:), and
1430:Bryoria
1307:ice age
1239:Seymour
1229:-early
1199:bedrock
1155:glacial
1129:of its
1080:ice cap
1041:Climate
976:Fleming
914:63°23′S
844:Wilkins
762:William
758:Jackson
754:Gilbert
660:. The
644:of the
522:Geology
401:English
265:led by
207:History
39:65°00′W
36:69°30′S
4113:Tundra
3308:shield
3267:Tundra
3122:
2849:
2802:
2768:
2722:
2640:
2591:
2581:
2528:
2464:
2428:
2325:
2300:
2169:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2009:
1999:
1991:
1939:
1830:tundra
1763:genus
1693:, and
1441:) and
1415:lichen
1405:, 2012
1255:Eocene
1207:deltas
1187:Albian
1183:fossil
1149:, and
1076:tundra
1025:. The
1005:; the
972:Seller
854:. The
848:Wordie
772:, and
682:fossil
621:, and
613:, the
556:gneiss
487:, and
415:, and
413:Loubet
385:Bowman
360:; and
201:Norway
199:, and
193:France
3765:Areas
3716:Index
3636:Women
3586:Flags
3561:Crime
3499:Years
3441:Krill
3431:Birds
3416:Flora
2847:S2CID
2827:(PDF)
2798:–62.
2766:S2CID
2720:S2CID
2636:–27.
2137:S2CID
2070:S2CID
1593:, in
1521:seals
1489:is a
1424:Usnea
1419:algae
907:, at
798:ridge
790:Andes
770:Scott
750:Coman
638:Andes
634:magma
630:lavas
397:Davis
393:Danco
389:Black
177:Chile
162:krill
3621:Time
3409:Life
3120:ISBN
2985:NASA
2800:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2589:PMID
2526:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2372:2011
2323:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2195:2014
2167:ISBN
2129:PMID
2121:ISSN
2062:PMID
2054:ISSN
2007:PMID
1989:ISSN
1937:ISBN
1523:and
1465:and
1427:and
1413:and
1411:moss
1386:The
1341:The
1225:and
1205:and
1181:and
1169:The
1111:and
1017:and
1009:and
994:and
978:and
968:Airy
962:and
960:tuya
850:and
784:and
774:Hope
766:Owen
670:rift
582:and
562:and
554:and
547:and
509:ARA
356:and
344:and
280:and
255:and
218:and
156:and
60:The
2883:doi
2839:doi
2835:111
2758:doi
2746:158
2712:doi
2680:doi
2668:117
2579:PMC
2569:doi
2565:108
2401:doi
2290:doi
2113:doi
2101:323
2046:doi
2034:328
1997:PMC
1981:doi
1977:362
1559:).
1535:),
1453:in
1153:of
950:to
815:in
792:of
688:to
601:as
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539:.
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