346:, for a multitude of reasons, but above all because it was considered the purest and noblest form of hunting. The ritual of the hunt was meant to heighten danger within a controlled context. Gaston, Duke of Orleans, argued against hunters taking game in more efficient ways such as by bow and arrow or by setting traps, saying, "I speak of this against my will, for I should only teach how to take beasts nobly and gently" ("mes de ce parle je mal voulentiers, quar je ne devroye enseigner a prendre les bestes si n'est par noblesce et gentillesce"). Hunters like Gaston hunted not to kill the largest game, but rather for the process of the hunt, preferring ritual over efficiency. This mode of hunting was also important in the upbringing of noble youths. Boys at the age of 7 or 8 years began to learn how to handle a horse, travel with a company in forests, and utilize a weapon, practicing these skills in hunting groups. As a result, young men in the nobility and royalty were able to transfer acquired skills such as horsemanship, weapons management, wood-crafting, terrain assessment, and strategy formation from the hunting grounds to the battlefield in wars. Hunting also cultivated their education, and taught them the importance of ritual and noble acts.
1027:. The foresters were among the most hated of royal officials as they were often corrupt, having a reputation for making illegal side profits on royal forest property by farming, extracting natural resources, and poaching game. They exacted many punishments for poaching game, farming, and other illegal activities on the royal forest. Heavy fines and imprisonment were the common discipline. While foresters were in charge of the upkeep of forest law, sometimes the king would employ the local sheriff to get involved. Hunting, however, was not the only function for the royal forest. Kings would also use these territories for cattle upbringing, farming, and extracting the land's resources. They also notably served as reserves for all kinds of wildlife. King Henry I of England was known for having a fascination with pet animals. His parks included wild animals like lions and leopards. Forest laws in regards to hunting created class distinctions. King Richard II of England issued the first game law in 1390. It constituted a property requirement of certain value to have hunting dogs or other hunting equipment.
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main differences between the two species of birds lies in their wings and tails. Falcons have long, narrow wings with a long tapered tail. As a result, they fly at incredibly high levels. To kill game, they elevate high up in the sky and then dive at their target. Their dives can go up to 200 mph. They utilized their talons on the downward dive to slash game. Usually their strikes kill the game with the first slash. Hawks, however, have shorter, rounder wings and longer tails. They glide along at lower altitudes. To kill their game, they glide toward their target and then use a burst of speed to close in. They utilize their talons to dig in and clutch onto their game until it is dead. As a result of their makeups, falcons and hawks were utilized by owners for different terrains. Falcons were used in open fields while hawks were used in marshlands and woodland.
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would poach game off royal forest property and sell it to commoners for a profit. Sometimes, these rings worked for other lords and even monks to supply them. The lords and monks in turn would either own consumption or sell it in the common marketplace for a profit. Game would not be the only item poached from royal forests. Many sought after its resources with wood in particular a highly sought commodity. Often the arresting of poachers did not end cleanly. Poachers would resist arrest, sometimes resorting to assaulting and shooting foresters to escape. There is a recorded instance of St Thomas Becket performing a miracle by healing a forester shot in the throat by poachers. Sometimes the nobility would engage in poaching by either taking more game than permitted or by hunting in a restricted area.
541:, inside or separate from the main domicile. Here the dogs would have oak beds to sleep on, and often also a second level where the dogs could go when the ground level became too hot or too cold. Outside the kennel there would be grass for the dogs to eat whenever they had digestive problems. To care for the dogs would be a hierarchy of servants such as pages, varlets, aides and veneurs; the page being the lowest, often a young boy. Pages would often sleep in the kennels with the dogs, to keep them from fighting and care for them if they got sick. Though this might seem harsh by modern standards, the warm dog house could often be much more comfortable than the sleeping quarters of other medieval servants.
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911:, and in some rare cases to protect humans. Pelts were the only considered practical use for wolves, and were usually made into cloaks or mittens, though not without hesitation, due to the wolf's foul odour. There were generally no restrictions or penalties in the civilian hunting of wolves, except in royal game reserves, under the reasoning that the temptation for an intruding commoner to shoot a deer there was too great. In 9th-century France,
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to the forces used, was described by the German knight
Guicennas. This was a party of two or three men on foot advancing slowly and quietly with partial concealment from horses (literal 'stalking horses' - because deer are relatively unalarmed by quadrupeds), so as to induce the deer to move without undue alarm into range of concealed archers. This required patience, a low profile attitude, and a deep appreciation of animal psychology.
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522:. Handled on a long leash, the lymer would be used to find the lay of the game before the hunt even started, and it was therefore important that, in addition to having a good nose, it remained quiet. Silence in the lymer was achieved through a combination of breeding and training. Other dogs used for hunting were the kennet (a small hunting dog, from ONF 'kenet', a diminutive of 'chien'), the
492:. This breed was valued first and foremost for its speed, but also for its ability to attack and take down the game. Since the greyhound did not have much stamina, it was essential that it be not released before the quarry was in sight, toward the end of the hunt. Furthermore, greyhounds, though aggressive hunters, were valued for their docile temper at home, and often allowed inside as pets.
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And therefore the book of venery, of hawking and hunting, is called Sir
Tristram's. Therefore all gentlemen who bear old arms ought to honour Sir Tristram for the goodly terms that gentlemen have and use, and shall until Doomsday, that through them all men of respect may distinguish a gentleman from a yeoman and a yeoman from a villein. (
605:, a special edifice found in most large medieval households, mostly a certain distance from the main domicile, so that the hawks would not be disturbed. The mews could be rather elaborate structures. There would be windows in the wall, and the ground would be kept clean so that the bird's regurgitations could be found and analyzed.
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commence their sport at the mating season, when the animals were more aggressive. Records show that wild boar were abundant in medieval Europe; this is correlated by documents from noble families and the clergy demanding tribute from commoners in the form of boar carcasses or body parts. In 1015 for example, the
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Hunting "by bow and stable" had less prestige, but could produce greater results. The quarry, often a whole herd, would be driven by hounds to a predetermined place. Here archers would be ready to kill the animals with bow and arrow. The subtlest form of hunting, and also the most productive relative
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Training a hawk was a painstaking process. It was normal at first to "seel" the bird's eyelids—sew them shut—so that it would not be scared or distracted. The trainer would then carry the hawk on his arm for several days, to get it accustomed to human presence. The eyes would gradually be
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Falconry, a common activity in the Middle Ages, was the training of falcons and hawks for personal usage, which included hunting game. Falcons and hawks have different physical makeups which affects their mode of hunting. Ducks, herons, and cranes were the common game hunted by falcons and hawks. The
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As he grew in power and strength he laboured in hunting and hawking – never a gentleman that we ever heard of did more. And as the book says he devised good fanfares to blow for beasts of venery, and beasts of the chase and all kinds of vermin, and all the terms we still have in hawking and hunting.
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was considered a simple pastime, the hunting of boars in
Medieval Europe was mostly done by nobles for the purpose of honing martial skill. It was traditional for the noble to dismount his horse once the boar was cornered and to finish it with a dagger. To increase the challenge, some hunters would
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The dog was essential for several purposes. Its good sense of smell made it invaluable in finding the quarry. It would then assist in driving the hunted animal and, when the animal was finally at bay, the dog would either be the instrument of attack, or distract the quarry while the hunter moved in
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Of all the falcons, the gyrfalcon was considered the best one. They were thought of the highest quality when white ones were imported from
Greenland. King Frederick II considered them the best "out of respect to their size, strength, audacity, and swiftness". Of the hawks, the goshawk was the most
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One of the striking things about medieval hunting is its devotion to terminology. All aspects of the hunt – each different animal to be hunted, in each year of its development, each of its body parts, each stage of the chase, each feature of the hounds' behaviour – had its separate term. Knowledge
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Poaching was a common offense in the Middle Ages. It was an act that was engaged by all of society and was widely tolerated by it. All kinds of poachers engaged in this illegal act, but sometimes it was a highly organized activity. Poachers worked together in rings to accomplish their goals. They
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The royal forest was an area of land designated to the king for hunting and forestry; it included woodland, heathland, and agricultural land. As of the 12th century nearly a third of
England's territory was assigned as royal forest. Only the king and other permitted members of the nobility were
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would be used. The courser, though inferior to the destrier and much smaller than today's horses, still had to be powerful enough to carry the rider at high speeds over large distances, agile, so it could maneuver difficult terrain without difficulty, and fearless enough not to be scared when
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unseeled, and the training would begin. (Seeling is no longer practised in falconry and is illegal in most countries). The bird would be encouraged to fly from its perch to the falconer's hand over a gradually longer distance. Hunting game would be encouraged first by the use of meat, then a
171:. While humans hunted wild animals since time immemorial, and all classes engaged in hunting as an important source of food and at times the principal source of nutrition, the necessity of hunting was transformed into a stylized pastime of the aristocracy. In Europe in the
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demanded for himself and his successors the head and feet of every boar killed in his area of influence. The boar was a highly dangerous animal to hunt; it would fight ferociously when under attack, and could easily kill a dog, a horse, or a man. It was hunted
463:, or warhorses, a powerful and expensive animal that in late medieval England could obtain prices of up to ÂŁ80. Although it had the necessary qualities, the destrier would not be used for hunting, due to its value. Instead, a special breed called a
390:(1100), it was not generally used for hunting until the second half of the 15th century. Cudgels (clubs) were used for clubbing small game in particular by women who joined the hunt. "Boar spears" were also used. With the introduction of handheld
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Hunting was a subject considered worthy of the attention of the greatest of men, and several prominent peers, kings and emperors wrote books on the topic. Among the best known sources for medieval hunting we have today, by nobles or others, are:
499:, or alant, was a somewhat more robust animal than the greyhound, and therefore used against larger game, such as bears or boars. The alaunt was considered a reckless animal, and had been known to attack domestic animals, or even its owner. The
792:: When the hart could run no longer, it would turn and try to defend itself. It was said to be "at bay." The hounds should now be kept from attacking, and the most prominent man in the hunting party would make the kill, with a sword or spear.
764:: Then, early on the day of the hunt, the hunting party would meet, examine the huntsman's information and the deer's droppings, and agree on how best to conduct the hunt. This would be a social gathering also, with breakfast served.
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Medieval terminology spoke of hawks of the tower and hawks of the fist, which roughly corresponds to falcons and hawks, respectively. The female hawk was preferred, since it was both larger than the male and easier to train. A male
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for the kill. Different breeds would be used for different tasks, and for different sorts of game, and while some of these breeds are recognizable to us today, the dogs were nevertheless somewhat different from modern breeds.
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for communication with the other hunters. In addition to this the hunter depended on the assistance of certain domesticated animals. Three animals in particular were essential tools for the medieval hunter: the
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Hunting could be extremely dangerous and serious injuries and deaths among the hunters were not uncommon. Even kings and emperors were not immune to hunting accidents. Those killed while hunting include:
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required each participant to have a specific role. If someone slipped in his role, not only could he easily get lost, but it put the rest of the group in danger by exposure. Many nobles hunted
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passed a law in 1427 requiring 3 wolf hunts a year between 25 April and 1 August, coinciding with the wolf's cubbing season. The wolf became extinct in
England during the reign of
744:, would seek out the quarry. By the help of tracks, broken branches and droppings he would try to locate the lay of the hart as accurately as possible; ideally he would see it.
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Most of the larger, wild mammals could be hunted. Different animals were valued for different qualities; both in the hunt itself, and in the meat and the fur they produced.
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By the 16th century, areas of land reserved for breeding and hunting of game were of three kinds, according to their degree of enclosure and being subject to Forest Laws:
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With the breakup of the
Carolingian Empire, local lords strove to maintain and monopolize the reserves and the taking of big game in forest reserves, and small game in
1948:
Lexicon of the
Mediaeval German Hunt: A Lexicon of Middle High German Terms (1050–1500), Associated with the Chase, Hunting with Bows, Falconry, Trapping and Fowling
710:. An animal should have at least ten tines to be considered worthy of hunting; this was referred to as a "hart of ten." Deer could be hunted in two different ways:
979:(1485–1509). Before its extinction in the British Isles, the wolf was considered by the English nobility as one of the five so called "Royal Beasts of the Chase".
770:: When the path of the hart had been predicted, relays of dogs were positioned along it. This way, it was assured that the dogs were not worn out before the hart.
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allowed to hunt game in the assigned area. To maintain this restriction, forest law was introduced to enforce the boundaries. Special officials known as
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832:. Other stories told of how the hart could become several hundred years old, and how a bone in the middle of its heart prevented it from dying of fear.
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Medieval books of hunting laid huge stress on the importance of correct terminology, a tradition which was further extended to great lengths in the
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English and French accounts agree on the general makeup of a hunt—they were well-planned so that everyone knew his role before going out. The hunt
1181:. The "minor arts" such as wooden chests, tapestries and wall paintings also depict such scenes. In the 14th and 15th centuries the most detailed
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highly valued. They were more expensive and brought in more money for training. Goshawks from
Scandinavia in particular were highly sought after.
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kings (reigning from 1066 to 1152 AD) employed servants as wolf hunters and many held lands granted on condition they fulfilled this duty. King
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hunting consisted of eight parts: the quest, the assembly, the relays, the moving or un-harboring, the chase, the baying, the unmaking and the
874:, and when at bay, a hound like a mastiff could perhaps be foolhardy enough to attack it, but ideally it should be killed by a rider with a
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in a demonstration of their royal nature. In Roman law, property included the right to hunt, a concept which continued under the
Frankish
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804:: Lastly, the dogs had to be rewarded with pieces of the carcass, in a manner so that they would associate their effort with the reward.
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was considered the noblest form of hunting. In this process the game was run down and exhausted by the dogs before the kill was made.
514:. This dog had, as the name indicates, excellent stamina, as well as a good nose. Another dog valued for its scenting skills was the
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monarchs who considered the entire kingdom to be their property, but who also controlled enormous royal domains as hunting reserves (
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1232:- Richard's brother, killed with an arrow in the New Forest three decades later. Widely suspected to be a murder, but is unproven.
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was converted to Christianity by seeing a crucifix between the antlers of a stag while hunting. A similar story is attributed to
250:. The lower classes mostly had to content themselves with snaring birds and smaller game outside of forest reserves and warrens.
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being subject to severe punishment: the injustice of such "emparked" preserves was a common cause of complaint in populist
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1250:- King of Austrasia, killed in a hunting 'accident', perhaps on the orders of the Mayor of the Palace, Pepin of Herstal.
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Like everything else in the Middle Ages, hunting was full of symbolism. Religious symbolism was common; the hart or the
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for instance, the hunter pursuing his quarry was often used as a symbol of the knight's struggle for his lady's favor.
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was an even more rugged breed, and though also used on the larger game, was mostly considered useful as a guard-dog.
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What all these dogs lacked was the ability to follow the scent of the quarry, and run it down. For this purpose the
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was often associated with Christ, but the hunt itself could equally be seen as the Christian's quest for truth and
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436:, also called the "marshalsea," would be separate from the rest of the household, and its head officer—the
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786:: This was the hunt proper; here it was essential to keep the hounds on the track of the selected quarry.
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386:. Bows were the most commonly used weapon. Although the crossbow was introduced around the time of the
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and (partly whimsical) extension of this terminology became a courtly fashion in the 14th century in
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associations. It was also respected for its tenacity and appears frequently as a heraldic charge.
951:, who reigned from 1272 to 1307, ordered the total extermination of all wolves in the counties of
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A large household would have a wide array of horses for different purposes. There were cart- and
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1260:, killed in a hunting accident near Pavia. Might have been murdered, although this is uncertain.
991:, was popular because of the animal's stamina and strength, and the danger of the hunt. Hunting
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574:, derived from the Latin word for "third". Hawks were captured all over Europe, but birds from
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318:, who is seen both as the model of the noble huntsman, and the originator of its ritual:
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is approximately two thirds of the weight of a female; falconers call male peregrines
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Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period
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Some animals were considered inedible, but still hunted for the sport, such as
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440:—would be one of the household's senior officers. The marshal would have
1288:(1354–1376), attributed to a "Henri de Ferrières" about whom nothing is known.
1204:- died after an accident in which his belt was caught in the antlers of a deer
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to hunting in the 16th century, traditional medieval hunting was transformed.
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The horse was the most important animal of the great medieval household. The
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The weapons used for hunting would mostly be the same as those used for war:
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1310:, Count of Foix. Various copies with excellent illustrations. Also known as
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211:(died 727/728) recounts how hunting could become an obsession. Carolingian
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from the 12th century. These were large sanctuaries of woodland—the
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provided many opportunities for medieval artists to express hunting in
971:, where wolves were more common than in the southern areas of England.
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878:. The boar was sometimes considered a malicious animal, and even had
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706:. The hart was classified by the number of tines, or points, on its
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The Noble Art of Venerie or Huntyng (A translation of du Fouilloux)
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1590:"Most Female Raptors Are Bigger and Stronger Than Males, but Why?"
798:: The deer was finally dissected in a careful, ritualistic manner.
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La Bestia Nera: Caccia al Cinghiale fra Mito, Storia e AttualitĂ
740:: Before the hunt started, an expert huntsman, accompanied by a
263:, which normally belonged to nobles, rather than the crown, and
215:
loved to hunt and did so up until his death at age seventy-two.
1918:
Gerard Brault (1985). "Hunting and Fowling, Western European".
1213:- killed after accidentally pricking himself with poison arrows
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The invention of the "fair terms" of hunting was attributed by
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Hieratic formalized recreational hunting has taken place since
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Medieval women hunting, illustration from a period manuscript.
1662:"L'histoire du loup en France: Chronologie d'une destruction"
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Animal Encounters: Contacts and Concepts in Medieval Britain
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showing relays of running hounds set on the path of the hart
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was used. The running-hound was somewhat similar to today's
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858:
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549:
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598:, sometime with their legs broken to facilitate the kill.
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Lost Letters of Medieval Life: English Society, 1200-1250
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1596:. National Audubon Society. 12 March 2018. Archived from
1431:
1137:, England, part of a set showing a hunting hound and stag
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founded an elite corps of crown-funded officials called "
1565:
The Kings and Their Hawks: Falconry in Medieval England
269:, which were enclosed, and not subject to Forest Laws.
1777:
Martha Carlin; David Crouch, eds. (22 February 2013).
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Wolves were mainly hunted for their skins, to protect
812:
The hart was a highly respected animal, and had great
2003:
Hunt Scenes in Medieval and Renaissance Works of Art
1326:(partial English translation of Phoebus & Twiti)
1238:- crushed under his horse after a fall while hunting
919:", whose purpose was to control wolf populations in
1934:
The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting
1785:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. –186.
1772:
1770:
824:for its suffering; a well-known story tells of how
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1814:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
1807:
1721:"The Disappearance of Wolves in the British Isles"
1244:- co-ruler of Denmark, accidentally shot on a hunt
995:using greyhounds or hounds was a popular pastime.
455:employed in the day-to-day work of the household,
1932:John Cummins (1988, new paperback edition 2001).
1748:
1511:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 107.
222:. They were most successful in England after the
2646:
1999:at Arlima - Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge
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1688:
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1863:"Arlima - Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge"
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1615:(in Italian). Editoriale Olimpia. p. 201.
1561:
939:, an imposition which was maintained until the
931:imposed an annual tribute of 300 wolf skins on
780:. Here a lymer was used to track down the hart.
594:, and eventually live prey. Such prey included
2016:Bibliotheca Accipitraria: History of falconry:
582:were considered of particularly good quality.
2037:
1806:Hanawalt, Barbara A.; Wallace, David (1998).
1635:
1977:The Great Household in Late Medieval England
1539:The Archaeology of Medieval English Monarchy
1458:
1456:
1442:
1286:Les livres du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio
718:("by force of dogs" )), and bow and stable.
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1504:
1078:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1997:Bibliography of medieval hunting treatises
1963:Blood Sport: Hunting in Britain since 1066
1876:Le livre du roy Modus et de la royne Racio
1638:Blood Sport: Hunting in Britain Since 1066
1629:
1462:
488:Foremost among the hunting breeds was the
448:serving under him to care for the horses.
207:). The biography of the Merovingian noble
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1098:Learn how and when to remove this message
694:The king of all the wild animals was the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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839:
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683:
548:
475:
353:
257:, large unenclosed areas of wilderness,
120:
820:significance. It was often compared to
2647:
1834:
1640:. Yale University Press. p. 296.
1536:
1482:
1188:
1185:are found in illuminated manuscripts.
2025:
1727:. Wolf Song of Alaska. Archived from
1715:
1713:
1684:
1682:
1568:. Yale University Press. p. 15.
1476:
242:. Here the peasantry could not hunt,
1838:Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire
1742:
1436:
1076:adding citations to reliable sources
1043:
1039:
987:Hunting of bears, especially on the
544:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2629:
2074:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1604:
903:depicted in a 14th-century bestiary
857:Unlike the Romans for whom hunting
13:
2166:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
1710:
1679:
1151:. In the more secular literature,
159:throughout the known world in the
14:
2671:
2596:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1990:
1810:Medieval Crime and Social Control
1446:La Venerie de Jaques du Fouilloux
480:Different breeds of medieval dogs
2628:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2012:, Paul Lacroix. At gutenberg.org
1505:Susan Crane (29 November 2012).
1123:
1114:
1048:
1013:
702:, which is an adult male of the
23:
2094:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2089:Decline of Hellenistic religion
1869:
1855:
1835:Lawler, Jennifer (2015-05-20).
1828:
1799:
982:
34:needs additional citations for
2372:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1582:
1425:
714:("by strength" and thereunder
459:used for human transport, and
272:
238:were kept and watched over by
1:
2546:Disability in the Middle Ages
2219:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2151:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1920:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1901:Buckinghamshire City Council.
1779:"Lordship and Administration"
1443:du Fouilloux, Jaques (1561).
1419:
1264:
1023:were in charge of overseeing
608:Among the species used were:
397:The hunter would also need a
175:the practice was widespread.
16:Aristocratic hunting practice
844:Unmaking the boar, from the
349:
234:—where populations of
7:
1950:, Walter de Gruyter, 1965,
1409:Charles Gautier de Vinfrais
1352:
1308:Gaston III (PhÄ—bus) Phoebus
1030:
923:during the Middle Ages. In
10:
2676:
2347:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1892:
1749:Carbanau, Laurent (2001).
1276:De arte venandi cum avibus
1223:, mauled by a stag in the
1133:Medieval floor tiles from
941:Norman conquest of England
889:
850:
537:The hounds were kept in a
518:, a forerunner of today's
468:encountering wild beasts.
425:
276:
178:
2604:
2533:
2392:
2287:
2274:Mongol invasion of Europe
2179:
2059:
2018:a bibliography (35 items)
1922:vol.6, pp. 356–363.
1611:Scheggi, Massimo (1999).
1384:Grand Huntsman of Brabant
698:, and more precisely the
671:
601:Hawks would be housed in
1562:Robin S. Oggins (2004).
1379:Grand Huntsman of France
1374:Grand Falconer of France
471:
421:
332:How hunts were conducted
2229:Investiture Controversy
2199:Second Bulgarian Empire
1904:Richard Almond (2003).
1696:. Hamlyn. p. 528.
1541:. New York: Routledge.
1175:illuminated manuscripts
1161:, notably the lives of
885:
835:
679:
2586:Post-classical history
2342:Fall of Constantinople
2249:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2116:First Bulgarian Empire
1636:Griffin, Emma (2007).
1236:King Fulk of Jerusalem
904:
848:
757:
691:
562:
481:
359:
329:
141:
1961:Emma Griffin (2009).
1537:Steane, John (1993).
1347:Alfonso XI of Castile
1221:William the Conqueror
899:
843:
751:
687:
552:
479:
357:
320:
277:Further information:
248:vernacular literature
124:
2566:Medieval reenactment
2362:Renaissance Humanism
2269:Medieval Warm Period
2239:Republic of Florence
2053:European Middle Ages
1343:Libro de la monterĂa
1338:Charles IX of France
1324:Edward, Duke of York
1072:improve this section
283:Book of Saint Albans
149:royal art of hunting
43:improve this article
2279:Kingdom of Portugal
2146:Old Church Slavonic
2131:Anglo-Saxon England
1751:Wild Boar in Europe
1292:Le Roman des Deduis
1217:Richard of Normandy
1189:Dangers of the hunt
973:James I of Scotland
716:par force de chiens
2660:History of hunting
2460:In popular culture
2425:Crusading movement
2297:Hundred Years' War
2156:Civitas Schinesghe
2141:Carolingian Empire
2126:Kingdom of Croatia
2079:Barbarian kingdoms
1484:Malory, Sir Thomas
1464:Turbervile, George
1319:The Master of Game
1242:Valdemar the Young
905:
849:
846:Très Riches Heures
776:: Also called the
758:
754:Livre de la Chasse
692:
563:
557:hawking, from the
482:
360:
310:and others to the
142:
58:"Medieval hunting"
2642:
2641:
2551:Basic topics list
2352:Swiss mercenaries
2302:Wars of the Roses
2209:Kingdom of Poland
2194:Holy Roman Empire
2061:Early Middle Ages
1899:The Medieval Hunt
1882:(Paris, 1839) on
1848:978-1-4766-0929-4
1792:978-0-8122-4459-5
1600:on 12 March 2018.
1575:978-0-300-10058-7
1518:978-0-8122-0630-2
1296:Gace de la Buigne
1108:
1107:
1100:
1040:Art and symbolism
989:Iberian Peninsula
545:Hawks and Falcons
119:
118:
111:
93:
2667:
2655:Medieval society
2632:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2571:Medieval studies
2415:Church and State
2289:Late Middle Ages
2181:High Middle Ages
2099:Christianization
2069:Migration Period
2046:
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2023:
2022:
1906:Medieval Hunting
1887:
1884:Internet Archive
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1690:Buczacki, Stefan
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1312:Book of The Hunt
1248:King Dagobert II
1219:- second son of
1211:John II Komnenos
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173:High Middle Ages
155:practice of the
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2204:Georgian Empire
2189:Norman Conquest
2175:
2121:Frankish Empire
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1993:
1975:C. M. Woolgar.
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1303:Livre de Chasse
1294:(before 1377),
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428:Medieval horses
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224:Norman Conquest
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2367:Universities
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2224:Great Schism
2111:Papal States
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1729:the original
1725:Ivy Stanmore
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1070:Please help
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41:Please help
36:verification
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2634:WikiProject
2561:Medievalism
2400:Agriculture
2264:Manorialism
2259:Communalism
2254:Monasticism
2171:Reconquista
2161:Kievan Rus'
1394:Hunting dog
1369:Fox hunting
1159:Hagiography
913:Charlemagne
826:St. Eustace
623:Sparrowhawk
561:(Folio 7r).
301:Renaissance
273:Terminology
240:gamekeepers
213:Charlemagne
201:Carolingian
197:Merovingian
161:Middle Ages
157:aristocracy
2649:Categories
2556:Land terms
2510:Technology
2490:Philosophy
2470:Literature
2435:Demography
2136:Viking Age
1760:3829055285
1735:2007-09-27
1703:0600613925
1672:2008-02-28
1668:. Loup.org
1622:8825379048
1420:References
1265:Literature
1225:New Forest
1088:March 2013
1025:forest law
965:Shropshire
830:St. Hubert
520:bloodhound
453:packhorses
325:Modernised
69:newspapers
2541:Dark Ages
2450:Household
2445:Hastilude
2214:Feudalism
1149:salvation
1059:does not
1021:foresters
977:Henry VII
937:Hywel Dda
909:livestock
901:Wolf hunt
872:par force
727:Par force
723:par force
712:par force
655:Peregrine
635:Gyrfalcon
490:greyhound
461:destriers
350:Equipment
344:par force
339:par force
312:Arthurian
226:, and in
2624:Category
2591:Timeline
2480:Minstrel
2475:Medicine
2357:Chivalry
2312:Burgundy
2234:Crusades
1692:(2005).
1486:(1485).
1466:(1575).
1353:See also
1258:Lombards
1153:romances
1031:Poaching
949:Edward I
927:of 950,
814:symbolic
796:Unmaking
762:Assembly
721:Hunting
704:red deer
572:tiercels
555:Conradin
530:and the
512:foxhound
457:palfreys
410:and the
392:firearms
368:crossbow
303:period.
244:poaching
193:chariots
169:Far East
151:, was a
99:May 2011
2534:Related
2520:Warfare
2515:Theatre
2505:Slavery
2500:Science
2455:Hunting
2420:Cuisine
2393:Culture
2332:Castile
2327:England
1893:Sources
1594:Audubon
1490:(ed.).
1389:Hunting
1208:Emperor
1202:Basil I
1199:Emperor
1145:unicorn
1080:removed
1065:sources
1008:badgers
925:England
917:Luparii
880:satanic
778:fynding
708:antlers
630:Falcons
618:Goshawk
580:Iceland
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465:courser
438:marshal
434:stables
314:knight
294:England
255:Forests
228:Gascony
220:warrens
205:forests
187:hunted
179:History
163:, from
153:hunting
147:, also
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790:Baying
774:Moving
768:Relays
672:Quarry
650:Merlin
645:Lanner
596:herons
576:Norway
539:kennel
526:, the
497:alaunt
446:grooms
416:falcon
406:, the
308:Malory
290:France
260:Chases
165:Europe
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2525:Women
2485:Music
2440:Domes
2430:Dance
2317:Milan
1492:Works
1000:foxes
993:hares
935:king
933:Welsh
876:spear
802:Curée
784:Chase
742:lymer
738:Quest
731:curée
660:Saker
640:Hobby
613:Hawks
516:lymer
472:Hound
442:pages
422:Horse
408:hound
404:horse
384:sword
380:knife
376:spear
372:lance
266:Parks
191:from
189:lions
90:JSTOR
76:books
1981:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1570:ISBN
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1513:ISBN
1177:and
1169:and
1063:any
1061:cite
967:and
886:Wolf
864:Doge
859:boar
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816:and
700:hart
696:deer
680:Hart
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2410:Art
1432:OED
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