187:
439:
430:
594:
38:
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351:. The king ordered the sacrifice of a goose every Michaelmas in honour of the saint. The Irish Michaelmas goose was slaughtered and eaten on the day; they were also presented as gifts or donated to the poor. In parts of Ireland sheep were also slaughtered with tradition of the "St. Michael's portion" donated to the poor. Poultry markets and fairs took place to sell geese as well as mutton pies. In
622:. The celebration of this holiday teaches the importance of facing fears and strengthening resolve. As the first festival of the new school year, it is celebrated with an all-school play, in which each class assumes a role, such as peasants, townspeople, nobles, etc. Students assume a new role as they pass from grade to grade, and it becomes something of a rite of passage.
644:, Michaelmas has been observed since 1786 as Goose Day. Local tradition holds that eating goose on 29 September will bring prosperity. The good-luck goose connection comes from the historical legend (see above) concerning Queen Elizabeth I, who was said to be eating goose on Michaelmas in 1588 when she received news that her royal navy had defeated the Spanish Armada. The
315:, County Waterford, a procession with an effigy of St Michael, called the MicilĂn, was brought through the town to the shore to mark the end of the fishing season. In Irish folklore, clear weather on Michaelmas was a portent of a long winter, "Michaelmas Day be bright and clear there will be two 'Winters' in the year."
343:
goose. There was a saying that "if you eat goose on
Michaelmas Day you will never lack money all year". Tenant farmers sometimes presented the geese to their landlords, as could be stipulated in their tenancy agreements. The custom dates to at least the 15th century, and was easily continued as geese
201:
In the fifth century, a basilica near Rome was dedicated in honour of Saint
Michael the Archangel on 30 September, beginning with celebrations on the eve of that day. 29 September is now kept in honour of Saint Michael and all Angels throughout some western churches. The name Michaelmas comes from a
461:
on 29 September three
Archangels are celebrated: Saint Michael, Saint Gabriel, and Saint Raphael. Their feasts were unified in one common day during the second half of the 20th century. In the time before their feasts were: 29 September (only St Michael), 24 March for St Gabriel, and 24 October for
407:
Folklore in the
British Isles suggests that Michaelmas day is the last day that blackberries can be picked. It is said that when St. Michael expelled the devil, Lucifer, from heaven, he fell from the skies and landed in a prickly blackberry bush. Satan cursed the fruit, scorched them with his
370:
was eating a goose on the holiday when she heard of the defeat of the
Spanish Armada, and thus proclaimed that geese should be eaten by everyone each year in commemoration of the victory. This falls apart when the date (geese and Michaelmas were connected at least a century earlier, if not longer)
664:
for the night where he met a young
Englishman named Archibald Hunter, who was offered the job. The contract that was drawn for employment contained a clause specifying their accounts were to be settled each year on the traditional day to do so, 29 September. When that day came, Hunter appeared at
669:, where it is still honored today with many local restaurants and civics groups offering goose dinners, local festivals, and other county-wide activities. In honor of the holiday, painted fiberglass goose statues can be found throughout the county all year long.
311:), pilgrimages to holy wells associated with St Michael took place, with pilgrims taking a drink from the holy water from the well. The greeting "May Michaelmas fĂ©inĂn on you" was traditional. Boys born on this day were often christened Michael or MicheĂĄl. In
397:, on the eve of the Feast of Saint Michael, the Archangel, probably originated in the Hebrides. The bread was made from equal parts of barley, oats, and rye without using any metal implements. In remembrance of absent friends or those who had died, special
279:
were held at the end of
September or beginning of October. The day was also considered a "gale day" in Ireland when rent would be due, as well as a day for the issuing or settling of contracts or other legal transactions.
681:
so the gap widens by a day every century except the current one). It is said that the Devil fell out of Heaven on this date, and fell into a blackberry bush, cursing the fruit as he fell. According to an old legend,
519:
of the academic year, which begins at this time, at various educational institutions in the United
Kingdom, Ireland and those parts of the Commonwealth in the northern hemisphere. These include the universities of
1579:
408:
fiery breath, stamped, spat, and urinated on them, so that they would be unfit for eating. As it is considered ill-advised to eat them after 11 October (Old
Michaelmas Day according to the
1504:
1305:
347:
One association of geese with
Michaelmas comes from a legend in which the son of an Irish king choked on a goose bone he had eaten, and was then brought back to life by
1061:
1459:
1587:
665:
Pontius' door with his accounts and a goose, explaining that in England, eating a goose on 29 September brought good luck. The tradition spread to nearby
794:
585:
operates on an annual term and roughly follows the English custom by beginning that term on the first Monday in October, a few days after Michaelmas.
707:
363:, County Cavan, the goose was covered in local blue clay and placed at the centre of the fire until the clay broke, indicating the goose was cooked.
1812:
474:
1852:
1554:
1095:
1622:
571:
The term is also the name of the first of four terms into which the legal year is divided by the courts of Ireland and England and Wales.
477:
traditions, there are three to four archangels in their calendars for the 29 September feast for St. Michael and All Angels: namely
568:
in Ireland also have a Michaelmas term as one of their dining terms. It begins in September and ends towards the end of December.
359:. There were differing methods across Ireland for cooking the goose, most generally using a heavy iron pot on an open hearth. In
581:
While terms are not used by most courts in the United States, where court calendars are usually continuous and year-round, the
221:, but this tradition was abolished in the 18th century. In medieval England, Michaelmas marked the ending and beginning of the
1315:
1707:
1693:
1469:
1171:
887:
1065:
1671:
1430:
565:
412:), a Michaelmas pie is made from the last of the season. In Ireland, the soiling of blackberries is also attributed to a
1788:
1380:
1201:
914:
690:, it is said that the devil spat on them. According to Morrell (1977), this old legend is well known in all parts of
131:
1252:
1123:
851:
545:
1827:
1857:
1282:
355:, it was traditional for tenants to present their landlord with a couple of geese, a tradition dating back to
678:
1751:
578:
is traditionally convened on the Sunday closest to Michaelmas, in honor of and to bless lawyers and judges.
159:
on 29 September, and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four
1862:
1408:
798:
677:
Old Michaelmas Day falls on 11 October (10 October according to some sources â the dates are the result of
641:
174:
is considered as the greatest of all the angels; being particularly honored for defeating the devil in the
1646:
1611:
1337:
300:). Hence the rhyme: "The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michael's valorous deeds ..."
1806:
653:
582:
296:
was held. One of the few flowers left around at this time of year is the Michaelmas daisy (also known as
210:(Candle Mass, the Mass where traditionally the candles to be used throughout the year would be blessed).
20:
746:
In traditional Protestantism, such as the Lutheran Churches, Anglican Churches and Anabaptist Churches,
941:
1847:
1672:"Feast of Sts. Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, Archangels â September 29, 2014 â Liturgical Calendar"
698:. In Cornwall, a similar legend prevails; however, the saying goes that the devil urinated on them.
1543:
661:
385:
186:
1515:
843:
666:
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541:
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218:
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to farm. When his farm prospered, he decided to hire a tenant farmer to help. On his way to
438:
429:
332:
1832:
1031:"Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day"
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533:
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167:
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8:
820:
486:
478:
249:
171:
1615:
Judicial Sitting for the Michaelmas Term, Monday 4th October âTuesday 21st December 2010
963:
767:
722:
649:
537:
64:
1784:
1600:
1465:
1376:
1207:
1197:
1167:
1166:. Oxford paperback reference. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 237.
910:
883:
847:
611:
525:
1482:
1030:
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1310:
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section of the Protestant Bible that straddles the Old Testament and New Testament.
226:
99:
1612:
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom; Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,
603:
Because Saint Michael is the patron of police officers, Michaelmas may also see a
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59:
54:
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1841:
1461:
The proper for the lesser feasts and fasts: together with the fixed holy days
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755:
712:
691:
645:
561:
515:
Michaelmas is used in the extended sense of autumn, as the name of the first
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348:
297:
190:
175:
1729:
1211:
1447:
1193:
Land of Milk and Honey : The story of traditional Irish food and drink
401:, blessed at an early morning Mass, were given to the poor in their names.
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160:
152:
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367:
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214:
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293:
222:
194:
366:
Another legend surrounding the origin of the Michaelmas goose is that
687:
604:
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360:
207:
203:
271:, when accounts had to be settled. On manors, it was the day when a
1128:
763:
717:
575:
498:
470:
466:
37:
482:
312:
265:
257:
245:
230:
163:
of the English and Irish financial, judicial, and academic year.
1096:"Geese, daisies and debts: Michaelmas customs in Ireland of old"
413:
1801:
619:
607:. Lutheran Christians consider it a principal feast of Christ.
352:
253:
114:
1694:"What Is Michaelmas And Why Do Waldorf Schools Celebrate It?"
552:
for their autumn term, following the old Scottish term days.
494:
324:
261:
1290:
648:
Valley began celebrating this version of Michaelmas when a
120:
1253:"Peter Reinhart's struan: The harvest bread of Michaelmas"
1124:"Are we ready to embrace the Michaelmas goose once again?"
451:. From left to right: Raphael, Michael, Uriel, and Gabriel
866:
837:
108:
574:
In the United Kingdom, the United States and Ireland, a
902:
618:
considered it the second most important festival after
906:
Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend
838:
Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2000).
419:
371:
and the timing of the battle (August) are considered.
686:
should not be picked after this date (see above). In
652:
named Andrew Pontius moved his family to neighboring
375:
374:
The custom of baking a special bread or cake, called
202:
shortening of "Michael's Mass", in the same style as
132:
123:
111:
1752:"What's special about Mifflin County on Goose Day?"
1696:. Waldorf School of New Orleans. 26 September 2019.
819:
679:
the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
404:Nuts were traditionally cracked on Michaelmas Eve.
331:(one prepared around harvest time, fattened on the
256:and the shortening of days. It was also one of the
117:
105:
102:
1458:Episcopal Church, Standing Liturgical Commission.
992:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Michael the Archangel"
229:observes: "at that time harvest was over, and the
1224:
1839:
1823:Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Raphael the Archangel
1818:Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Gabriel the Archangel
766:are intertestamental books, being a part of the
241:would be making out the accounts for the year."
1813:Alice's Medieval Feasts & Fasts: Michaelmas
1280:
1196:. Dublin, IE: Mercier Press. pp. 135â137.
813:
797:. Pacific Hills Lutheran Church. Archived from
1828:Prayers Dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel
504:
788:
786:
447:Stained glass of the four archangels, at the
141:Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael
155:festival observed in many Western Christian
1514:. September 2007. p. 6. Archived from
1189:
1162:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Stephen (2001).
1161:
1014:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century
1532:"Semester dates" University of St. Andrews
1250:
1059:
1024:
1022:
783:
660:to hire a German immigrant, he stopped in
555:
275:was elected from the peasants. Michaelmas
36:
1283:"Struan: The harvest-bread of Michaelmas"
1055:
1053:
1051:
986:
984:
936:
934:
932:
31:Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, Raphael
592:
344:are in their prime at Michaelmas time.
323:A traditional meal for the day includes
193:defeats the Dragon, from a 12th-century
185:
1401:
1289:(article & recipe). Charlotte, NC:
1093:
1019:
792:
1840:
1560:from the original on 29 September 2020
1335:
1303:
1118:
1116:
1048:
981:
929:
793:Blersch, Jeffrey (21 September 2019).
1853:Public holidays in the United Kingdom
1409:"Truss Carvings: Heroes of the Faith"
1306:"Merry times at the Michaelmas Feast"
1218:
1185:
1183:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1094:McGarry, Marion (27 September 2019).
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1064:. Black Country Bugle. Archived from
867:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2000
672:
629:, Michaelmas is the day when the new
588:
384:
248:, this holy day is associated in the
149:Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels
449:Anglican Church of St James, Grimsby
1336:Koenig, Chris (21 September 2011).
1304:Koenig, Chris (21 September 2011).
1132:. 29 September 2012. Archived from
1113:
1028:
420:Differences in number of archangels
77:29 September (Western Christianity)
13:
1773:
1730:"Goose Day â Juniata River Valley"
1505:"Saint Michael and All the Angels"
1180:
1148:
1080:
610:Michaelmas is still celebrated in
14:
1879:
1794:
1647:"Gabriel the Archangel: March 24"
1628:from the original on 8 April 2014
1225:Oulton, Randal W. (13 May 2007).
217:, Michaelmas was celebrated as a
79:8 November (Eastern Christianity)
1800:
1580:"High Court Sittings: Law Terms"
1164:A dictionary of English folklore
903:Richard Freeman Johnson (2005),
708:St Michael and All Angels Church
566:Honorable Society of King's Inns
437:
428:
98:
1744:
1722:
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1639:
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1525:
1497:
1475:
1452:
1423:
1385:
1358:
1338:"Merry times: Michaelmas feast"
1297:
1281:Reinhart, Peter (16 May 2017).
1244:
1006:
994:. Newadvent.org. 1 October 1911
882:. Philip's. 2008. p. 511.
740:
1512:Christ Episcopal Church Eureka
956:
909:, Boydell Press, p. 105,
896:
872:
831:
750:lies in the Old Testament and
382:Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:
283:
1:
1584:The Courts Service of Ireland
1464:, Church Hymnal Corp., 1988,
1433:. Urielsg.org. Archived from
1060:Rob Taylor (7 October 2010).
728:
546:ancient Scottish universities
1586:. 8 May 2017. Archived from
1365:Butler's Lives of the saints
1314:. Oxford, UK. Archived from
795:"St. Michael and All Angels"
777:
642:Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
7:
1544:"Innerview Michaelmas Term"
1375:, Christian Classics, 1981
701:
694:, even as far north as the
564:of the English Bar and the
505:Autumn term in universities
386:[ËsÌȘtÌȘÉŸu.anËviËçal]
42:Saint Michael the Archangel
21:Michaelmas (disambiguation)
10:
1884:
1396:Libreria Editrice Vaticana
1251:Goldman, Marcy (c. 2014).
964:"Definition of Michaelmas"
942:"Michael & All Angels"
508:
391:St. Michael's bannock
244:Because it falls near the
181:
18:
1783:. London: Pan (Piccolo).
1431:"St. Uriel the Archangel"
1411:. Trinity Lutheran Church
83:
73:
47:
35:
30:
1708:"Summons to Common Hall"
1483:"Michael and All Angels"
733:
501:4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20).
170:of some traditions, the
1062:"Michaelmas Traditions"
968:www.merriam-webster.com
844:Oxford University Press
840:The Oxford Book of Days
827:. Cassell. p. 290.
667:Lewistown, Pennsylvania
556:Use by legal profession
318:
145:Feast of the Archangels
1833:Michael and All Angels
1710:. liverycompanies.info
600:
376:
308:
252:with the beginning of
219:Holy Day of Obligation
198:
1858:September observances
1781:Festivals and Customs
1485:. Justus.anglican.org
880:Philip's Encyclopedia
650:Pennsylvania Dutchman
596:
493:12:15) and sometimes
459:Roman Catholic Church
189:
1809:at Wikimedia Commons
1779:Morrell, P. (1977).
1367:, vol. 1, edited by
1227:"Michaelmas Bannock"
1190:Mahon, BrĂd (1998).
1068:on 30 September 2015
631:Lord Mayor of London
469:, as well as in the
206:(Christ's Mass) and
168:Christian angelology
157:liturgical calendars
139:; also known as the
19:For other uses, see
1863:Michael (archangel)
1758:. 23 September 2018
1651:saints-feast-family
1392:Calendarium Romanum
1263:on 22 February 2014
1016:, 2nd ed. 1991:354.
944:. Exciting Holiness
825:The Anglican Church
821:Donald Spence Jones
633:is elected, in the
335:) also known as an
250:northern hemisphere
1674:. Catholic Culture
1553:. pp. 26â27.
1521:on 4 October 2008.
1012:George C. Homans,
801:on 1 February 2023
723:Scottish term days
673:Old Michaelmas Day
601:
589:Modern observances
583:U.S. Supreme Court
395:Michaelmas bannock
199:
65:Anglican Communion
16:Christian festival
1805:Media related to
1470:978-0-89869-214-3
1173:978-0-19-860398-6
1136:on 3 October 2012
889:978-0-540-09451-6
368:Queen Elizabeth I
309:FĂłmhar na nGĂ©anna
172:Archangel Michael
91:
90:
60:Lutheran churches
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1732:. 25 August 2021
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1318:on 27 March 2014
1311:The Oxford Times
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713:Michaelmas daisy
544:. However, the
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377:Sruthan MhĂŹcheil
349:St. Patrick
227:George C. Homans
135:
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48:Observed by
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846:. p. 392.
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511:Michaelmas term
507:
485:(Daniel 9:21),
481:(Jude 1:9) and
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434:
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410:Julian Calendar
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55:Catholic Church
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1795:External links
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1721:
1699:
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1663:
1638:
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1590:on 7 June 2017
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1437:on 12 May 2008
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1868:Quarter days
1848:Saints' days
1780:
1762:29 September
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
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1734:. Retrieved
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1588:the original
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1551:Inner Temple
1550:
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1516:the original
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1489:29 September
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1435:the original
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1261:the original
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684:blackberries
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269:quarter days
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635:Common Hall
327:known as a
284:Celebration
215:Middle Ages
213:During the
1842:Categories
1807:Michaelmas
1632:8 November
1350:15 October
754:is in the
752:Revelation
729:References
662:Harrisburg
294:procession
223:husbandman
195:manuscript
94:Michaelmas
1601:Also here
1448:Also here
1331:Also here
1276:Also here
778:Citations
768:Apocrypha
688:Yorkshire
658:Lancaster
614:schools.
605:Blue Mass
598:Blue Mass
550:Martinmas
530:Lancaster
522:Cambridge
361:Blacklion
225:'s year,
208:Candlemas
204:Christmas
153:Christian
147:, or the
84:Frequency
1756:pennlive
1623:archived
1594:30 March
1555:Archived
1472:. p. 380
1322:27 March
1287:wbtv.com
1212:39935389
1129:BBC News
1126:. Food.
823:(1898).
764:2 Esdras
718:Mehregan
702:See also
576:Red Mass
499:2 Esdras
471:Anglican
467:Lutheran
341:rucklety
922:11 July
625:In the
612:Waldorf
538:Swansea
487:Raphael
483:Gabriel
479:Michael
465:In the
457:In the
399:Struans
337:embling
313:Tramore
288:On the
258:English
246:equinox
237:of the
231:bailiff
182:History
166:In the
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1267:13 May
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620:Easter
542:Dublin
540:, and
534:Oxford
526:Durham
353:Ulster
298:asters
264:, and
254:autumn
143:, the
87:Annual
1626:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1547:(PDF)
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805:4 May
760:Tobit
734:Notes
495:Uriel
491:Tobit
393:, or
325:goose
305:Irish
273:reeve
266:Irish
262:Welsh
239:manor
235:reeve
1785:ISBN
1764:2021
1738:2021
1716:2016
1680:2015
1658:2020
1634:2010
1596:2018
1566:2020
1491:2015
1466:ISBN
1443:2015
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1377:ISBN
1371:and
1352:2022
1324:2014
1291:WBTV
1269:2015
1238:2015
1208:OCLC
1198:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1142:2017
1107:2020
1074:2015
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1000:2015
975:2020
950:2024
924:2010
911:ISBN
884:ISBN
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807:2023
762:and
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