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the depiction of the emperor, odd on a piece he would wear himself, as is the depiction of a figure representing
Humility. If it belonged to the emperor, or came to do so when Pergamenos' possessions were later confiscated, then after the celebrations it would have been stored in the Imperial treasure chamber and then later sent to Hungary as a diplomatic gift. Alternatively it may have escaped Byzantium in the wake of the downfall of Pergamenos. Another possibility is that it is simply loot from the Crusaders'
213:, or some version of it, though it seems unlikely that any elements of the present crown are that old. The fact that Andrew, who had taken power near the end of September 1046, was first able to be crowned in February 1047 could by attributed to the need for a royal embassy to travel from Hungary to Constantinople and back in winter in order to bring the Monomachus crown to Hungary. In 1057 the young King
301:, a fabric pouch which held dust and symbolised the transience of the material world. The Emperor's crown is decorated at its peaks with three balls. The Empresses wear the same crown. They hold a sceptre in their inner hand and point to Emperor Constantine with their outer hand. He wears the ceremonial robes of a Byzantine ruler with
505:
The triumph of
Stephanos Pergamenos was approved by the Emperor at the last moment and Dawson argued that rushed production could explain the coarse finish and spelling errors; if it was given to Pergamenos, the lower quality and relative plainness of the piece are explicable. The same would apply to
430:
expressed the view that the
Monomachus Crown might be a nineteenth-century forgery. He was led to this opinion by the plain design, coarse finish and the erroneous and unusual captions, when combined with the circumstances of the discovery and plausible models for a forgery. In all these respects the
236:
near Ivanka pri Nitre. Solomon had the treasure and the crown buried and barricaded himself behind the walls of
Pozsony. When Henry IV launched an expedition in September 1074 to restore Solomon to the Hungarian throne, the army of the Emperor abandoned him and rode along the Valley of the Váh in the
438:
In his article, "The State of
Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts," which addresses Nicolas Oikonomidès' theory in detail and largely argues against it, Etele Kiss of the Hungarian National Museum mentioned that the crown could have been made for the emperor, to be presented
261:
The seven gold plates are between 5 and 4.2 cm wide and between 11.5 and 8.7 cm tall. They have asymmetrically cut holes whose size and arrangement suggests that the plates were originally connected by a fabric or leather band. It is possible that remains of golden bands for connecting the
147:
In 1860 a farmer near
Nyitraivánka discovered the treasure while plowing. The objects passed to a member of the local landowning nobility, who sold them in four transactions to the Hungarian National Museum between 1861 and 1870, the last sale posthumously via a dealer named Markovits. Also sold
401:
John
Beckwith saw in the crown a change in style from the enamels of the previous century: "All the figures are visualized in terms of pattern rather than form; the sense of space and depth so typical of the tenth-century enamels has been jettisoned for intricate detail and superficial charm."
382:
The two smaller plates depicting dancing women are identical rather than symmetrical. Their backgrounds are also decorated with foliage, but they lack identifying inscriptions. The dancers wave their veils over their heads and bend their right leg sharply backwards. The idea that they are
101:. Two gold medallions enamelled with saints and a small piece with cut glass in a setting were also found; probably they did not form part of the same object. The group has puzzling aspects that have long made it the subject of scholarly debate; it was probably made in
446:
Already in 1997, Henry
Maguire had argued that the plaques were intended to be sewn to a leather or cloth backing, and suggested a belt, for which there are some sources, or diadem. He related the dancers to a "chorus of graces" supposed, at least in Byzantine
262:
plates were found. It is also possible that the seven plates were fastened to a fabric cap. The coarse finish of the decoration, the low purity of the gold plates and the presence of errors in the depiction of the clothing and in the inscriptions are notable.
253:
398:. According to their inscriptions they represent the Virtues of "η αλιθηα" (ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity) and "η τα<π>ινοσις" (ἡ ταπείνωσις, Humility). Sincerity holds a cross in one hand and points to her mouth, while Humility crosses her arms over her chest.
274:. On the plate to the left is his wife, Zoe. On the plate to the right, is Zoe's sister, Theodora. On the smaller panels to the right and left of the Empresses are two dancing female figures. The smallest plates depict the personifications of two
474:
written a century earlier describes how the emperor was presented with a crown on returning after a victory, which he then wore on his right arm. Dawson suggested that the most likely recipients in
Constantine IX's reign were
383:
professional dancers may be contradicted by the haloes on their heads, which indicates that they belong to the sacred realm. However, sacred dancing is rare in
Christianity, at least before the Renaissance, and the
265:
The central and largest plate shows Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus, who was Byzantine Emperor from 1042 to 1055. A Greek inscription on the panel reads: Κῶνστάντινος Αυτοκράτο<ρ> Ρομεον ο Μονομαχο<ς>,
410:
In 1937 Magda von Bárány-Oberschall investigated the enameled gold plates. The size of the crown formed from the plates led her to argue that it had to be a Byzantine consort's crown from the eleventh century.
162:
The general assumption was for long that the crown "seems almost certainly to be a female crown and was presumably a gift to the wife of a Hungarian king", or to the king himself. In 1045 the
579:
159:. These medallions lack holes for nails, unlike the gold plates. In the view of Magda von Bárány-Oberschall and most scholars they almost certainly do not belong to the Monomachus Crown.
360:
hanging diagonally from a belt. Zoe, who was 64 years old in 1042 is depicted in an idealised way as a young woman. Their inscriptions read: "Θέοδώρα ἡ ἐυσαιβεστατι Αυγουστα,"
836:
Nicolas Oikonomidès, La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque, Travaux et Mémoires (Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance) 12 (1994) S. 241–262
185:
According to the traditional account, Andrew or his queen would have received the crown from Constantine IX at this juncture. He was in need of a new crown, since
387:
is most unusual in a context to do with public imperial ceremony and coronation, where the Byzantines placed great stress on the emperor as God's agent on earth.
476:
784:
Magda von Bárány-Oberschall, "Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos." Budapest 1937, pp. 86 ff.
451:, to form a ring around the emperor, dancing and singing his praises. The motifs of birds and plants are metaphors for the virtues of the emperor.
738:
340:
is a broad collar decorated with pearls and gemstones. The three members of the imperial family wear red shoes on their feet and stand atop a
555:
938:
454:
In 2009 Timothy Dawson elaborated on these arguments, proposing that the crown was actually a ceremonial armband, a grand version of an
461:
825:
Magda von Bárány-Oberschall: Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos. Budapest 1937
1015:
498:
records that the emperor sat between the two empresses to view the procession, which the placement of the plaques may reflect. The
328:
is a sash, richly decorated with gemstones, pearls and embroidery which wraps around the shoulders and hips. One end of the
525:
540:
567:
955:
763:
726:
677:
946:
Etele Kiss. "The State of Research into the Monomachos Crown and Some Further Thoughts." in Olenka Z. Pevny (Ed.):
471:
217:
was also crowned with this crown. Other, very different, possibilities have been suggested and are covered below.
17:
977:
932:
456:
186:
149:
279:
229:
1061:
745:
Wien 1966, pp. 199-200; the oldest elements of the present Holy Crown are now usually dated to the 1070s.
1051:
1036:
Die byzantinische Emailkunst: Vom 5. bis 13. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zur Kunst des christlichen Ostens.
141:
86:
74:
245:. Possibly this was a futile attempt to recover the buried crown near the ford of Ivanka pri Nitre.
1071:
650:
390:
Two even smaller panels each depict a female figure with a halo on a plain golden background, with
414:
374:
136:
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701:
981:
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959:
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is a medieval variation, more often part of coronation regalia, which may also be relevant.
210:
117:
30:
1066:
995:
Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája. The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos.
756:Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.
719:Überlieferung und Auftrag. Festschrift für Michel de Ferdinandy zum sechzigsten Geburtstag.
494:
at the Battle of Ostrobos on 2 February 1043, or the emperor himself on the same occasion.
431:
crown contrasts strongly with the Holy Crown of Hungary. He suspected the forger came from
202:
190:
754:
Julius Grexa, '"Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." In Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.):
148:
were the two smaller cloisonné medallions found with the crown plaques, with busts of the
8:
717:
Julius Grexa, "Die Probleme der ungarischen Königskrone." in Josef Gerhard Farkas (Ed.):
586:
363:
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on their heads and (except for the Virtues) are surrounded by flowering vines, birds and
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1000:
Iwan Bach, Sándor Mihalik. "Problematik der Rekonstruktion der Monomachos-Krone,"
966:
The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261
495:
491:
969:
507:
395:
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50:
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Travaux et Mémoires, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance
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had been married to Irene (Maria), a daughter of Constantine IX since 1046.
511:
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casts doubt on the idea that this original crown was made in Rome in
443:, thus explaining the presence of the dancers, one area of debate. .
351:
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66:
448:
116:, then Nyitraivánka in Hungary. If it is a crown, it is, with the
113:
98:
78:
108:
The group was unearthed in 1860 by a farmer in what is now called
1027:
Nicolas Oikonomidès. "La couronne dite de Constantin Monomaque,"
896:
391:
347:
291:
283:
225:
82:
490:
who was a surprising success as a general, for his victory over
706:
Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Hungarologie
499:
487:
432:
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275:
221:
85:. It consists of seven gold plates depicting Byzantine Emperor
233:
228:
in order to seek the protection of his brother-in-law Emperor
1007:
Etele Kiss. "Új eredmények a Monomachus-korona kutatásában?"
308:
238:
224:
and escaped with the crown and treasure in the direction of
189:
had captured the original crown (supposedly donated to king
206:
840:
Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Jahrgang
649:
Also called Agmunda, she would become the mother of King
302:
232:. Soldiers of Geza apprehended him as he was fording the
948:
Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbours (843–1261).
1038:
Vol. 4. Bongers, Recklinghausen 1967, pp. 98–106.
972:, William D. Wixom, 1997, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
842:
51. 1995, Heft 2, Besprechungen und Anzeigen, Nr. 187
378:
Personification of Humility (left) and Dancer (right)
927:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979,
435:, without however being able to put a name to him.
334:falls to his hem, the other is tied around it. The
120:of a few decades later (also in Budapest) and the
670:Die ungarische Staatsbildung und Ostmitteleuropa.
1043:
814:The Crown of the Emperor Constantine Monomachos.
668:(PDF-Datei; 370 kB) in Ferenc Glatz (Ed.):
514:thereafter. All these are speculative accounts.
128:, one of only three surviving Byzantine crowns.
627:
625:
623:
621:
907:
905:
702:"Corona Regia – Corona Regni – Sacra Corona."
350:of an Empress with the female version of the
940:The Monomachos Crown – Towards a Resolution.
618:
405:
209:. According to popular legend this was the
902:
289:The Emperor is depicted standing, with the
1016:A Monomakhos-korona és I. András koronázás
811:Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája.
805:
803:
801:
799:
672:Europa Institut Budapest, Budapest 2002,
660:
658:
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394:on either side of them, symbolising the
373:
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135:
29:
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371:. The Greek of both is full of errors.
14:
1044:
1004:, IX, Budapest 1963, pp. 513–514.
863:
796:
655:
295:in his right hand and in his left the
1011:XLVI, Budapest 1997, pp. 125–162
367:and "Ζώη οι ευσαιβαῖστάτη Αυγουστα,"
683:
666:"Ungarn und Rus' um das Jahr 1000."
356:costume, including the shield-like
24:
987:
319:, Byzantine symbols of rulership.
25:
1083:
925:Early Christian and Byzantine Art
65:) is a set of pieces of engraved
943:Byzantina Symmeikta, Athen 2009.
589:'s Byzantine crown, 12th century
578:
566:
554:
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472:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
220:In 1057 Solomon was besieged by
1031:, 12 (1994) pp. 241–262, 8
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561:Dancer and ἡ ἀλήθεια, Sincerity
346:. Both women wear the complete
809:Magda von Bárány-Oberschall,
732:
711:
643:
634:
609:
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508:sack of Constantinople in 1204
248:
13:
1:
993:Magda von Bárány-Oberschall.
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272:of the Romans, the Monomachos
174:, a daughter of Grand Prince
140:The central panel, depicting
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980:, 9780870997778, no. 145,
758:Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972,
743:Die heilige Krone Ungarns.
721:Pressler, Wiesbaden 1972,
704:(PDF-Datei; 2,56 MB)
517:
369:Zoe the Most Pious Augusta
131:
37:
406:Authenticity and function
142:Constantine IX Monomachus
87:Constantine IX Monomachus
75:Hungarian National Museum
69:goldwork, decorated with
54:
816:Budapest 1937 pp. 60–78.
708:, Band 7, 1976. S. 45–46
594:
460:given to soldiers as an
362:Theodora the Most Pious
205:and had sent it back to
38:Not to be confused with
419:
379:
258:
144:
97:, two dancers and two
62:
35:
1002:Acta historiae artium
664:Alexander Nasarenko,
418:The crown from behind
417:
377:
256:
211:Holy Crown of Hungary
139:
118:Holy Crown of Hungary
33:
512:period of Latin rule
477:Stephanos Pergamenos
441:triumphal procession
55:Στέμμα του Μονομάχου
34:The Monomachus Crown
964:Maguire, Henry, in
700:Szabolcs de Vajay,
587:Constance of Aragon
428:Nicolas Oikonomidès
305:decoration and the
278:. The figures have
197:in 1000) from King
126:Constance of Aragon
99:allegorical figures
1062:Kingdom of Hungary
1009:Folia Archeologica
420:
380:
259:
201:in 1045 after the
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63:Monomakhosz-korona
36:
1052:Individual crowns
937:Dawson, Timothy.
834:Franz Tinnefeld:
195:Pope Silvester II
176:Yaroslav the Wise
172:Anastasia of Kiev
16:(Redirected from
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110:Ivanka pri Nitre
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47:Monomachus Crown
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1067:1040s works
968:, Editors,
911:Dawson, 190
887:Dawson, 189
640:Kiss, 60-64
606:Kiss, 60-62
480: [
385:iconography
249:Description
122:kamelaukion
89:, his wife
1046:Categories
978:0870997777
933:0140560335
918:References
899:, 17.22.19
739:Josef Deér
486:, a court
199:Samuel Aba
180:Vsevolod I
1021:XXI (2014
510:, or the
392:cypresses
358:thorakion
343:suppedion
337:maniakion
316:maniakion
284:cypresses
191:Stephen I
187:Henry III
164:Hungarian
105:in 1042.
71:cloisonné
67:Byzantine
59:Hungarian
775:Kiss, 63
729:, p. 416
680:, S. 199
615:Kiss, 62
585:Empress
547:Theodora
531:Empress
449:rhetoric
230:Henry IV
170:married
168:Andrew I
150:apostles
114:Slovakia
95:Theodora
79:Budapest
897:Zonaras
651:Solomon
518:Gallery
457:armilla
364:Augusta
348:regalia
292:labarum
276:Virtues
270:Emperor
243:Šintava
226:Pozsony
215:Solomon
132:History
83:Hungary
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954:
931:
869:Dawson
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500:armill
488:eunuch
464:. The
433:Venice
298:akakia
222:Geza I
157:Andrew
595:Notes
484:]
462:award
439:in a
424:Greek
353:loros
331:loros
325:loros
309:loros
280:halos
239:Nitra
166:King
153:Peter
51:Greek
1019:FONS
974:ISBN
952:ISBN
929:ISBN
851:Kiss
793:Kiss
760:ISBN
723:ISBN
674:ISBN
322:The
313:and
241:and
207:Rome
155:and
45:The
533:Zoe
470:of
303:ivy
234:Váh
193:by
124:of
112:in
91:Zoe
77:in
1048::
958:,
904:^
838:,
798:^
685:^
657:^
620:^
482:de
286:.
81:,
61::
57:;
53::
549:,
49:(
42:.
20:)
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