Ocean liner - Knowledge

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cabin class and the steerage class. The passengers travelling on the former were wealthy passengers and they enjoyed certain comfort in that class. The passengers travelling on the latter were members of the middle class or the working class. In that class, they were packed in large dormitories. Until the beginning of the 20th century, they did not always have bedsheets and meals. An intermediate class for tourists and members of the middle class gradually appeared. The cabins were then divided into three classes. The facilities offered to passengers developed over time. In the 1870s, the installation of bathtubs and oil lamps caused a sensation on board

421:, Isambard Kingdom Brunel laid the foundations for new shipbuilding techniques. He realised that the carrying capacity of a ship increases as the cube of its dimensions, whilst the water resistance only increases as the square of its dimensions. This means that large ships are more fuel-efficient, something very important for long voyages across the Atlantic. Constructing large ships was therefore more profitable. Moreover, migration to the Americas increased enormously. These movements of population were a financial windfall for the shipping companies, some of the largest of which were founded during this time. Examples are the 1915: 22: 1945: 1250: 5596: 2397: 1930: 1506: 1899: 998: 2288: 1977: 485: 2187: 691: 433: 2907: 774:. Ultimately their owner was American (as mentioned above, White Star Line had been absorbed into J. P. Morgan's trust). Faced with this major competition, the British government contributed financially to Cunard Line's construction of two liners of unmatched size and speed, under the condition that they be available for conversion into armed cruisers when needed by the navy. The result of this partnership was the completion in 1907 of two sister ships: 250: 2669: 1432: 682:. She quickly obtained the Blue Riband for her company. This race for speed, however, was a detriment to passengers' comfort and generated strong vibration, which made her owner lose any interest in her after she lost the Blue Riband to another ship of Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was only used for ten years for transatlantic crossing before being converted into a cruise ship. Until 1907 the Blue Riband remained in the hands of the Germans. 1712: 2136: 367: 705: 447: 723: 176: 135: 264: 788:, both of which won the Blue Riband during their respective maiden voyages. The latter retained this distinction for twenty years. Their great speed was achieved by the use of turbines instead of conventional expansion machines. In response to the competition from Cunard Line, White Star Line ordered the 573:

in 1868), competed strongly against each other in the late 1860s. The struggle was symbolised by the attainment of the Blue Riband, which the two companies achieved several times around the end of the century. The luxury and technology of ships were also evolving. Auxiliary sails became obsolete and

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The first ocean liners were designed to carry mostly migrants. On-board sanitary conditions were often deplorable and epidemics were frequent. In 1848, maritime laws imposing hygiene rules were adopted and they improved on-board living conditions. Gradually, two distinct classes were developed: the

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In the early 1840s, the average speed of liners was less than 10 knots (a crossing of the Atlantic thus took about 12 days or more). In the 1870s, the average speed of liners increased to around 15 knots the duration of a transatlantic crossing shortened to around 7 days, owing to the technological

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and became the first to dedicate the activity of his shipping company to the transport of mails, thus ensuring regular services on a given schedule. The company's vessels operated the routes between the United Kingdom and the United States. Over time, the paddle wheel, impractical on the high seas,

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left Liverpool on 4 April and arrived in New York eighteen days later on 22 April after a turbulent crossing. Too little coal was prepared for the crossing, and the crew had to burn cabin furniture in order to complete the voyage. The journey took place at a speed of 8.03 knots. The voyage was made

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The advent of the Jet Age and the decline in transoceanic ship service brought about a gradual transition from passenger ships to modern cruise ships as a means of transportation. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines modified some of them to operate on cruise routes, such as

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Though ocean liners share certain similarities with cruise ships, they must be able to travel between continents from point A to point B on a fixed schedule, so must be faster and built to withstand the rough seas and adverse conditions encountered on long voyages across the open ocean. To protect

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also played an important role, causing a drastic decrease in the number of people crossing the Atlantic and at the same time reducing the number of profitable transatlantic voyages. In response, shipping companies redirected many of their liners to a more profitable cruise service. In 1934, in the

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Before the Second World War, aircraft had not posed a significant economic threat to ocean liners. Most pre-war aircraft were noisy, vulnerable to bad weather, and/or incapable of the range needed for transoceanic flights; all were expensive and had a small passenger capacity. The war accelerated

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Since their beginning in the 19th century, ocean liners needed to meet growing demands. The first liners were small and overcrowded, leading to unsanitary conditions on board. Eliminating these phenomena required larger ships, to reduce the crowding of passengers, and faster ships, to reduce the

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Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules. Regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called "line voyages" and vessels (passenger or cargo) trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner

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in 27 days. Most of the distance was covered by sailing; the steam power was not used for more than 72 hours during the travel. The public enthusiasm for the new technology was not high, as none of the thirty-two people who had booked a seat boarded the ship for that historic voyage. Although

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The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America. It was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled, though most ocean liners historically were mid-sized vessels which served as the common carriers of

218:. Certain characteristics of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing them from entering shallow ports, and cabins (often windowless) designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort. The 1685:

since 1996, and now relies on funds to keep her afloat in hopes of restoration and redevelopment. She was purchased by RXR Realty in 2020 with intentions of being redeveloped into a museum, hotel, and multi-use space, but no progress has been made as of 2022.

2709:, which took approximately 1,500 lives, highlighted the overconfidence of the shipping companies in their ships, such as the failure to put enough lifeboats on board. Safety measures at sea were reexamined following the incident. Two years later, in 1914, 2154:. Both were founded during the 1830s and engaged in strong competition against one another, possessing the largest and fastest liners in the world in the early 20th century. It was not until 1934 that financial difficulty caused the two to merge, forming 1820:

reached a speed of 27 knots. Their records seemed unbeatable, and most shipping companies abandoned the race for speed in favor of size, luxury, and safety. The advent of ships with diesel engines, and of those whose engines were oil-burning, such as the

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progress made in the propulsion of ships: the rudimentary steam boilers gave rise to more elaborate machineries and the paddlewheel gradually disappeared, replaced first by one screw then by two screws. At the beginning of the 20th century, Cunard Line's

195:. Such routes included Europe to African and Asian colonies, Europe to South America, and migrant traffic from Europe to North America in the 19th and first two decades of the 20th centuries, and to Canada and Australia after the Second World War. 1364:, was also used as a cruise ship. By the early 1960s, 95% of passenger traffic across the Atlantic was by aircraft. Thus the reign of the ocean liners came to an end. By the early 1970s, many passenger ships continued their service in cruising. 525:

took a different approach. It equipped its ships with cold rooms, heating systems, and various other innovations but the operation was expensive. The sinking of two of its ships was a major blow to the company which was dissolved in 1858.

1677:. These plans were ultimately abandoned and the ship was again made available for sale, never having left port in Rotterdam. Astoria was reported to have been sold for scrap in January 2023, but this has been denied by the ship's owner. 944:

on 7 May 1915 caused the loss of 128 American lives at a time when the United States was still neutral. Although other factors came into play, the loss of American lives in the sinking strongly pushed the United States to favour the

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The steam engine also allowed ships to provide regular service without the use of sail. This aspect particularly appealed to the postal companies, which leased the services of ships to serve clients separated by the ocean. In 1839,

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and the inter-continental trade rendered the development of secure links between continents imperative. Being at the top among the colonial powers, the United Kingdom needed stable maritime routes to connect different parts of its

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with its close relationship with the government. Over the course of its history, it took over many shipping companies, becoming one of the largest companies in the world before legal problems led to its liquidation in 1931. The

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The Second World War was a conflict rich in events involving liners. From the start of the conflict, German liners were requisitioned and many were turned into barracks ships. It was in the course of this activity that the

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set a new standard for ocean travel by having its first-class cabins amidships, with the added amenity of large portholes, electricity and running water. The size of ocean liners increased from 1880 to meet the needs of

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for greater stability, and have large capacities for fuel, food, and other consumables on long voyages. On an ocean liner, the captain's tower (bridge) is usually positioned on the upper deck for increased visibility.

2234:, while the MM operated in French colonies in Asia and Africa. Decolonization in the second half of the 20th century led to a sharp decline in profit for the MM, and it merged with the CGT in 1975 to form the 151:

arriving in New York in 1907. As the primary means of trans-oceanic voyages for over a century, ocean liners were essential to the transportation needs of national governments, business firms, and the general

2388:, the details of which have been recounted in numerous books, films and documentaries. This route was the preferred route for major shipping companies and was the scene of fierce competition between them. 346:

had proven that a steamship was capable of crossing the ocean, the public was not yet prepared to trust such means of travel on the open sea, and, in 1820, the steam engine was removed from the vessel.

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possible by the use of a condenser, which fed the boilers with fresh water, avoiding having to periodically shut down the boilers in order to remove the salt. The feat was short-lived. The next day,

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innovations such as the steam engine, Diesel engine and steel hull allowed larger and faster liners to be built, giving rise to a competition between world powers of the time, especially between the

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was awarded to the liner with the highest speed. The route was not without danger, as storm and icebergs are common in the North Atlantic. Many shipwrecks occurred on this route, among them that of

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A crisis arose when the United States drastically reduced its immigrant quotas, causing shipping companies to lose a large part of their income and to have to adapt to this circumstance. The

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of the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT). The ship was the largest ship afloat at the time of her completion in 1935. She was also the fastest, winning the Blue Riband in 1935.

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After a period of reconstruction, the shipping companies recovered quickly from the damage caused by the First World War. The ships, whose construction was started before the war, such as

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managed to cross the Atlantic by using steam power on most of the voyage; sail was used only when the boilers were cleaned. There were still many skeptics, and in 1836, scientific writer

83:), as well as a longer bow than a cruise ship. Additionally, for additional strength they are often designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships, as well as a deeper 2006:. These gigantic shipyards employed a large portion of the population of cities and built hulls, machines, furnitures and lifeboats. Among the other well-known British shipyards were 1698:

was purchased by Brock Pierce in 2021, with the intent of turning her into a hotel. Her future is uncertain as it was reported in July 2021 that no progress has been made since then.

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Ocean liners on the Pacific route brought large numbers of migrants from East Asia to the Americas, especially the United States, which continued despite successive laws restricting

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primarily used for transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as

2259:. Unlike the French and German industry the Holland America Line had no domestic rival in this trade and only had to compete with foreign lines. The other two Dutch lines were the 1567:(1914). While originally being a cargo ship, it served as the Italian ocean liner Franca C. for Costa Lines from 1952 to 1959, and in 2010 it became a dry berthed luxury hotel on 846:. Germany soon responded to the competition from the British. From 1912 to 1914, Hamburg America Line completed a trio of liners significantly larger than the White Star Line's 362:

As the project of making the voyage directly from New York to Liverpool, it was perfectly chimerical, and they might as well talk of making the voyage from New York to the moon.

540:. She had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers. Her career was marked by a series of failures and incidents, one of which was an explosion on board during her maiden voyage. 1233:

was attacked by German planes, then torpedoed by a U-boat when tugs tried to tow her to safety. Out of all the innovative and glamorous inter-war superliners, only the Cunard

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and sailing between Hamburg and New York twice a month, suffered an accidental fire off the coast of Newfoundland and sank with the loss of all but 89 of the 542 passengers.

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of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1884. They were record breakers by the standards of the time, and were the largest liners then in service, plying the Liverpool to New York route.

203:, that is, line-of-battle ships, but that usage is now rare.) The term "ocean liner" has come to be used interchangeably with "passenger liner", although it can refer to a 1279:

as troopships during the war. To ensure a reliable and fast troop transport in case of a war against the Soviet Union, the U.S. government sponsored the construction of

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made American liners alcohol-free, causing alcohol-seeking passengers to choose other liners for travel and substantially reducing profits for the United States Lines.

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were sailing from major German ports, such as Hamburg and Bremen, to the United States during this time. The year 1858 was marked by a major accident: the sinking of

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The most important of all routes taken by ocean liners was the North Atlantic route. It accounted for a large part of the clientele, who traveled between ports of

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trade is "tramping" whereby vessels are notified on an ad hoc basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. (In older usage, "liner" also referred to

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Colonization made Asia particularly attractive to shipping companies. Many government officials must travel there from time to time. As early as the 1840s, the

1358:, launched in 1962 and 1963, were two of the last ocean liners to be built primarily for liner service across the North Atlantic. Cunard's transatlantic liner, 1201:, after the ship was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine, with more than 9,000 lives lost, making it the deadliest maritime disaster in history; and the sinking of 892:, participated in the war as warships. Troop transportation was very popular due to the liners' large size. Liners converted into troop ships were painted in 2377:. The profitability of this route came from migration to the United States. The need for speed influenced the construction of liners for this route, and the 4257: 1851:

set a record that remains today: 34.5 knots (3 days and 12 hours of crossing the Atlantic). In addition, since 1935, the Blue Riband is accompanied by the

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caught fire, capsized, and sank in New York in 1942 while being converted for troop duty. Many of the superliners of the 1920s and 1930s were victims of

641:, and was fitted with refrigeration equipment. She plied the Suez Canal route from England to Australia during the 1890s, up until the years leading to 4383: 3062: 671:

that have emerged in maritime history. The ship needed only two funnels, but more funnels gave passengers a feeling of safety and power. In 1900, the

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in thirty hours before entering into regular service between the two cities. Soon after, other vessels were built using this innovation. In 1816, the

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that hits an iceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic with great loss of lives. The similarities between the plot of the novel and the sinking of the

1914: 295:, with a fleet of sailing ships, offered the first regular passenger service with emphasis on passenger comfort, from England to the United States. 107:. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered largely obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after 1386: 1134:

proposed to merge the two companies in order to solve their financial problems. The merger took place in 1934 and launched the construction of the

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Ocean liners were the primary mode of intercontinental travel for over a century, from the mid-19th century until they began to be supplanted by

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of 1952 was the result of a desire by the United States government to possess a large and fast ship that is convertible into a troop transport.

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After the war, some ships were again transferred from the defeated nations to the winning nations as war reparations. This was the case of the

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route. There was not the same level of competition in the South Atlantic as there was in the North Atlantic. There were fewer shipwrecks. The

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of 1907 were built with the help of the British government with the desire that the United Kingdom would regain its prestige as a sea power.

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and entered it into service for the United States Lines in 1952. She won the Blue Riband on her maiden voyage in that year and held it until

291:, India, Australia, etc. The birth of the concept of international water and the lack of any claim to it simplified navigation. In 1818, the 1619:(1967), and Queen Mary 2 (2003). Out of these eight ocean liners, only one is still active and three of them have since been preserved. The 4288: 3513: 1929: 236:, the last ocean liners to be built primarily for crossing the North Atlantic, could not be converted economically and had short careers. 2783:, resulting in the death of one of the hostages being held by the hijackers. In 1994, she caught fire and sank off the coast of Somalia. 96: 5705: 2512:, put into service in 1949, was one of the flagships of its fleet. Decolonization caused the loss in the profitability of these ships. 2455:

was frequented by many ocean liners. Many companies benefited from migration from Italy and the Balkans to the United States. Cunard's

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organized trips to Calcutta via the Suez Isthmus, as the canal had not yet been built. The time it took to travel on this route to

667:. The ship was both luxurious and fast, managing to steal the Blue Riband from the British. She was also the first of the fourteen 1898: 2585:

of 1900 had the honor to bear the name of its mother country, an honor which she lost after ten years of a disappointing career.

2213: 843: 426: 292: 4884: 3325: 67:, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers. Some shipping companies refer to themselves as "lines" and their 4911: 4529: 4338: 2521: 1525:

Four ocean liners made before the Second World War survive today as they have been partially or fully preserved as museums and

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Many liners were sunk with great loss of life; in the Second World War the three worst disasters were the loss of the Cunarder

1749:(20,904 GT) was completed. The tonnage then grew profoundly: the first liners to have a tonnage that exceeded 20,000 were the 1030:, were also put back into service and had a successful career in the early 1920s. More modern liners were also built, such as 4634: 4502: 3593: 4845: 3809: 2474:

route. Similarly, Italian liners crossed the Mediterranean Sea before entering the North Atlantic Ocean. The opening of the

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passengers and freight between nations and among other countries and their colonies and dependencies before the dawn of the

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on her maiden voyage on 15 April 1912, resulting in several changes to maritime safety practices. As for the third sister,

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was the fastest ship of her time and the largest for a short amount of time, she captured the Blue Riband twice, both off

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had many admirers during their careers, and their retirement and scrapping caused certain sadness. The same was true of

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shipyard of Belfast were particularly innovative and succeeded in winning the trust of many shipping companies, such as

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in 1915, which resulted in the loss of 1,198 lives and provoked an international outcry, the naval mine sinking of the

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disappeared completely at the end of the century. Possible military use of passenger ships was envisaged and, in 1889,

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where she was used as a warehouse, quarantine ship, and coal hulk until she was scuttled in 1937. The American company

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in 1919. This led to the awarding of many German liners to the victorious Allies. The Hamburg America Line's trio (

802:, completed in 1911, had a fine career, although punctuated by incidents. This was not the case for her sister, the 502:

in 1845, and then steel hulls, solved this problem. The first ship to be both iron-hulled and equipped with a screw

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The South Atlantic was the route frequented by liners bound for South America, Africa, and sometimes Oceania. The

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were transformed into hospital ships during the conflict. Others became troop transports, while some, such as the

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s record with an average speed of 8.66 knots. The race of speed was commenced, and, with it, the tradition of the

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duration of transatlantic crossings. The iron and steel hulls and steam power allowed for these advances. Thus,

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succeeded in applying steam engines to ships. He built the first ship that was powered by this technology, the

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Ocean liners have a strong impact on popular culture, whether during their golden age or afterwards. In 1867,

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By the first decade of the 21st century, only a few former ocean liners were still in existence; some, like

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in history. In the time of war, ships could easily be equipped with cannons and used in cases of conflict.

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Russell, Mark A. "Steamship nationalism: Transatlantic passenger liners as symbols of the German Empire."

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was founded in 1932 as a result of a merger of three companies. It was known for operating liners such as

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were the last two Cunard liners of the period to be fitted with auxiliary sails. Both ships were built by

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and White Star Line. The British government then decided to intervene in order to regain the ascendancy.

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where the voyage itself, and not transportation, is the primary purpose of the trip. Nor does it include

4167:"Australian billionaire says 'Titanic' replica will set sail in 2027—but first he has to build the ship" 3598: 2877: 2703: 2575: 1750: 1316:, with their range and massive carrying capacity, were natural prototypes for post-war next-generation 810: 763: 590: 2751:, which caught fire and sank in the Gulf of Aden in 1932, killing 54 people. In 1956, the sinking of 2246: 1758: 1658:

in 1956) has been rebuilt and refitted as a cruise ship over the years and was in active service for

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won it back in 1986 with Virgin Atlantic Challenger II. One year later, in 1953, Italy completed the

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in the 1950s. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo. Ships contracted to carry

2850: 2776: 2018: 513:, a creation of Brunel. Her career was disastrous and short. She was run aground and stranded at 400: 370: 4280: 5819: 5632: 5233: 4409: 2710: 2170: 1546: 1333: 755:

Although German liners dominated in terms of speed, British liners dominated in terms of size.

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Some ocean liners are known today because of their sinking with great loss of lives. In 1873,

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embraced the idea of a maritime empire comprising a large number of companies. He founded the

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began its first regular passenger and cargo service by a steamship, sailing from Liverpool to

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As the size of ship increased, the wooden hull became fragile. Beginning with the use of an

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Italy and the Netherlands also had shipyards capable of building large ships (for example,

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and promenade deck with higher positioning of lifeboats (the height above water called the

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was requisitioned as a hospital ship, and served after the war as a troopship until the

1031: 5890: 5565: 4435: 3031: 2688: 2635:'s desire to build on French national pride and was financed by the French government. 2614: 1416: 1372: 1329: 1167: 1102: 820:, she never served her intended purpose as a passenger ship, as she was drafted in the 756: 338: 71:, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as "liners". 1998:

were the most famed in shipbuilding during the great era of ocean liners. In Ireland,

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United Kingdom, Cunard Line and White Star Line were in very bad shape financially.

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operated on this route, notably in the 1930s, with its motor ships. Similarly, the

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At the same time, France tried to mark its presence with the completion in 1912 of

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The last step toward long-distance travel using steam power was taken in 1837 when

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has been a floating luxury hotel and museum at Mina Rashid, Dubai since 2018. The

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In 1929, Germany returned to the scene with the two ships of Norddeutscher Lloyd,

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There were many British shipping companies; two were particularly distinguished:

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Ocean liners were often a setting of a love story in films, such as the 1939's

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operated mostly on the north Atlantic route and with well known ships like the

2036: 1838: 1814: 1738:(18,915 GRT) were constructed in 1838 and 1858 respectively. The record set by 1607: 1589: 1561: 1540: 1490: 1478:, built in 2003–04, used for both point-to-point line voyages and for cruises. 1457: 1309: 1182: 1135: 1002: 814: 484: 284: 162: 68: 41: 4122: 2433: 2220:. The CGT operated on the North Atlantic route with well-known liners such as 2212:

The ocean liner industry in France also consisted of two rival companies: the

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development of large, long-ranged aircraft. Four-engined bombers, such as the

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competed with European companies for the North Atlantic trade. In Italy, the

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first completed in 1913 became the 1st liners with tonnage exceeding 50,000.

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followed, and much long-distance travel was done by air. The Italian Line's

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The losses of the liners owned by the Allied Powers were compensated by the

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operated in Africa and the Indian Ocean with a fleet of considerable size.

2105: 2090: 1852: 1832: 1796: 1778: 1715: 1682: 1667: 1594: 1518: 1494: 1435: 1390: 1352: 1341: 1325: 1155: 1113: 1091: 957: 874:

The First World War was a hard time for the liners. Some of them, like the

858: 851: 749: 741: 575: 570: 522: 230: 219: 118: 108: 84: 26: 1371:, three active or former liners were requisitioned for war service by the 690: 111:. Advances in automobile and railway technology also played a role. After 5855: 5829: 5783: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5720: 5710: 5682: 5672: 4712: 2940: 2797: 2721: 2695: 2643: 2571: 2545: 2378: 2354: 2326: 2206: 2147: 2119: 2066: 2007: 1828: 1530: 1486: 1463: 1453: 1380: 1019: 821: 796: 726: 642: 618: 605: 514: 466: 411: 327: 204: 117:

was retired in 2008, the only ship still in service as an ocean liner is

76: 60: 5504: 3491: 3473: 1560:, England as another museum. The latest ship to undergo preservation is 1112:

won the westbound Blue Riband in 1933). France reentered the scene with

5885: 5768: 5725: 5627: 5604: 5555: 2971:"Maritime historian Chris Frame: how the ocean liner changed the world" 2759: 2654:, whose scrapping aroused strong emotion from her admirers. Similarly, 2475: 2332: 2062: 1671: 1600: 1575: 1526: 1482: 1337: 1321: 1298: 1209: 908: 829: 611: 593:

of Germany, who wanted to see his country endowed with a modern fleet.

552: 165: 92: 2906: 2668: 2324:, also known as NYK Lines, which ran trans-Pacific liners such as the 1431: 259:

was the first ship to cross the Atlantic using continuous steam power.

5910: 5870: 5622: 4369:"Owner denies world's oldest cruise ship has been sold for recycling" 3594:"The White Star Line and the International Mercantile Marine Company" 2935: 2540: 2463: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2366: 2350: 2276: 2058: 1624: 920: 897: 503: 333:

became the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. She left the

319: 2855:

Liners were also used as a setting of disaster films. The 1960 film

2271:(KRL); both offered regular service between the Netherlands and the 1195:

from France, with the loss of more than 3,000 lives; the sinking of

1140:

while progressively sending their older ships to the scrapyard. The

350:

Work on this technology continued and a new step was taken in 1833.

5920: 5865: 5814: 4215:. New York, NY: World Ship Society, Port of New York. November 2015 2536: 2525: 2362: 1995: 1640: 1317: 1050: 631: 559: 288: 249: 158: 4258:"'Forlorn' QE2 is not coming home from Dubai, campaigners concede" 1711: 718:

in 1912 led to a serious re-examination of safety measures at sea.

403:, arrived in New York. She left Liverpool on 8 April and overtook 175: 5839: 4180: 2828: 2528:

class conditions. Some of the finest ships on the route, such as

2471: 2382: 2358: 2235: 1557: 970:) were divided between the Cunard Line, White Star Line, and the 912: 803: 712: 470:

was abandoned in favour of the propeller. In 1840, Cunard Line's

366: 192: 5004: 4625:

Shifrin, Malcolm (2015). "Chapter 23: The Turkish bath at sea".

4461:"Brock Pierce: O criptomilionário que comprou o paquete Funchal" 2873:

has become a classic of the genre and has spawned many remakes.

2135: 704: 446: 5499: 2699: 2607: 2429: 2307: 1879: 1690:

was beached in Zhanjiang, China as a tourist attraction called

1224: 1095: 478: 104: 4234: 1791:

raised the record of size to a tonnage of 83,673. She was the

722: 5763: 5612: 5560: 4144: 2499: 2491: 2467: 1191:

to German bombing while attempting to evacuate troops of the

59:

or other vessels engaged in short-sea trading, nor dedicated

56: 16:

Ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another

795:

liners at the end of 1907. The first of these three liners,

5550: 5201: 2370: 91:

The first ocean liners were built in the mid-19th century.

5276:

The Olympic Class Ships : Olympic, Titanic, Britannic

1324:

technology also accelerated due to wartime development of

308:, which succeeded in travelling between New York City and 4433: 4181:"Visit Bristol's attraction – Brunel's ss Great Britain" 2730:

Among the other sinkings are the torpedo sinking of the

1244: 1108:

in 1932, breaking the records of both luxury and speed (

766:

of the White Star Line were the first liners to surpass

179:

Cunard Line poster of 1921, with a cutaway of the liner

2895:

being the most well-known and commercially successful.

2111:. France also had major shipyards on the shores of the 1784:, completed in 1935, had a tonnage of 79,280. In 1940, 911:

in 1916 after she struck a mine. Numerous incidents of

5415:

Ocean Liner Twilight: Steaming to Adventure, 1968-1979

2570:

The construction of some ocean liners was a result of

2436:

operated on this route; among its ships was the famed

1007:, serving as a troopship, arriving in New York in 1945 52:

is the only ocean liner still in service to this day.

1086:

after the latter had held it for twenty years. Soon,

1057:

ships counted as an extension of U.S. territory, the

871:, was paused by the outbreak of the First World War. 850:-class ships. The first to be completed, in 1913 was 2902: 2758:, with the loss of 46 lives, after a collision with 2694:

struck an underwater rock and sank off the coast of

930:

off the coast of west Africa, while her sister ship

2663: 2275:, the Dutch colony in South East Asia now known as 2216:(commonly known as "Transat" or "French Line") and 3030: 1961: 1827:, in the early 1930s, relaunched the race for the 1297:, which later sank in 1956 after a collision with 949:and facilitated the country's entry into the war. 5706:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 4483:"Paquete Funchal transformado em hotel flutuante" 2578:to see his country become a sea power. Thus, the 2478:made the Mediterranean a possible route to Asia. 1858: 1742:was not beaten until 43 years later in 1901 when 1405:. The P&O educational cruise ship and former 5969: 2481: 989:, because of her poor state, avoided this fate. 907:, while serving as a hospital ship, sank in the 529:In 1858, Brunel built his third and last giant, 5231: 4453: 2883:also attracted attention of filmmakers. Nearly 2057:Germany had many shipyards on the coast of the 1170:and was scrapped in 1941. During the conflict, 903:The war was marked by the loss of many liners. 896:to reduce the risk of being torpedoed by enemy 326:. Another important advance came in 1819, when 75:against large waves they usually have a higher 3640: 3638: 2241:The Netherlands had three main companies. The 1889:was the first liner to offer a movie theatre. 1556:(1843) was also preserved, and now resides in 1332:became the first commercial jet airliner; the 1178:provided distinguished service as troopships. 864:in 1914. The construction of the third liner, 5520: 5005:"History of Angel Island Immigration Station" 4339:"Astoria Set for the Auction Block Once More" 3253:. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press. p. 86. 1574:Post-war ocean liners still existent include 1474:in 2008, the only ocean liner in service was 1208:with more than 7,000 lives lost, both in the 4407: 4278: 3033:Lost Treasure Ships of the Twentieth Century 2702:, killing at least 535 people. In 1912, the 2162:also occupied a large part of the business. 1694:in 1998, though has been closed as of 2022. 1627:as a museum and hotel since 2008, while the 915:took place and large numbers of ships sank. 5335:(in French). Sélection du Reader's Digest. 5330: 5129: 5093: 5040: 5009:Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation 4588: 4576: 4301:Deng Xiaoping visit and naming of Sea World 4104: 4030: 4006: 3994: 3886: 3874: 3671: 3635: 3444: 3389: 3374: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3209: 3192: 3163: 3136: 3124: 2620:of 1932 were constructed at the demands of 2279:, and had a long-lasting friendly rivalry. 2181: 1662:until operations ceased in 2020 due to the 1489:, which sank in 1912. The ship is owned by 1401:to recover the Falklands from the invading 5527: 5513: 5236:Les "Provinces" Transatlantiques 1882–1927 2660:was very popular with the British people. 2104:shipyard, which has built ships including 1670:to be transformed into a hotel along with 1635:was refurbished as a hotel for use at the 1497:, the ship is set to be launched by 2027. 543:Many ships owned by German companies like 278:At the beginning of the 19th century, the 5957:List of merchant navy capacity by country 5534: 5479:International Journal of Maritime History 5273: 4822: 4820: 4661: 4612: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3725: 3085: 3083: 3056: 3054: 3037:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 2779:off the coast of Egypt by members of the 1154:, was interrupted by the outbreak of the 1148:. The construction of a second ship, the 1053:of the company's fleet. Because all U.S. 675:competed with its own four-funnel liner, 517:in 1846. In 1884, she was retired to the 5349: 5331:Mars, Christian; Jubelin, Frank (2001). 5232:Rémy, Max; Le Boutilly, Laurent (2016). 5060:, the Last French Passenger Liner; p. 45 4967: 4955: 4943: 4865: 4826: 4811: 4498:The Largest Passenger Ships in the World 4121:. The Great Ocean Liners. Archived from 4076: 4074: 3982: 3644: 3562: 3273: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3151: 3089: 3028: 2667: 2395: 2286: 2185: 2134: 1975: 1837:won it in 1935 before being snatched by 1710: 1504: 1493:and is bought by Australian businessman 1481:A proposed and planned ocean liner, the 1430: 1267:, which was ceded to France and renamed 1248: 996: 721: 703: 689: 663:. She was followed three years later by 483: 445: 431: 365: 262: 248: 174: 32:is the only ocean liner still in service 20: 5311: 5292: 5254: 5141: 5117: 5105: 5081: 5069: 5028: 4991: 4979: 4931: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4649: 4624: 4600: 4489: 4227: 4137: 4119:"Queen Elizabeth 2: 1969 – Present Day" 4110: 4092: 4080: 4065: 4036: 4018: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3898: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3779: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3550: 3538: 3456: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3401: 3385: 3383: 3362: 3350: 3284: 3282: 3221: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3180: 3112: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2834:14 years later led to the assertion of 2823:, which features a British ocean liner 2638:Some liners did gain great popularity. 1920:The second-class smoking room on board 1666:. In August, 2021 she was purchased by 1539:, Japan, as a museum ship, since 1961. 1423:, which could handle trooping flights. 1166:caught fire while under conversion for 637:was a 6,814-ton steamship owned by the 565:In the British market, Cunard Line and 5970: 5450: 5368: 5214: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5075: 4985: 4817: 4314:"CMV to replace Discovery from the UK" 4255: 4116: 4042: 3785: 3506: 3480: 3462: 3318: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3147: 3145: 3080: 3060: 3051: 2522:Asian immigration to the United States 1795:ever constructed until 1997. In 2003, 1485:, is a modern replica of the original 1407:British India Steam Navigation Company 425:of the United Kingdom in 1822 and the 5508: 5431: 5412: 5393: 5034: 4381: 4291:from the original on 26 November 2020 4071: 3227: 2786: 2125: 1971: 1950:The first-class dining room on board 1935:The first-class dining room on board 1385:, were requisitioned from Cunard and 1245:Decline of long-distance line voyages 685: 5046: 3692: 3677: 3662: 3618: 3568: 3490:. Chris' Cunard Page. Archived from 3433: 3395: 3380: 3279: 3248: 3198: 3061:Norris, Gregory J. (December 1981). 2989: 2081:In France, major shipyards included 2008:Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson 1844:in 1938. It was not until 1952 that 1219:was bombarded and sunk in 1944, and 992: 608:to the United States and Australia. 5297:(in French). Hachette Collections. 5240:(in French). Éditions Minimonde76. 5056::SS Normandie/SS France/SS Norway: 4206:"DOULOS PHOS TO BECOME HOTEL (p.5)" 3591: 3169: 3142: 2820:Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan 2502:was long, with many stopovers. The 2414:had some of its ships, such as the 2201:(often referred to as "HAPAG") and 1882:and a swimming pool. In the 1920s, 1802:became the largest, at 149,215 GT. 1082:won the Blue Riband from Britain's 746:International Mercantile Marine Co. 13: 5471: 5352:L'Âge d'or des voyages en paquebot 4434:Travel and life of Hannan (2022). 4410:"The Brazil Maru is still alive!!" 2565: 2282: 2214:Compagnie Générale Transatlantique 1855:, which is awarded to the winner. 1701: 1466:, or laid up at pier side like SS 985:. Of the German superliners, only 844:Compagnie Générale Transatlantique 569:(the latter after being bought by 536:. The ship was, for 43 years, the 427:Compagnie Générale Transatlantique 14: 5994: 5952:International Chamber of Shipping 5800:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 5489: 5372:Secrets of the Great Ocean Liners 5314:Les Plus Beaux Paquebots du Monde 4382:Conde, Ximena (31 January 2023). 4235:"The history of the SS Rotterdam" 2391: 2344: 2261:Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland 2098:Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire 1706: 1389:to serve as troopships, carrying 538:largest passenger ship ever built 5594: 5354:(in French). Éditions du Chêne. 5208: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5063: 5054:303 Arts, recherces et créations 5022: 4997: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4898: 4871: 4859: 4832: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4279:James Baquet (21 January 2011). 4256:Morris, Hugh (13 January 2016). 4237:. Steamship Rotterdam Foundation 3472:. The Red Duster. Archived from 3092:"T/n Michelangelo and Raffaello" 2905: 2800:recounted his experience aboard 2679:sinking after colliding with MS 2664:Maritime disasters and incidents 2446: 2076: 1943: 1928: 1913: 1897: 940:. The torpedoing and sinking of 134: 5224: 4655: 4643: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4543: 4516: 4475: 4427: 4401: 4375: 4361: 4345:. 29 March 2022. Archived from 4331: 4306: 4272: 4249: 4198: 4173: 4159: 4145:"Introduction to the SS Uganda" 4098: 4086: 4059: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3802: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3650: 3585: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3516:. Clydemaritime. Archived from 3450: 3407: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3328:. The Cunarders. Archived from 3306: 3294: 3267: 3242: 3215: 3186: 3157: 2269:Koninklijke Rotterdamsche Lloyd 2167:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1962:Builders and shipping companies 1650:(originally the ocean liner MS 1426: 596:In 1870, the White Star Line's 399:, designed by railway engineer 244: 5432:——— (2017). 5413:——— (2007). 5396:Ocean Liner Odyssey, 1958-1969 5295:Au cœur des bateaux de légende 3130: 3118: 3106: 3022: 2963: 2836:conspiracy theories regarding 2263:(SMN), otherwise known as the 1859:Passenger cabins and amenities 1535:(1929), has been preserved in 669:ocean liners with four funnels 55:The category does not include 1: 3004:"Ocean Liner vs. Cruise Ship" 2951: 2946:Passenger terminal (maritime) 2887:were made to depict it, with 2791: 2482:Indian Ocean and the Far East 1904:A first-class cabin on board 1660:Cruise & Maritime Voyages 645:when she was converted to an 2956: 2781:Palestinian Liberation Front 2624:. Finally, the construction 2576:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany 2096:. This shipyard merged with 1966: 1500: 1090:also entered the scene. The 7: 5436:. Windsor: Overview Press. 5417:. Windsor: Overview Press. 5394:Scull, Theodore W. (1998). 5255:Brouard, Jean-Yves (1998). 4728:Musée national de la Marine 2898: 2537:Canadian Pacific Steamships 2320:. The Japanese established 2236:Compagnie Générale Maritime 1994:The British and the German 1529:. The Japanese ocean liner 1227:, mines or enemy aircraft. 1193:British Expeditionary Force 1129:Chancellor of the Exchequer 923:after a fierce battle with 127: 10: 5999: 5398:. London: Carmania Press. 4414:40anos.nikkeybrasil.com.br 3599:Titanic Historical Society 2515: 2130: 1470:. After the retirement of 335:U.S. city of the same name 239: 207:or cargo-passenger liner. 5929: 5848: 5792: 5734: 5691: 5603: 5592: 5543: 5350:Piouffre, Gérard (2009). 5312:Le Goff, Olivier (1998). 5293:Ferulli, Corrado (2004). 4343:Cruise & Harbour News 4045:"Empress of Britain (II)" 3415:"L'incendie de L'Austria" 3090:Goossens, Reuben (2012). 2720:after colliding with the 2339: 2102:Chantiers de l'Atlantique 1314:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1037:(completed in 1927). The 917:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 890:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 660:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 491:Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse 103:, and to a lesser extent 5453:L'Âge d'or des paquebots 5379:, University of Oxford. 5369:Sayers, John G. (2021). 5274:Chirnside, Mark (2004). 4914:13 December 2016 at the 4532:29 December 2012 at the 4505:27 February 2017 at the 3786:Layton, J. Kent (2009). 3029:Pickford, Nigel (1999). 2861:was filmed on board the 2844: 2631:of 1961 was a result of 2560: 2182:German, French and Dutch 2019:John Brown & Company 1059:National Prohibition Act 589:succeeded in impressing 5779:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5678:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5481:28.2 (2016): 313–334. 5205:. Accessed 14 July 2010 5130:Mars & Jubelin 2001 5094:Mars & Jubelin 2001 5041:Mars & Jubelin 2001 4922:. Accessed 13 July 2010 4920:The Great Oceans Liners 4895:. Accessed 13 July 2010 4856:. Accessed 13 July 2010 4848:10 October 2009 at the 4730:. Accessed 12 July 2010 4627:Victorian Turkish Baths 4589:Mars & Jubelin 2001 4577:Mars & Jubelin 2001 4567:. Accessed 12 July 2010 4513:. Accessed 12 July 2010 4260:. Telegraph Media Group 4105:Mars & Jubelin 2001 4031:Mars & Jubelin 2001 4007:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3995:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3887:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3875:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3672:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3445:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3390:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3375:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3313:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3301:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3289:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3210:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3193:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3164:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3137:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3125:Mars & Jubelin 2001 3063:"Evolution of cruising" 1241:would survive the war. 772:largest passenger ships 401:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 371:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 5820:Platform supply vessel 5633:Coastal trading vessel 5257:Paquebots de chez nous 5195:L'aventure du Poséidon 4893:The Great Ocean Liners 4854:The Great Ocean Liners 4722:7 January 2010 at the 4565:The Great Ocean Liners 4559:26 August 2010 at the 4540:. Accessed 2 July 2010 4538:The Great Ocean Liners 4511:The Great Ocean Liners 3814:The Great Ocean Liners 2870:The Poseidon Adventure 2817:wrote the short novel 2684: 2539:which operated out of 2407: 2400:Promotional poster of 2295: 2194: 2171:state-owned enterprise 2143: 1991: 1986:under construction at 1793:largest passenger ship 1722: 1547:Long Beach, California 1522: 1442: 1334:Sud Aviation Caravelle 1260: 1041:, having received the 1008: 857:. She was followed by 737: 719: 701: 647:armed merchant cruiser 495: 457: 443: 381: 364: 275: 260: 187: 33: 5805:Diving support vessel 4525:The Evolution of Size 4408:Wada Yoshiji (2009). 4043:Newman, Jeff (2012). 3470:"The White Star Line" 3251:Victorian Engineering 3249:Rolt, L.T.C. (1970). 2744:in 1916, and that of 2727:. 1,012 people died. 2671: 2504:Messageries Maritimes 2399: 2290: 2218:Messageries Maritimes 2197:Two rival companies, 2189: 2156:Cunard White Star Ltd 2138: 2100:shipyard to form the 2089:, known for building 1979: 1714: 1508: 1434: 1419:station was built at 1252: 1000: 725: 707: 693: 558:. The ship, built in 487: 449: 435: 369: 360: 280:Industrial Revolution 266: 252: 178: 168:used the designation 24: 5810:Emergency tow vessel 5451:Server, Lee (1998). 5316:(in French). Solar. 4887:12 July 2014 at the 4629:. Historic England. 4117:Ljungström, Henrik. 3820:on 18 September 2012 3788:"H.M.H.S. Britannic" 3592:Saphire, William B. 2931:List of ocean liners 2926:List of cruise ships 2921:List of cruise lines 2718:Saint Lawrence River 2555:Queen of the Pacific 2243:Holland America Line 2199:Hamburg America Line 2083:Chantiers de Penhoët 1654:which collided with 1646:The first of these, 1462:, were preserved as 1367:In 1982, during the 982:Empress of Australia 954:Treaty of Versailles 673:Hamburg America Line 639:Orient Steamship Co. 626:John Elder & Co. 617:and her sister ship 545:Hamburg America Line 267:The first voyage of 5937:Nautical operations 5881:Floating restaurant 5663:Lighter aboard ship 3810:"Kronprinz Wilhelm" 3008:Chris's Cunard Page 2765:made the headline. 2704:sinking of the RMS 2553:, became known as ' 2300:United States Lines 2203:Norddeutscher Lloyd 2192:Norddeutscher Lloyd 2000:Harland & Wolff 1990:shipyard in Belfast 1692:Hai Shang Cheng Shi 1681:has been docked in 1623:has been moored in 1456:while others, like 1132:Neville Chamberlain 1039:United States Lines 972:United States Lines 654:Norddeutscher Lloyd 549:Norddeutscher Lloyd 429:of France in 1855. 5891:Merchant submarine 5566:Maritime transport 5455:(in French). MLP. 5434:Ocean Liner Sunset 5259:(in French). MDM. 4371:. 1 February 2023. 4281:"Shekou Sea World" 4185:ssgreatbritain.org 3606:on 28 January 2008 3520:on 5 November 2019 3476:on 19 August 2010. 2813:. In 1898, writer 2787:In popular culture 2713:Empress of Ireland 2685: 2408: 2296: 2195: 2144: 2126:Shipping companies 1992: 1972:British and German 1723: 1523: 1452:, were sailing as 1443: 1417:RAF Mount Pleasant 1373:British Government 1330:De Havilland Comet 1261: 1230:Empress of Britain 1168:Operation Sea Lion 1009: 738: 736:during World War I 720: 702: 686:Early 20th century 665:three sister ships 591:Emperor Wilhelm II 496: 458: 444: 382: 339:Liverpool, England 276: 261: 188: 34: 5965: 5964: 5668:Livestock carrier 5571:Freight transport 5052:Offrey, Charles; 4636:978-1-84802-230-0 4147:. SS Uganda Trust 3790:. Atlantic Liners 2748:Georges Philippar 2633:Charles de Gaulle 2453:Mediterranean Sea 2273:Dutch East Indies 2176:Union Castle Line 2113:Mediterranean Sea 2071:AG Vulcan Stettin 2051:Queen Elizabeth 2 2010:, the builder of 1988:Harland and Wolff 1664:COVID-19 pandemic 1629:Queen Elizabeth 2 1616:Queen Elizabeth 2 1537:Naka-ku, Yokohama 1472:Queen Elizabeth 2 1377:Queen Elizabeth 2 1361:Queen Elizabeth 2 1049:and made her the 993:After World War I 933:Kronprinz Wilhelm 919:was defeated and 894:dazzle camouflage 734:dazzle camouflage 583:auxiliary cruiser 581:became the first 481:, Massachusetts. 373:at the launch of 356:Dionysius Lardner 318:became the first 201:ships of the line 114:Queen Elizabeth 2 5990: 5916:Semi-submersible 5901:Pipe-laying ship 5598: 5581:Maritime history 5529: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5424:978-0-95472063-6 5409: 5390: 5377:Bodleian Library 5365: 5346: 5327: 5308: 5289: 5270: 5251: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5072:, pp. 64–65 5067: 5061: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4902: 4896: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4802:, pp. 72–73 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4778:, pp. 78–79 4773: 4767: 4766:, pp. 64–65 4761: 4755: 4754:, pp. 90–93 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4676:, pp. 86–87 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4547: 4541: 4520: 4514: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4388:www.inquirer.com 4379: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3816:. Archived from 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3589: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3421:on 27 March 2016 3417:. Archived from 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3094:. ssMaritime.com 3087: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3036: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2967: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2815:Morgan Robertson 2622:Benito Mussolini 2532:Empress of Japan 2067:Blohm & Voss 1947: 1932: 1917: 1901: 1740:SS Great Eastern 1735:SS Great Eastern 1732:(1,340 GRT) and 1729:SS Great Western 1549:. In the 1970s, 1403:Argentine forces 1399:Falkland Islands 1395:Ascension Island 1198:Wilhelm Gustloff 1156:Second World War 1124:Great Depression 828:, and sank to a 519:Falkland Islands 409: 310:Albany, New York 138: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5925: 5906:Research vessel 5896:Narco-submarine 5844: 5788: 5730: 5716:Hydrogen tanker 5701:Chemical tanker 5687: 5648:Heavy-lift ship 5599: 5590: 5576:Merchant marine 5539: 5533: 5492: 5474: 5472:Further reading 5469: 5463: 5444: 5443:978-095470268-7 5425: 5406: 5387: 5362: 5343: 5324: 5305: 5286: 5267: 5248: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4916:Wayback Machine 4903: 4899: 4889:Wayback Machine 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4850:Wayback Machine 4837: 4833: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4724:Wayback Machine 4709: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4561:Wayback Machine 4552:Queen Elizabeth 4548: 4544: 4534:Wayback Machine 4521: 4517: 4507:Wayback Machine 4494: 4490: 4485:. 15 July 2021. 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4440:www.ixigua.com/ 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3494:on 6 April 2010 3486: 3485: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3332:on 4 April 2016 3324: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2858:The Last Voyage 2847: 2810:A Floating City 2794: 2789: 2666: 2617:Conte di Savoia 2568: 2566:National symbol 2563: 2518: 2509:La Marseillaise 2484: 2449: 2412:White Star Line 2394: 2347: 2342: 2285: 2265:Netherland Line 2249:Nieuw Amsterdam 2184: 2152:White Star Line 2141:White Star Line 2133: 2128: 2079: 2045:Queen Elizabeth 2004:White Star Line 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1902: 1861: 1788:Queen Elizabeth 1755:White Star Line 1709: 1704: 1702:Characteristics 1641:Shenzhen, China 1639:development in 1503: 1429: 1328:. In 1953, the 1288:Richard Branson 1277:Queen Elizabeth 1247: 1172:Queen Elizabeth 1151:Queen Elizabeth 1105:Conte di Savoia 995: 938:commerce raider 822:First World War 688: 567:White Star Line 407: 358:declared that: 337:and arrived in 324:English Channel 293:Black Ball Line 247: 242: 155: 154: 153: 144: 139: 130: 69:container ships 17: 12: 11: 5: 5996: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5876:Fishing vessel 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Lake freighter 5655: 5650: 5645: 5643:Container ship 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5537:merchant ships 5532: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5490:External links 5488: 5487: 5486: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5448: 5442: 5429: 5423: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5386:978-1851245307 5385: 5366: 5361:978-2812300028 5360: 5347: 5342:978-2709812863 5341: 5328: 5323:978-2263027994 5322: 5309: 5304:978-2846343503 5303: 5290: 5285:978-0752428680 5284: 5271: 5266:978-2909313535 5265: 5252: 5246: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5197: » (1972) 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5045: 5033: 5021: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4897: 4870: 4858: 4831: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4662:Chirnside 2004 4654: 4642: 4635: 4617: 4613:Chirnside 2004 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4542: 4515: 4488: 4474: 4463:. 31 July 2021 4452: 4426: 4400: 4374: 4360: 4349:on 2 July 2022 4330: 4318:travelmole.com 4305: 4285:Shenzhen Daily 4271: 4248: 4226: 4197: 4172: 4158: 4136: 4125:on 9 June 2013 4109: 4097: 4085: 4070: 4058: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3935:Chirnside 2004 3927: 3923:Chirnside 2004 3915: 3911:Chirnside 2004 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3801: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3726:Chirnside 2004 3718: 3706: 3691: 3676: 3661: 3649: 3634: 3617: 3584: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3505: 3479: 3461: 3449: 3432: 3406: 3394: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3326:"Ship History" 3317: 3305: 3293: 3278: 3266: 3259: 3241: 3226: 3214: 3197: 3185: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3079: 3050: 3043: 3021: 3010:. 19 July 2017 2988: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2900: 2897: 2846: 2843: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2665: 2662: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2517: 2514: 2496:Southeast Asia 2483: 2480: 2462:served on the 2448: 2445: 2393: 2392:South Atlantic 2390: 2346: 2345:North Atlantic 2343: 2341: 2338: 2284: 2281: 2183: 2180: 2169:operated as a 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2078: 2075: 2021:, builders of 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1860: 1857: 1708: 1707:Size and speed 1705: 1703: 1700: 1590:MV Brazil Maru 1502: 1499: 1491:Blue Star Line 1428: 1425: 1310:Avro Lancaster 1246: 1243: 1045:, renamed her 994: 991: 687: 684: 246: 243: 241: 238: 141: 140: 133: 132: 131: 129: 126: 97:United Kingdom 65:tramp steamers 46:hospital ships 42:passenger ship 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5995: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Admiralty law 5945: 5943: 5942:Affreightment 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5587: 5586:Shipping line 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5464: 5462:2-7434-1050-7 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5247:9782954181820 5243: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5196: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5132:, p. 107 5131: 5126: 5120:, p. 102 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5084:, p. 115 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4994:, p. 105 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4970:, p. 211 4969: 4968:Piouffre 2009 4964: 4958:, p. 203 4957: 4956:Piouffre 2009 4952: 4945: 4944:Piouffre 2009 4940: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4874: 4868:, p. 164 4867: 4866:Piouffre 2009 4862: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4835: 4829:, p. 112 4828: 4827:Piouffre 2009 4823: 4821: 4814:, p. 101 4813: 4812:Piouffre 2009 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4462: 4456: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4230: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095:, p. 112 4094: 4089: 4083:, p. 109 4082: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4047:. Great Ships 4046: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3983:Piouffre 2009 3979: 3972: 3967: 3961:, p. 100 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3937:, p. 122 3936: 3931: 3925:, p. 117 3924: 3919: 3913:, p. 111 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 120 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3728:, p. 223 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3645:Piouffre 2009 3641: 3639: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563:Piouffre 2009 3559: 3553:, p. 124 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3274:Piouffre 2009 3270: 3262: 3260:0-7139-0104-7 3256: 3252: 3245: 3239:, p. 100 3238: 3237:Piouffre 2009 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3152:Piouffre 2009 3148: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3067:Cruise Travel 3064: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3044:0-7922-7472-5 3040: 3035: 3034: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2977:. 1 July 2015 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2913:Oceans portal 2908: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2889:James Cameron 2886: 2885:fifteen films 2882: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2864:Île de France 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2807:in his novel 2806: 2805: 2804:Great Eastern 2799: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2772:Achille Lauro 2766: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2651:Île de France 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2603:United States 2598: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2447:Mediterranean 2444: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2375:New York City 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2283:Other nations 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2087:Saint-Nazaire 2084: 2077:Other nations 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1880:Turkish baths 1878:even offered 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848:United States 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1679:United States 1676: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1584:United States 1580: 1579: 1572: 1571:, Indonesia. 1570: 1569:Bintan Island 1566: 1565: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1553:Great Britain 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:United States 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:personnel to 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1375:. The liners 1374: 1370: 1369:Falklands War 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1283:United States 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1256:United States 1251: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1189:Saint-Nazaire 1186: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1034:Île de France 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1005: 999: 990: 988: 984: 983: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960: 955: 950: 948: 947:Allied Powers 943: 939: 935: 934: 929: 928: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 877: 872: 870: 869: 863: 862: 856: 855: 849: 845: 842:owned by the 841: 840: 833: 831: 827: 826:hospital ship 823: 819: 818: 812: 808: 807: 801: 800: 794: 792: 787: 786: 780: 779: 773: 769: 768:Great Eastern 765: 761: 760: 753: 751: 747: 743: 735: 731: 730: 724: 717: 716: 710: 706: 699: 698: 692: 683: 681: 680: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635: 629: 627: 623: 622: 616: 615: 609: 607: 602: 601: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 579: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 556: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 534: 533:Great Eastern 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 510:Great Britain 505: 501: 493: 492: 486: 482: 480: 476: 475: 468: 464: 463:Samuel Cunard 455: 454: 453:Great Eastern 448: 441: 440: 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 419:Great Western 415: 413: 406: 402: 398: 397: 396:Great Western 390: 389: 379: 378: 377:Great Eastern 372: 368: 363: 359: 357: 353: 352:Royal William 348: 345: 340: 336: 332: 331: 325: 322:to cross the 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 301: 300:Robert Fulton 296: 294: 290: 286: 281: 273: 272: 271:Great Western 265: 258: 257: 251: 237: 235: 234: 228: 227: 221: 217: 216: 208: 206: 202: 196: 194: 185: 184: 177: 173: 171: 167: 164: 160: 150: 149: 143: 137: 125: 123: 122: 116: 115: 110: 106: 102: 101:German Empire 98: 94: 93:Technological 89: 86: 82: 78: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 53: 51: 47: 43: 40:is a type of 39: 31: 30: 23: 19: 5978:Ocean liners 5861:Crane vessel 5773: 5653:Hopper barge 5618:Bulk carrier 5496:Ocean Liners 5478: 5452: 5433: 5414: 5405:0-95186569-2 5395: 5371: 5351: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5275: 5256: 5237: 5234: 5225:Bibliography 5217:, p. 76 5210: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5180:, p. 78 5173: 5168:, p. 75 5161: 5156:, p. 71 5149: 5144:, p. 44 5142:Le Goff 1998 5137: 5125: 5118:Le Goff 1998 5113: 5108:, p. 77 5106:Le Goff 1998 5101: 5096:, p. 55 5089: 5082:Le Goff 1998 5077: 5070:Le Goff 1998 5065: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043:, p. 97 5036: 5031:, p. 81 5029:Le Goff 1998 5024: 5012:. Retrieved 5008: 4999: 4992:Le Goff 1998 4987: 4982:, p. 76 4980:Le Goff 1998 4975: 4963: 4951: 4946:, p. 51 4939: 4934:, p. 63 4932:Le Goff 1998 4927: 4919: 4906: 4900: 4892: 4879: 4873: 4861: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4807: 4800:Ferulli 2004 4795: 4790:, p. 63 4788:Ferulli 2004 4783: 4776:Ferulli 2004 4771: 4764:Ferulli 2004 4759: 4752:Ferulli 2004 4747: 4742:, p. 84 4740:Ferulli 2004 4735: 4727: 4715:Queen Mary 2 4714: 4705: 4700:, p. 85 4698:Ferulli 2004 4693: 4688:, p. 89 4686:Ferulli 2004 4681: 4674:Ferulli 2004 4669: 4664:, p. 13 4657: 4652:, p. 59 4650:Le Goff 1998 4645: 4626: 4620: 4608: 4603:, p. 30 4601:Le Goff 1998 4596: 4591:, p. 26 4584: 4579:, p. 46 4572: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4455: 4443:. Retrieved 4439: 4429: 4417:. Retrieved 4413: 4403: 4391:. Retrieved 4387: 4377: 4363: 4351:. Retrieved 4347:the original 4342: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4317: 4308: 4300: 4293:. Retrieved 4284: 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4213:The Porthole 4212: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4184: 4175: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4123:the original 4112: 4107:, p. 93 4100: 4093:Le Goff 1998 4088: 4081:Le Goff 1998 4068:, p. 73 4066:Le Goff 1998 4061: 4049:. Retrieved 4038: 4033:, p. 83 4026: 4021:, p. 69 4019:Le Goff 1998 4014: 4009:, p. 87 4002: 3997:, p. 86 3990: 3985:, p. 42 3978: 3973:, p. 70 3971:Le Goff 1998 3966: 3959:Le Goff 1998 3954: 3949:, p. 93 3947:Le Goff 1998 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3901:, p. 84 3899:Le Goff 1998 3894: 3889:, p. 69 3882: 3877:, p. 63 3870: 3865:, p. 65 3863:Le Goff 1998 3858: 3853:, p. 58 3851:Le Goff 1998 3846: 3841:, p. 34 3839:Le Goff 1998 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818:the original 3813: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3781: 3776:, p. 50 3774:Le Goff 1998 3769: 3762:Ferulli 2004 3757: 3752:, p. 55 3750:Le Goff 1998 3745: 3740:, p. 39 3738:Le Goff 1998 3733: 3721: 3716:, p. 61 3714:Le Goff 1998 3709: 3704:, p. 52 3702:Le Goff 1998 3689:, p. 47 3687:Le Goff 1998 3674:, p. 54 3659:, p. 37 3657:Le Goff 1998 3652: 3647:, p. 16 3632:, p. 33 3630:Le Goff 1998 3608:. Retrieved 3604:the original 3597: 3587: 3582:, p. 25 3580:Le Goff 1998 3565:, p. 26 3558: 3551:Ferulli 2004 3546: 3541:, p. 23 3539:Le Goff 1998 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3518:the original 3508: 3496:. Retrieved 3492:the original 3482: 3474:the original 3464: 3459:, p. 22 3457:Le Goff 1998 3452: 3447:, p. 47 3423:. Retrieved 3419:the original 3409: 3404:, p. 16 3402:Le Goff 1998 3397: 3392:, p. 29 3377:, p. 27 3370: 3365:, p. 12 3363:Le Goff 1998 3358: 3353:, p. 11 3351:Le Goff 1998 3346: 3334:. Retrieved 3330:the original 3320: 3315:, p. 20 3308: 3303:, p. 25 3296: 3291:, p. 21 3276:, p. 13 3269: 3250: 3244: 3222:Le Goff 1998 3217: 3212:, p. 19 3195:, p. 16 3188: 3181:Le Goff 1998 3166:, p. 13 3159: 3154:, p. 10 3139:, p. 12 3132: 3127:, p. 14 3120: 3115:, p. 11 3113:Ferulli 2004 3108: 3096:. Retrieved 3070:. Retrieved 3066: 3032: 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 3007: 2979:. Retrieved 2975:ABC National 2974: 2965: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2808: 2803: 2795: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2755:Andrea Doria 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2716:sank in the 2712: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2676:Andrea Doria 2675: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2569: 2551:Nippon Yusen 2544: 2531: 2519: 2508: 2485: 2458: 2450: 2439: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2384: 2348: 2331: 2325: 2322:Nippon Yusen 2317:Andrea Doria 2316: 2309: 2304:Italian Line 2297: 2293:Italian Line 2268: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2230: 2223: 2211: 2196: 2164: 2145: 2117: 2108:Queen Mary 2 2107: 2092: 2080: 2065:, including 2056: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2013: 1993: 1982: 1952:Andrea Doria 1951: 1936: 1921: 1905: 1885: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1853:Hales Trophy 1847: 1840: 1833: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1799:Queen Mary 2 1798: 1787: 1780: 1775:ocean liners 1774: 1769: 1765:ocean liners 1764: 1759: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683:Philadelphia 1678: 1673: 1668:Brock Pierce 1656:Andrea Doria 1655: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1552: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1495:Clive Palmer 1480: 1476:Queen Mary 2 1475: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1454:cruise ships 1448: 1444: 1438:Queen Mary 2 1437: 1427:21st century 1411: 1391:British Army 1381: 1376: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348:Michelangelo 1347: 1342:Douglas DC-8 1326:jet aircraft 1306: 1300: 1294:Andrea Doria 1293: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1255: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1204: 1197: 1187:in 1940 off 1183: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092:Italian Line 1083: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1063: 1046: 1042: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1010: 1003: 986: 981: 975: 967: 963: 958: 951: 941: 936:served as a 932: 926: 916: 904: 902: 889: 885: 880: 875: 873: 867: 860: 853: 847: 838: 834: 816: 805: 798: 790: 784: 777: 767: 758: 754: 750:Leyland Line 742:J. P. Morgan 739: 728: 714: 696: 678: 659: 651: 633: 630: 620: 613: 610: 599: 595: 586: 577: 571:Thomas Ismay 564: 554: 542: 532: 528: 523:Collins Line 509: 497: 490: 473: 465:founded the 459: 452: 438: 418: 416: 404: 395: 387: 383: 376: 361: 351: 349: 343: 329: 314: 304: 297: 277: 270: 254: 245:19th century 232: 226:Michelangelo 225: 220:Italian Line 214: 209: 197: 189: 182: 156: 147: 121:Queen Mary 2 120: 113: 109:World War II 90: 73: 61:cruise ships 54: 50:Queen Mary 2 49: 37: 35: 29:Queen Mary 2 28: 25:As of 2024, 18: 5856:Cable layer 5849:Other types 5830:Salvage tug 5784:Train ferry 5774:Ocean liner 5759:Cruiseferry 5754:Cruise ship 5749:Cargo liner 5744:Cable ferry 5721:LNG carrier 5711:Gas carrier 5683:Train ferry 5673:Reefer ship 5215:Server 1998 5190:(in French) 5178:Server 1998 5166:Server 1998 5154:Server 1998 5014:26 December 4710:(in French) 4615:, p. 8 4353:16 December 4295:26 November 3425:9 September 3224:, p. 9 3183:, p. 8 3014:1 September 2981:1 September 2941:Packet boat 2878:sinking of 2852:Love Affair 2798:Jules Verne 2696:Nova Scotia 2582:Deutschland 2572:nationalism 2546:Hikawa Maru 2434:Hamburg Süd 2379:Blue Riband 2355:Southampton 2327:Hikawa Maru 2207:Hapag-Lloyd 2148:Cunard Line 2120:Fincantieri 1829:Blue Riband 1688:Brazil Maru 1532:Hikawa Maru 1487:RMS Titanic 1212:, in 1945. 1020:French Line 987:Deutschland 709:The sinking 679:Deutschland 643:World War I 606:immigration 515:Dundrum Bay 467:Cunard Line 412:Blue Riband 205:cargo liner 38:ocean liner 5983:Ship types 5972:Categories 5886:Icebreaker 5769:Narrowboat 5726:Oil tanker 5628:Chain boat 5556:Cargo ship 5375:. Oxford: 5278:. Tempus. 4880:Cap Arcona 4467:27 October 4264:18 January 4219:11 January 3524:5 November 3514:"SS Ophir" 2952:References 2792:Literature 2739:HMHS 2657:Queen Mary 2640:Mauretania 2596:Mauretania 2476:Suez Canal 2440:Cap Arcona 2333:Asama Maru 2063:Baltic Sea 2039:Queen Mary 2014:Mauretania 1937:Queen Mary 1922:Mauretania 1841:Queen Mary 1817:Mauretania 1652:Stockholm, 1633:Ancerville 1610:Ancerville 1542:Queen Mary 1513:(formerly 1483:Titanic II 1459:Queen Mary 1338:Boeing 707 1322:Jet engine 1273:Queen Mary 1210:Baltic Sea 1205:Cap Arcona 1184:Lancastria 1176:Queen Mary 1142:Queen Mary 1137:Queen Mary 1094:completed 1084:Mauretania 1055:registered 1028:Mauretania 1004:Queen Mary 913:torpedoing 909:Aegean Sea 898:submarines 876:Mauretania 830:naval mine 815:HMHS 785:Mauretania 697:Mauretania 166:Royal Mail 5911:Riverboat 5871:Drillship 5736:Passenger 5623:Car float 5605:Dry cargo 5544:Overviews 5333:Paquebots 4907:Carpathia 2957:Citations 2936:Mail boat 2893:1997 film 2829:RMS 2768:In 1985, 2762:Stockholm 2741:Britannic 2734:Lusitania 2711:RMS 2689:RMS 2681:Stockholm 2594:RMS 2589:Lusitania 2587:RMS 2541:Vancouver 2530:RMS 2464:Gibraltar 2459:Carpathia 2457:RMS 2426:Cape Town 2422:Liverpool 2420:, on the 2402:RMS 2383:RMS 2367:Cherbourg 2351:Liverpool 2277:Indonesia 2256:Rotterdam 2224:Normandie 2209:in 1970. 2106:RMS 2093:Normandie 2059:North Sea 2037:RMS 2032:Aquitania 2030:RMS 2025:Lusitania 2023:RMS 2012:RMS 1996:shipyards 1967:Shipyards 1873:RMS 1839:RMS 1834:Normandie 1815:RMS 1810:Lusitania 1808:RMS 1797:RMS 1786:RMS 1781:Normandie 1770:Imperator 1744:RMS 1718:Normandie 1643:in 1984. 1637:Sea World 1625:Rotterdam 1621:Rotterdam 1596:Rotterdam 1515:Stockholm 1501:Survivors 1436:RMS 1355:Raffaello 1318:airliners 1301:Stockholm 1221:Normandie 1146:Normandie 1116:Normandie 1047:Leviathan 1043:Vaterland 980:RMS 964:Vaterland 959:Imperator 942:Lusitania 927:Highflyer 925:HMS 905:Britannic 886:Britannic 881:Aquitania 861:Vaterland 854:Imperator 832:in 1916. 817:Britannic 804:RMS 797:RMS 783:RMS 778:Lusitania 776:RMS 757:RMS 740:In 1902, 727:RMS 713:RMS 695:RMS 656:launched 652:In 1897, 619:RMS 612:RMS 598:RMS 576:RMS 504:propeller 500:iron hull 474:Britannia 472:RMS 439:Britannia 437:RMS 320:steamship 298:In 1807, 253:In 1838, 233:Raffaello 183:Aquitania 181:RMS 159:airliners 148:Lusitania 146:RMS 119:RMS 81:freeboard 27:RMS 5921:Snagboat 5815:Fireboat 5483:Abstract 4912:Archived 4885:Archived 4846:Archived 4720:Archived 4557:Archived 4530:Archived 4503:Archived 4393:23 April 4289:Archived 3498:24 April 3488:"Umbria" 3336:24 April 2899:See also 2802:SS 2777:hijacked 2770:MS 2760:MS 2753:SS 2746:MS 2724:Storstad 2722:SS 2691:Atlantic 2674:SS 2626:SS 2615:SS 2608:SS 2601:SS 2580:SS 2526:steerage 2438:SS 2404:Asturias 2363:Le Havre 2330:and the 2315:SS 2308:SS 2291:Flag of 2267:and the 2254:SS 2247:SS 2229:SS 2222:SS 2190:Logo of 2139:Logo of 2091:SS 2061:and the 1884:SS 1875:Adriatic 1866:SS 1846:SS 1779:SS 1751:Big Four 1716:SS 1672:MV 1613:(1962), 1608:MS 1606:(1961), 1601:MV 1599:(1958), 1593:(1954), 1587:(1952), 1581:(1948), 1576:MV 1562:MV 1551:SS 1447:SS 1397:and the 1382:Canberra 1353:SS 1346:SS 1299:MS 1292:SS 1281:SS 1254:SS 1203:SS 1114:SS 1103:SS 1096:SS 1073:SS 1066:SS 1051:flagship 1032:SS 1026:and the 1013:SS 968:Bismarck 921:scuttled 868:Bismarck 866:SS 852:SS 837:SS 809:, which 764:Big Four 762:and the 677:SS 658:SS 632:SS 587:Teutonic 578:Teutonic 560:Greenock 553:SS 531:SS 508:SS 489:SS 451:SS 394:SS 386:SS 375:SS 344:Savannah 330:Savannah 328:SS 305:Clermont 289:Far East 269:SS 231:SS 224:SS 213:SS 128:Overview 5930:Related 5866:Dredger 5840:Tugboat 5793:Support 5693:Tankers 5638:Collier 5535:Modern 5193:« 4909: » 4905:« 4882: » 4878:« 4843: » 4839:« 4717: » 4713:« 4554: » 4550:« 4527: » 4523:« 4500: » 4496:« 4445:20 June 4419:20 June 3824:12 July 3610:11 July 2880:Titanic 2838:Titanic 2831:Titanic 2706:Titanic 2683:in 1956 2645:Olympic 2516:Pacific 2488:P&O 2472:Trieste 2385:Titanic 2359:Hamburg 2160:P&O 2131:British 1908:in 1912 1906:Titanic 1868:Oceanic 1760:Olympic 1753:of the 1721:of 1935 1696:Funchal 1674:Funchal 1648:Astoria 1603:Funchal 1578:Astoria 1558:Bristol 1511:Astoria 1464:museums 1421:Stanley 1387:P&O 1269:Liberté 1259:of 1952 1225:U-boats 1024:Olympic 1018:of the 976:Tirpitz 848:Olympic 806:Titanic 799:Olympic 791:Olympic 770:as the 759:Oceanic 729:Olympic 715:Titanic 700:of 1907 621:Etruria 600:Oceanic 555:Austria 494:of 1897 456:of 1858 442:of 1840 423:P&O 380:in 1857 240:History 193:jet age 163:British 152:public. 57:ferries 48:). 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The 1746:Celtic 1564:Doulos 1527:hotels 1449:Norway 1441:(2003) 1412:Uganda 1409:liner 1265:Europa 1239:Europa 1235:Queens 1164:Bremen 1080:Bremen 1075:Europa 1068:Bremen 966:, and 884:, and 839:France 793:-class 614:Umbria 479:Boston 405:Sirius 388:Sirius 287:: the 285:empire 274:(1838) 256:Sirius 215:France 105:France 99:, the 5764:Ferry 5613:Barge 5561:Cargo 4323:4 May 4209:(PDF) 4190:4 May 2845:Films 2825:Titan 2561:Other 2500:Japan 2492:India 2468:Genoa 1886:Paris 1519:sheer 1088:Italy 1015:Paris 824:as a 732:with 634:Ophir 417:With 408:' 315:Élise 85:draft 5551:Ship 5457:ISBN 5438:ISBN 5419:ISBN 5400:ISBN 5381:ISBN 5356:ISBN 5337:ISBN 5318:ISBN 5299:ISBN 5280:ISBN 5261:ISBN 5242:ISBN 5202:IMDb 5016:2022 4631:ISBN 4469:2021 4447:2024 4421:2024 4395:2023 4355:2022 4325:2015 4297:2020 4266:2016 4243:2013 4221:2016 4192:2015 4153:2013 4131:2013 4053:2013 3826:2010 3796:2013 3612:2010 3526:2019 3500:2010 3427:2017 3338:2010 3255:ISBN 3100:2013 3074:2013 3039:ISBN 3016:2022 2983:2022 2876:The 2775:was 2732:RMS 2672:The 2642:and 2613:and 2592:and 2451:The 2371:Cobh 2313:and 2298:The 2252:and 2227:and 2165:The 2150:and 2069:and 1981:RMS 1813:and 1379:and 1351:and 1340:and 1312:and 1275:and 1237:and 1174:and 1101:and 1071:and 1001:The 811:sank 781:and 547:and 506:was 229:and 211:the 77:hull 5498:at 2891:'s 2610:Rex 2557:'. 2549:of 2535:of 2310:Rex 2122:). 2085:in 1509:MV 1217:Rex 1215:SS 1110:Rex 1098:Rex 859:SS 711:of 222:'s 170:RMS 36:An 5974:: 5199:, 5007:. 4918:, 4891:, 4852:, 4819:^ 4726:, 4563:, 4536:, 4509:, 4438:. 4412:. 4386:. 4341:. 4316:. 4299:. 4287:. 4283:. 4211:. 4183:. 4073:^ 3812:. 3694:^ 3679:^ 3664:^ 3637:^ 3620:^ 3596:. 3570:^ 3435:^ 3382:^ 3281:^ 3229:^ 3200:^ 3171:^ 3144:^ 3082:^ 3065:. 3053:^ 3006:. 2991:^ 2973:. 2841:. 2698:, 2494:, 2443:. 2369:, 2365:, 2361:, 2357:, 2353:, 2336:. 2238:. 2115:. 2054:. 2042:, 2035:, 2028:, 1336:, 1320:. 1304:. 1158:. 1078:. 962:, 900:. 878:, 649:. 414:. 124:. 5528:e 5521:t 5514:v 5485:. 5465:. 5446:. 5427:. 5408:. 5389:. 5364:. 5345:. 5326:. 5307:. 5288:. 5269:. 5250:. 5018:. 4639:. 4471:. 4449:. 4423:. 4397:. 4357:. 4327:. 4268:. 4245:. 4223:. 4194:. 4169:. 4155:. 4133:. 4055:. 3828:. 3798:. 3614:. 3528:. 3502:. 3429:. 3340:. 3263:. 3102:. 3076:. 3047:. 3018:. 2985:. 2470:- 2466:- 2428:- 2424:- 1521:. 186:.

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